QUESTIONS l. Explain the distinction betweenlocalized and delocalized (or core) electrons in solids.

Describe one experimental method of testing the difference between the two types. 2. The text said that the conduction electrons are better described as a plasma than an ordinary gas. In what essential ways does a plasma differ from a gas? 3. Trace the steps which show that the electrical current of the electrons is in the same direction as the field, even though the particles are negatively charged. 4. Assuming that the conduction electrons in Cu are a classical gas, calculate the rms value of the electron speed, and compare the value obtained with the Fermi velocity (see Problem l). 5. Explain why electrons carry a net energy but not a net current in the case of thermal conduction. 6. Show that if the random velocity of the electrons were due to the thermal motion of a classicalelectron gas, the electrical resistivity would increasewith the temperature as Z.312. 7. In a cyclotron resonanceexperiment, part of the signal is absorbed by the electrons. What happens to this energy when the system is in a steady-state situation? 8. Explain qualitatively why the Hall constant R6 is inversely proportional to the electron concentration N. 9. Demonstrate qualitatively that the Hall constant for a current of positive charges is positive. l0' Equation (4-54) shows that the skin depth 6 becomes infinite at zero frequency. Interpret this result. I1. Describe the variation of skin depth with temperature. l2' According to the discussionin Section 4. I I free electrons , make a negativecontribution to the dielectric constant' while bound electrons make a positive contribution. Explain this difference in electron behavior. PROBLEMS l- copper has a mass density p^: g.95g/cm., and an electricalresistivityp: 1.55x at room tempeiature. Assuming that the effective mass m* : nto, ::;nH-m a) The concentration of the conduction erectrons b) The mean free time r c) The Fermi energy Ep d) The Fermi velocity up

e) The mean free path at rhe Fermi level /, 2. Derive Eq. (4.19)for the meanfree path. 3. The residualresistivityfor I atomic percentof A s i mpuri ti esn C u i s 6.gx l 0-B i ohm-m. Calculate the cross section for the scatteringof an electron by one As impurity in Cu. 4' Sodiumhas a volumeexpansion coefficient l5x l0-5oK-r. Calculate of the percentage change the Fermi energyEp.asthe temperature raisedfrom in is i.: OoKto 300'K. Commenton the magnitude the change. of 5. RepeatProblem4 for silver, whosevolume coefficient expansion of is lg.6x l0-s "K-1.

Ip 6. Calculatethe Fermi temperatures for Cu, Na, and Ag. Also calculatethe ratio The effective masses Cu and Na are 1.0and of TlT, in eachcasefor T:300"K. 1.2timesms. 7. Estimatethe fraction of electronsexcitedabovethe Fermi levelat room temperature for Cu and Na. to for the 8. Calculate ratio of electrons latticeheat capacities Cu at T:0.3o, 4",2A", 77o,and 300"K. The latticeheat capacityof Cu is givenin Fig. 3.10. the 9. Plot the Fermi-Dirac functionf (E')versus energyratio EiE, at room temperature of T : 300oK. (AssumeEp independent temperature.)If Er: 5 eV, determinethe energyvaluesat which I(G):0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and 0.95. has 10. Cyclotron resonance beenobservedin Cu at a frequencyof 24GHz. Given that the effective massof Cu is rn* : ffi>,what is the valueof the applied magneticfield? 11. Using Table 4.3, giving the Hall constants, calculate electronconcentrations the in Na, Cu, Cd, Zn, Al, and In. Comparetheseresultswith thosegiven in Table 4.1. os, 12. a) Usingthe appropriatevaluesof etr,r, ondt for Agat room temperature, calculate rc the refractiveindex n and the extinctioncoefficient for Ag, and plot these versus @ on the logarithmic scale. b) Evaluatethe optical reflectivityand plot it versuscrr. (Data on Ag are found in Table 4.1.) The valuesof crrmay be confinedto the rangecrr< 1016 s-r. and plot the resultsversusthe 13. Evaluatethe skin depth for Cu at room temperature, frequencyon a logarithmicscale. (Data are givenin Table 4.1.) The valueof ar may s-1. be confinedto trl < 1013 14. Carry out the integration which leads to (4.61). 15. Calculatethe density of the thermionic emissioncurrent in Cs at 500, 1000,1500, and 2000"K.