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PERU Aurelia
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CUPRINS Introducere Capitolul I. Liderismul politic: aspecte teoretico-metodologice 1.1. Interpretarea conceptuluLGHOLGHUSROLWLFSULQSULVPDFRQVWUXF LHLLPDJLQLLSROLWLFH imaginii liderului politic &DSLWROXO,,,PDJLQHDOLGHUXOXLSROLWLFVWUXFWXUDLDWULEXWHOHGHILQLWRULL 7LSRORJLDLPDJLQLLOLGHUXOXLSROLWLFLVSHFLILFXOHODERUULLGLIHULWRUPRGHOH 2.2. Dimensiuni simbolico-mitologice n promovarea imaginii liderului politic tehnici &RQIUXQWUL GH LPDJLQL DOH OLGHULOor politici autohtoni n campaniile electorale: 73 SHUIRUPDQ HLHHFXUL 3.2. Infotactici de conservare a imaginii pozitive n spectrul politic moldovenesc 3.3. Limbajul element constitutiv al imaginii liderului politic &RQFOX]LLLUHFRPDQGUL Bibliografie Anexe 91 101 114 119 128 39 39 53
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Capitolul I. Liderismul politic: aspecte teoretico-metodologice 1.1. Interpretarea conceptului de OLGHUSROLWLFSULQSULVPDFRQVWUXF LHLLPDJLQLLSROLWLFH /LGHULVPXOLXPDQLWDWHDDXFXQRVFXWDFHLDLFXUEHYROX LRQLVW/LGHULVPXOFDIHQRPHQ VRFLDO L SROLWLF ILLQG FRQVLGHUDW XQLYHUVDO L LQHYLWDELO 8Q URO SUHSRQGHUHQW vQ FRQWH[WXO liderismului socLDO vL UHYLQH OLGHULVPXOXL SROLWLF FH FRQVWLWXLH XQD GLQ QR LXQLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH WLLQ HORUSROLWLFHQFHDGH-DGRXDMXPWDWHDVHF;;PDLPXO LWHRUHWLFLHQL Burns, Fiedler, Le Bon, Lewin, Tuker DX IRVW VXSXL XQHL WHQWD LL JHQHUDOH GH DERUGDUH i rezumare a criteriilor de YDOLGLWDWHLSURPRYDUHDOLGHUXOXLSROLWLFFDUHV-ar impune n comunitate printr-XQFRPSRUWDPHQWL o putere deosebite, printr-o energie mobilizatoare. &KLDUGDFDYDQWDMXOVWUDWHJLFDOSXWHULLSROLWLFHHVWHYL]LELOHDDGXFknd beneficii reale, o GHILQL LH XQDQLP DFFHSWDW D OLGHULVPXOXL SROLWLF QX H[LVW &RQIRUP 'LF LRQDUXOXL GH VRFLRORJLH OLGHUHQJOOHDGHUFRQGXFWRUHVWHSHUVRDQDFDUHH[HUFLWSXWHUHDVDXRPDUHLQIOXHQ vQFDGUXO XQRUJUXSXULVRFLDOHGHGLYHUVHPrimi -VRFLHW LQD LXQLFRPXQLW LRUJDQL]D LLJUXSXULPLFLHWF $WULEXWXO GHILQLWRULX DO OLGHUXOXL HVWH H[HUFLWDUHD IXQF LHL GH FRQGXFHUH OXDUHD GHFL]LLORU Q VRFLRORJLH VH IDFH GLVWLQF LH vQWUH OLGHUXO IRUPDO- SHUVRDQD GHVHPQDW FX IXQF LD GH FRQducere pe FDOH LQVWLWX LRQDO L liderul informal , respectiv persoana FDUH H[HUFLW FHD PDL PDUH LQIOXHQ vQ cadrul JUXSXOXL>&=DPILU/9OVHVFXS@ Referindu-QHODDVSHFWHOHOLGHULVPXOXLSROLWLFvQDQVDPEOXYRPUHPDUFDFGXSFRQ LQXW LIRUPOLGHULVPXOSROLWLFHVWHXQIHQRPHQHPHUJHQWDOSXWHULL3ULQFHVHGHRVHEHWHSULQXUPDUH SXWHUHD SROLWLF GH RULFH DOW JHQ GH SXWHUH HFRQRPLF EXQRDU" 'XS FXP DILUPD 0 :HEHU vQVL SROLWLFD VLPEROL]HD] WHQGLQ D VSUH SXWHUH VDX VSUH WUDILF GH LQIOXHQ vQ SURFHVXO GH distribuire a puterii - fie ntre state, fie ntre grupuri de oameni. Puterea, n opinia autorului, FRQILUPSUREDELOLWDWHDFvQUDSRUWXULOHVDOHGHLQWHUGHSHQGHQ VRFLDOOLGHUXOSROLWLFYDGXFHOD EXQ VIkULW UHDOL]DUHDSURSULHL YRLQ H FKLDU GDF VRFLHWDWHD vL YD RSXQH UH]LVWHQ 7DONRWW 3DUVRQV FRQVLGHUFDVHPHQLEDQLORUFDUHFLUFXOvQVLVWHPXOHFRQRPLFSXWHUHDFLUFXOFDXQLQWHUPHGLDU VLPEROLFvQFDGUXOVLVWHPXOXLSROLWLFLDDFXPvQDIDUDXQXLVLVWHPHFRQRPL EDQLLDUILOLSVL LGH F YDORDUH OD IHO L SXWHUHD vQ DIDUD VLVWHPXOXL SROLWLF DU IL RQRQYDORDUH >$SXG 0Bevbg :nr.6] Specificnd atributele puterii politice, politologul polonez E. WHDWU LQVLVW DVXSUD IDSWXOXLFGHILQL LDSXWHULLSROLWLFHWUHEXLHVFRQ LQXUPWRDUHOHHOHPHQWH -QXPDLSX LQGRLVXELHF L-DFHVWHDSRWILSHUVRDQHLQGLYLGXDOHFkWLJUXSXULVRFLDOH -RUGLQXOSRUXQFDFHOXLDIODWvQH[HUFL LXOSXWHULLVHFRQGDWGHDPHQLQ DUHDDSOLFULLXQRU VDQF LXQLvQFD]GHQHVupunere; VXSXQHUHDFHOXLDVXSUDFUXLDVHH[HUFLWSXWHUHDID GHFHOFDUHRPDWHULDOL]HD] 13
QRUPHOHVRFLDOHFHOHJLWLPHD]UDSRUWXOGHVXSXQHUHvQWUHFHOFHRUGRQLFHOFKHPDW VH[HFXWHUHVSHFWLYHOHSRUXQFL
Q DFHDVW RUGLQH GH LGHL DP SXWHD DILUPD F OLGHULVPXO UHSUH]LQW SXWHUHD FDUH VH UHDOL]HD] GXS SULQFLSLXO GH VXV vQ MRV /LGHU DVWIHO DU SXWHD IL FRQVLGHUDWFHO FDUH vQ YLUWXWHD XQRUVDXDOWRUFLUFXPVWDQ HLJUD LHXQRUFDOLW LLQGLYLGXDOHVHSODVHD]SHVWHXQJUXSVRFLDOVDX peste R QD LXQH ILLQG FDSDELO V FRRUGRQH]H DFWLYLWDWHD FHORUODO L 'H IDSW L GXS FHD PDL VXSHUILFLDOUHIOHF LHSXWHPFRQVWDWDFRULFHWLSGHSXWHUHVHH[HFXWGHVXVvQMRVDGLFA l poate impune pe B V H[HFXWH FHYD A transformndu-VH vQ FRQGXFtorul lui B. Prin urmare, GHRVHELUHD GLQWUH SXWHUHD SROLWLF L RULFH DOW WLS GH SXWHUH UHYHQGLF L DOWH LSRWH]H GHFkW FHOH HQXQ DWHDQWHULRU QFD]XOOLGHULVPXOXLSROLWLF,RQGH LQHSXWHUHDDVXSUDOXL3HWUXUHYHQLPODUHIOHF LLOHOXL Weatr - de fiecHGDWLGRDUDWXQFLFkQGvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXQRUPHOHVRFLDOHDLFUHLUHSUH]HQWDQ L sunt cei doi, Ion este abilitat cu dreptul de a-LSRUXQFLOXL3HWUXLDU3HWUXODUkQGXOVXHVWHREOLJDW VVHFRQIRUPH]HSRUXQFLORUOXL,RQ$DGDUOLGHULVPXOSROLWLFVHPDQLIHVWSULQUHDOL]DUHDSXWHULL lui AFDUHLDGHFL]LLLRUGRQHD]DVXSUDPDLPXOWRUB FRQFRPLWHQWDGLFDVXSUDXQXLJUXSVRFLDO XQHLFRPXQLW LVDXFKLDUDXQHLQD LXQL $ILUPD LLOHVXQWLOXVWUDWHLQVFKHPDGHPDLMRV Fig. Nr.1 I. A Fig. Nr.2 II. A
B Liderism (fig. 1) /liderism politic (fig.2)
3HUSHWXkQG LQYHVWLJDUHD VXELHFWXOXL SURSXV vQ DFHVW FDSLWRO DO OXFU ULL determinarea conceptului de lider/liderism politic YRP vQFHUF vQ FRQWLQXDUH V LGHQWLILFP GHRVHELULOH IXQGDPHQWDOHGLQWUHXQOLGHUSROLWLFGHXQVLPSOXGH LQWRUDOSXWHULL"3RDWHILFRQVLGHUDWEXQRDU OLGHUXQHIGHJXYHUQVDXDFHVWDHVWHGRDUXQPDQDJHUDOSXWHULL"&RQWUDUFRQFHS LLORUDYDQVDWHGH Veatr, G. Makkobi [1992: p.9-@VXV LQHFOLGHUSRDWHILFRQVLGHUDWSHUVRDQDFDUHSULQVSULMLQXO DFRUGDW FRQWULEXLH OD HIRUWXO GH UHDOL]DUH D XQXL RELHFWLY GDU QX DFHD FDUH vQWUX UHDOL]DUHD DFHOXLL obiectiv doar oUGRQ,SRWH]FHPLQLPDOL]HD]HIHFWLYsindromul supunerii acreditat de Weatr. 2DOWLQWHUSUHWDUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLORULQHUHQWH OLGHUXOXLSROLWLFQHRIHUSROLWRORJXOUXV5$ 0HGYHGHY>S@FDUHUHPDUFFDILLQGUHOHYDQWHVXE aspectul atributelor obligatorii ale OLGHUXOXLSROLWLFSURJUDPXOSROLWLFLOXSWDSHQWUXWUDQVSXQHUHDDFHVWXLDvQSUDFWLF 14
-SRSXODULWDWHDFKLDULGXSSLHUGHUHDIXQF LHLRILFLDOH -WLPSXOVXILFLHQWSHQWUXGHPRQVWUDUHDFDSDFLW LORUde lider. n perpetuarea aceVWXLXOWLPHQXQ YRPLQVLVWDDVXSUDIDSWXOXLFOLGHULVPXOSROLWLFVSUH GHRVHELUHGHRULFHDOWWLSGHOLGHULVPH[FOXGHH[HUFLWDUHDRFD]LRQDODSXWHULLDFHVWDSUHVXSXQkQGL IDFWRUXOFRQWLQXLWLL. Un alt atribut definitoriu al liderismului politic l constituie aria de extindere LLQIOXHQ OLGHUXOSROLWLFLQYHVWLWFXSXWHUHHVWHDELOLWDWVLDGHFL]LLILQDOHFHUHIOHFWGLYHUVHVIHUH DOH DFWLYLW LL VRFLDOH SROLWLFH L HFRQRPLFH UHOD LL LQWHUQD LRQDOH VHFXULWDWH QD LRQDO VHFXULWDWH HFRQRPLFSURWHF LHVRFLDOFXOWXULDUW Prin urmare, diapazonul liderismului politic, incontestabil, este mult mai extins dect orice alt model de liderism. Din aceste considerente acesta presupne ca instrument de realizare un gen deosebit al puterii. $U IL SURIXQG HURQDW V DILUPP vQ FRQWH[W F SDUWLFXODULW LOH OLGHULVPXOXL SROLWLFVXQWLGHQWLFHSHQWUXOLGHULSROLWLFLGLQGLYHUVHVWDWHDOHOXPLLLvQSHULRDGHLVWRULFHGLIHULWH QSRILGDGHRVHELULORUH[LVWHQWHvQVOLGHULVPXOSROLWLFUHSUH]LQWIRUPDVXSHULRDULXQLYHUVDOD puterii. 8Q DOW WHUHQ GH DERUGDUH D OLGHULVPXOXL SROLWLF QH RIHU * /H %RQ FDUH HYRF DQXPLWH FRQWH[WHVRFLDOHRSRUWXQHSHQWUXXQWLSVDXDOWXOGHOLGHULVPSROLWLF$VWIHOOLGHULLSROLWLFLVXVLQH /H%RQSRWILvPSU L LvQGRXFDWHJRULLGLVWLQFWH DYHQWXULHULLFWLWRUL /LGHULL DYHQWXULHUL VXQW SHUVRDQH HQHUJLFH FX YRLQ SXWHUQLF GDU FDUH VH PDQLIHVW OD PRPHQWvQVLWXD LLFUXFLDOHILLQGFDSDELOLGHDFWHHURLFHVWLPXOHD]XQVHQWLPHQWGHDGPLUD LHFKLDU LvQUkQGXULOHDGYHUVDULORU5HvQWRULvQVvQWXPXOWXORELQXLWDOYLH LLFRWLGLHQHDVHPHQHDWLSGH OLGHUL GHYLQ SDVLYL L GH]RULHQWD L /LGHULL FWLWRUL GXS /H %RQ > S-@ GLPSRWULY UHSUH]LQW SHUVRDQH FDSDELOH V H[HUFLWH R LQIOXHQ SXWHUQLF L FRHUHQW Q OLQLL JHQHUDOH referindu-se la dihotomia lider PXO LPH/H%RQRWUDWDWDSHDFHDVWDGLQXUPFDILLQGvQVHWDW GH VXSXQHUH 0XO LPHD SRDWH IL DVHPXLW FX R WXUP DVFXOWWRDUH LQFDSDELO V WULDVF IU VWSkQL>,ELGHPS] QDFHODLWLPSXQDOWIHQRPHQGLKRWRPLFFHSURILOHD]vQOLWHUDWXUDGHGLFDWSUREOHPHORU OLGHULVPXOXLSROLWLFODQVHD]PXOWLSOHVHPQHGHvQWUHEDUHFDUHDUILGHRVHELUHDGLQWUHXQOLGHUSROLWLF L R SHUVRDQ RILFLDO XQ OLGHU SROLWLF L XQ PDQDJHU" Q DFHVW VHQV D GHYHQLW GHMD VLPSWRPDWLF WHQGLQ D GH FODVLILFDUH D OLGHULORU vQ GRX PDUL FDWHJRULL UHLHLQGX-se din gradul de exercitare a GRPLQD LHLDFHVWRUDDVXSUDVRFLHW LLlideri UHDOLWL lideri - eroi,SULQDFURUOXPLQR]LWDWHVH poate traQVILJXUDVRFLHWDWHDLlideri manageri sau persoane oficialeLQFDSDELOHVLQIOXHQ H]H vQPRGGHRVHELWHYROX LDRELHFWLYDHYHQLPHQWHORUQHSRFDOXL3OXWDUKEXQRDUVHFRQVLGHUDF GRDU PDUHOH RP HURXO HVWH FDSDELO V VFKLPEH IXQGDPHQWDO FXrsul istoriei. n timp ce PDMRULWDWHDOLGHULORUUPkQGRDUQLWHDQRQLPLDLDFHVWHLD 15
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DOLGHUXOXLSROLWLF$VHPHQLXQXLSURGXVSURDVSWODQVDWSHSLD DFWRUXOSROLWLFDUHVWULFWQHFHVLWDWH GH PDUFD VD SUHFXP L GH UHvQQRLUHD HL vQ IXQF LH GH FLUFXPVWDQ H &HHD FH vQ OLPEDM SROLWLF FRQVWLWXLH QLPLF DOWFHYD GHFkW LPDJLQHD SROLWLF 3HUFHSHUHD LPDJLQLL OLGHUXOXL SROLWLF HVWH XQ HOHPHQW HVHQ LDO vQ XQLYHUVXO SROLWLF 6SUH GHRVHELUH GH VRFLHW LOH DQWHULRDUH VRFLHWDWHD FRQWHPSRUDQ QH FRQYLQJH GH IDSWXO F SHUFHSHUHD LPDJLQLL OLGHUXOXL SROLWLF FDUH HFKLYDOHD] GH IDSW FX SURFHVXO GH SURPRYDUH D OLGHUXOXL SROLWLF LQYRF QHFHVLWDWHD GUDPDWL]ULL FDUH JHQHUHD] LQIOXHQ D DFWRUXOXL SROLWLF L FRQWULEXLH OD vQWUH LQHUHD HL $VWIHO DFWRUXO SROLWLF WUHEXLH V-L vQVXHDVF VWSkQLUHD XQHL QRL WHKQLFL VLPEROLFH L LPDJLQDUH D XQHL QRL IRUPH D GUDPDWXUJLHL politice. Sunt termeni sau formule create pentru a califica sau pentru a denumi mediapolitica, arta 3R LQGXVWULD VSHFWDFROXOXL SROLWLF /D DFHVWH L DOWH DVSHFWH QH YRP UHIHUL FX OX[ GH DPQXQWH vQ FDSLWROHOH XOWHULRDUH 9RP UH]XPD GHFL F vQ VFRSXO SURPRYULL LPDJLQLL OLGHUXOXL SROLWLF HVWH GHRVHELW GH VHPQLILFDWLY R GLVRFLHUH PXOW PDL DPSO PXOWLQLYHODU D WLSRORJLHL OLGHUXOXL SROLWLF PDL H[WLQV GHFkW WUDGL LRQDOD ELIXUFDUH GH FDWHJRULL SROLWRORJLFH OLEHUDO-autoritar, democraticautoritar. 8QD GLQWUH FHOH PDL LQIOXHQWH DERUGUL DOH OLGHULVPXOXL FH D SHUPLV vQ FRQVHFLQ GLYHUVLILFDUHD FDWHJRULLORU GH OLGHU SROLWLF D IRVW UHDOL]DW GH FWUH ILOR]RIXO L VRFLRORJXO JHUPDQ Max Weber [1990: p.646-@ DXWRUXO FRQFHS LLORU GH OLGHULVP WUDGL LRQDO SULQ PRWHQLUH OLGHULVPFKDULVPDWLFFDSDFLW LH[FHS LRQDOHGLYLQL]DWHOLGHULVPUD LRQDOOHJDOSULQDOHJHUHL FRPSHWL LH$VSHFWHDOHOLGHrismului charismatic vor fi tratate n paragraful 1.2) QVRFLHWDWHDPRGHUQILHFDUHOLGHUSROLWLFGRWDWFXDQXPLWHFDOLW LLQGLYLGXDOHDERUGHD] XQ VWLO SURSULX GH JXYHUQDUH GH LQIOXHQ DVXSUD PDVHORU vQ VFRSXO PDWHULDOL]ULL XQRU RS LXQL politice. 5HLHLQG GLQ DFHVWH FRQVLGHUHQWH SXWHP LGHQWLILFD PDL PXOWH WLSXUL GH OLGHU SROLWLF 'LQ SHUVSHFWLYD UHDOL]ULL XQRU VWUDWHJLL LGHRORJLFH politologul polonez, E. Weatr (1979) UHPDUF dihotomia: lideri - ideologiLlideri pragmatici. Prima categorie GH OLGHUL HVWH SUL]RQLHUXO GRFWULQHL SURPRYDWH GH PLFDUHD SROLWLF SH FDUHRDQLPHD]'LVFXUVXOLGHRORJLFSHFDUHvOODQVHD]XQDVWIHOGHOLGHUSROLWLFHVWHLPSUHJQDWGHR SXWHUQLF vQFUFWXU HPR LRQDO FDSDELO V PRELOL]H]H HQHUJLLOH L V MXVWLILFH RULFH DF LXQL vQWUHSULQVH GH SXWHUH $VHPHQHD OLGHUL vL SVWUHD] YHUWLFDOLWDWHD FKLDU FX ULVFXO GH D-L SLHUGH SXWHUHDLLQIOXHQ D/DUkQGXOORUOLGHULLLGHRORJLSRWILFODVLILFD LvQ - lideri ideologi conservatori, lideri ideologi UHYROXLonari, lideri ideologi UHIRUPLWL lideri ideologi H[WUHPLWL ntre aceste grupe distincte de lideri -LGHRORJLH[LVWRSDOHWYDVWGHDD-numite ideologii regionisme. Astfel, n limbajul politic apare asemenea terminologie ca: marxism, stalinism, PDRLVPFDVWULVPSXWLQLVPvQSODQQD LRQDO- bodiulism, snegurism etc. Liderii - pragmaticivLUHSUH]LQWSHFHLGLVSXLVDEGLFHGHODRLGHRORJLHVDXDOWDGRDU 17
pentru a-LPHQ LQHSXWHUHDQIXQF LHGHDQXPLWHFLUFXPVWDQ HGHWHUPLQDWHGHUHOD LLOHFXRSR]DQ LL politici, WHDWUGLVWLQJHDOWHGRXWLSXULGHOLGHUSROLWLF - liderul flexibil FDUH WLQGH VSUH GH]DPRUVDUHD XQXL HYHQWXDO FRQIOLFW GLVSXV V DFFHSWH compromisul, liderul fanaticFDUHSURYRDFSUHPHGLWDWRDFXWL]DUHDXQXLFRQIOLFWDFFHSWRULFH manevre pentru a-LGLVWUXJHFXDUPDPRUDOLW LLDGYHUVDUXO 'XSPRGXOvQFDUHSHUFHSUHDOLWDWHDRELHFWLYSRWILLGHQWLILFD L: lideri -UHDOLWLIDQDWLFL LURPDQWLFL. /LGHULLUHDOLWLODQVHD]LQL LDWLYHFRQIRUPDWHFRQWH[WXOXLUHDOLW LLRELHctive. Fanaticii, conducndu-VHGHSULQFLSLLLGHRORJLFHODQVHD]GH]LGHUDWHGLQVWDUWLUHDOL]DELOHUXSWHGLQFRQWH[WXO UHDOLW LL$FHWHDUHVSLQJRULFHDOWHRSLQLLGHDOWHUQDWLYILLQGDIHFWD LGHVLQGURPXOVXVSLFLXQLL politice de genul: Cei care nu sunt cu noi -VXQWvPSRWULYDQRDVWU Liderul romantic SRDWH LQIOXHQ D L PRELOL]D PDVHOH SULQ SURSDJDUHD SULQFLSLLORU XQHL VRFLHW L PDL MXVWH L PDL VILQWH D FUHL LQVWDXUDUH HO YLQH V R DFFHOHUH]H $FHDVW FDWHJRULH GH OLGHULHVWHLQFDSDELOVUHDF LRQH]HDGHFYDWvQFRQWH[WXOXQRUHYHQLPHQWHVDXFLUFXPVWDQ HFHDXXQ FDUDFWHU H[FHS LRQDO L VD-L UDFRUGH]H DF LXQLOH OD QRLOH H[LJHQ H VRFLDOH ([FHVXO GH HPR LL L SLHUGHUHDFXPSWXOXLVXQWFDUDFWHULVWLFLLQHGLWHDOHOLGHUXOXLSROLWLF romantic. n final SRSXOLWLL VLPSDWL]D L GH PDVHOH ODUJL IXUQL]HD] SURPLVLXQL OLSVLWH GH DFRSHULUH /D WHQWD LLOH SRSXOLVPXOXL SRW IL VHQVLELOL DWkW UHSUH]HQWDQ LL SXWHULL SROLWLFH FkW L FHL DL RSR]L LHL politice: primii - pentru a-L DXUHROD JXYHUQDUHD n conjuncturi specifice, cum ar fi de exemplu, DMXQXO FDPSDQLHL HOHFWRUDOH FHL GLQ XUP pentru a-L IDFLOLWD DFFHGHUHD OD SXWHUH SULQ XWLOL]DUHD minciunii politice, un instrument caracteristic al populismului. Proliferndu-se ca fiind rezultatul inteUHVXOXL VSRULW ID GH LQYHVWLJDUHD FRQFHSWXOXL dihotomic lider politic LPDJLQH SROLWLF R LQWHUSUHWDUH FX WRWXO RULJLQDO D WLSRORJLHL OLGHUXOXL SROLWLFSULQSULVPDFUHULLLPDJLQLLSROLWLFHLQIOXHQ DWHGHYDORULOHFXOWXULLLDOHEDVPXOXLQD LRQDOvL DSDU LQHFHUFHWWRUXOXLUXV.3OHDNRY$FHVWDHODERUHD]DUKHWLSXULOHQDLRQDO-epice ale liderilor sovietici. Astfel, Stalin devine *KHUJKLL3REHGRQRVH 3XUWWRUXOGH9LFWRULL+UXFLRY IvanDUHYLFL%UHMQHY(PHOHD>$SXG&$YLQ RYD@ 3HUSHWXkQG LGHQWLILFDUHD GLYHUVHORU WHQGLQ H DOH OLGHULVPXOXL SROLWLF FRQWHPSRUDQ YRP GLVWLQJH L DOWH FDWHJRULL GH OLGHUL SROLWLFL lideri autoritari, lideri democratici, lideri permisivi /laissez faire/. Autorul acestei triade teoretico-metRGLFH HVWH . /HZLQ 'XS FRQYLQJHULOH DFHVWXLDOLGHUXOGHPRFUDWLFRIHUJUXSXOXLSHFDUHvOFRQGXFHDQVDGHDVHDQJUHQDvQSURFHVXOGH HODERUDUH D GHFL]LLORU HVWH WHQWDW V FHGH]H R SDUWH GLQ vPSXWHUQLFLULOH VDOH FHORUODO L PHPEUL DL grupului. 6SUHGHRVHELUHGHOLGHUXOGHPRFUDWLFOLGHUXODXWRULWDUIRFDOL]HD]SXWHUHDvQPkLQLOHVDOH $FHVWD GH XQXO VLQJXU HODERUHD] VWUDWHJLL L WDFWLFL GH GLULMDUH D XQXL JUXS VRFLDO HODERUHD] GH 18
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cu psihicaQRUPDOLRDPHQLFXSVLKLFDDQRUPDO$QXPHFHLGHODXUPVXQWSUHGLVSXLVGHYLQ lideri.* 2EVHUYD LLOH JHQHUDOH DVXSUD OLGHUXOXL SROLWLF DFUHGLWHD] LSRWH]D QX PDL SX LQ VLPWRPDWLF SRWULYLW FUHLD ODQVDUHD XQXL OLGHU SROLWLF vQ DQXPLWH FLUFXPVWDQ H LVWRULFH QX HVWH altceva dect executarea unei comenzi sociale a epocii. Este greu de imaginat ce s-ar fi ntmplat FX)UDQ DDQLORUEXQRDUGDFvQUH]HUYHOHSROLWLFHDOHDFHVWHLDQXV-ar fi aflat un Charle de *DXOOH VDX FH WXUQXU DYHD SUEXLUHD FRORVXOXL VRYLHWLF GDF vQ 6HFUHWDU JHQHUDO DO Comitetului Central al Partidului Comunist al Uniunii Sovietice nu ar fi fost ales M. Gorbaciov. n DFHLDL RUGLQH GH LGHL HYHQLPHQWHOH FDUH V-DX SURGXV vQ 5HSXEOLFD 0ROGRYD OD LQWHUVHF LD DQLORr 1989-SXWHDXDYHDRDOWFRQVHFLQ GDFHIDOVWDWXOXLDUILIRVWQX6QHJXUFLXQDOWFLQHYD 6WXGLLQG SDUWLFXODULW LOH GHILQLWRULL DOH PDL PXOWRU FDWHJRULL GH OLGHUL SROLWLFL YRP UHPDUFDGHDVHPHQHDFRQVWLWXLUHDXQXLUDSRUWGHLQWHUGHSHQGHQ vQWUHLQWHOHFWXODFWRUXOXLSROLWLFL LPLQHQ D YLFWRULHL HOHFWRUDOH D DFHVWXLD $VWIHO V-D GHPRQVWUDW F DFWLYLWDWHD SROLWLF D XQXL OLGHU HVWH PDL SHUIRUPDQW DWXQFL FkQG gradul de intelect al acestuia se apropie de indicele mediu al intelectului propULXDGHS LORUVL/LGHULLDOFURUJUDGGHLQWHOHFWHVWHGH-4 ori mai ridicat sau mai VF]XW GHFkW FHO DO PDVHORU HOHFWRUDOH DX R SXWHUH GH LQIOXHQ DVXSUD DFHVWRUD GLQ XUP PXOW PDL UHGXV 6-D FRQVWDWDW GHMD F DWXQFL FkQG JUDGXO GH LQWHOHFW DO XQXL FRQFXUHQW vQ FXUVD HOHFWRUDO este doar cu 20-PDLULGLFDWGHFkWFHODODOHJWRULORUDFHVWDGHYLQHIDYRULWXOFXUVHLHOHFWRUDOHL respectiv favoritul puterii. Liderii, afirma unul dintre autorii acestei ipoteze, QXSRWVVHULGLFH prea mult de DVXSUDPDVHORU2ULFHVSRULUHDLQWHOHFWXOXLDUDVLJXUDRJXYHUQDUHPDLvQ HOHDSWGDU PXO LPHD SUHIHU V ILH FRQGXV GH RDPHQLL SH FDUH DFHDVWD vLvQ HOHJH>>beb]_gkdbc = p.34] n contextul politicului moldovenesc, edificator n acest sens a fosW FD]XO JXYHUQULL 6WXU]D 3DUWLGXO 'HPRFUDW LQWHQ LLOH UHIRUPDWRDUH DOH DFHVWXLD QHILLQG vQ HOHVH L FX DWkW PDL PXOW DFFHSWDWHGHHOHFWRUDWXODXWRKWRQ)DSWFHDIRVWFRQILUPDWRGDWvQSOXVLvQXUPDVXIUDJLXOXLGLQ 25 februarie 'DFvQXUPDDlegerilor parlamentare din martie 1998 Blocul electoral Pentru o 0ROGRY 'HPRFUDWLF L 3URVSHU 30'3 DFXPXOHD] GLQ VXIUDJLL VDX GH PDQGDWH revenindu-L L SRUWRIROLXO SUHHGLQWHOXL OHJLVODWLYXOXL DWXQFL GXS DOHJHULOH GLQ IHEUXDULH PDUWLGXO'HPRFUDW3'UDFROHD]GRDUGLQYRWXULOHHOHFWRUDWXOXLUPkQkQGGLQFRORGHSUDJXO electoral stabilit la cota de 6%.(vezi anexa 2: (HFXOJXYHUQULL6WXU]D) 3ULQ XUPDUH HODERUDUHD VWUDWHJLLORU SHQWUX FRQVWUXF LD LPDJLQLL OLGHUXOXL SROLWLF QHFHVLW vQ SULPXO UkQG R DGHFYDUH L R WUDWDUH FRUHFW D vQVXL FRQFHSWXOXL GH OLGHU D FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU GHILQLWRULLDOHDFHVWXLDFkWLDFLUFXPVWDQ HORUFH-LGHWHUPLQQ]XLQ DVSUHDFFHGHUHDODSXWHUHSH
psihice (Napoleon, Roozevelt, Hitler, Stalin).
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26
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FDUHFRUHVSXQGHIRUPHORUPRQDUKLFHGHJXYHUQPkQWchariVPDWLFVDXSHUVRQDOvQWHPHLDWSH FUHGLQ D vQ FDOLW LOH H[FHS LRQDOH DOH XQXL LQGLYLG L FDUH FRUHVSXQGH UHJLPXULORU DXWRULWDUH GLFWDWRULDOH VDX WRWDOLWDUH >:HEHU 0 S@ $VWIHO DSDUH WHQGLQ D GH GHILQLUH D OLGHUXOXL politic charismatic priQSUH]HQ DXQRUFDOLW LH[FHS LRQDOHFXPDUIL -prestigiul personal* -LQWXLLD -LQVSLUDLD cRQWLHQWL]DUHDH[WUHPGHUDSLGDXQHLGHFL]LLQHFHVDUH $UWkQGFOHJLWLPLWDWHDSUHVXSXQHFUHGLQ FXLYDvQFHYD:HEHUIDFHRGLVWLQF LHvQWUH legitimitDWHDGLFFUHGLQ DvQWU-RFDOLWDWHMXVWLILFDWRDUHLDXWRULWDWHDGLFSXWHUHDvQGUHSW LWGHD GRPLQD Q DFHDVW RUGLQH GH LGHL VRFLRORJXO JHUPDQ SUH]LQW VLQWHWLF FHOH WUHL IXQGDPHQWH GH OHJLWLPLWDWH D DXWRULW LL DXWRULWDWHD ED]DW SH RELFHLXUL Dncestrale PRWHQLW VWUPRHVF DXWRULWDWHD IRQGDW SH OHJDOLWDWH SH UHJXOL VWDELOLWH UD LRQDO 3HUVRDQD FDUH H[HUFLW DFHDVW DXWRULWDWH HVWH FRQVLGHUDW XQ VHUYLWRU GH VWDW 'H UHJXO autoritatea legal UDLRQDO este vQFDUQDW GH ELURFUD LH >0Weber, 1959: p.79] Q FHOH GLQ XUP DXWRULWDWHD IRQGDW SH XQ KDU SHUVRQDO L H[WUDRUGLQDU DO XQXL LQGLYLG FDUH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQ GHYRWDPHQW L vQFUHGHUHD PHPEULORU XQHL FROHFWLYLW L ID GH FDX]D VXV LQXW GH XQ VLQJXU RP FDUH VH GLVWLQJH SULQ FDOLW L H[FHS LRQDOHSULQHURLVPLDOWHVHPQHFDUH-OUHPDUFvQFDOLWDWHGHHI 5DFRUGDUHD DERUGULORU ZHEHULHQH OD UHDOLWDWHD SROLWLF PROGRYHQHDVF YDOLGHD] LQWHQ LD DXWRUXOXLSUH]HQWHLOXFUULGHD-OWUDWDSH0LUFHD6QHJXUSULPXOSUHHGLQWHDO5HSXElicii Moldova, FD ILLQG HIXO FDUH V-D GLVWLQV SULQ FDOLW L H[FHS LRQDOH KDU SHUVRQDO L vQFUHGHUH GLQ SDUWHD SRSRUXOXLVX(YHQLPHQWHOHLVWRULFHGLQ-DXJXVWLDXJXVWVXQWDUJXPHQWXOFHO PDLHORFYHQWGHDILUPDUHLYDORULILFDUHDDXWRULW LLXQXLOLGHUSROLWLFvQFRQWH[WXOXQHLOHJLWLPLW L fragile. QGLPLQHD D]LOHLGHDXJXVWSDWUXFRORDQHGH UDQLDXLQWUDWvQ&KLLQXSHQWUXD VXV LQH LQL LDWLYD XQXL JUXS GH GHSXWD L GLQ 6RYLHWXO 6XSUHP DO 5HSXEOLFLL 6RYLHWLFH 6RFLDOLste 0ROGRYHQHWLvQIUXQWHFX0LUFHD6QHJXUGHUHYHQLUHODJUDILDODWLQLGHDFRUGDUHDVWDWXWXOXLGH OLPE GH VWDW OLPELL PROGRYHQHWL $XWRULWDWHD SH FDUH L-D RE LQXW-R 0LUFHD 6QHJXU vQ ID D SRSRUXOXL PROGRYHDQ GXS DSUREDUHD GHFL]LLORU LVWRULFH vQ cadrul sesiunii a XIII-a a Sovietului Suprem al R.S.S.M. /27, 30 august /, l-a transformat ntr-XQOLGHUFKDULVPDWLFFRQVHFYHQWvQDF LXQL L FX YRLQ SROLWLF FRQWXUkQGX-i deja imaginea liderului democratic, a post-comunistului reformator. Imaginea polLWLFSHFDUHL-a creat-R6QHJXUvQSULPLLDQLGHGHPRFUDWL]DUHDVRFLHW LL i-DIRUWLILFDWSR]L LDOLGHUXOXLGHOD&KLLQXvQWLPSXOHYHQLPHQWHORUGLQDXJXVW puciul de la
puternic n individualizarea puterii politice.
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Q FDGUXO XQXL VLVWHP SROLWLF GH UHJXO vQ SHULRDGHOH GH FUL] HFRQRPLF SROLWLF UHOLJLRDVVDXPRUDOGHGH]HFKLOLEUXVDXGHWUDQ]L LHXQIDFWRUGHFLVLYGHH[SULPDUHDOHJLWLPLW LL SXWHULL OLGHUXOXL SROLWLF vOFRQVWLWXLH FKDULVPD SHUVRQDO OHJLWLPLWDWHDFKDULVPDWLF. Din aceste FRQVLGHUHQWHFUHGLELOLWDWHDLSUHVWLJLXOOLGHUXOXLFKDULVPDWLFVHGDWRUHD] SRDWHPDLSX LQWDOHQWXOXL VXSHUVRQDOFDOLW LORUVDOHRELHFWLYHHDILLQGPDLFXUkQGURGXODGH]LXQLLPDVHORULDUFKDULVPD o FDOLWDWHDWULEXLWGHHOH QGLF LRQDUXOSUDFWLFGHWLLQ HVRFLDOHJVLPFYL]LXQHDRULJLQDUDFRQFHSWXOXLHVWHRIHULW de religie. [Birou, A., 1966: p.48-49] CKDULVPD ILLQG DSUHFLDW FD XQ GDU VXSUDQDWXUDO WHPSRUDU DFRUGDW XQXL FUHGLQFLRV VDX XQXL JUXS vQ YHGHUHD HGLILFULL VDX XWLOLW LL UHOLJLRDVH D FRPXQLW LL 3HUVRDQH vQ]HVWUDWH FX KDU GLYLQ HUDX FRQVLGHUDWH LQL LDO DSRVWROLL L SURURFLL $QXPH DFHVW KDU aVLJXU L DD-QXPLWXO VXFFHV FKDULVPDWLF Q DFHDVW RUGLQH GH LGHLL SVLKRORJLL 0 5DOHD L 7 +HUVHQL PHQ LRQHD] F VXFFHVXO FKDULVPDWLF D DSDU LQXW OD vQFHSXWXULOH VDOH PDJLFLHQLORU DSRL SUHR LORU L vQ VIkULW FRQGXFWRULORU SROLWLFL )LLQG LQL LDO GH QDWXU PDJLFR-UHOLJLRDV SHQWUX FD XOWHULRUVvPSkQ]HDVFWRDWHGRPHQLLOHGHDFWLYLWDWHLQFOXVLYFHOSROLWLFLPLOLWDU>S204]. &KDULVPD H[SULP OD RULJLQH LGHHD GH JUD LH GH KDU HVWH XQ GDU FX DVSHFW SURYLGHQ LDO GH FDUH EHQHILFLD] GRDU SHUVRQDOLW LOH SROLWLFH H[FHS LRQDOH* Comportamentul OLGHUXOXLFKDULVPDWLFHVWHPDLGHJUDEXQXOPHVLDQLFGHFkWPRELOL]DWRU(OHVWHXUPDWFXHQWX]LDVP LvQFUHGHUHGHFWUHSRSRU*UD LHVXV LQHULLSRSXODUHGHFDUHVHEXFXUDFHVWDSRDWHelabora deseori XQHOH GHFL]LL QHSRSXODUH GDU FDUH FRUHVSXQG XQRU QHFHVLW L RELHFWLYH DOH PRPHQWXOXL Q DFHDVW RUGLQHGHLGHLDPSXWHDDILUPDFOLGHUXOFKDULVPDWLFUHXHWHVWUDQVIRUPHRLGHHSROLWLFvQWU-un LGHDO DEVROXW DO FRPXQLW LL &KDULVPD ILLQG DVWIHO SHUFHSXW FD R VLQWH] PRUDO-YROLWLY L LQWHOHFWXDO D SHUVRQDOLW LL VDOH FDUH vL FRQIHU R DVHPHQHD IRU GH DWUDF LH vQFkW PDVHOH HOHFWRUDWXO vO XUPHD] IU RYLUH 3HQWUX D-L UHDOL]D GH]LGHUDWHOH SROLWLFHGHFKDULVPDSHUVRQDO au bHQHILFLDW DD SHUVRQDOLW L LVWRULFH FD &H]DU 1DSROHRQ %LVPDUN &KDUOH GH *DXOOHWinston Chirchille, J. F. Kennnedy, M. Gorbaciov etc. Studiind fenomenul charismei sub aspect social, sociologul francez Serge Moscovici, SUH]LQWvQHVHXOVXWLLQ LILFvQWLWXODW3VLKRORJLDVRFLDOVDXPDLQDGHIDEULFDWzei [ 1997: p.95] RUHOHYDQWH[SOLFD LHDFKDULVPHLVWUXLQGDVXSUDFLUFXPVWDQ HORUFDUHVWLPXOHD]DSDUL LDOLGHUXOXL FKDULVPDWLF $XWRUXO UHPDUF F H[LVW GRX FRQGL LL SULQFLSLDOH SHQWUX DILUPDrea unei conduite charismatice:
Charisma este, de asemenea, un atribut al papei Ioan-Paul al II-lea. Ziarul Le Figaro comenta vizita papei n Polonia : 0DUHD IRU D OXL ,RDQ 3DXO DO ,,-OHD UH]LG vQWU-DGHYU vQ HJDO PVXU vQ FODULWDWHD GLVFXUVXULORU L vQ FKDULVPD sa, LDU VSWPkQDOXO HQJOH] 7KH (FRQRPLVW DFFHQWXHD]: Such magnetism is power (Un asemenea magnetism este o putere) [S. Moscovici, 1997: p.100].
34
- FRQWH[WXOVRFLDOVLWXDLRQDODGLFVLWXD LLOHGHFUL] - UHFXQRDWHUHDDXWRULWLLFRQGXFWRUXOXLGHFWUHDGHS LDGPLUDWRULDGLFFRQWH[WXOLQWHUDF LXQLL lider-adept. Problema liderului charismatic este amplu tUDWDWvQGHRVHELGHMax Weber, care remarca, la UkQGXO VDX FOHJLWLPLWDWHDDXWRULWDWHDFKDULVPDWLFHVWHVSHFLILFVWULQGHHFRQRPLHHDDSDUH acolo, unde apare o YRFD LH > S@ 3ULQ XUPDUH SXWHUHD GH LQIOXHQ D OLGHUXOXL charismatic aVXSUDPDVHORUQXGHSLQGHQLFLGHERJ LHQLFLGLQH[FHVXOSXWHULLIL]LFH* ,GHHD OLGHULVPXOXL FKDULVPDWLF HVWH GH]YROWDW vQ SDJLQL GHQVH L GH FWUH +HJHO FDUH H[SOLFvQIHOXOXUPWRUJHQH]DOLGHUXOXLFKDULVPDWLF&LUFXPVWDQ HOHvQFDUHLDQDWHUHRDsemenea SHUVRQDOLWDWH VXQW H[FHS LRQDOH 'H UHJXO DFHVWHD VXQW FUL]HOH VRFLDOH VDX SROLWLFH FkQG PDVHOH FDXW IU V FRQWLHQWL]H]H DFHVW OXFUX SHUVRQDOLWDWHD FDSDELO V IRU H]H PHUVXO OXFUXULORU V UHXQHDVF LGHDOXO FX UHDOXO LPSRVLELOXO FX SRVLELOXO ILQDOPHQWH V UVWRDUQH RUGLQHD H[LVWHQW instaurnd alta -PDLSHUIHFW 8Q DVSHFW RULJLQDO L GHWHUPLQDQW SRDWH vQ WUDWDUHD IHQRPHQXOXL OLGHUXOXL FKDULVPDWLF vO FRQVWLWXLHFRUHOD LDGLQWUHFDOLW LOHH[FHS LRQDOHDOHXQXLOLGHUSROLWLFLWUHFXWXlui istorico-politic al UHVSHFWLYHLFRPXQLW L(VWHFHHDFH:HEHUQXPHDVHGXFLDQRVWDOJLHL [1991: p.57-71]. Astfel, n OXFUDUHDVD(FRQRPLHHW6RFLHWHDXWRUXOWUDWHD]FKDULVPDFDILLQGPDUHDSXWHUHUHYROX LRQDUD HSRFLORU OHJDWH GH WUDGL LH >,ELGHP S@ QWUXFkW WUHFXWXO PDL PXOW VDX PDL SX LQ IDQWDVWLF DF LRQHD]DVXSUDYLLWRUXOXLFXRSXWHUHFRPSDUDELOFXFHDDSUH]HQWXOXLvQVXL Q DFHHDL RUGLQH GH LGHL )UHXG VWUXLD DVXSUD IDSWXOXL F LPSUHVLLOH WUHFXWXOXL VH SVWUHD] vQ YLD D PHQWDO D PDVHORU VXE IRUPD XQRU DPSUHQWH DPQH]LFH FDUH vQ DQXPLWH FLUFXPVWDQ H SRW IL UHVWDELOLWH L UHvQYLDWH )LLQ HOH L VLWXD LLOH GLQ WUHFXW LDX vQ FDGUXO SVLKLFXOXL QRVWUXIRUPDGHLPDJRGHUHSUH]HQWULILJXUDWH,DULPDJRXODILUPDX*/DSODQFKHL*3RQWDOLV SRDWHODIHOGHELQHVVHRELHFWLYH]HvQVHQWLPHQWHLFRQGXLWHFDLvQimagini. [ 1967: p.196]. $VWIHO JUD LH FRQWUDVWXOXL GLQWUH SUH]HQW L WUHFXW PHPRULD QH IDFH V RSXQHP OLGHULORU contemporani imago-XO HFKLYDOHQ HORU GLQ WUHFXWQ DFHVW VHQV PHPRULD SDUF DU IL vQ]HVWUDW FX QLWH ILOWUH FDUH LPRUWDOL]HD] GRDU DVSHFWHOH SR]LWLYH FKLDU GDF HVWH YRUED GH FHL PDL VkQJHURL WLUDQLDLLVWRULHLVDXGDFVXQWHYRFDWHSHULRDGHODPHQWDELOHGLQYLD DXQXLOLGHUSROLWLF%XQRDUvQ
'HVSUH DVHPHQHD OLGHUL PXOLPHD DILUP /-DP Y]XW /-am atins, Mi-D YRUELW 'H H[HPSOX DD SRYHVWHDX veteranii Imperiului despre Napoleon Bonaparte: Am fost la Piramide sau la Austerlit cu El. Liderul charismatic
*
PDQLSXOHD] DFLXQLOH L GHFL]LLOH PXOLPLL $FHWLD SXU L VLPSOX vL vQFUHGLQHD] VRDUWD YLLWRUXO +HJHO VFULD GHVSUH OLGHULL FKDULVPDWLFL 3XWHP V-L QXPLP SH WRL HURL GDWRULW IDSWXOXL F VFRSXULOH L YRFDLLOH ORU DX provenit nu din cuUVXO RELQXLW DO OXFUXULORU VDQFLRQDWH GH FWUH RUGLQHD H[LVWHQW FL GLQWU-R DOW VXUV GLQ DFHO VSLULW LQWHQVLY IU V DSDU YUHR GDW OD VXSUDID FDUH ORYHWH OXPHD H[WHULRDU L R IDFH V VH VSDUJ vQ EXFL SUHFXP SXLXO FDUH LHVH GLQ FRDM . [ Serge Mocovici, 1997: 103-@ $FHODL SXQFW GH YHGHUH HVWH vPSUWLW L GH /H %RQ 7LSXO HURXOXL LXELW GH PXOLPH YD DYHD vQWRWGHDXQD VWUXFWXUD XQXL &H]DU 3DQDXO OH VHGXFH DXWRULWDWHD OH LPSXQH L
sabia le sperie .[ Le Bon, La psihologie des foules, 1989 p. 28].
35
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%XOYHUVULOHSROLWLFHGLQXOWLPHOHGRXVHFROHDOHLVWRULHLHXURSHQHDXIRVWvQVR LWHPHUHX GH R XLPLWRDUH HIHUYHVFHQ PLWRORJLF SHQWUX F PDUHOH DFWRU SROLWLF FRQWUROHD] UHDOXO SULQ LPDJLQDU3HQWUXDDFFHQWXDGLPHQVLXQHDWHDWUDOLW LLSROLWLFXOXLVHUHFXUJHFHOPDLDGHVHDODPLWXO HURXOXL(ODQJUHQHD]RDXWRULWDWHFXJUDGGHVSHFWDFXODULWDWHPDLULGLFDWGHFkWFHDGHUXWLQFDUH HVWHOLSVLWGHHOHPHQWXOGHVXUSUL](URXOQXPDLHVWHYDORUL]DWGRDUSHQWUXFDUILFHOPDLFDSDELO FL PDL DOHV SHQWUX F vL DVXP VDUFLQD VXYHUDQLW LL Q FLUFXPVWDQ HOH FRQWHPSRUDQH- DILUP * Ballandier,-HURXOvLPRGLILFSRVWXUD(ODSDUHPDLSX LQFDIHUicitul ales al destinului, ct mai FXUkQGFDVWSkQDFHHDFHV-DUSXWHDGHILQLGUHSWWLLQ DIRU HORULVWRULFH. [ 2000 : p.19]. Referindu-VH OD VWUXFWXUD DQWURSRORJLF D LPDJLQDUXOXL SROLWLF *LOEHUW 'XUDQG YRUEHWH GHVSUH DD-QXPLWD FRQVWHOD LH PLWRORJLF DGLF DQVDPEOXUL PLWRORJLFH FH LQ GH DFHHDL WHP DGXQDWHvQMXUXODFHOXLDLQXFOHXFHQWUDO$XWRUXOLGHQWLILFSDWUXFRQVWHOD LL -&RQVSLUDLD, Salvatorul, Vrsta de aur, Unitatea. 6RFLRORJXO5DRXO*LUDUGHWFDOLILFPLWXULOHSROLWLFHGUHSWQLWHHFUDQHSHFDUHJUXSXULOHvL SURLHFWHD] DQJRDVHOH ORU FROHFWLYH GH]HFKLOLEUHOH H[LVWHQ HL HOH ILLQG GH IDSW XQ DQXPLW JHQ GH UVSXQVXULODWHQVLXQLOHGLQLQWHULRUXOVWUXFWXULORUVRFLDOH>S@QWLLQ HOHSROLWLFHH[LVW anumite noUPHFDUHUHJOHPHQWHD] trecerea de la istoric la mitic, realizndu-se, astfel, acel proces GHHURLILFDUHFDUHFRQGXFHODWUDQVPXWDUHDUHDOXOXLLODDEVRUE LDVDvQLPDJLQDU'XS*LUDUGHW procesul de eroificare se produce treptat, gradual, la anumiWH LQWHUYDOH GH WLPS ([LVW DVWIHO XQ anumit WLPSDODWHSWULLLDOFKHPULLFkQGVHIRUPHD]LVHSUROLIHUHD]LPDJLQHDOLGHUXOXL Salvator L HVWH IRDUWH SRVLELO FD LPDJLQHD SUHFRQFHSXW V QX VH vQFDUQH]H QLFLRGDW vQWU-un personaj real, ca aWHSWDUHDVILH]DGDUQLF (WDSD D ,, FRLQFLGH FX DD-numitul WLPS DO SUH]HQHL 6DOYDWRUXO D YHQLW L HO YD LQIOXHQ D FXUVXO LVWRULHL (WDSD D ,,, UHSUH]LQW timpul amintirii, n care figura Salvatorului SURLHFWDW vQ WUHFXW VH YD PRGLILFD GXS ILOWrele memoriei cu mecanismele sale selective. De UHPDUFDW F DWXQFL FkQG DVHPHQHD PLW FDSW GLPHQVLXQL GH DPSORDUH HO FRPELQ PDL PXOWH VLVWHPH GH LPDJLQL $VWIHO GLQ VHWXO GH LPDJLQL FULVWDOL]DWH vQ MXUXO DFHOXLDL SHUVRQDM SRW IL dispersate patru moGHOHHVHQ LDOHDOHOLGHUXOXL6DOYDWRUFDUHUHIOHFWFHOPDLERJDWFRQ LQXWPLWLF Primul model este cel al lui Cincinnatus. [Cincinnatus, consul, dictator, 460 .I.M.]. ,PDJLQHDOHJHQGDUHVWHvQDFHVWIHODFHHDDXQXLEUEDWvQYkUVWFDUHV-DHYLGHQ iat n alte vremuri SULQFHHDFHDIFXWvQWLPSGHSDFHVDXvQYUHPHDU]ERLXOXL$vQGHSOLQLWFXGHPQLWDWHPDQGDWXO SXWHULLDSRLDDOHVFDOHDXQHLUHWUDJHULPRGHVWHGHSDUWHGHWXPXOWXOYLH LLSXEOLFH0LVLXQHDDFHVWXL
&RQVSLUDLD. 6H UHIHU OD PLMORFXO VHF ;,; 'RXVSUH]HFH WULEXUL DOH OXL ,VUDHO FRQIRUP XQXL RELFHL PLOHQDU WUHEXLH FD vQ ILHFDUH VHFRO V VH VIDWXLDVF vQ WDLQ vQ OHJWXU FX PLMORDFHOH FH YRU IL IRORVLte pentru asigurarea gloriei supreme 3RSRUXOXL $OHV QWkOQLUHD DUH ORF SULQWUH PRUPLQWHOH YHFKLXOXL FLPLWLU HYUHLHVF &HO PDL EWUkQ UDELQ LD FXYkQWXO vQ IDD VXSXLORU VL FX 'LVFXUVXO UDELQXOXL. [Durand,G., 1969].
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La I decembrie 2000 n Parlamentul Republicii Moldova s-DX GHVIXUDW SULPHOH DOHJHUL DOH SUHHGLQWHOXL 5HSXEOLFLL 0ROGRYD vQ FRQGLLLOH QRLL IRUPH GH JXYHUQPkQW UHSXEOLF SDUODPHQWDU 3HQWUX IXQFLD GH HI DO VWDtului au fost SURSXL GRL FDQGLGDL 99RURQLQ GLQ SDUWHD IUDFLXQLL FRPXQLVWH L 3%DUEODW GLQ SDWUHD IUDFLXQLORU GH FHQWUX GUHDSWD Q SULPXO WXU GH VFUXWLQ LQYDOLGDW 9RURQRQ D RELQXW GH YRWXUL %DUEODW - 37, iar 15 buletine au fost declarDWH QHYDODELOH Q DFHHDL ]L DOHJHULOH DX IRVW UHSHWDWH 5H]XOWDWXO SULPXOXL WXU GH VFUXWLQ 9RURQLQ %DUDEODW /D GHFHPEULH D DYXW ORF FHO GH DO GRLOHD WXU GH VFUXWLQ OD FDUH DX SDUWLFLSDW GH GHSXWDL 9RURQLQ 59, %DUEODW 35, 5 buletine LQYDOLGDWH /D GHFHPEULH OD SULPXO WXU DO DOHJHULORU UHSHWDWH 3' &'0 3)&' L 33&' ERLFRWHD] HGLQD SDUODPHQWDU OHJLVODWLYXO GHPRQVWUkQGX-L DVWIHO LQFDSDFLWDWHD GH D GHVHPQD HIXO VWDWXOXL /D GHFHPEULH SUHHGLQWHOH vQ H[HUFLiu al Moldovei P.Lucinschi emite decretul de dizolvare a Parlamentului.
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SURFHGXUD VFRDWHULL OXL GLQ FXUV LPSOLF RSLQLD SXEOLF V GHQLJUH]H DQXPLWH DWLWudini, conduite, YDORUL VDX PHQWDOLW L FRQVLGHUDWH UHWURJUDGH FRQVHUYDWRDUH RUL vQGUHSWDWH vPSRWULYD LQWHUHVHORU FRPXQLW LL 'H UHJXO GHPRQL]DUHD OLGHULORU SROLWLFL SULQ FUHDUHD LPDJLQLL QHJDWLYH HVWH R SURFHGXU de eliminare din calea intereselor elitei politice a celor mai incomozi adversari. n Romnia, EXQRDU H[DFHUEkQG DQXPLWH JUHHOL DOH PRQDUKLHL GLQ SHULRDGD FDUOLVW OLGHULL VWkQJLL SROLWLFH SRVWUHYROX LRQDUH DX LQVLQXDW SULQ GLVFXUV SURSDJDQGLVWLF H[LVWHQ D XQHL UHOD LL QHPLMORFLWH vQWUH UHYHQLUHDUHJHOXL0LKDL,vQ DULLQWHUHVXOXQRUUHSUH]HQWDQ LDLSDUWLGHORULVWRULFHGHD-LUHFXSHUD YHFKLOHSURSULHW L2DVWIHOGHPLQFLXQSROLWLFDFRQVWLWXLWYHUWHEUDFDPSDQLHLSURSDJDQGLVWLFHD stngii postcomuniste din Romnia. Un exemplu de demonizare a unui lider politic n Moldova SRDWH VHUYL DSDUL LD SH HFUDQHOH WHOHYL]LXQLL D ILOPXOXL SXEOLFLVWLF GH FRQRWD LH HOHFWRUDO ,XGD care-OSODVHD]vQSULP-SODQSHOLGHUXO33&',XULH5RFD Invocndu-VH GLYHUVH DFWLYLW L VDX LQWHQ LL GH SHUVSHFWLY DOH SXWHULL RSR]L LD GH DVHPHQHD UHFXUJH OD WDFWLFD PLQFLXQLL PHGLDWLFH $VWIHO FX FkWHYD OXQL SkQ OD GHVIXUDUHD DOHJHULORU GLQ 7UDQVQLVWULD PHGLLOH GH LQIRUPDUH GH OD &KLLQX EXOYHUVHD] RSLQLD SXEOLF SULQ LQIRUPD LD SRWULYLW FUHD 99RURQLQ L-DU IL DQXQ DW LQWHQ LD GH D FDQGLGD OD SUH]LGHQ LDOHOH GLQ DXWRSURFODPDWD 5HSXEOLF 0ROGRYHQHDVF 1LVWUHDQ 3RWULYLW DJHQ LHL GH SUHV UXV ,QWHUID[ 9RURQLQ L-D PRWLYDW GLVSRQLELOLWDWHD SULQ IDSWXO F DXWRULW LOH QLVWUHQH QX UHFXQRVF JXYHUQXl Moldovei. 9RURQLQ FDUH HVWH RULJLQDU GLQ ]RQD WUDQVQLVWUHDQ D HVWLPDW GRDU F DU SXWHD RE LQH rezultate mai bune dect Igor Smirnov. >-XUQDOGH&KLLQXLXQLHS@Rivalii politici ai OXL99RURQLQFRQWULEXLHODPHGLDWL]DUHDLQIRUPD LHLUespective pentru a-i deteriora astfel imaginea OLGHUXOXL GH OD &KLLQX FDUH V-DU OVD DQWUHQDW vQWU-R DF LXQH SROLWLF GHVIXUDW vQWU-un stat QHFRQVWLWX LRQDO DXWRSURFODPDW &RQWLHQWL]kQG LQFHUWLWXGLQHD VLWXD LHL FUHDWH 9RURQLQ HVWH QHYRLW VLQILUPH]YRQXOvQFDGUXOXQHLFRQIHULQ HGHSUHVRUJDQL]DWDG-KRFvQLQFLQWDSUHHGLQ LHL 0LQFLXQD SROLWLF GHYLQH HOHPHQW LQHUHQW PDMRULW LL GH]LGHUDWHORU HOHFWRUDOH LQFOXVLY D SURJUDPHORU HOHFWRUDOH 'XS FXP DILUPD +XJD GH *URWXLV PLQFLXQLOH I LH au fost ntotdeauna FRQVLGHUDWH PLMORDFH I LH GH DWLQJHUH D VFRSXULORU SROLWLFH [ Keane, G., 2000: p.90] A promite HOHFWRUDWXOXLILLQGFRQWLHQWGHLQFDSDFLWDWHDGHDUHDOL]DGH]LGHUDWHOHVDOHGHSURJUDPHVWHODIHOR PLQFLXQ SROLWLF XQD ELQH FKLE]XLW L SUHPHGLWDW 2U D SURPLWH GUHSWDWHD SHQWUX WR L HVWH HFKLYDOHQW FX D VXEVWLWXL LPSRVLELOLWDWHD UHDOL]ULL VDOH SUDFWLFH FX LOX]LD SDUWLFLSULL ILHFUXLD OD vPSU LUHD vQ UHJQXULOH GHPRFUDWLFH 8QLFXO FDUH D GH]DYXDW PLQFLXQD SROLWLF HVWH ILOR]oful Immanuel KDQWGXSFDUHPLQFLXQDQXVHMXVWLILFQLFLRGDWQLFLSHQWUXDVDOYDXQSULHWHQGHOD moarte. [Kant, IS@'DUvQMRFXULOHSROLWLFHQXHVWHORFSHQWUXDFHVWUD LRQDPHQW
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'H H[HPSOX vQ DOHJHULOH SDUODPHQWDUH GLQ IHEUXDULH %ORFXO HOHFWRUDO 3ODL QDWDO ODQVHD] VORJDQHOH 'UHSWDWH vQ VRFLHWDWH EXQVWDUH vQ FDVD 1RL YUHP V OHJDOL]P HFRQRPLD L V PULP SHQVLLOH V OH GP FHORU vQ SXWHUL ORFXUL GH PXQF LDU FHORU VODEL- JULMD QRDVWU %ORFXO HOHFWRUDO $OLDQD %UDJKL &HLODOL GRDU SURPLW SH FkQG %UDJKL IDFH 1X MXGHFD RPXO GXS YRUEH FL GXS IDSWH 35&0 (FKLSD 6QHJXU VXVLQXW GH GXPQHDYRDVWU YD SXQH FDSW KDRVXOXL vQ HFRQRPLH YD UHVWDELOL RUGLQHD L GUHSWDWHD YD DVLJXUD SRSRUXOXL XQ WUDL GHPQ L R YLD QRUPDO (FKLSD 6QHJXU HVWH XQLFD IRU FDUH SRDWH RSUL GH]DVWUXO GH]OQXLW vQ XOWLPLL DQL 3&50 QDLQWH GH D OVD EXOHWLQXO vQ XUQD HOHFWRUDO DPLQWLL-Y L JkQGLL-Y FH QH-D GDW WXWXURU SXWHUHD VRYLHWLF SH FDUH R SRQHJUHVF DWkW GH PXOW GHPRFUDLL L FH DYHP vQ VFKLPE GH OD UHIRUPHOH GHPRFUDLORU" 1X SHUPLWHL V ILL vQHODL GLQ QRX De exHPSOX vQ IOXWXUDXO HOHFWRUDO DO $OLDQHL %UDJKL SULQWUH FHOH DUJXPHQWH SHQWUX D R YRWD VH FRQLQH L FHO UHIHULWRU OD OLFKLGDUHD UHVWDQHORU GH SODW %UDJKL D SOWLW vQ DQXO SHQVLL DFKLWkQG WRDWH GDWRULLOH JXYHUQHORU
anterioare.
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3ULQ XUPDUH DILUPD LLOH PDFKLDYHOLFH GHVSUH RPXO - Centaur politic - MXPWDWH RP MXPWDWH DQLPDO SUHVXSXQ F FHO FH IDFH MRFXO SROLWLF HVWHFRQVWUkQVVIRORVHDVFvQPRGHJDOL GXSFD]DPEHOHYLUWX LSHQWUXD-LGXFHODEXQVIkULWSURLHFWHOH(OWUHEXLHVDILHvQPRGVLPXOWDQ L YXOSH L OHX 2ULFH H[FHV vQWU-XQ VHQV VDX DOWXO vL DQXOHD] DQVD GH D L]EXWL vQ SROLWLF Prin XUPDUHPLQFLXQDSUDFWLFDWGHSROLWLFLDQQXHVWHFHHDFHUHFX]PRUDOLWDWHDLEXQXOVLP DORPXOXL de rnd, ci valoarea omului de rnd pentru care el o face. 0LQFLXQDSROLWLFYLFOHQLDHVWHXQHOHPHQWLQHUHQWFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL actorului politic FRQWHPSRUDQ %XQRDU H[-SUHHGLQWHOH 5HSXEOLFLL 0ROGRYD 3HWUX /XFLQVFKL LQVLVWD DVXSUD IDSWXOXLFvQSROLWLFH[LVWXQIHOVSHFLILFGHDILFLQVWLWXQRPSROLWLFQXSRDWHVSXQHSHGH-a dreptul tot ce crede. [Lucinschi, P., 1996: p.19-20] $DGDU PLQFLXQD FD HOHPHQW FRQVWLWXWLY DO LPDJLQLL OLGHUXOXL SROLWLF HVWH YHKLFXODW LQGLIHUHQW GH UHJLPXO SROLWLF OHJLWLPDW Q DFHVW VHQV PDMRULWDWHDSROLWLFLHQLORUHVWHFRQYLQVGHIDSWXOFMXPWDWHGLQSROLWLFvQVHDPQ construirea unei LPDJLQLLDUFHDODOWMXPWDWHDUWDGHD-i face pe oameni VFUHDGvQDFHDVWLPDJLQHRULFDUHDUIL DGHYUXO $FHVWH FRQVLGHUHQWH YLQ RGDW vQ SOXV V FRQILUPH GLFWRQXO SROLWLFLHQLL SRW IL vQ HOHL XUPULQGX-OHSLFLRDUHOHQXLJXUD Autorul bestseller-XULORULQWHUQD LRQDOHRFXOYLLWRUXOXLL$OWUHLOHDYDO$OYLQ7RIIOHU [1995: p.276-@ LGHQWLILF XQ DOW DUVHQDO GH GH]LQIRUPDUH SUHPHGLWDW SHQWUX FUHDUHD LPDJLQLL plauzibile prin manipularea opiniei publice: tactica omisiunii tactica pipetei tactica suflatului napoi tactica minciunii gogonate WDFWLFDLQYHUVULL
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3.3. Limbajul element constitutiv al imaginii liderului politic )FkQGSDUWHGLQVWUDWDJHPHOHFRPXQLFD LRQDOHDOHXQXLPHGLXSROLWLFOLPEDMXOGHYLQHR DUPSXWHUQLFGLQWH]DXUXOGHSHUVXDVLXQHLFDSWDUHDPDVHORUHOHFWRUDOHvQFDPSDQLDGHFUHDUHD imaginii liderului politic. Un vocabular mai elevat, mai ngrijit, mDL ELQH VWUXFWXUDW IDFLOLWHD] vQ RULFH FRQWH[W GLDORJXO GLQWUH DFWRULL SROLWLFL GLQWUH XQ OLGHU SROLWLF L DGHS LL VL Q DFHVW VHQV OLPEDMXOXL vL UHYLQH GLILFLOD VDUFLQ GH GHFRGLILFDUH VDX GLPSRWULY FRGLILFDUH D VHWXOXL LQIRUPD LRQDO UHPLV SXEOLFXOXL HOHFWRUDO 8Q OLPEDM FRUHFW DGHFYDW FLUFXPVWDQ HORU DVLJXU FUHGLELOLWDWHD FRPXQLFULL L LPSOLFLW SHUVXDGDUHD XQHL SHUVRDQH VDX D XQXL JUXS VRFLDO /LPEDMXO SROLWLF VH WUDQVIRUP GHVHRUL vQWU-XQ LQVWUXPHQW DO PDQLSXOULL manipularea neurolingviVWLF. [Ficeac B., 1998: p.172-@ 3XWHUHD GH PDQLSXODUH LQHUHQW OLPEDMXOXL SROLWLF HVWH PDUFDW SULQ UDFRODUHDYHUEHORUPRELOL]DWRDUHDGUHVDWHVXV LQWRULORUXQXLDFWRUSROLWLFVDXSULQDOX]LLOHFXWHQW GHDJUHVLYLWDWHODDGUHVDRSRQHQ LORU7RWRGDWDXWRULW LOHXWLOL]HD]GLYHUVHVWHUHRWLSXUL-FOLHXSULQ FDUHPXDPDOL]HD]LQVXFFHVHOHVWDUHDGHLQFHUWLWXGLQHVDXRULFHDOWUHDOLWDWHFDUHQXWUHEXLHV SHQHWUH]H VSD LXO FRPXQLFD LRQDO DFHVWHD GH DVHPHQHD ILLQG HOHPHQWH DOH PDQLSXOULL $Vtfel, PDVFDUHD vQ DERUGDUHD OXL 2UZHOO HVWH LQVWUXPHQWXO GH ED] DO PDQLSXOULL SULQ OLPEDMXOcomunicare. [ 1954: p.172] nainte de a purcede la efectuarea unui studiu analitic asupra limbajului ce-LFDUDFWHUL]HD] SH DFWRULL SROLWLFLL PROGRYHQHWL YRPremarca FkWHYD LQWHUSUHWUL DOH OLPEDMXOXL vQ RS LXQLOH XQRU SVLKRORJLLILOR]RILGHQRWRULHWDWH3-DQHWDILUPDFOLPEDMXODIRVWFUHDWGHFWUHLQGLYL]LL FDUHHUDXFDSDELOLVFRPDQGH(6WXUWHYDQWVXV LQHDFOLPEDMXOVOXMHWHSHQWUXDPLQ L DILUPD LH GH FDUH VH DSURSLH vQ LSRWH]D VD L VRFLRORJXO URPkQ 0 5DOHD GXS FDUH IXQF LD OLPEDMXOXLHVWHFHDGHVWLPXODUHFDWUVWXUJHQHUDOXPDQ. [Apud.: Slama-Cazacu, T., 2000: p.50] Q DOW RUGLQH GH LGHL FXYkQWXOXL vL UHYLQH VDUFLQD GH D SXQH vQ HYLGHQ XQ DQXPLW UDILQDPHQWSROLWLFLGHDPRELOL]DVHJPHQWHOHHOHFWRUDOHFHOHPDLIOXLGH/LPEDMXOGHYHQLQGDVWIHO XQVWLOGHFRQGXFHUH'HILHFDUHGDWFkQGDFWRUXOSROLWLFvLIDFHDSDUL LDvQID DXQXLSXEOLFDFHVWD va crea impUHVLDGHPDQLSXODUHLDFHDVWLPSUHVLHYDUPkQHXQIDSWSROLWLFLPSRUWDQWFKLDUGDF PDQLSXODUHDFDDWDUHQXH[LVW ,-VXV LQH0XUUD\(GHOPDQ. [ 1999: p.76]. *UD LH OLPEDMXOXL SROLWLF GHILQLW GH R VLWXD LH VSHFLILF OLGHUXO SROLWLF VXVFLW UHDF LD pR]LWLY VDX QHJDWLY D SXEOLFXOXL VX ID GH DF LXQLOH VDOH SXEOLFH 'DF DFHVWD UHDF LRQHD] IDYRUDELO L vO XUPHD] SH HPL WRUXO GLVFXUVXOXL SRDWH ILYRUEDGHVSUHXQOLPEDMDGHFYDWFRHUHQW FUXLDvLUHYLQHPLVLXQHDGHDJHQWGHPDQLSXODUH n istoULD FRPXQLFULL SROLWLFH FHO PDL DELO PLQLVWUX DO YHUEHORU HVWH FRQVLGHUDW D IL SUHPLHUXO EULWDQLF :LXOVWRQ &KXUFKLOO DOH FUXL H[SUHVLL L GLVFXUVXUL UHSUH]LQW XQ PRGHO GH 102
SODVWLFLWDWH L SURIXQ]LPH D JkQGLULL R VLPELR] D UHDOXOXL L VLPEROLFXOXL Discursul lui W. &KXUFKLOOURVWLWvQID DPXO LPLLvQPDLHVWHXQUHOHYDQWH[HPSOXGHUHDOL]DUHDXQXLDFWLQHGLW GH FRPXQLFDUH SROLWLF GLQWUH XQ OLGHU FKDULVPDWLF L SRSRUXO VX (VWH XQ H[HUFL LX H[FHOHQW GH manipulare, dar care n nici un caz nuHVWHQLFLVHVL]DWQLFLPFDUVXVSHFWDWGHSXEOLFXODVFXOWWRU VXERFKLLFUXLDVHWHUJHKRWDUXOvQWUHLQGLYLG partid lider: Dragii mei prieteni! Aceasta este RUDQRDVWU$FHDVWDQXHVWHYLFWRULDXQXLSDUWLGVDXDXQHLFODVH(VWHRYLFWRULHDPDULLQDLXQL EULWDQLFH 1RL DP IRVW SULPLL vQ DFHDVW LQVXO YHFKH FDUH D WUDV VSDGD vPSRWULYD WLUDQLHL vPSRWULYD FHOHL PDL WHULELOH IRUH PLOLWDUH Y]XWH YUHRGDW 3HQWUX D VSRUL LQFDQGHVFHQ D GLDORJXOXL FX PXO LPHD OLGHUXO XWLOL]HD] vQWUHEUL UHWorice cu caracter efemer,: Am fost total VLQJXUL XQ DQ vQWUHJ $ YUXW FLQHYD V UHQXQH" [Taylor B. 1994: p.276-@ ,QWHURJD LD UHWRULF UHSUH]LQW XQD GLQWUH FHOH PDL GHV XWLOL]DWH WHKQLFL GH OLPEDM SROLWLF $FHVW SURFHGHX ILLQG R SUH]HQ FRQWLQXvQWLPSSRDWHILUHJVLWvQFvQGLVFXUVXOSROLWLFGLQDQWLFKLWDWH'HH[HPSOXvQ discursurile lui Demostene: 1X QXPDL F QLPHQL QX VH U]EXQ SH DFLXQLOH SULQ FDUH *UHFLD vQWUHDJDIRVWLQVXOWDWGHHO>@1XV-DQSXVWLWHODVXSUD$PEUDFLHLL/HXFDdei? Nu s-a jurat el F YD SUHGD HWROLHQLORU 1DXSDFWRV-XO RUDXO DSDULQkQG DFKHHQLORU" 1X D VPXOVWHEDQLORURUDXO (FKLQRV L DFXP VH vQGUHDSW vPSRWULYD EL]DQWLQLORU FDUH-L VvQW DOLDL" >@ [Demostene, 1973: p.132-133] $FHDVWSUH]HQ GHPD[LPDPSOLWXGLQHDLQWHURJD LHLvQOLPEDMXOSROLWLFVHREVHUYLvQ discursurile politicienilor romni, indiferent de forma pe care ar lua-RRUDWRULFVDXGLDORJDO3ULQ vQWUHEDUHVHXUPUHWHGHUHJXOD-LIDFHSHLQWHUORFXWRULUHFHSWRULVFRQVLPWODWH]Dpe care o SURSXQH HPL WRUXO 'H DLFL SUH]HQ D SHUPDQHQW D LQWHURJD LHL 3HQWUX FH VXQWHP vPSULL vQ GRXFkPSXUL"3HQWUXFHQHQXPLPQRLLYRL"2ULQXVvQWHPWRLILLDFHOHLDLPXPH"'HFHVQX ]LFHP QRL 5RPkQLL" 1XDYHPWRLDFHLDLLXELUHQX siPLPWRLDFHOHDLVHQWLPHQWHSHQWUXPDPD QRDVWUFRPXQ? [Boerescu V., 1910:p.3-5] 3ULQ DQDORJLH YRP UHPDUFD IDSWXO F OD DFHHDL KLSQRJHQ VWUDWDJHP FRPXQLFD LRQDO UHFXUJH OLGHUXOXL 33&' ,XULH 5RFD URVWLQG vQ PDUWLH XQ GLVFXUV vQ 3LD D 0DULL $GXQUL 1D LRQDOH&LQHDXLWDWFSXWHUHDFRPXQLVWDGLVWUXVLQGHSHQGHQDSXWHULLMXGHFWRUHWL"&LQHD XLWDWFSXWHUHDFRPXQLVWFDXWVGLVWUXJSXWHUHDORFDO&LQHDXLWDWFvQ5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYD VXQWVXSXLXQRUSHUVHFXLLQHPDLvQWkOQLWHLQYHVWLWRULLVWULQL" >)OX[PDUWLH@2EVHUYPR GLQDPLFH[WUDRUGLQDUDFXYLQWHORU-VLPEROOLEHUWDWHLQGHSHQGHQ SXWHUHLLPSOLFLWPDQLIHVWDUHD FDSDFLW LORU SHUVXDVLYH DOH YRUELWRUXOXL 3ULQ XUPDUH vQ FD]XO vQWUHEULORU UHWRULFH LQIRUPDUHD publicului-UHFHSWRUHVWHGRDULQVWUXPHQWXOSULQFDUHVHvQGHSOLQHWHXQVFRSLDUVFRSXOHVWHDFLXQHD FRPSRUWDPHQWXODWLWXGLQHDIDYRUDELODSRWHQ LDOLORUYRWDQ LID GHUHVSHFWLYXOVXELHFWSROLWLF Q FRQWH[W YRP LQVLVWD DVXSUD IDSWXOXL F GRDU SRVHGknd un limbaj logic construit, 103
DGHFYDWFLUFXPVWDQ HORUOLGHULL-RUDWRULVXQWFDSDELOLVFRQYLQJPDVHOH explicit sau implicit V SDUWLFLSH OD UHDOL]DUHD RELHFWLYHORU JXYHUQULL V VWDELOHDVF LQVWDQWDQHX R UHOD LH VRFLDO FDUH LPSOLF vQWU-un fel sau DOWXO IHQRPHQXO SXWHULL 3ULQ DFHDVW RSWLF OLPEDMXO SROLWLF GHYLQH R PRGDOLWDWH LQWHUDFWLY GH FUHDUH L SHUFHSHUH D LPDJLQLL OLGHUXOXL SROLWLF 3HQWUX D DYHD XQ LPSDFW mai enorm asupra opiniei publice, limbajul unui discurs al liderului politic trebuLHVILHPDLSX LQ LQIOXHQ DW GH R GRFWULQ VDX DOWD FL V ILH PDL PXOW LQVSLUDW GH VLWXD LD vQ FDUH VH ODQVHD] 6WLOXO SUHPLHUXOXLEULWDQLFGHYLQHGHRVHELWGHUHOHYDQWLvQDFHVWFRQWH[W6XUPULPHQXQ XOFXFDUDFWHU de slogan politic pe care acesta l-DURVWLWvQ&DPHUD&RPXQHORUODPDLFXRFD]LDvQVUFLQULL de a forma noul cabinet: 1XYSRWRIHULQLPLFDOWFHYDGHFkWVkQJHPXQFODFULPLLVXGRDUH 'HFODUD LDQXHVWHQLFLGHGUHDSWDQLFLGHVWkQJDQLFLGHFHQWUXQXHGHWHUPLQDWDGLF de QLFLRGRFWULQSROLWLF>Salavastru, C. 1995:302] Q FRQWH[W DXWRKWRQ OLGHULLSROLWLFL FKLDU L UHSUH]HQWDQ LL RSR]L LHL DGRSW XQ OLPEDM FX FDUDFWHUPDLWUDQFKLOL]DQW'LQDFHVWFRQVLGHUHQWGLVFXUVXULOHDFHVWRUDVHDIO GHVHRULvQGHILFLWGH crHGLELOLWDWH )LQDOXO PHVDMXOXL ODQVDW ILLQG GH UHJXO XQXO RSWLPLVW 'H H[HPSOX XQ SDVDM GLQ LQWHUYLXODFRUGDWGH,X5RFDSRVWXOXL5DGLR)UDQFH,QWHUQDWLRQDO &HD PDL GLILFLO FKHVWLH HVWH V vQFHUFP V GHWHUPLQP RDPHQLL vQ HWDWH V IDF FRPSDUDLLFRUHFWHSHQWUXFHLQXDXY]XWDOWOXPH0ROGRYDHR]RQUXUDOVXQWHPVLQJXUD DUSRVWVRYLHWLFFDUHDDSUXWDELDGXSGLVSDULLD8566GHFLIUWUDGLLHVWDWDOLQGHSHQGHQW SkQ OD DFHO PRPHQW L VLJXU F DFHDVW GHEXVRODUH vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SROLWLF L vQ SDUWLFLSDUHD FHWHDQXOXLODYLDDSXEOLFVHUHVLPWHLWRWXLHXVSHUFDFHVWHJUHXWLGHLVXQWPDMRUHVXQW WRWXLGHPRPHQW...[Flux, 26 aprilie 2004] 7RWRGDWSRDWHILXRUVHVL]DWFDUDFWHUXOGLVLPXODWDO PHVDMXOXLFDUHGHLvQHVHQ UDOHYSUREOHPDFXOWXULLSROLWLFHLQVXILFLHQWHLPSOLFLWDXWRUXOFDXWV UHPDUFH L FX DFHDVW RFD]LH IDQWRPD VWDWDOLW LLPROGRYHQHWL,GHHDILLQGXUPWRDUHD0ROGRYD nu a existat nicicnd ca stat independent. Referindu-ne la atributele limbaMXOXL 2SR]L LHL GDF DU IL V IDFHP R GHOLPLWDUH vQWUH OLPEDMXO3XWHULLLDO2SR]L LHL att ntr-XQFD]FkWLvQFHOODOWOLPEDMXOSRDWHILXQXOGHFODUDWLY UD LRQDOL]DW-IXQGDPHQWDW YLROHQW VDX LURQLF 2 DVHPHQHD DOWHUQDQ GH VWLOXUL UHLHVH GLQ FRntextele VLWXD LRQDOH GDU HVWH L R PDQLIHVWDUH ILUHDVF D XQRU FDOLW L LQGLYLGXDOH DOH DFWRUXOXL SROLWLF 'H FHOHPDLGHVHRULvQVRSR]L LDUHFXUJHODXQOLPEDMYLROHQWLVDUFDVWLF$FHDVWDSHQWUXFRSR]L LD WUHEXLH V DWDFH LDU SXWHUHD V VH DSHUH 'UHSW PRGHO GH OLPEDM YLROHQW YRP HOXFLGD XUPWRDUHOH sintagme: Generalul Voronin este capul mafiei comuniste sau Mafia lui Voronin, rostite de UHSUH]HQWDQWXO33&'6HFUHDQXvQFDGUXOHPLVLXQLL2UD2SR]L LHL>DSULOLH0@vQ timp cH VH UHIHUHD OD GLVSDUL LD FHORU PLOLRDQH GH OHL FROHFWD L SHQWUX UHFRQVWUXF LD 0QVWLULL 104
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/LPEDMXOYXOJDUSHQHWUHD]vQXQHOHFD]XULLPHVDMHOH3XWHULL&RQFOXGHQWvQDFHDVWRUGLQH de idei este uUPWRDUHDH[SUHVLDDSUHHGLQWHOXL9RURQLQURVWLWOD7HOHYL]LXQHD1D LRQDO )URQWLWLLGH]YROWSHGRILOLVPXOSROLWLFvQ0ROGRYD.[M1, 24 martie 2002] $VWIHO SUHHGLQWHOH PROGRYHDQ WUDWD DF LXQLOH GH SURWHVW JHVWLRQDWH GH GHSXWD LL 33&' FX angrenarea PDVLYDVWXGHQ LORULOLFHHQLORU Q DOW RUGLQH GH LGHL +DQQDK $UHQGW UHIHULQGX-se la rolul limbajului n mediul politic, DUDWFSROLWLFDVHRFXSGHSUREOHPDFLQHFHSULPHWHLDUOLPEDMXOXLSROLWLFvLUHYLQHPLVLXQHD GHDRE LQHDQXPLWHYDORULSrin dialog, mpiedicndu-VHIRORVLUHDIRU HL. [ 1959: p.159]. Abordat din alt punct de vedere, limbajul acreditat de un lider politic care-L GHWHUPLQ LPSOLFLW L FDOLWDWHD LPDJLQLL VWUDWHJLFH vQVHDPQ XQGHFRUGHVLPEROXULUHIHUHQ LDOHLHYRFDWRDUH prLQ FDUH DFHVWD VHVL]HD] SXEOLFXO HOHFWRUDO 3ULQWUH FHOH PDL SURIXQGH VLPEROXUL VDX YDORUL DOH OLPEDMXOXL SROLWLF FRQWHPSRUDQ UPkQ D IL QR LXQLOH VWDW GH GUHSW OLEHUWDWH FRQVWLWX LH GHPRFUD LH GUHSWXULOH RPXOXL HJDOLWDWH LQWHJUDUH HXURSHDQ HWF $FHWLD VXQW WHUPHQLL vQWUHEXLQ D L vQ PRG RELQXLW vQlimbajul hortativ. Limbajul hortativ apare n special n apelurile DGUHVDWH SXEOLFXOXL SHQWUX RE LQHUHD VSULMLQXOXL SROLWLF vQ FDPSDQLLOH HOHFWRUDOH vQ GH]EDWHULOH L audierile legislatiYHvQWRDWHID]HOHSURFHVXOXLJXYHUQDPHQWDO$FHVWVLVWHPGHYDORULVHSUH]LQW FD RvQFHUFDUHGHOHJLWLPDUHDSXWHULLH[LVWHQWHVDXDFHOHLFHYUHDVYLQ Referindu-ne la sistemul de valori inerent limbajului politic, vom remarca simbolul OLEHUW LLFDILLQGXQWHUPHQGHVXWLOL]DWvQPHVDMHOHDFWRULORUSROLWLFLLDXWRKWRQHQID DPXO LPLL sintagma liber OLEHUWDWH MRDF UROXO GH VWLPXODWRU DO VSULMLQXOXL SXEOLF DFHVW VLPERO GHYHQLQG deseori elementul formal cel mai evident al limbajului politic KRUWDWLY 6LPEROXO OLEHUW LL HVWH materializat ntr-XQVWLOLQGLYLGXDOGHOLGHUXO33&',XULH5RFDvQWU-XQGLVFXUVURVWLWvQID D0DULL $GXQUL 1D LRQDOH 'DU QRL WLP OD IHO GH ELQH F vQWU-XQ UHJLP WRWDOLWDU HVWH LPSRVLELO V VH PDQLIHVWHOLEHULQHVWLQJKHULWYRLQDFHWHDQXOXL. Referindu-VHODFHQ]XUDLQVWLWXLWOD&RPSDQLD de Stat Teleradio-Moldova, liderul PPCD va afirma n context: Libertatea de expresie, OLEHUWDWHD FXYkQWXOXL HVWH XQ GUHSW IXQGDPHQWDO SH FDUH VXQWHP QHYRLL V-l redobndim prin DFLXQLGHSURWHVW>WLULOH3UR79PDUWLH@ 6LPEROXOFHOPDLSXWHUQLFLXQLYHUVDODOOLPEDMXOXLSROLWLFvOFRQVWLWXLHQR LXQLOH-VWDWL VWDWDOLWDWH $VWIHO VLQWDJPHOH VWDWDOLWDWHD 5HSXEOLFLL 0ROGRYD LQGHSHQGHQ VXYHUDQLWDWH au devenit cuvintele-FKHLHUHSHWDWHIUHFYHQWvQGLVFXUVXULOHSROLWLFHDOHJXYHUQULLFRPXQLVWHFDUHVH FHUSHUFHSXWHFDRVILGDUHODDGUHVDXQRUUHSUH]HQWDQ LDLRSR]L LHLFHFRQWHVWVWDWDOLWDWHD5HSXEOLFLL 0ROGRYD $FHDVW UHSHWL LH vQV WUHEXLH DOWHUQDW FX HOHPHQWH L FX VLPEROXUL QRL SHQWUX D QX SOLFWLVL HOHFWRUDWXO VDX D QX EDQDOL]D QLWH GH]LGHUDWH GH DQYHUJXU 'XS FXP UHPDUFD *HRUJH 2UZHOOvQHVHXOVX6FULHUHDSROLWLFHVWHRVFULHUHGHSURDVWFDOLWDWH 106
'DFGLVFXUVXOSROLWLFLDQXOXLeste cel pe care s-DRELQXLWV-OLQPHUHXHVWHSRVLELO VQXPDLWLHFHVSXQHDVHPHQHDFHORUFDUHLQLVRQXOvQELVHULF [1954: p.172] Un alt procedeu de nviorare a limbajului - FRPXQLFDUH HVWH WUDGL LRQDOD WDFWLF GH FRPEDWHUHDGXPDQXOXLGLQinterior sau din exterior. Astfel, referindu-VHODVLWXD LDSROLWLF GLQ DUSUHHGLQWHOH9RURQLQvLLGHQWLILFvQFDOLWDWHGHGXPDQLLQWHUQLDLLQGHSHQGHQ HLVWDWDOH SHOLGHULL33&'SHFDUHvLFDOLILFvQWU-un discurs televizat WHURULWLSROLWLciLDUDGHUHQ LLDFHVWRUD vQDF LXQLOHGHSURWHVWGLQIHEUXDULH- martie 2002 RKDLW)LLQGWHQWDWGHD-LDGMXGHFDLPDJLQHD liderului-SDWULRW9RURQLQDSURYRFDWQHPXO PLUHDHOHFWRUDWXOXLUHVSHFWLY(VWHXQFD]VSHFLDOFkQG actorul politic trebuiHV LQFRQWGHIDSWXOFSROLWLFDLPSOLFWRWGHDXQDXQFRQIOLFWVRFLDOGLQFDUH FRQVLGHUHQW SROLWLFLDQXO GH VXFFHV WUHEXLH V ILH DPELYDOHQW vQ DILUPD LL 3XEOLFXO R YD VLP L vQWRWGHDXQDLQGLIHUHQWGHFkWGHQHHFKLYRFHVXQWDQXPLWHGHFODUD LLQFD]FRQWUDUVXV LQH/XFLDQ 3\HJXYHUQDWRUXOSRDWHFRQWULEXLODDGkQFLUHDSUSDVWLHLSVLKLFHGLQWUHHOLWLmase. [ 1958: p.346] ntr-un interviu acordat ziarului rusesc Izvestia la trei luni de la exercitarea mandatului GHSUHHGLQWH9RURQLQYDGHFODUa: [Izvestia, Nr. 11, 2001, p.3]. n 1989- SXWHUHD D IRVW SUHOXDW GH JORDW $FHWL RDPHQL QX DYHDX LGHH FXP V FRQGXFXQVWDW. 'HFL GLQ OLPEDMXO SROLWLF DFUHGLWDW GH QRXO SUHHGLQWH JXYHUQDUHD GUHSWHL SROLWLFH QX D simbolizat altceva dect guvernarea gloatei. Mai apoi, revenind la tehnica asocierilor SURFHGXULQHUHQWOLPEDMXOXLSROLWLF9RURQLQvLYDUHSURDSULPXOXL3UHHGLQWHDO5006QHJXU, VkQJHOHYUVDWvQUH]XOWDWXOFRQIOLFWXOXLQLVWUHDQ Pe malul drept al Nistrului era necHVDU VXEVWLWXLUHD SROLWLFLHQLORU FDUH DYHDX PkLQLOH vQURLWHvQVkQJHPUHIHUOD Snegur. HIXOVWDWXOXLUPkQHILGHOVWLOXOXLDERUGDWDQWHULRULvQWLPSXOFDPSDQLHLHOHFWRUDOHGLQ PDLGHPRUDOL]kQGSULQIRU DFXYkQWXOXLDGYHUVDULLSROLWLFL: AVRVLWWLPSXOVvQHOHJHPF&KLLQXOHVWHFDSLWDODVWDWXOXLLQXRSUYOLHSULYDW 3UHHGLQWHOHUHFXUJHODRDVHPHQHDFRPSDUD LHSHQWUXDGHFODUDGHIDSWHVHQ LDOXO: Ca locuitor al capitalei, voi vota mpotriva lui Serafim Urechean. Este un PRGHO GH PDQLSXODUH QHGLVLPXODW FDUH DUH VDUFLQD GH D RIHUL R LPDJLQH QHJDWLY RSRQHQWXOXL SDUWLGXOXL GH JXYHUQPkQW vQ FXUVD HOHFWRUDO 5HDPLQWHVF DLFL F vQ DFHHDL PDQLHU GH PDQLSXODUH QHXUROLQJYLVWLF D SURFHGDW H[-SUHHGLQWHOH 5HSXEOLFLL 0ROGRYa, P. Lucinschi, cu GRX]LOHvQDLQWHGHGHPLVLDJXYHUQXOXL6WXU]D 'DFDILGHSXWDWDYRWDvPSRWULYDOXL6WXU]D 3ULQ XUPDUH LPSDFWXO OLPEDMXOXL vQ FRPXQLFDUHD GLQWUH OLGHUXO SROLWLF LHOHFWRUDWDVXSUD 107
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL FHOXL GLQ XUP DUH R SRQGHUH LQFRQWHVWDELO 'XS FXP DILUPD 6KLPRQ 3HUHV /1995/: ntr-RGHPRFUDLHFHJXYHUQHD]SULQFXYLQWHFXYLQWHOHSRWILSXPQDOHGXSFXPLV vindece. Totul depinde de modul cum sunt utilizate. Referindu-ne n continuare la parametrii limbajului politic YRP FRQVWDWD F GHVHRUL OLPEDMXODFFHVLELOHOHFWRUDWXOXLVLPSOXHVWHFRQIXQGDWFXOLPEDMXOGHSURDVW FDOLWDWH3HQWUXDFUHD LPSUHVLDGHDSURSLHUHGHSRSRUOLGHUXOSROLWLFvQDQXPLWHFLUFXPVWDQ HvQFHDUFVYRUEHDVFFD WRDWOXPHDFRQWUDUX]DQ Hlor lingvistice adoptate n cancelariile de stat. Astfel, cu ocazia primelor LQWHUYHQ LL SXEOLFH SUHHGLQWHOH UXV 9O 3XWLQ D FRPSHQVDW UDSLG OLSVD GH VLJXUDQ vQ ID D HOHFWRUDWXOXL SH FDUH R HPDQD LQL LDO SULQ IRORVLUHD XQRU IUD]H VFXUWH L XQHRUL YXOgare, precum celebra: 1HYRPGXFHV-LOLFKLGPSHEDQGLLLVHDUHvQYHGHUH&HFHQLDSkQLvQFFWRDUH daje v sortirah/. Ceea ce i-a adus n ochii FRQFHW HQLORUVLUHSXWD LDGHRPFDUHPHUJHGLUHFWOD LQWLYRUEHWHFDWRDWOXPHD>/RUUDLn P., 2000: p.22] 8QLLVSHFLDOLWLvQGRPHQLXvQVFRQWHVWH[LVWHQ DXQXLOLPEDMSROLWLFSURSULX-]LV$FHWLD VXV LQFPHVDMXOSROLWLFFRQ LQHMDUJRDQHVWLOXULGHYRUELUHRULLGLRPXULSROLWLFH3HQWUXFvQIRQG WRDWH FDWHJRULLOH GH DFWRUL LPSOLFD L vQ DFWXO FRPXQLFULL SROLWLFH DSHOHD] ODPRGXULSDUWLFXODUHGH H[SULPDUHDDFHOHDLUHDOLW L 3H GH DOW SDUWH XWLOL]DUHD MDUJRDQHORU vQ GLVFXUVXULOH SXEOLFH DOH OLGHULORU SROLWLFL UHSUH]LQWRYLUWXDOVXUVGHVHLVPHYHUEDOHGHUHSOLFLLQWHUPLQDELOe ntre elitele politice. Deseori DFHVWH MDUJRDQH HURGHD] LPDJLQHD DXWRUXOXL SUH]HQWkQGX-O vQ FHD PDL QHIDYRUDELO OXPLQ ([HPSOHOHvQWUXVXV LQHUHDDFHVWRULSRWH]HSRWILLQWHUPLQDELOH%XQRDUvQSULPHOHVSWPkQLGH H[HUFLWDUH DPDQGDWXOXLVXGHYHQLVHGHMDVLPSWRPDWLFIUHFYHQWXWLOL]DWDH[SUHVLHDSUHHGLQWHOXL Voronin: 'HPRFUDLLDXVWDWFXODEHOHvQWLQVHvQIDDRUJDQLVPHORULQWHUQDLRQDOHGHFUHGLWDUH 3ULQ VLQWDJPD ODEHOH vQWLQVH YRUELWRUXO RFKHWHGHIDSWvQGRX LQWHVLPXOWDQ3HGe o parte, JXYHUQDQ LLGHVRUJLQWHGHPRFUDWLFSHGHDOWD Occidentul n care liderul comunist descoperea - la DFHD HWDS - DFHODL GXPDQ FD vQ SHULRDGD VRYLHWLF SkQ OD FGHUHD FRUWLQHL GH ILHU 9RP REVHUYDGXSGRLDQLGHJXYHUQDUHQXQXPDLRVFKLPEDUHGHVWUDWHJLLGHJXYHUQDUHFLLRHYROX LH OLQJYLVWLF$VWIHOGLQOH[LFRORJLDSUHHGLQWHOXLGLVSDUHVLQWDJPDODEHvQWLQVHLDUORFXODFHVWHLD vOSUHLDXXUPWRDUHOHFOLHHLQWHJUDUHHXURSHDQ sau vectorul european,DWvQVFXPvLYRU UHSOLFDWRQXO]HIOHPLWRUDOSULPHLSHUVRDQHvQVWDWUHSUH]HQWDQ LLRSR]L LHLGHPRFUDWLFH ntr-un interviu acordat ziarului Moldavckie vedomosti.[15 martie 2001] (atunci) YLFHSUHHGLQWHOH 35&0 1LFRODH $QGURQLF YD UHPDUFD FX FRQVWHUQDUH VWLOXO GH H[S rimare al unui HIGHVWDW0XLPHWHQXGRDUSUREOHPDWLFGHFDUHHVWHSUHRFXSDWODRUDDFWXDOHIXOVWDWXOXL 108
GDU L WHUPLQRORJLD SXV vQ X] GH 9RURQLQ 'H H[HPSOX DFHVWD ]LFH FD GHPRFUDLL DX VWDW FX ODEHOH vQWLQVH vQ IDD )0, 1LFL vQWU-un vis GH FRPDU QX PL-D SHUPLWH V ]LF F FRPXQLWLL vL EDJERWXOvQWUHXFDUXVHDVF&UHGFDVHPHQHDMDUJRDQHQXVXQWFRPSDWLELOHFXLPDJLQHDXQXL HIGHVWDW 3ULQ XUPDUH QX H QHYRLH GH PXOWH DUJXPHQWH SHQWUX D H[SOLFD GH FH SULQWUH YLUWX LOH FX care esWHvQ]HVWUDWXQOLGHUFKDULVPDWLFVHQXPULWH]DXUXOOLQJYLVWLF-XQLWDWHGHPVXUDJUDGXOXL GH FUWXUULH L LQWHOLJHQ 'HL QX D L]EXWLW V VH PDQLIHVWH SH GXUDWD PDQGDWXOXL VX FDXQOLGHU FKDULVPDWLF YLUWX LOH OLQJYLVWLFH DOH H[-SUHHGLQWHOXL 3HWUX /XFLQVFKL PHULW R DWHQ LH VSRULW vQ VSD LXO FRPXQLFD LRQDO DXWRKWRQ 1DWXUD VD ILOR]RILF OVkQGX-L DPSUHQWD DVXSUD FRQ LQXWXOXL discursurilor sale publice. Spre exemplu: - Nu v-DLVWXUDWGHSROLWLFHVWHvQWUHEDW/XFLQVFKLODRFRQIHULQ GHSUHVNu VXQWIDWDOLVWGDUDPDYXWRSHULRDGFkQGP-DPFRQGXVGHYRUEDvQHOHDSWDXQXLPDUHJkQGLWRU FDUHFXFXSDGHRWUDYvQPkQD]LVHXWLXFHVHDIOvQDFHDVWFXSGDUWUHEXLHV-REHDXSkQ la fund>GHUVSXQVXULODvQWUHEULOHDOHJWRULORU@ Mesajele publice ale ex-SUHHGLQWHOXL 5HSXEOLFLL 0ROGRYD FWUH DOHJWRULL VL L-au intensificat imaginea de lider vulpe, asigurndu-LYLFWRULDvQFRQIUXQWDUHDFXFRQWUDFDQGLGDWXOVX vQDOHJHULOHGLQ06QHJXUFDUHSUHDHSXL]DWGHMDGXSSULPXOVXPDQGDWSUH]LGHQ LDO &RQIRUPXQRUULJRULDOHDFWXOXLGHFRPXQLFDUHOLGHUXOSROLWLFWUHEXLHV VHFRQIRUPH]HQX GRDU LQWHUHVXOXL GH RUGLQ VXSUHP DO DXGLWRULXOXL VX GDU L FDSDFLW LL GH PHPRULH D DFHVWXLD 0HPRULD LPHGLDW UHFHS LRQHD] GH FXYLQWH SHQWUX XQ UHFHSWRU UDSLG L FXOWLYDWLQXPDL pentru un receptor ncet. Este foarte important, de asemenea, ca ntr-XQGLVFXUVSROLWLFVVHSODVH]H la nceput cuvintele-simbol sau cuvintele-RFDVWIHOvQFkWVVHHYLWHDJORPHUULOHGHFXYLQWHLGH QR LXQL - ) .HQQHG\ URVWHD GHFXYLQWHSHPLQXW- un record - ntr-un discurs din decembrie 1961. [ Etienne C., 1997, nr.191,1] 8Q PRGHO GH FRQVWUXF LH D PHVDMHORU SXEOLFH vO FRQVWLWXLH GLVFXUVXULOH JHQHUDOXOXL GH *DXOOH FDUH DX IFXWRELHFWXO GH VWXGLX DO OXFUULL OXL )UDQFRLV 5LFKDXGHDX /HODQJDJHHIILFDFH $XWRUXO YD LGHQWLILFD DD-numitul OLPEDM GH DFLXQH FUXLD vL UHYLQH UROXO GH PRELOL]DWRU vQ GLDORJXO GLQWUH FRQGXFWRU L SXEOLF 6 QH UHIHULP OD FkWHYD VHFYHQ H GLQ PHVDMHOH SUHHGLQWHOXL francez: - Apelul din 18 iunie 1840: )UDQDDSLHUGXWREWOLHQXLU]ERLXOHVWHRIUD]FX lungimea medie: opt cuvinte.)
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ANNOTATION The present paper is intended to study the methods and techniques of creating the image of the political leader within the political framework of the Republic of Moldova. In the first chapter of the study, we shall point out the theoretical and methodological aspects of the political leadership. We shall also define the notion of the political leader and political image and reveal the authority, lawfulness and charisma as basic features of the image of the political leader. A significant part of the paper is aimed to define and study the typology of the image of the political leader and the specific nature of the process of promoting different types, depending on the social circumstances, the elective demand and disposal. This paper reveals the possibility and impact of the exploitation of the political symbology and mythology as an instrument of manipulating the electorate in the process of creating the political image. Finally, the present paper conveys general remarks, strategies and techniques of managing the leaders image within the political framework of the Republic of Moldova. The performances and failures registered in the administration of the campaigns with positive and negative image are also pointed out. Key-words: political leader, reformist leader, populist leader, transactional leader, realist leader, political image, strategic image, virtual image, personalization of the political framework, legitimacy, authority, charisma, political symbology, political mythology, political, political framework, elective marketing, voter, hardcore, fluid electorate, manipulation, political lie, political language, elective demand-supply, self-evaluation, political underestimation, political overestimation, positive campaign, negative campaign.
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Anexa nr. 1 3UHVWD LLOHOLGHUXOXLSROLWLF &LUFXPVWDQ H SIHUDODUJGHDFWLYLWDWH Sfera Sfera nJXVW de de Salvatori (Churchill, de Gaulle) activitate /LQLWLWRUL (Ezenhawer) PRGHUDW Impactul asupra imaginii 3RSXOLWL%LVPDUF Ideologi Stalin) Reexaminatori (Raygan,Thatcher) Mao, Hitler Reformatori (Roosevelt) Novatori FDUH temelia noi) exemplu, DJUDU (pun unei de reforma
activitate 0DQDJHUL PLQLWULL Amelioratori FDUH VH RFXS GH PLQLWULL examinarea problemelor cotidiene)
PRGLILF XQ DVSHFW DO politici politicii promovate
$QH[QU (HFXOJXYHUQULL6Wurza Anul 1998 3DUWLGXO&RPXQLWLORUGLQ0ROGRYD------------------------30,01% /40 mandate/ %ORFXOHOHFWRUDO&RQYHQ LD 'HPRFUDWGLQ0ROGRYD&'0---------------------------19,42% /26 mandate/ %ORFXOHOHFWRUDO3HQWUXR0ROGRY 'HPRFUDWLFL3URVSHU3MDP/--------------------------18,16% /24 mandate/ 3DUWLGXO)RU HORU'HPRFUDWLFH3)'-------------------------8,84% /11 mandate/ Anul 2001 3DUWLGXO&RPXQLWLORUGLQ0ROGRYD------------------------50,07% /71 mandate/ %ORFXO(OHFWRUDO$OLDQ D%UDJKL------------------------13,36% /19 mandate/ 3DUWLGXO3RSXODU&UHWLQ'HPRFUDW33&'----------------8,34% /11 mandate/ Aproape de pragul electoral: 3DUWLGXO5HPDWHULLL&RQFLOLHULL35&--------------------5,79% Partidul Democrat /PD/----------------------------------------5,02% Partidul Democrat Agrar/PDAM/----------------------------1,16%
129
$QH[QU ,PSDFWXOIDFWRUXOXLHWQLFLGHPRJUDILFDVXSUDFUHGLELOLW LLOLGHUXOXLSROLWLF Pentru Vladimir Voronin Vrsta 19-29 30-44 45-59 60 moldovean (romn) Rus Ucrainean 1D LRQDOLWDWHD Procentul 28% 35% 44% 52% 36% 55% 57%
Anexa nr.4 Constituirea blocurilor electorale n alegerile parlamentare din 1994 Anul 1994 Partidul Democrat Agrar din Moldova /PDAM/ -----43,18% /56 mandate/ Blocul electoral Partidul SocialistL 0LFDUHD8QLWDWH-Edinstvo /PSMUE----------------22% /28 mandate/ %ORFXOUDQLORUL,QWHOHFWXDOLORU%,----------------9,21% /11 mandate/ %ORFXOHOHFWRUDO$OLDQ D)URQWXOXL 3RSXODU&UHWLQ'HPRFUDW$)3&'-------------------7,53% /9 mandate/
130
Anexa nr.5 $UKLWHFWXUD3DUODPHQWXOXL50GXSDOHJHULOHGLQIHEUXDULH PDAM--------------------------56 mandate PSMUE-------------------------28 mandate %,-------------------------------11 mandate AFPCD--------------------------9 mandate Anexa nr. 6 (YROX LDFUHGLELOLW LLHOHFWRUDWXOXLID GHDFWRULLSROLWLFLDXWRKWRQL2003/: Studiul este realizat n baza sondajelor de opinie relizate de Institultul de Pollitici Publice. &DUHHVWHSHUVRQDOLWDWHDSROLWLFGLQ50vQFDUHDYH LFHDPDLPare ncredere? Martie 1998 P. Lucinschi..................18% M. Snegur.....................12% V. Matei..........................9% Vl. Vornin.......................9% 0/LYL FKL D. Diacov........................2% August 2000 Vl. Voronin.....................26% M. Snegur........................21,1% P. Lucinschi.....................16,3% I.Sturza..............................6% V. Matei.............................5,3% '%UDJKL D. Diacov...........................1,9% I. 5RFD
Noiembrie 2001 V.Voronin.................27,5% ,5RFD '%UDJKL V.Tarlev.....................1,2%
Aprilie 2002 V.Voronin ..................45% '%UDJKL ,5RFD S. Urechean...................2% V.Tarlev........................1% E.Ostapciuc...................1% M.Snegur.......................0%
131
Noiembrie 2002 V.Voronin..................36,9% V.Tarlev......................3,4% S.Urechean..................2,8% ,5RFD '%UDJKL M.Snegur.....................1,4%
Aprilie 2003 V.Voronin.....................40% ,5RFD V.Tarlev..........................3% S.Urechean.....................2% D.%UDJKL V.Cubreacov...................2%
Anexa nr. 7 'LQDPLFDFUHGLELOLW LLID GHFHLWUHLSUHHGLQ LDL50LOLGHULLRSR]L LHL Lideri politici M. Snegur P. Lucinschi V. Voronin ,X5RFD '%UDJKL III.1998 12% 18% 9% VIII.2000 21,1% 16,3% 26% 1,4% 4,2% XI.2001 27,5% 1,7% 1,5% IV.2002 1% 45% 2% 3% XI.2002 1,4% 36,9% 1,5% 1,4% IV.2003 40% 3% 2%
Sondaj realizat de IPP
132
/,67$$%5(9,(5,/2587,/,=$7(17(= PCM 3DUWLGXO&RPXQLWLORUGLQ5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYD CDM %ORFXOHOHFWRUDO&RQYHQ LD'HPRFUDWGLQ0ROGRYD PMDP %ORFXOHOHFWRUDO3HQWUXR0ROGRY'HPRFUDWLFL3URVSHU PFD 3DUWLGXO)RU HORU'HPRFUDWLFH PDAM PSDM PDM PNL PSL Partidul Democrat Agrar din Moldova Partidul Social - Democrat din Moldova Partidul Democrat din Moldova PartiGXO1D LRQDO/LEHUDO Partidul Social Liberal AFD%ORFXOHOHFWRUDO$OLDQ D)RU HORU'HPRFUDWLFH
PPCD 3DUWLGXO3RSXODU&UHWLQ'HPRFUDW PRCM3DUWLGXO5HQDWHULLL&RQFLOLHULLGLQ0ROGRYD
133

Aurelia Peru Thesis

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Aurelia Peru Thesis

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UNIVERSITATEA DE STAT DIN MOLDOVA )$&8/7$7($'(5(/$,,,17(51$,21$/( 7,,1(32/,7,&(,$'0,1,675$7,9( Cu titlu de manuscris C.Z.U.: 32.001 (043.

PROMOVAREA IMAGINII LIDERULUI POLITIC: 0(72'(,7(+1,&,&$=8/5(38%/,&,,02/'29$

Specialitatea 23.00.01 7HRULDLLVWRULDSROLWRORJLHLLQVWLWX LLLSURFHVHSROLWLFH

&RQGXFWRUWLLQ LILF 52&$$OD GRFWRUKDELOLWDWvQWLLQ HSROLWLFH

B Liderism (fig. 1) /liderism politic (fig.2)

/LGHUXOGHPRFUDWLFvQJUXSXULPLFLLPDUL: Fig.5 Fig.6 L L

cu binecunoscuta 6FULVRDUHD FWUH IUDQFH]L

psihice (Napoleon, Roozevelt, Hitler, Stalin).

puternic n individualizarea puterii politice.

nainte de primul referendum / 26 septembrie 1958/: 5HIHUHQGXPXOGHGXPLQLFYDIL

76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82.

99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107.

118. 119. 120. 121.

PRGLILF XQ DVSHFW DO politici politicii promovate

Noiembrie 2001 V.Voronin.................27,5% ,5RFD '%UDJKL V.Tarlev.....................1,2%

Noiembrie 2002 V.Voronin..................36,9% V.Tarlev......................3,4% S.Urechean..................2,8% ,5RFD '%UDJKL M.Snegur.....................1,4%

Aprilie 2003 V.Voronin.....................40% ,5RFD V.Tarlev..........................3% S.Urechean.....................2% D.%UDJKL V.Cubreacov...................2%

Sondaj realizat de IPP

PPCD 3DUWLGXO3RSXODU&UHWLQ'HPRFUDW PRCM3DUWLGXO5HQDWHULLL&RQFLOLHULLGLQ0ROGRYD

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Aurelia Peru Thesis

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Aurelia Peru Thesis

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UNIVERSITATEA DE STAT DIN MOLDOVA )$&8/7$7($'(5(/$,,,17(51$,21$/( 7,,1(32/,7,&(,$'0,1,675$7,9( Cu titlu de manuscris C.Z.U.: 32.001 (043.

PROMOVAREA IMAGINII LIDERULUI POLITIC: 0(72'(,7(+1,&,&$=8/5(38%/,&,,02/'29$

Specialitatea 23.00.01 7HRULDLLVWRULDSROLWRORJLHLLQVWLWX LLLSURFHVHSROLWLFH

&RQGXFWRUWLLQ LILF 52&$$OD GRFWRUKDELOLWDWvQWLLQ HSROLWLFH

B Liderism (fig. 1) /liderism politic (fig.2)

/LGHUXOGHPRFUDWLFvQJUXSXULPLFLLPDUL: Fig.5 Fig.6 L L

cu binecunoscuta 6FULVRDUHD FWUH IUDQFH]L

psihice (Napoleon, Roozevelt, Hitler, Stalin).

puternic n individualizarea puterii politice.

nainte de primul referendum / 26 septembrie 1958/: 5HIHUHQGXPXOGHGXPLQLFYDIL

76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82.

99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107.

118. 119. 120. 121.

PRGLILF XQ DVSHFW DO politici politicii promovate

Noiembrie 2001 V.Voronin.................27,5% ,5RFD '%UDJKL V.Tarlev.....................1,2%

Noiembrie 2002 V.Voronin..................36,9% V.Tarlev......................3,4% S.Urechean..................2,8% ,5RFD '%UDJKL M.Snegur.....................1,4%

Aprilie 2003 V.Voronin.....................40% ,5RFD V.Tarlev..........................3% S.Urechean.....................2% D.%UDJKL V.Cubreacov...................2%

Sondaj realizat de IPP

PPCD 3DUWLGXO3RSXODU&UHWLQ'HPRFUDW PRCM3DUWLGXO5HQDWHULLL&RQFLOLHULLGLQ0ROGRYD

También podría gustarte

UNIVERSITATEA DE STAT DIN MOLDOVA )$&8/7$7($'(5(/$,,,17(51$,21$/( 7,,1(32/,7,&(,$'0,1,675$7,9( Cu titlu de manuscris C.Z.U.: 32.001 (043.

PROMOVAREA IMAGINII LIDERULUI POLITIC: 0(72'(,7(+1,&,&$=8/5(38%/,&,,02/'29$

Specialitatea 23.00.01 7HRULDLLVWRULDSROLWRORJLHLLQVWLWX LLLSURFHVHSROLWLFH

&RQGXFWRUWLLQ LILF 52&$$OD GRFWRUKDELOLWDWvQWLLQ HSROLWLFH

cu binecunoscuta 6FULVRDUHD FWUH IUDQFH]L

Noiembrie 2001 V.Voronin.................27,5% ,5RFD '%UDJKL V.Tarlev.....................1,2%

Noiembrie 2002 V.Voronin..................36,9% V.Tarlev......................3,4% S.Urechean..................2,8% ,5RFD '%UDJKL M.Snegur.....................1,4%

Aprilie 2003 V.Voronin.....................40% ,5RFD V.Tarlev..........................3% S.Urechean.....................2% D.%UDJKL V.Cubreacov...................2%