Motion in One Dimension

CHAPTER OUTLINE
2.1 2.2 2.3 Average Velocity Instantaneous Velocity Analysis ModelsThe Particle Under Constant Velocity Acceleration Motion Diagrams The Particle Under Constant Acceleration Freely Falling Objects Context ConnectionAcceleration Required by Consumers

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q2.1 If I count 5.0 s between lightning and thunder, the sound has traveled 331 m s 5.0 s = 1.7 km . The transit time for the light is smaller by

2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8

ga f

3.00 10 8 m s = 9.06 10 5 times, 331 m s so it is negligible in comparison.

Q2.2 Q2.3 Q2.4 Q2.5

Yes. Yes, if the particle winds up in the +x region at the end. Zero. Yes. Yes. No. Consider a sprinter running a straight-line race. His average velocity would simply be the length of the race divided by the time it took for him to complete the race. If he stops along the way to tie his shoe, then his instantaneous velocity at that point would be zero. We assume the object moves along a straight line. If its average x velocity is zero, then the displacement must be zero over the time interval, according to Equation 2.2. The object might be stationary throughout the interval. If it is moving to the right at first, it must later move to the left to return to its starting point. Its velocity must be zero as it turns around. The graph of the motion shown to the right represents such motion, as the initial and final positions are the same. In an x vs. t graph, the instantaneous velocity at any time t is the slope of the curve at that point. At t 0 in the graph, the slope of the curve is zero, and thus the instantaneous velocity at that time is also zero.

Q2.6

t0

FIG. Q2.6 Q2.7

Yes. If the velocity of the particle is nonzero, the particle is in motion. If the acceleration is zero, the velocity of the particle is unchanging, or is a constant.

23

24 Q2.8

Motion in One Dimension

Yes. If you drop a doughnut from rest v = 0 , then its acceleration is not zero. A common misconception is that immediately after the doughnut is released, both the velocity and acceleration are zero. If the acceleration were zero, then the velocity would not change, leaving the doughnut floating at rest in mid-air.

Q2.9

No: Car A might have greater acceleration than B, but they might both have zero acceleration, or otherwise equal accelerations; or the driver of B might have tramped hard on the gas pedal in the recent past. Yes. Consider throwing a ball straight up. As the ball goes up, its velocity is upward v > 0 , and its acceleration is directed down a < 0 . A graph of v vs. t for this situation would look like the figure to the right. The acceleration is the slope of a v vs. t graph, and is always negative in this case, even when the velocity is positive.

Q2.10

a f

v v0

t
FIG. Q2.10 Q2.11

(a) (c) (e) (g)

Speeding up as it moves east Cruising East Speeding up as it moves west Stopped but starting to move East

(b) (d) (f) (h)

Braking East Braking West Cruising West Stopped but starting to move West

Q2.12 Q2.13

No. Constant acceleration only. Yes. Zero is a constant. Once the objects leave the hand, both are in free fall, and both experience the same downward acceleration equal to the free-fall acceleration, g. With h = (a) (b) 1 2 gt , 2 1 2 g 0.707t . The time is later than 0.5t. 2 1 2 g 0.5t . The elevation is 0.75h, greater than 0.5h. 2

Q2.14

0.5 h =

The distance fallen is 0.25 h =

a f

Q2.15

They are the same. After the first ball reaches its apex and falls back downward past the student, it will have a downward velocity equal to vi . This velocity is the same as the velocity of the second ball, so after they fall through equal heights their impact speeds will also be the same. Above. Your ball has zero initial speed and smaller average speed during the time of flight to the passing point.

Q2.16

Chapter 2

25

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 2.1
P2.1

Average Velocity
v = 2.30 m s v= v=

(a) (b) (c)

x 57.5 m 9.20 m = = 16.1 m s t 3.00 s x 57.5 m 0 m = = 11.5 m s t 5.00 s

P2.2

x = 10t 2 : For

R ta s f Sxamf T

= 2.0 = 40

2.1 44.1

3.0 90

(a) (b)
P2.3

v= v= v= v= v=

x 50 m = = 50.0 m s t 1.0 s x 4.1 m = = 41.0 m s t 0.1 s x 10 m = = 5 ms t 2s 5m = 1.2 m s 4s x 2 x1 5 m 10 m = = 2.5 m s t 2 t1 4 s2 s x 2 x 1 5 m 5 m = = 3.3 m s t 2 t1 7 s4 s x 2 x1 0 0 = = 0 ms t 2 t1 8 0

(a) (b) (c)

(d)

v=

(e)
*P2.4

v=

(a)

Let d represent the distance between A and B. Let t1 be the time for which the walker has d the higher speed in 5.00 m s = . Let t 2 represent the longer time for the return trip in t1 d d d 3.00 m s = . Then the times are t1 = and t 2 = . The average speed t2 5.00 m s 3.00 m s is:

continued on next page

26

Motion in One Dimension

v=

Total distance = Total time 2 15.0 m 2 s 2 8.00 m s

d 5.00 m s

d+d = + 3.00d m s

g b

b 8.00 m sgd g e15.0 m s j

2 2

2d

v= (b)

j=

3.75 m s

She starts and finishes at the same point A. With total displacement = 0, average velocity = 0 .

Section 2.2
P2.5

Instantaneous Velocity
at ti = 1.5 s , xi = 8.0 m (Point A)
at t f = 4.0 s , x f = 2.0 m (Point B)

(a)

v=
(b)

x f xi t f ti

a2.0 8.0f m = 6.0 m = a4 1.5f s 2.5 s g b

2.4 m s

The slope of the tangent line can be found from Points C and D. tC = 1.0 s, xC = 9.5 m and t D = 3.5 s, x D = 0 ,

v 38 m s . .
(c) The velocity is zero when x is a minimum. This is at t 4s .

FIG. P2.5

P2.6

(a)

e Thus, at t = 3.00 s: x = e3.00 m s ja3.00 sf =

i
i 2 2

At any time, t, the position is given by x = 3.00 m s 2 t 2 .

27.0 m .

(b)

At t f = 3.00 s + t : x f = 3.00 m s 2 3.00 s + t , or

ja

x f = 27.0 m + 18.0 m s t + 3.00 m s 2 t (c) The instantaneous velocity at t = 3.00 s is: v = lim

g e

ja f

t 0

FG x x IJ = lim e18.0 m s + e3.00 m s jtj = H t K

f i

t 0

18.0 m s .

Chapter 2

27

P2.7

(a)

FIG. P2.7(a)
(b) 58 m 2.5 s 54 m At t = 4.0 s, the slope is v 3s 49 m At t = 3.0 s, the slope is v 3.4 s 36 m At t = 2.0 s , the slope is v 4.0 s At t = 5.0 s, the slope is v 23 m s . 18 m s . 14 m s . 9.0 m s .

(c)

a=

v 23 m s 4.6 m s 2 t 5.0 s

(d)

Initial velocity of the car was zero . v=

P2.8

(a)

(5 0 ) m = 5 ms (1 0) s (5 10) m = 2.5 m s (4 2) s (5 m 5 m) = 0 (5 s 4 s)
0 (5 m)

(b)

v=

(c)

v=

(d)

v=

(8 s 7 s )

= +5 m s

FIG. P2.8

28

Motion in One Dimension

Section 2.3
P2.9

Analysis ModelsThe Particle Under Constant Velocity

Once it resumes the race, the hare will run for a time of

t=

x f xi vx

1 000 m 800 m = 25 s . 8ms

In this time, the tortoise can crawl a distance x f xi = 0.2 m s ( 25 s)= 5.00 m .

Section 2.4
P2.10

Acceleration

Choose the positive direction to be the outward direction, perpendicular to the wall. v f = vi + at : a =
v 22.0 m s 25.0 m s = = 1.3410 4 m s 2 . t 3.50 103 s

P2.11

(a)

Acceleration is constant over the first ten seconds, so at the end, v f = vi + at = 0 + 2.00 m s 2 10.0 s = 20.0 m s . Then a = 0 so v is constant from t = 10.0 s to t = 15.0 s. And over the last five seconds the velocity changes to v f = vi + at = 20.0 m s + 3.00 m s 2 5.00 s = 5.00 m s .

ja

ja

(b)

In the first ten seconds, x f = xi + v i t + 1 2 1 at = 0 + 0 + 2.00 m s 2 10.0 s 2 2

ja

= 100 m .

Over the next five seconds the position changes to x f = xi + vi t + And at t = 20.0 s , x f = xi + vi t + 1 2 1 2 at = 200 m + 20.0 m s (5.00 s)+ 3.00 m s 2 (5.00 s) = 262 m . 2 2 1 2 at = 100 m + 20.0 m s (5.00 s)+ 0 = 200 m . 2

Chapter 2

29

P2.12

(a)

At t = 2.00 s , x = 3.00( 2.00) 2.00(2.00)+ 3.00 m = 11.0 m. At t = 3.00 s , x = 3.00 9.00 so v= x 24.0 m 11.0 m = = 13.0 m s . t 3.00 s 2.00 s

a f

2.00 3.00 + 3.00 m = 24.0 m

a f

(b)

At all times the instantaneous velocity is v= d 3.00t 2 2.00t + 3.00 = (6.00t 2.00) m s dt

At t = 2.00 s , v = 6.00( 2.00) 2.00 m s = 10.0 m s . At t = 3.00 s , v = 6.00(3.00) 2.00 m s = 16.0 m s . (c) (d)
P2.13

a=

v 16.0 m s 10.0 m s = 6.00 m s 2 = t 3.00 s 2.00 s d 6.00t 2.00 = 6.00 m s 2 . (This includes both t = 2.00 s and t = 3.00 s ). dt v= dx = 3.00 2.00t , dt a= dv = 2.00 dt

At all times a =

x = 2.00 + 3.00t t 2 , At t = 3.00 s : (a) (b) (c)

x = ( 2.00 + 9.00 9.00) m = 2.00 m v = 3.00 6.00 m s = 3.00 m s

a = 2.00 m s 2

30

Motion in One Dimension

P2.14

(a)

See the graphs at the right. Choose x = 0 at t = 0. At t = 3 s, x = 1 8 m s (3 s)= 12 m . 2

At t = 5 s, x = 12 m + 8 m s (2 s)= 28 m . At t = 7 s, x = 28 m + (b) For 0 < t < 3 s, a = 1 8 m s ( 2 s)= 36 m . 2

8 ms = 2.67 m s 2 . 3s For 3 < t < 5 s, a = 0 . For 5 s < t < 9 s , a = 16 m s = 4 m s 2 . 4s

(c) (d) (e)

At t = 6 s, x = 28 m + 6 m s (1 s)= 34 m . At t = 9 s, x = 36 m + 1 8 m s ( 2 s)= 28 m . 2
FIG. P2.14

P2.15

(a) (b) (c) (d)

a=

v 8.00 m s = = 1.3 m s 2 t 6.00 s

Maximum positive acceleration is at t = 3 s, and is approximately 2 m s 2 . a = 0 , at t = 6 s , and also for t > 10 s . Maximum negative acceleration is at t = 8 s, and is approximately 1.5 m s 2 .

Section 2.5
P2.16

Motion Diagrams

(a) (b) (c) (d)

continued on next page

Chapter 2

31

(e) (f) One way of phrasing the answer: The spacing of the successive positions would change with less regularity. Another way: The object would move with some combination of the kinds of motion shown in (a) through (e). Within one drawing, the accelerations vectors would vary in magnitude and direction.

Section 2.6
*P2.17

The Particle Under Constant Acceleration

x f xi =
a=

(a)

1 1 vi + v f t becomes 40 m = vi + 2.80 m s (8.50 s) which yields vi = 6.61 m s . 2 2

(b)
P2.18

v f vi t

2.80 m s 6.61 m s = 0.448 m s 2 8.50 s

Method One Suppose the unknown acceleration is constant as a car moving at vi1 = 35.0 mi h comes to a v f = 0 stop in x f 1 xi = 40.0 ft . We find its acceleration from v f 1 2 = vi1 2 + 2 a x f 1 xi :
a= v f 1 2 vi 2 2 x f 1 xi = 0 ( 35.0 mi h) 2 5280 ft mi 2 40.0 ft

F f GH

IJ FG 1 h IJ K H 3600 s K
2

= 32.9 ft s 2

Now consider a car moving at vi2 = 70.0 mi h and stopping to v f = 0 with a = 32.9 ft s 2 . From the same equation its stopping distance is
x f 2 xi = Method Two For the process of stopping from the lower speed vi1 we have v 2 = vi2 + 2 a x f 1 xi ; 0 = vi2 + 2 ax f 1 ; f 1 1
vi2 1

v f 2 2 vi 2 2a

0 70.0 mi h
2

g FG 5280 ft IJ FG 1 h IJ 2e 32.9 ft s j H 1 mi K H 3600 s K

2 2

= 160 ft

= 2ax f 1 . For stopping from vi 2 = 2 vi1 , similarly 0 = = xf2 x i1 ; x f 2 = 40 ft 2 2 = 160 ft .

vi22

+ 2a x f 2 0 ;

vi22

= 2 ax f 2 . Dividing gives

vi22 vi2 1
P2.19

Given vi = 12.0 cm s when xi = 3.00 cm(t = 0) , and at t = 2.00 s , x f = 5.00 cm , x f x i = vi t + 1 2 1 2 at : 5.00 3.00 = 12.0( 2.00)+ a( 2.00) 2 2 32.0 8.00 = 24.0 + 2 a a = = 16.0 cm s 2 . 2

32

Motion in One Dimension

P2.20

(a)

Choose the initial point where the pilot reduces the throttle and the final point where the boat passes the buoy: xi = 0 , x f = 100 m , v xi = 30 m s , v xf = ?, a x = 3.5 m s 2 , t = ? x f = xi + v xi t + 1 axt 2 : 2 100 m = 0 + 30 m s t +
2 2

1 3.5 m s 2 t 2 2

c1.75 m s ht a30 m sft + 100 m = 0 .

We use the quadratic formula: t=
b b 2 4ac 2a

t=

30 m s 900 m 2 s 2 4 1.75 m s 2 (100 m) 2 1.75 m s

h j

30 m s 14.1 m s 3.5 m s 2

= 12.6 s or 4.53 s .

The smaller value is the physical answer. If the boat kept moving with the same acceleration, it would stop and move backward, then gain speed, and pass the buoy again at 12.6 s. (b)
P2.21

v xf = v xi + a x t = 30 m s 3.5 m s 2 4.53 s = 14.1 m s vi = 100 m s , a = 5.00 m s 2 , v f = vi + at so 0 = 100 5t , v 2 = vi2 + 2 a x f xi so f 0 =(100) 2(5.00) x f 0 . Thus x f = 1 000 m and t = 20.0 s .
2

(a)

(b)
P2.22

At this acceleration the plane would overshoot the runway: No . Compare the position equation x = 2.00 + 3.00t 4.00t 2 to the general form x f = xi + v i t + 1 2 at 2

(a)

to recognize that xi = 2.00 m, vi = 3.00 m s, and a = 8.00 m s 2 . The velocity equation, v f = vi + at , is then v f = 3.00 m s 8.00 m s 2 t . The particle changes direction when v f = 0 , which occurs at t = time is: x = 2.00 m + 3.00 m s continued on next page 3 s . The position at this 8

fFGH 3 sIJK c4.00 m s hFGH 3 sIJK 8 8

2

= 2.56 m .

Chapter 2

33

(b)

2v 1 2 at , observe that when x f = xi , the time is given by t = i . Thus, 2 a when the particle returns to its initial position, the time is From x f = xi + vi t + t=
2 3.00 m s 8.00 m s
2

f=3 s
4
3.00 m s .

and the velocity is v f = 3.00 m s 8.00 m s 2

P2.23

hFGH 3 sIJK = 4
xf xi

In the simultaneous equations:

R | Sx | T

v xf = v xi + a x t
f

xi =

1 v xi + v xf 2

U | we have Rv = v c5.60 m s h(4.20 s)U . | S 62.4 m = 1 v + v (4.20 s) | V ht V | | | c h W 2 T W

2 xi xf

So substituting for v xi gives 62.4 m =

1 v xf + 5.60 m s 2 4.20 s + v xf 4.20 s 2

ja

14.9 m s = v xf + Thus

1 5.60 m s 2 ( 4.20 s). 2

v xf = 3.10 m s .

P2.24

Take any two of the standard four equations, such as substitute into the other: v xi = v xf a x t x f xi = Thus

R | Sx | T

v xf = v xi + a x t
f

xi =

1 v xi + v xf 2

U |. Solve one for v t| hV W

xi ,

and

1 v xf a x t + v xf t . 2

1 x f xi = v xf t a x t 2 . 2 We note that the equation is dimensionally correct. The units are units of length in each term. Like 1 the standard equation x f xi = v xi t + a x t 2 , this equation represents that displacement is a 2 1 2 quadratic function of time. Back in problem 23, 62.4 m = v xf 4.20 s 5.60 m s 2 4.20 s 2

f e

ja

v xf =

62.4 m 49.4 m = 3.10 m s . 4.20 s

34

Motion in One Dimension

P2.25

(a)

The time it takes the truck to reach 20.0 m s is found from v f = vi + at . Solving for t yields t= The total time is thus 10.0 s + 20.0 s + 5.00 s = 35.0 s . v f vi a = 20.0 m s 0 m s 2.00 m s 2 = 10.0 s .

(b)

The average velocity is the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken. The distance traveled during the first 10.0 s is x1 = vt =

FG 0 + 20.0 IJ a10.0f = 100 m . H 2 K

With a being 0 for this interval, the distance traveled during the next 20.0 s is x 2 = vi t + 1 2 at = ( 20.0)(20.0)+ 0 = 400 m. 2

The distance traveled in the last 5.00 s is x 3 = vt =

FG 20.0 + 0 IJ a5.00f = 50.0 m. H 2 K

The total distance x = x1 + x 2 + x 3 = 100 + 400 + 50 = 550 m , and the average velocity is x 550 given by v = = = 15.7 m s . t 35.0
*P2.26

We have vi = 2.00 10 4 m s, v f = 6.00 10 6 m s , x f xi = 1.50 102 m. 2 1.50 102 m 2 x f xi 1 = = 4.98 109 s vi + v f t : t = 4 6 2 vi + v f 2.00 10 m s + 6.00 10 m s

(a)

x f xi =

(b)

v 2 = vi2 + 2 a x x f xi : f

ax =

v 2 vi2 f 2( x f xi )

e6.00 10 =

ms

j e2.00 10
2

ms

2(1.50 10 2 m)

= 1.20 10 15 m s 2

Chapter 2

35

P2.27

Take the original point to be when Sue notices the van. Choose the origin of the x-axis at Sues car. For her we have xis = 0 , vis = 30.0 m s , a s = 2.00 m s 2 so her position is given by x s t = xis + vis t +

af

1 2 1 a s t = 30.0 m s t + 2.00 m s 2 t 2 . 2 2

For the van, xiv = 155 m, viv = 5.00 m s , a v = 0 and x v t = xiv + viv t +

af

1 a v t 2 = 155 + 5.00 m s t + 0 . 2

To test for a collision, we look for an instant t c when both are at the same place:
2 30.0t c t c = 155 + 5.00t c 2 0 = t c 25.0t c + 155 .

From the quadratic formula

tc =

25.0 (25.0) 4(155) 2

= 13.6 s or 11.4 s .

The smaller value is the collision time. (The larger value tells when the van would pull ahead again if the vehicles could move through each other). The wreck happens at position 155 m + 5.00 m s (11.4 s)= 212 m .

Section 2.7
*P2.28

Freely Falling Objects

Choose the origin y = 0 , t = 0 at the starting point of the cat and take upward as positive. Then yi = 0 , vi = 0 , and a = g = 9.80 m s 2 . The position and the velocity at time t become: y f yi = vi t + and v f = vi + at : v f = gt = 9.80 m s 2 t . (a) (b) (c) at t = 0.1 s : y f = at t = 0.2 s : y f = at t = 0.3 s: y f = 1 9.80 m s 2 0.1 s 2 1 1 1 2 at : y f = gt 2 = 9.80 m s 2 t 2 2 2 2

ja f

= 0.049 0 m = 0.196 m = 0.441 m

1 9.80 m s 2 0.2 s 2

ja f

1 9.80 m s 2 0.3 s 2

ja f

continued on next page

36

Motion in One Dimension

(a) (b) (c)

P2.29

at t = 0.1 s : v f = 9.80 m s 2 0.1 s = 0.980 m s at t = 0.2 s : v f

2

ja f = e9.80 m s ja0.2 sf = e e ja f

1.96 m s

at t = 0.3 s: v f = 9.80 m s 2 0.3 s = 2.94 m s v f = vi gt : v f = 0 when t = 3.00 s , g = 9.80 m s 2 . Therefore, vi = gt = 9.80 m s 2 (3.00 s)= 29.4 m s .

(a)

(b)

y f yi =

1 v f + vi t 2

y f yi =
P2.30

1 29.4 m s 3.00 s = 44.1 m 2

ga

Assume that air resistance may be neglected. Then, the acceleration at all times during the flight is that due to gravity, a = g = 9.80 m s 2 . During the flight, Goff went 1 mile (1 609 m) up and then 1 mile back down. Determine his speed just after launch by considering his upward flight: v 2 = vi2 + 2 a y f yi : f

0 = vi2 2 9.80 m s 2 1 609 m vi = 178 m s .

jb

His time in the air may be found by considering his motion from just after launch to just before impact: y f yi = vi t + 1 2 1 at : 0 = 178 m s t 9.80 m s 2 t 2 . 2 2

The root t = 0 describes launch; the other root, t = 36.2 s , describes his flight time. His rate of pay may then be found from pay rate = $1.00 = 0.027 6 $ s 3 600 s h = $99.3 h . 36.2 s

gb

We have assumed that the workmans flight time, a mile, and a dollar, were measured to threedigit precision. We have interpreted up in the sky as referring to the free fall time, not to the launch and landing times. Both the takeoff and landing times must be several seconds away from the job, in order for Goff to survive to resume work.
P2.31

(a) (b)

y f yi = vi t +

1 2 2 at : 4.00 = (1.50)vi (4.90)(1.50) and vi = 10.0 m s upward . 2

v f = vi + at = 10.0 (9.80)(1.50) = 4.68 m s v f = 4.68 m s downward

Chapter 2

37

P2.32

1 We have y f = gt 2 + vi t + yi 2 0 = 4.90 m s 2 t 2 8.00 m s t + 30.0 m . Solving for t, t= 8.00 64.0 + 588 . 9.80

h a

Using only the positive value for t, we find that t = 1.79 s .

P2.33

Time to fall 3.00 m is found from Eq. 2.12 with vi = 0 , 3.00 m = (a) (b)

1 9.80 m s 2 t 2 , t = 0.782 s. 2

With the horse galloping at 10.0 m s, the horizontal distance is vt = 7.82 m . t = 0.782 s Consider the upward flight of the arrow.
2 2 v yf = v yi + 2 a y y f yi 2

*P2.34

(a)

d i 0 = b100 m sg + 2e 9.8 m s jy
2

y =
(b)

10 000 m 2 s 2 19.6 m s 2

= 510 m

Consider the whole flight of the arrow. y f = yi + v yi t + 1 ayt 2 2

0 = 0 + 100 m s t +

1 9.8 m s 2 t 2 2

The root t = 0 refers to the starting point. The time of flight is given by t= 100 m s 4.9 m s 2 = 20.4 s .

38

Motion in One Dimension

Section 2.8
*P2.35
(a)

Context ConnectionAcceleration Required by Consumers

The Lamborghini requires the shortest time to speed up from 0 to 60 mi/h, so it has the greatest average acceleration: v xf = v xi + a x t ax = v xf v xi t

60 mi h 0 = 16.7 mi h s , in agreement 3.6 s

with the value listed. For the Toyota Prius, ax = with 4.7 mi h s listed. (b) v xf v xi t

60 mi h 0 = 4.72 mi h s , in agreement 12.7 s

IJ FG 1 h IJ = 7.4 m s K H 3 600 s K 60 mi h F 1 609 m I F 1 h I Prius: G JH 12.7 s H 1 mi K G 3 600 s J K = 2.1 m s

Lamborghini: 60 mi h 1 609 m 3.6 s 1 mi

FG H

to two significant digits.

(c)

x f xi =

1 v xi + v xf t 2

Lamborghini: x f xi = Prius: x f (d)

IJ FG 1 h IJ = g FGH K H 3 600 s K 1 F 1 609 m IJ FG 1 h IJ = 170 m x = b60 mi hg12.7 sG H 1 mi K H 3 600 s K 2

1 609 m 1 0 + 60 mi h 3.6 s 2 1 mi

48 m

v xf = v xi + a x t t= v xf v xi ax

60 mi h 0 1 609 mi 1 mi 9.80 m s 2

FG H

IJ FG 1 h IJ = K H 3 600 s K
v f vi t

2.74 s

Building a car capable of such a large acceleration would be difficult. So would steering it as it is speeding up.

P2.36

(a) (b)

Assuming a constant acceleration:

a=

42.0 m s = 5.25 m s 2 8.00 s

Taking the origin at the original position of the car, xf = 1 1 vi + v f t = 42.0 m s 8.00 s = 168 m 2 2

ga f

(c)

From v f = vi + at , the velocity 10.0 s after the car starts from rest is: v f = 0 + 5. 25 m s 2 10.0 s = 52.5 m s

ja

Chapter 2

39

*P2.37

(a)

v xf = v xi + a x t ax = v xf v xi t

175 mi h 0 1 609 mi = 70.0 mi h s = 70.0 mi h s 2.50 s 1m

= 31.3 m s 2 = 31.3 m s 2
1 v xi + v xf 2

(b)

x f xi =

F g I = 3.19 g GH 9.8 m s JK 1h it = 1 b0 + 175 mi hg2.5 sFGH 1 609 mi IJK FGH 3 600 s IJK = 2 1 mi
2

FG H

IJ FG 1 h IJ K H 3 600 s K

97.8 m

*P2.38

(a)

Starting from rest and accelerating at a b = 13.0 mi h s , the bicycle reaches its maximum speed of v b ,max = 20.0 mi h in a time t b ,1 = v b ,max 0 ab

20.0 mi h = 1.54 s 13.0 mi h s

Since the acceleration a c of the car is less than that of the bicycle, the car cannot catch the bicycle until some time t > t b ,1 (that is, until the bicycle is at its maximum speed and coasting). The total displacement of the bicycle at time t is

x b =

1 2 a b t b ,1 + v b ,max t t b ,1 2 mi h 1.47 ft s 1 = 13.0 1.54 s s 1 mi h 2

I L FG F JK MN H GH = b 29.4 ft sgt 22.6 ft

x c =

IJ a K

f + b20.0 mi hgat 1.54 sfOPQ

2

The total displacement of the car at this time is 1.47 ft s 1 ac t 2 = 2 1 mi h

F GH

I L 1 FG 9.00 mi h IJ t O = b6.62 ft sgt P JK MN 2 H s K Q

2

At the time the car catches the bicycle x c = x b . This gives

e6.62 ft s jt = b29.4 ft sgt 22.6 ft

2 2

or

t 2 4.44 s t + 3.42 s 2 = 0

that has only one acceptable solution t > t b ,1 . This solution gives the total time the bicycle leads the car and is t = 3.45 s . (b) The lead the bicycle has over the car continues to increase as long as the bicycle is moving faster than the car. This means until the car attains a speed of v c = v b ,max = 20.0 mi h . Thus, the elapsed time when the bicycles lead ceases to increase is t= At this time, the lead is v b ,max ac = 20.0 mi h = 2.22 s 9.00 mi h s

or

b x b x

b b

g x g
x c

max

= x b x c = 10.0 ft .

t = 2. 22 s

= 29.4 ft s 2.22 s 22.6 ft 6.62 ft s 2 2.22 s

ga

ja

c max

40

Motion in One Dimension

Additional Problems
P2.39

(a)

a=

v f vi t

632

1.40

e j=
5 280 3 600

662 ft s 2 = 202 m s 2 = 20.6 g

(b)
*P2.40

x f = vi t +

5 280 1 2 1 at = 632 1.40 662 1.40 2 3 600 2

a fFGH

I a f a fa f JK

= 649 ft = 198 m

Take downward as the positive y direction. (a) While the woman was in free fall,
y = 144 ft , vi = 0 , and we take a = g = 32.0 ft s 2 .

Thus, y = vi t + before impact is:

1 2 at 144 ft = 0 + 16.0 ft s 2 t 2 giving t fall = 3.00 s . Her velocity just 2

v f = vi + gt = 0 + 32.0 ft s 2 (3.00 s)= 96.0 ft s . (b) While crushing the box, vi = 96.0 ft s , v f = 0 , and y = 18.0 in. = 1.50 ft . Therefore, a= v 2 vi2 f 2 y

a f

0 96.0 ft s 2(1.50 ft )

= 3.07 10 3 ft s 2 , or a = 3.07 10 3 ft s 2 upward = 96.0 g .

(c)

Time to crush box: t =

2(1.50 ft ) y y = v +v = or t = 3.13 102 s . f i v 0 + 96.0 ft s

2

P2.41

From v 2 = vi2 + 2 ax , we have 10.97 10 3 m s f which is a = 2.79 10 4 times g .

= 0 + 2 a( 220 m) , so that a = 2.7410 5 m s 2

*P2.42

Take the x-axis along the tail section of the snake. The displacement from tail to head is
i i j i j 240 m$ + 420 240 m cos 180105 $ 180 m sin 75 $ = 287 m$ 174 m$ .

Its magnitude is ( 287) +(174) m = 335 m. From v =

distance , the time for each childs run is t

Inge: t = Olaf: t = Inge wins by 126 101 = 25.4 s .

distance 335 m h 1 km 3 600 s = = 101 s v 12 km 1 000 m 1 h

a fa a fb

fb

ga f

420 m s = 126 s . 3.33 m

Chapter 2

41

P2.43

(a)

Take initial and final points at top and bottom of the incline. If the ball starts from rest, vi = 0 , a = 0.500 m s 2 , x f xi = 9.00 m . Then v 2 = vi2 + 2 a x f xi = 0 2 + 2 0.500 m s 2 9.00 m f v f = 3.00 m s .

ja

(b)

x f x i = vi t +

1 2 at 2

9.00 = 0 +

1 0.500 m s 2 t 2 2 t = 6.00 s

(c)

Take initial and final points at the bottom of the planes and the top of the second plane, respectively: vi = 3.00 m s, v f = 0 , x f xi = 15.00 m. v 2 = vi2 + 2 a x f xi gives f

a= (d)

v 2 vi2 f 2 x f xi

0 3.00 m s 2(15.0 m)

= 0.300 m s 2 .

Take the initial point at the bottom of the planes and the final point 8.00 m along the second: vi = 3.00 m s, x f xi = 8.00 m , a = 0.300 m s 2 v 2 = vi2 + 2 a x f xi = 3.00 m s f v f = 2.05 m s .

i b

g + 2e0.300 m s ja8.00 mf = 4.20 m

2 2

s2

*P2.44

Let the glider enter the photogate with velocity vi and move with constant acceleration a. For its motion from entry to exit,
x f = xi + v xi t + 1 axt 2 2 1 2 l = 0 + vi t d + at d = v d t d 2 1 v d = vi + at d 2

(a)

The speed halfway through the photogate in space is given by

2 v hs = vi2 + 2 a

FG l IJ = v H 2K

2 i

+ av d td .

v hs = vi2 + av d t d and this is not equal to v d unless a = 0 . (b) The speed halfway through the photogate in time is given by v ht = vi + a equal to v d as determined above.

FG t IJ and this is H2K

d

42

Motion in One Dimension

P2.45

Average speed of every point on the train as the first car passes Liz: x 8.60 m = = 5.73 m s. t 1.50 s The train has this as its instantaneous speed halfway through the 1.50 s time. Similarly, halfway 8.60 m through the next 1.10 s, the speed of the train is = 7.82 m s . The time required for the speed 1.10 s to change from 5.73 m/s to 7.82 m/s is 1 1 (1.50 s)+ (1.10 s)= 1.30 s 2 2 so the acceleration is: a x = v x 7.82 m s 5.73 m s = = 1.60 m s 2 . t 1.30 s
200 100 0 50 0 100
v t 100 200 300 400

*P2.46

(a)

As we see from the graph, from about 50 s to 50 s Acela is cruising at a constant positive velocity in the +x direction. From 50 s to 200 s, Acela accelerates in the +x direction reaching a top speed of about 170 mi/h. Around 200 s, the engineer applies the brakes, and the train, still traveling in the +x direction, slows down and then stops at 350 s. Just after 350 s, Acela reverses direction (v becomes negative) and steadily gains speed in the x direction.

t (s)

FIG. P2.46(a)

(b)

The peak acceleration between 45 and 170 mi/h is given by the slope of the steepest tangent to the v versus t curve in this interval. From the tangent line shown, we find

a = slope =
(c)

v (155 45) mi h = = 2.2 mi h s = 0.98 m s 2 . t (100 50) s

Let us use the fact that the area under the v versus t curve equals the displacement. The trains displacement between 0 and 200 s is equal to the area of the gray shaded region, which we have approximated with a series of triangles and rectangles.
x 0 200 s = area 1 + area 2 + area 3 + area 4 + area 5 50 mi h 50 s + 50 mi h 50 s

200 100 0 3

5 4 1 2 0

100 200 300 400

t (s)

b ga f b ga f 1 + b160 mi hga100 sf + a50 sfb100 mi hg 2 1 + a100 sfb170 mi h 160 mi hg 2 = 24 000bmi hgasf F 24 000 mi I asf = GH 3 600 s JK

FIG. P2.46(c)

Now, at the end of our calculation, we can find the displacement in miles by converting hours to seconds. As 1 h = 3 600 s , x 0 200 s 6.7 mi .

Chapter 2

43

P2.47

Let point 0 be at ground level and point 1 be at the end of the engine burn. Let point 2 be the highest point the rocket reaches and point 3 be just before impact. The data in the table are found for each phase of the rockets motion. (0 to 1) v 2 80.0 f

a f
2

= 2 4.00 1 000

a fb

g h

so giving

v f = 120 m s t = 10.0 s
FIG. P2.47

120 = 80.0 +(4.00)t (1 to 2) 0 (120) = 2(9.80) x f xi

giving x f xi = 735 m t = 12.2 s

giving 0 120 = 9.80t This is the time of maximum height of the rocket. (2 to 3) v 2 0 = 2 9.80 1 735 f v f = 184 = (9.80)t (a) (b) (c) t total = 10 + 12.2 + 18.8 = 41.0 s

fb

g
giving t = 18.8 s

cx

xi

total

= 1.73 km

v final = 184 m s t 0.0 10.0 22.2 41.0 x 0 1 000 1 735 0 v 80 120 0 184 a +4.00 +4.00 9.80 9.80

0 #1 #2 #3
P2.48

End Thrust Rise Upwards Fall to Earth

Distance traveled by motorist = 15.0 m s t 1 Distance traveled by policeman = 2.00 m s 2 t 2 2

(a) (b) (c)

intercept occurs when 15.0t = t 2 , or t = 15.0 s v(officer ) = 2.00 m s 2 t = 30.0 m s x(officer )= 1 2.00 m s 2 t 2 = 225 m 2

44

Motion in One Dimension

P2.49

(a)

Let x be the distance traveled at acceleration a until maximum speed v is reached. If this is achieved in time t1 we can use the following three equations: x= The first two give 100 = 10.2 1 1 t1 v = 10.2 t1 at1 2 2 200 a= . 20.4 t1 t1 1 v + v i t1 , 2

100 x = v 10.2 t1

f IJ K

and v = vi + at1 .

FG H

IJ FG K H
200

For Maggie: a =

a18.4fa2.00f = 200 For Judy: a = a17.4fa3.00f = a fa f Judy: v = a3.83fa3.00f =

x=

5.43 m s 2 3.83 m s 2

(b)

v = at1 Maggie: v = 5.43 2.00 = 10.9 m s 11.5 m s

(c)

At the six-second mark 1 2 at1 + v 6.00 t1 2

2

Maggie: x =

1 5.43 2.00 2 1 Judy: x = 3.83 3.00 2

a fa f + a10.9fa4.00f = 54.3 m a fa f + a11.5fa3.00f = 51.7 m

2

Maggie is ahead by 2.62 m .

Chapter 2

45

P2.50

a1 = 0.100 m s 2 x = 1 000 m = 1 1 2 2 a1 t1 + v 1 t 2 + a 2 t 2 2 2

a 2 = 0.500 m s 2 t = t1 + t 2 and v1 = a1 t1 = a 2 t 2

at at 1 1 2 1 000 = a1 t1 + a1 t1 1 1 + a 2 1 1 2 a2 2 a2

FG H

IJ K

FG IJ H K

1 000 =

a 1 2 a1 1 1 t1 2 a2

FG H

IJ K

t1 = t2 = a1 t1 12.9 = 26 s a 2 0.500 y f = v i1 t + 1 2 1 at = 50.0 = 2.00t + (9.80)t 2 , 2 2

20 000 = 129 s 1.20

Total time = t = 155 s

P2.51

(a)

4.90t 2 + 2.00t 50.0 = 0 t=

2.00 + 2.00 2 4(4.90)(50.0)

2( 4.90)

Only the positive root is physically meaningful: t = 3.00 s after the first stone is thrown. (b) y f = vi 2 t + 1 2 at and t = 3.00 1.00 = 2.00 s 2

1 2 substitute 50.0 = vi 2 (2.00)+ (9.80)( 2.00) : 2 vi 2 = 15.3 m s downward (c) v1 f = vi1 + at = 2.00 +(9.80)(3.00)= 31.4 m s downward v 2 f = vi 2 + at = 15.3 +(9.80)( 2.00)= 34.8 m s downward

46

Motion in One Dimension

P2.52

Let the ball fall 1.50 m. It strikes at speed given by

2 2 v xf = v xi + 2 a x f xi : 2 v xf = 0 + 2 9.80 m s 2 (1.50 m)

v xf = 5.42 m s and its stopping is described by

2 2 v xf = v xi + 2 a x x f xi

0 = 5.42 m s ax =
2

i e j

+ 2 a x 10 2 m
2

29.4 m s

2.00 10 2 m

= +1.47 10 3 m s 2 .

Its maximum acceleration will be larger than the average acceleration we estimate by imagining constant acceleration, but will still be of order of magnitude ~ 10 3 m s 2 .
P2.53

(a)

In walking a distance x , in a time t , the length of rope l is only increased by x sin . x The pack lifts at a rate sin . t v=

x x sin = v boy = v boy t l

x x 2 + h2 h

rr va
l

(b)

a=

dv v boy dx d 1 = + v boy x l dt dt dt l v boy

l

FG IJ HK
2 h 2 v boy

a = v boy

a=

2 v boy

F1 x I = v GH l JK l
2 2

v boy x dl dl x , but = v = v boy 2 dt l dt l

2 boy

r v boy

h2 = l2

cx

+ h2

3 2

FIG. P2.53

(c) (d)

2 v boy

,0

v boy , 0

Chapter 2

47

P2.54

h = 6.00 m, v boy = 2.00 m s v = However, x = v boy t : v = (a)

v boy x x x sin = v boy = . 12 t l x 2 + h2

2 v boy t

2 v boy t 2

+h

2 12

c 4t

4t
2

+ 36

12

t s 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

b g vbm sg
0 0.33 0.63 0.89 1.11 1.28 1.41 1.52 1.60
FIG. P2.54(a)

4.5 1.66 5 1.71

(b) From problem 2.53 above, a =
2 h 2 v boy

cx

+h

2 3 2

2 h 2 v boy

2 v boy t 2

+h

2 3 2

c4t

144
2

+ 36

32

ts 0 1

a f aem s j
2

0.67 0.64 0.57 0.48 0.38 0.30 0.24 0.18 0.14 0.11 0.09

0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3. 3.5 4. 4.5 5

FIG. P2.54(b)
d = 336t 2 336t 2 = 4.90 2.40 t 2 t2 = so

P2.55

(a)

1 2 d = (9.80)t1 2 t1 + t 2 = 2.40
2 4.90t 2 359.5t 2 + 28.22 = 0

359.5 359.5 2 4(4.90)(28.22) 9.80

359.5 358.75 t2 = = 0.076 5 s 9.80 (b)

d = 336t 2 = 26.4 m

1 2 Ignoring the sound travel time, d = (9.80)( 2.40) = 28.2 m , an error of 6.82% . 2

48

Motion in One Dimension

P2.56

(a)

Time t (s) 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00

Height h (m) 5.00 5.75 6.40 6.94 7.38 7.72 7.96 8.10 8.13 8.07 7.90 7.62 7.25 6.77 6.20 5.52 4.73 3.85 2.86 1.77 0.58

h (m)
0.75 0.65 0.54 0.44 0.34 0.24 0.14 0.03 0.06 0.17 0.28 0.37 0.48 0.57 0.68 0.79 0.88 0.99 1.09 1.19

t (s)
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

v (m/s) 3.00 2.60 2.16 1.76 1.36 0.96 0.56 0.12 0.24 0.68 1.12 1.48 1.92 2.28 2.72 3.16 3.52 3.96 4.36 4.76

midpoint time t (s) 0.13 0.38 0.63 0.88 1.13 1.38 1.63 1.88 2.13 2.38 2.63 2.88 3.13 3.38 3.63 3.88 4.13 4.38 4.63 4.88

FIG. P2.56(b)

TABLE P2.56
acceleration = slope of line is constant. a =1.63 m s 2 = 1.63 m s 2 downward

Chapter 2

49

P2.57

The distance x and y are always related by x 2 + y 2 = L2 . Differentiating this equation with respect to time, we have dy dx 2x + 2y =0 dt dt dy dx Now = v . is v B , the unknown velocity of B; and dt dt From the equation resulting from differentiation, we have dy x dx x = = (v) . dt y dt y But
y

y B x L

O x

r v
A

FG IJ H K

FIG. P2.57

y v v 3 1 = tan so v B = v . When = 60.0 , v B = = = 0.577 v . tan x tan 60.0 3

FG H

IJ K

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P2.2 P2.4 P2.6
(a) 50.0 m/s; (b) 41.0 m/s (a) 3.75 m/s; (b) 0 (a) 27.0 m; (b) x f = 27.0 m + 18.0 m s t
+ 3.00 m s

P2.24 P2.26 P2.28

x f xi = v xf t

1 a x t 2 ; 3.10 m/s 2

(a) 4.98 10 9 s ; (b) 1.20 10 15 m s 2 (a) 4.90 cm below the top of the TV, 0.980 m/s downward; (b) 19.6 cm down, 1.96 m/s downward; (c) 44.1 cm down, 2.94 m/s downward $99.3/h 1.79 s (a) 510 m; (b) 20.4 s (a) 5.25 m/s2; (b) 168 m; (c) 52.5 m/s (a) 3.45 s; (b) 10.0 ft (a) 96.0 ft/s; (b) a = 3.07 10 3 ft s 2 upward (c) t = 3.13 10 2 s

jatf ;
2

(c) 18.0 m/s

P2.8 P2.10 P2.12 P2.14 P2.16

(a) 5.0 m/s; (b) 2.5 m/s; (c) 0; (d) 5.0 m/s 1.34 10 4 m s 2 (a) 13.0 m/s; (b) 10.0 m/s, 16.0 m/s; (c) 6.00 m/s2; (d) 6.00 m/s2 (a) see the solution; (b) see the solution; (c) 4 m/s2; (d) 34 m; (e) 28 m (a) see the solution; (b) see the solution; (c) see the solution; (d) see the solution; (e) see the solution; (f) The spacing of the successive positions would change with less regularity. 160 ft (a) 4.53 s; (b) 14.1 m/s (a) 2.56 m; (b) 3.00 m/s

P2.30 P2.32 P2.34 P2.36 P2.38 P2.40

P2.42 P2.44

25.4 s (a) false unless the acceleration is zero; see the solution; (b) true

P2.18 P2.20 P2.22

50

Motion in One Dimension

P2.46 P2.48 P2.50

(a) see the solution; (b) 2.2 (mi/h)/s; (c) 6.7 mi (a) 15.0 s; (b) 30.0 m/s; (c) 225 m 155 s, 129 s

P2.52 P2.54 P2.56

~ 10 3 m s 2 see the solution see the solution, a = 163 m s2 downward .