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Chapter 1 - Introduction
Stage 1
Regional Geology
Provenance, Stress Regime
Structural Geology
Local Geology
Depositional Process
Depositional Environment
Stratigraphy
Closure
Genetic Units
Flow Regime
Facies Distribution
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21 Sd
20 Sd
IMM 9
22 Sd 23 Sd 22 Sd
Stage 2
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Fluids
Capillarity, N MR, Por e Sizes, Satur ations , Fluid Colum n Heights Pres sur e or H eight Relative Perm eability Rec ove ry Fa ctor , PVT Fractional Flow
Swi Sor
Stage 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
Facies B Facies A
Core Perm
Facies C
. . .. A .. . . .. . B .. ... .. . . .. . . C
Core Por osity
Por e Size s
Sw i
A
Sw
Non-wetting Saturation
Formation Evaluation
Stage 3
Depth
Depth
* **** ** ** ** * * **
st nd Sa
i Lm
C Gr B A
Sw
ne o
ne
i te om
o t es
**
Pres sur e
C B A
% PhiH %KH K/P hi(1-S w)
l Do
Water
Neutron
% Cum . B VHC
Seismic Models
Production Data
Pres s. Transient, Perm eability , Res ervoir Limits Fetk ovich Type Curves Volume in-place , Perm eability
* * ** *
Reservoir Management
Well & Field Performa nce
Oil
Stage 4
Pres sur e Horizon Slic es Attribute Maps
A A B B C
Rate
* *
A AB B
Time
C C
Pay Maps
. . . .. .. .
Performa nce Maps
Gas Water
10/19/ 97
11 96ori en t. ppt
Time
Time
What is Petroleum?
Petroleum:
a natural yellow-to-black liquid hydrocarbon found at and beneath the earths surface. Petroleum is a mixture of many different hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon:
an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms
History of Petroleum
History of Petroleum
History of Petroleum
The early days.
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1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
2060
2080
2100
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61.0%
3.2 %
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5.5 %
9%
9.5 %
11.6 %
3ero.
1er 2do.
2do.
3ero.
2do.
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4o.
3ero.
2do. 1er
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Energy Consumption
The United States' "400-plus coal-fired power plants emit more toxins into the air than any other single source; some 42% of the US total, according to the 2002 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)"
Half of all Americans live within 30 miles of a coal-burning power plant "...which, in addition to mercury, emit more than 361,000 tons of other toxins including vanadium, barium, zinc, lead, chromium, arsenic, nickel, hydrogen fluoride, hydrochloric acid, ammonia and selenium."
In the last 20 years, only three fields (in Norway , Columbia and Brazil ) have been found with more than one billion barrels each. None produce more than 200,000 barrels a day. From 1990 to 2000 a total of 42 billion barrels of new reserves were discovered. In the same period the world consumed 250 billion barrels.
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Exploration The reservoir is discovered, but not yet understood (size, contents, etc.) Delineation/Appraisal Size and extent of reservoir delineated & reservoir parameters evaluated Development Understanding of reservoir improves, production grows Maturity Reservoir well understood, produced, depleted, secondary recovery
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Appraisal
Development
Maximize Production Economically
Maturity
+
Cash Flow
Accelerate Production
Time Minimize Capital Expense Minimize Operating Expense Optimized Development Defer Abandonment Traditional Development
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Domain Integration
Prediction
Geophysics Petrophysics Reservoir Drilling Computing Engineering
Geology
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L. Cretaceous
L. Jurassic U. Triassic Triassic Carboniferous Source Rocks: 1. L. Cretaceous marine shale (HRZ Fm.) 2. L. Jurassic marine shale (Kingak Sh.) 3. U. Triassic marine carb. & shale
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Prudhoe Bay Field Parameters 1968 Arco Sohio 22 Billion Barrels 1977 9.6 BSTB 1.6 MMSTB/Day 1989 13 BSTB 30TCF High quality sandstone with discontinuous shales Gravity, Gas Cap expansion, solution gas
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Discovery OOIP First Production Initial Recovery Estimate Maximum Production Rate Estimated Start of Decline 1997 Recovery Estimate Gas Cap Reservoir Drive Mechanism
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Enhanced value and field production due to technology and improved reservoir understanding. Better 3D Seismic Reservoir Models/Modeling 3x Number of Wells Horizontal/Multilateral Wells Coiled Tubing Waterflood
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Gas Injection (Cycling) Miscible Gas EOR New Zones/Satellite Fields Re-Perforations Formation Damage Mitigation
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22 Billion Barrels 9.6 Billion Barrels (Rf = 44%) 13.0 Billion Barrels (Rf = 59%)
Note: 38% more oil to be produced due to improved geological understanding and improved technology
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