Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Contents
w Introduction w RNP Process Overview w Coverage Planning w Traffic Planning and Frequency
Planning w Radio Interface / Quality of Service w Abbreviations
w w w w w w
Introduction
Contents
w Standardization w Documentation w Radio Network Architecture w Mobile Phone Systems
Introduction
Standardization Documentation
determine the general policy and strategy of 3GPP and perform the following tasks: s Approval and maintenance of the 3GPP scope s Maintenance the Partnership Project Description s Taking decisions on the creation or cessation of Technical Specification Groups, and approving their scope and terms of reference s Approval of Organizational Partner funding requirements s Allocation of human and financial resources provided by the Organizational Partners to the Project Co-ordination Group
Introduction
10
GSM Circuit-switching:
BTS BSC
BTS BSC
Um (R adio) Abis
LapDm
(GSM specific)
LapD
(ISDN type)
MSC
MSC
A B C D E F G H I PSTN ISDN
E B G
VLR VLR
C D
HLR
F H
AuC EIR
GCR
MSC-VLR (SM-G)MSC-HLR HLR -VLR (SM-G)MSC-MSC MSC-EIR VLR -VLR HLR -AuC MSC-GCR MSC-P STN MSC-ISDN
PSTN / ISDN
AuC
11
MS
Um (Radio) MS - BTS
BSS with PCU
LAPDm
(GSM specific)
SGS N
SGS N
MSC
Gb
BSS - SGSN SGSN-SGSN SGSN-GGSN SGSN-HLR GGSN-HLR SGSN-EIR SGSN-MSC/VLR GGSN-Data Network
Gn
GGSN
Gs Gr Gc
HLR EIR
Gn Gf Gr Gc Gf Gs Gi
Gn
OMC-R
BSS OMC-R SGSN Gb NSS Gn GGSN GPRS CN OMC-G
BSC
TC A
SSP + RCP
A ter
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
13
w w w w
14
RF Spectrum
System GSM 450 GSM 480 GSM 850 GSM 900 E-GSM DCS 1800 (GSM) PCS 1900 (GSM)
Mobile Radio Network Planning
Uplink frequency band /MHz 450.4-457.6 478.8-486 824-849 890-915 880-915 1710-1785 1850-1910
Downlink frequency band /MHz 460.4-467.6 488.8-496 869-894 935-960 925-960 1805-1880 1930-1990
Carrier Spacing 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
15
Access Methods
w FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
16
FDMA
w Used for standard analog cellular mobile systems
(AMPS, TACS, NMT etc.) w Each user is assigned a discrete slice of the RF spectrum w Permits only one user per channel since it allows the user to use the channel 100% of the time.
17
TDMA
w Multiple users share RF carrier on a time slot basis w Carriers are sub-divided into timeslots w Information flow is not continuous for an user, it is sent and
received in "bursts"
18
19
20
21
22
23
w Analogue cellular mobile telephone system w The UK TACS system was based on the US AMPS system w TACS - Original UK system that has either 600 or 1000
channels (558 or 958 voice channels, 42 control channels) w RF frequency band: 890 - 960 Uplink: 890-915 Downlink: 935-960 w Channel spacing: 25 KHz
24
25
Different TACS-Systems
w ETACS - Extended TACS
s Current UK system that has 1320 channels (1278 voice, 42 control) and has replaced TACS as the UK standard
26
44
872.012 5 (917.012 5)
890.0125 (935.012 5)
Organisati on A
34 32 4 3 Organisati on B
60 0
100 0
872 917
890 935
905 (95 0)
915 (96 0)
27
28
TDMA/FDMA 890 - 960 MHz 200 kHz 124 8 2 W/ 8 W 10 ... 40 W - 102 dBm - 104 dBm Voice, data possible possible
29
30
TDMA/FDMA 1880 - 1900 MHz 1.728 MHz 10 12 (duplex) 10 mW/250 mW 250 mW -83 dBm -83 dBm Voice, data possible
31
32
33
34
TETRA - Features
w Standard for a frequency efficient european digital trunked radio w w
communication system (defined in 1990) Possibility of connections with simultaneous transmission of voice and data Encryption at two levels: s Basic level which uses the air interface encryption s End-to-end encryption (specifically intended for public safety users) Open channel operation "Direct Mode" possible s Communication between two MS without connecting via a BTS MS can be used as a repeater
w w w
35
36
TDMA/FDMA 380 - 400 MHz 25 or 12.5 KHz not yet specified 4 1, 3, 10 W 0.6 - 25 W -103 dBm -106 dBm Voice, data, images, short message possible possible
37
w More capacity and bandwidth w More services (Speech, Video, Audio, Multimedia etc.) w Worldwide roaming w "High" subscriber capacity
38
39
Definition of RN Requirements
w The Request for Quotation (RfQ) from the customer prescribes the
requirements mainly w Coverage s Definition of coverage probability
q Percentage of measurements above level threshold
s Definition of covered area w Traffic s Definition of Erlang per square kilometer s Definition of number of TRX in a cell s Mixture of circuit switched and packed switched traffic w QoS s Call success rate s RxQual, voice quality, throughput rates, ping time
Mobile Radio Network Planning
40
w Coverage Plots
s Expected receiving level w Definition of roll out phases s Areas to be covered s Number of sites to be installed s Date, when the roll out takes place. w Network architecture design s Planning of BSC and MSC locations and their links w Frequency spectrum from license conditions
41
s Each department/team has to prepare its part of the project s Definition of required manpower and budget s Selection of project database (MatrixX)
Mobile Radio Network Planning
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43
ranking s If the reported site is accepted as candidate, then it is ranked according to its quality in terms of
q Radio transmission High visibility on covered area No obstacles in the near field of the antennas No interference from other systems/antennas q Installation costs Installation possibilities Power supply Wind and heat q Maintenance costs Accessibility Rental rates for object Durability of object
44
q Radio network engineer and transmission planner check electro magnetic compatibility (EMC) with other installed devices
45
s Call tests w RNEs define cell design data w Operations field service generates the basic software using the cell design CAE data
46
COF
A9155 PRC Generator Module
ACIE
Conversion
Turn On Cycle
w The network is launched step by step during the TOC w A single step takes typically two or three weeks
s Not to mix up with rollout phases, which take months or even years w For each step the RNE has to define TOC Parameter s Cells to go on air s Determination of frequency plan s Cell design CAE parameter w Each step is finished with the Turn On Cycle Activation s Upload PRC/ACIE files into OMC-R s Unlock sites
48
49
HW / SW Problem Detection
w Problems can be detected due to drive tests or equipment monitoring
s Defective equipment
q will trigger replacement by operation field service
50
51
Network Acceptance
w Acceptance drive test w Calculation of KPI according to acceptance requirements in contract w Presentation of KPI to the customer w Comparison of key performance indicators with the acceptance
targets in the contract w The customer accepts s the whole network s only parts of it step by step w Now the network is ready for commercial launch
52
Further Optimization
w Network is in commercial operation w Network optimization can be performed w Significant traffic allows to use OMC based statistics by
using A9156 RNO and A9185 NPA w End of optimization depends on contract and mutual agreement between Alcatel and customer s Usually, Alcatel is only involved during the first optimization activities directly after opening the network commercially
53
Coverage Planning
54
Contents
w w w w w w w w w w w
Introduction Geo databases Antennas and Cables Radio Propagation Path Loss Prediction Link Budget Calculation Coverage Probability Cell Range Calculation Antenna Engineering Alcatel BSS Coverage Improvement s Antenna Diversity s Repeater Systems s High Power TRX
55
Coverage Planning
Geo Databases
56
57
Contents
w Map Projection
s Different Map Projections: conical, cylindrical, planar/ azimuthal s Geodetic Datum: e.g. WGS 84 s Transverse Mercator Projection: e.g. UTM w Types of Geospatial Data s Creation of geospatial databases s Raster data: DEM /Topography, Morphostructure/ Clutter, Buildings s Vector data: airport, coastline, border line, buildings, etc. w Geocoordinate Transformation s Practical Applications
q Converting one single point q Compare to different geodetic datums q Converting a list of points
58
Geo Databases
Map Projection
59
60
61
Map Projection
Ellipsoid
e.g. WGS84, International 1924
Geodetic Datum
e.g. WGS84, ED50
Map Projection
Geocoordinate System
e.g. UTM
62
Geodetic Ellipsoid
Definition: A mathematical surface (an ellipse rotated around the earth's polar axis) which provides a convenient model of the size and shape of the earth. The ellipsoid is chosen to best meet the needs of a particular map datum system design. Reference ellipsoids are usually defined by semi-major (equatorial radius) and flattening (the relationship between equatorial and polar radii).
Mobile Radio Network Planning
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64
Geodetic Datum
w A Geodetic Datum is a Reference
System which includes: s A local or global Ellipsoid s One Fixpoint
Attention: Referencing geodetic coordinates to the wrong map datum can result in position errors of hundreds of meters
Mobile Radio Network Planning
Info: In most cases the shift, rotation and scale factor of a Map Datum is relative to the satellite map datum 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 WGS84.
65
w Cylindrical
Map Projection
Info: In 90% of the cases we will have a cylindrical projection in 10% of the cases a conical projection 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
66
Geo-Coordinate System
w To simplify the use of maps a
Cartesian Coordinates is used w To avoid negative values a s False Easting value and a s False Northing value is added w Also a scaling factor is used to minimize the projection error over the whole area
X = Easting Y = Northing
67
68
69
Middle-Meridian
70
UTM-System
(Universal Transverse Mercator System)
w 60 zones, each 6o (60 6o = 360o ) w 3o around each center meridian w Beginning at 180o longitude
(measured eastward from Greenwich)
71
UTM - Definitions
False Easting: 500 000 m (Middle-meridian x = 500 000 m) False Northing: Northern Hemisphere: 0 m Southern Hemisphere: 10 000 000 m Scaling Factor: 0,9996 (used to minimize the projection error over the whole area)
72
-6 -3
9 15 21 27 33 39Middle-Meridian
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
73
UTM-System (2)
w False origin on the central
meridian of the zone has an easting of 500,000 meters. values for the zone 900,000 meters
w All eastings have a positive w Eastings range from 100,000 to w The 6 Degree zone ranges from
166,667 to 833,333 m, leaving about a 0.5 overlap at each end of the zone (valid only at the equator) matching between zones
74
75
y = 5 400 099 m x = 513 629 m UTM-Zone: 32 Middle meridian: 9o (9o = 500 000 m False Easting)
76
Cone touches the ellipsoid => One standard parallel (1SP) (e.g. NTF-System in France)
Mobile Radio Network Planning
Cutting edges of cone and ellipsoid => Two standard parallels (2SP) (e.g. Lambert-Projection in Austria)
77
Geo Databases
78
79
Satellite imagery
Digitizing maps
Aerial photography
Geospatial data
80
Parameters of a Map
w Coordinate system w Map Projection
(incl. Geodetic Datum) w Location of the map (Area ) w Scale: s macrocell planning 1:50000 - 1:100000 s microcell planning 1:500 -1:5000 w Thematic w Source w Date of Production
Mobile Radio Network Planning
81
w Vector data
s Background data (x1,y1) (streets, borders, coastlines, etc. ) s Buildings
(xn,yn )
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83
Vectordata
w Vector mainly used are: airport, coastline,
highway, main roads, secondary roads, railway, rivers/lakes w Each vector contents (x s Info about kind of vector 1,y1 (e.g. street, coastline) ) s A series of several points Each point has a corresponded x / y -value (e.g. in UTM System or as Long/Lat) s Info about Map projection and used Geodetic Datum
(xn,yn )
84
85
86
Morphostructure (2)
w Besides the topo database the basic input w
for radio network planning Each propagation area has different obstacles like buildings, forest etc. Obstacles which have similar effects on propagation conditions are classified in morphoclasses Each morphoclass has a corresponding value for the correction gain The resolution of the morpho databases should be adapted to the propagation model Morpho correction factor for predictions: 0 dB (skyscapers") 30 dB (water")
w w w
87
Morphoclasses
Code 0
Mobile Radio Network Planning
Morphoclasses
Code 7
Mobile Radio Network Planning
90
Orthophoto
w Georeferenced Satellite Image w Resolution:
most 10 or 20 m w Satellite: e.g. SPOT, Landsat
91
Scanned Maps
w Mainly used as
background data w Not used for calculation but for localisation w Has to be geocoded to put it into a GIS (Geographic Information System) e.g. a Radio Network Planning Tool
92
Buildings
w Vectordata
s Outlines of
q single buildings q building blocks
93
Buildings (2)
w Microcell radio network planning
is mainly used in urban environment w The prediction of mircowave propagation is calculated with a ray-tracing/launching model w A lot of calculation steps are needed Optimum building database required (data reduction) to minimize the pre-calculation time
94
Traffic density
w Advantageous in the
interference calculation, thus for frequency assignment and in the calculation of average figures in network analysis w Raster database of traffic density values (in Erlangs) of the whole planning area w Resolution: 20...100 m
95
Geo Databases
Geocoordinate transformation
96
97
98
Input: Longitude: 9 deg 11 min 7.5 sec Latitude: 48 deg 45 min 13.5 sec Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984; Projection: Geodetic
Output: Values, which will Easting: 513549 m calculated by program Northing: 5403685 m Datum EUR-A: EUROPEAN 1950, Western Europe Projection: Universersal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Preset of this values necessary Zone: 32 ; Hemisphere: N (North)
Mobile Radio Network Planning
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Attention: For flat coordinates (e.g. UTM) as well as for geographic coordinates (Long/Lat) a reference called Geodetic Datum is necessary.
Mobile Radio Network Planning
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101
102
Optional: different error-infos, LatitudeLongitude UTM Hem Easti North depending on the input-data -Zo isp ng deg min sec deg min sec ne her (x) ing (y default: Unk=unknown e )
Mobile Radio Network Planning
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104
w Map Collection
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.html
105
Coverage Planning
106
Antenna Systems
w Antennas w Power divider w Cables (jumper) w Feeder cables w Connectors w Clamps w Lightning protection w Wall glands w Planning
Plugs 7/16 Sockets 7/16
Lightning rod
Tx
Antennas
Rxdiv
Mounting clamp Jumper cable Feeder installation clamps
Rx
Mechanical antenna support structure Jumper cable Earthing kit
Wall gland
Antenna Theory
w 50 is the impedance of the cable w 377 is the impedance of the air w Antennas adapt the different impedances w They convert guided waves, into free-space waves (Hertzian
waves) and/or vice versa
Z =50
Z =377
108
Antenna Data
w Polarization
s Specification due to certain wave polarization (linear/elliptic, cross-polarization) w Half power beam width (HPBW) s Related to polarization of electrical field s Vertical and Horizontal HPBW w Antenna pattern s Yields the spatial radiation characteristics of the antenna w Front-to-back ratio s Important for interference considerations
109
vertical
0 dB -3 dB
-10 dB
-10 dB
HPBW
main beam
110
EIRP
Effective isotropic radiated power: EIRP = Pt+Gain = 56 dBm Isotropic radiated Power Pt
V1 V2 = V1
Gain = 11dBi
Pt = 45 dBm
radiated power
111
s Dipole antennas
q Used for array antennas at base stations for increasing the directivity of RX and TX antennas
112
113
114
Dipole Arrangement
w Dipole arrangemen t Weighted
and phase shifted signals
Typical flat panel antenna
Dipole element
115
Omni Antenna
w Antenna with vertical HPBW for omni sites
s Large area coverage w Advantages s Continuous coverage around the site s Simple antenna mounting s Ideal for homogeneous terrain
w Drawbacks
s No mechanical tilt possible s Clearance of antenna required
116
X 65 T6 900MHz 2.5m
w Rural road coverage with mechanical uptilt w Antenna
s RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 872960 MHz s APX906516-T6 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 17.1 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 6.5 s Electrical downtilt: 6 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 2475 x 306 x 120 s Weight in kg: 16.6
117
X 65 T6 900MHz 1.9m
w Dense urban area w Antenna
s RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 872960 MHz s APX906515-T6 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 16.5 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 9 s Electrical downtilt: 6 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1890 x 306 x 120 s Weight in kg: 16.6
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning
118
X 90 T2 900MHz 2.5m
w Rural area with mechanical uptilt w Antenna
s RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 872-960 MHz s APX909014-T6 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 15.9 s Polarization: +/-45 s HPBW: 90 s VBW: 7 s Electrical downtilt: 6 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 2475 x 306 x 120 s Weight in kg: 15.5
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning
119
V 65 T0 900MHz 2.0m
w Highway w Antenna
s RFS CELLite Panel Vertical Polarized Antenna 872-960 MHz s AP906516-T0 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 17.5 s Polarization: Vertical s HBW: 65 s VBW: 8.5 s Electrical downtilt: 0 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1977 x 265 x 130 s Weight in kg: 10.9
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning
120
V 90 T0 900MHz 2.0m
w Rural Area w Antenna
s RFS CELLite Panel Vertical Polarized Antenna 872-960 MHz s AP909014-T0 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 16.0 s Polarization: Vertical s HBW: 65 s VBW: 8.5 s Electrical downtilt: 0 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1977 x 265 x 130 s Weight in kg: 9.5
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning
121
X 65 T6 1800MHz 1.3m
w Dense urban area w Antenna
s RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 1710-1880 MHz s APX186515-T6 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 17.5 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 7 s Electrical downtilt: 6 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1310 x 198 x 50 s Weight in kg: 5.6
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning
122
X 65 T2 1800MHz 1.3m
w Dense urban area w Antenna
s RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 1710-1880 MHz s APX186515-T2 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 17.5 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 7 s Electrical downtilt: 2 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1310 x 198 x 50 s Weight in kg: 5.6
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning
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X 65 T2 1800MHz 1.9m
w Highway w Antenna
s RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 1710-1880 MHz s APX186516-T2 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 18.3 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 4.5 s Electrical downtilt: 2 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1855 x 198 x 50 s Weight in kg: 8.6
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning
124
V 65 T2 1800MHz 1.3m
w Highway w Antenna
s RFS CELLite Panel Vertical Polarized Antenna 1710-1880 MHz s AP186516-T2 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 17.0 s Polarization: Vertical s HBW: 65 s VBW: 7.5 s Electrical downtilt: 2 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1310 x 198 x 50 s Weight in kg: 4.7
125
V 90 T2 1800MHz 1.9m
w Highway w Antenna
s RFS CELLite Panel Vertical Polarized Antenna 1710-1880 MHz s AP189016-T2 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 17.0 s Polarization: Vertical s HBW: 90 s VBW: 5.5 s Electrical downtilt: 2 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1855 x 198 x 50 s Weight in kg: 6.0
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning
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w Mechanical specification
s Cable weight kg\m: 0.53 s Minimum bending radius
q Single bend in mm: 120 q Repeated bends in mm: 250
127
w Mechanical specification
s Cable weight kg\m: 0.86 s Minimum bending radius
q Single bend in mm: 200 q Repeated bends in mm: 380
128
w Mechanical specification
s Cable weight kg\m: 1.26 s Minimum bending radius
q Single bend in mm: 200 q Repeated bends in mm: 508
129
s Connectors
q 7/16 DIN male/female q N male/female q Right angle
s Molded version available in 1m, 2m, 3m w Mechanical specification s Minimum bending radius
q Repeated bends in mm: 125
130
Coverage Planning
131
Propagation effects
w Free space loss w Fresnel ellipsoid w Reflection, Refraction, Scattering
s in the atmosphere s at a boundary to another material w Diffraction s at small obstacles s over round earth w Attenuation s Rain attenuation s Gas absorption w Fading
Mobile Radio Network Planning
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Reflection
w Pr = Rh/v P0 w Rh/v = f( , , , h)
R
h
R
v
horizontal reflection factor vertical reflection factor angle of incidence permittivity conductivity Pr surface roughness
P0
133
Refraction
w Considered via an effective
earth radius factor k
k = 4 /3 k =
k = 1 k = 2 /3
r a d i o p a th
k = 2/3
k = 1
tru e e a rth
k = 4/3
k =
134
Diffraction
w Occurs at objects which sizes are in the order of the wavelength w Radio waves are bent or curved around objects
s Bending angle increases if object thickness is smaller compared to s Influence of the object causes an attenuation: diffraction loss
135
Fading
w Caused by delay spread of original signal
s Multi path propagation s Time-dependent variations in heterogeneity of environment s Movement of receiver w Short-term fading, fast fading s This fading is characterised by phase summation and cancellation of signal components, which travel on multiple paths. The variation is in the order of the considered wavelength. s Their statistical behaviour is described by the Rayleigh distribution (for non-LOS signals) and the Rice distribution (for LOS signals), respectively. s In GSM, it is already considered by the sensitivity values, which take the error correction capability into account.
Mobile Radio Network Planning
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Fading types
w Mid-term fading, lognormal fading
s Mid-term field strength variations caused by objects in the size of 10...100m (cars, trees, buildings). These variations are lognormal distributed. w Long-term fading, slow fading s Long-term variations caused by large objects like large buildings, forests, hills, earth curvature (> 100m). Like the mid-term field strength variations, these variations are lognormal distributed.
137
-30
-40
-50
Fading hole
-60
-70 0.1 2.8 5.4 8.0 10.6 15.9 21.1 23.7 26.3 29.0 34.2 39.4 44.7 47.3 49.9 13.2 18.5 31.6 36.8 42.1
Distance [m]
Mobile Radio Network Planning
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Lognormal Fading
139
L freespace
Mobile Radio Network Planning
Fresnel Ellipsoid
w The free space loss formula can only be applied if the direct line-ofsight (LOS) between transmitter and receiver is not obstructed w This is the case, if a specific region around the LOS is cleared from any obstacles w The region is called Fresnel ellipsoid
141
Fresnel Ellipsoid
d1 d 2 r= d1 + d 2
Fresnel zone Transmitter LOS
LOS + /2
Mobile Radio Network Planning
142
BTS
1st Fresnel zone
MS
d2
d1
h0 = height of obstacle over line of sight d1, d2 = distance of obstacle from BTS and MS
h0 r
d1
Mobile Radio Network Planning
d2
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
143
144
GSM RNE Fundamentals Computers: the "Final Solution" for Wave Propagation Calculations?
w Exact field solution requires too much computer resources!
s Too much details required for input s Exact calculation too time-consuming Field strength prediction rather than calculation w Requirements for field strength prediction models s Reasonable amount of input data s Fast (it is very important to see the impact of changes in the network layout immediately) s Accurate (results influence the hardware cost directly) Tradeoff required (accurate results within a suitable time) Parameter tuning according to real measurements should be possible
145
CCIR Recommendation
w The CCIR Recommendations provide
various propagation curves s Based on Okumura (1968) s Example (CCIR Report 567-3):
Median field strength in urban area Frequency = 900 MHz hM = 1.5 m S Dashed line: free space
strength prediction models? Model which fits the curves in certain ranges Hata's model
was modified later by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST): COST 231 Hata/Okumura
146
Fresnel zone heavily obstructed near the mobile station 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 L ~ d3.7
147
Terrain Modeling
w Topography
s Effective antenna height s Knife edge diffraction
q single obstacles q multiple obstacles
148
Open area
Urban area
Open area
Fieldstrength
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2
150
te: When receiver antenna height equals 1.5m, a(hMS) is close to 0 dB regardless of freque
Mobile Radio Network Planning
151
w Formula is valid for frequency range: 1500...2000 MHz w Hatas model is extended for GSM 1800
s Modification of original formula to the new frequency range w For cells with small ranges the COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami model is more precisely
153
heff = f( , d, hBTS , hM ) S
154
155
Coverage Planning
156
Minimum Received Power PRX,m ,M = -102 dBm in S MS Antenna Gain GantM = 2 dBi S
Feeder Cable Loss Lcable = 3 dB Output Power at antenna connector 46.0 dBm ALCATEL EvoliumTM
Lprop,mx a
= EIRPBTS - PRX,m ,M in S
= 161.5 dB
157
Feeder Cable Loss Lcable = 3 dB Receiving sensitivity at ant. conn. -111 dBm ALCATEL EvoliumTM
MS TX Power 33 dBm
Max. allowed uplink propagation loss: Lprop,mx = EIRPM - PRX,m ,BTS = 157.5 dB a S in With antenna diversity gain of 3dB: Lprop,mx,AD = EIRPM - PRX,m ,BTS + GAD = 160.5 dB a S in With TMA compensating cable loss: Lprop,mx,AD,TM = EIRPM - PRX,m ,BTS + GAD + GTMA = 163.5 a A S in dB
Mobile Radio Network Planning
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RX Rec. Sensitivity Body/Indoor Loss Cables, Connectors Loss Antenna Gain Diversity Gain Interferer Margin Lognormal Margin 50% 90,9% Degradation (no FH) Antenna Pre-Ampl. Isotr. Rec. Power:
Uplink -104,0 3,0 11,0 3,0 3,0 8,0 0,0 0,0 -104,0 dBm dB dBi dB dB dB dB dB dBm
Downlink -102,0 4,0 2,0 2,0 3,0 8,0 0,0 -87,0 dBm dB dB dBi dB dB dB dBm
Max. Pathloss
Mobile Radio Network Planning
133,0
dB
133,0
dB
159
160
Electrical properties of wall material 20dB (3...30dB) Absorption of radio waves by the 3dB (0...8dB) human body Both signal-to-noise ratio and C/ I low 3 dB Receiving the minimum field strength According to with a higher probability probability
161
162
Additional attenuation in dB
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84
d
163
90
Indoor Penetration
w Depending on environment w Line-of-sight to antenna? w Interior unknown
general assumptions
-0.3 dB / floor (11th ... 100th floor)
Incident wave
Lindoor = 3 ... 15 dB
Incident wave
Lindoor = 13 ... 25 dB
Mobile Radio Network Planning
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Measured attenuation versus time for a test person walking around in an anechoic chamber
165
Calculation model
166
Indirect measured field strength penetrated into the head (horizontal cut)
167
Interference Margin
w In GSM, the defined minimum carrier-to-interferer ration
(C/I) threshold of 9 dB is only valid if the received server signal is not too weak. w In the case that e.g. the defined system threshold for the BTS of -111dBm is approached, a higher value of C/I is required in order to maintain the speech quality. w According to GSM, this is done by taking into account a correction of 3 dB.
168
169
Diversity Gain
w This designates the optional usage of a second receiver
antenna. w The second antenna is placed in a way, which provides some decorrelation of the received signals. w In a suitable combiner, the signals are processed in order to achieve a sum signal with a smaller fading variation range. w Depending on the receiver type, the signal correlation, and the antenna orientation, a diversity gain from 26dB is possible.
170
Lognormal margin
w Lognormal margin is also called fading margin w Due to fading effects, the minimum isotropic power is only received with a certain probability
e s Signal statistics, lognormal distribution with median power value Fmd and standard deviation (sigma) Without any margin, the probability is 50%, which is not a sufficient value in order to provide a good call success rate. w w A typical design goal should be a coverage probability of 90...95%. The following normalised table can be applied to find fading margins for different values of . The fading margin is calculated by multiplying the value of k (in the table) with the standard deviation: w Lognormal/FadingMargin=k .
-0.5
1.3
1.65
2.33
C overage Probability
0%
30%
50%
84%
90%
95%
97.7 %
99%
100 %
171
10 0
100 m
BS
172
Fthreshold
Fmdian e
]
173
F re c
= f(hBS , hM , f, r) + Kmr S o
Frec,md e
(r)
Pcov (r)= P(Frec (r) > Frec,thr ) 2 Pcov (r) dr! = 0.95 <Pcov (R)> = 0 R
R
F re , th c r
Coverage Probability
Pcov 0,95
(r)
1
0,5
0 R
Mobile Radio Network Planning
r
175
95%
Reference Pathloss [dB]
90%
155 150
Pcov
85%
Skyscrapers Dense urban Medium urban Lower urban Residential Industrial zone Forest Agricultural Low tree density Water Open area
80%
75%
Calculation conditions:
70% 0,0 1,5 3,0 4,5 6,0 7,5 9,0 10,5
d [km]
w w
1 BTS Omnidirectional antenna for both TX and RX Coverage Range R0 Coverage Area A0
ALCATEL EvoliumTM
TX
R0 A0
177
ALCATEL EvoliumTM
R0
RDiv
A0
Mobile Radio Network Planning
ADiv
178
sector omni
R0 Rsec,div
Asec,div
Mobile Radio Network Planning
180
w w w w
TX
w General:
Asec = g A0 g: Area gain factor
RXDIV
R0 Rsec,div,pre
Asec,div,pre
181
Coverage Planning
Antenna Engineering
182
Omni Antennas
w Application
s Large area coverage s Umbrella cell for micro cell layer
w Advantages
s Continuous coverage around the site s Simple antenna mounting s Ideal for homogeneous terrain
w Drawbacks
s No mechanical tilt possible s Clearance of antenna required s Densification of network difficult
183
Sector Antenna
w Antenna with horizontal HPBW of e.g. 90 or 65 w Advantages
Coverage can be focussed on special areas Low coverage of areas of no interest (e.g. forest) Allows high traffic load Additional mechanical downtilt possible Wall mounting possible w Drawbacks s More frequencies needed per site compared to omni sites s More hardware needed s Lower coverage area per sector s s s s s
Mobile Radio Network Planning
184
Typical Applications
w Wide horizontal beam width (e.g. 90)
s For areas with few reflecting and scattering objects (rural area) s Area coverage for 3-sector sites s Sufficient cell overlap to allow successful handovers
185
Antenna Tilt
w Downtilting of the Antenna main beam related to the
horizontal line w Goals: s Reduction of overshoot s Removal of insular coverage s Lowering the interference s Coverage improvement of the near area (indoor coverage) s Adjustment of cell borders (handover zones) w Mechanical / Electrical or Combined downtilt
186
Mechanical Downtilt
w Advantages
s Later adjustment of vertical tilt possible s Antenna diagram is not changed, i.e. nulls and side lobes remain in their position relative to the main beam s Cost effective (single antenna type may be used) s Fast adjustments possible
w Drawbacks
s Side lobes are less tilted s Accurate adjustment is difficult s Problems for sites with difficult access
Mobile Radio Network Planning
187
Electrical Downtilt
w Advantages
s Same tilt for both downtilt angle main and side lobes s Antenna mounting is more simple no adjustment errors
=0 =t =2t =3t
= delay time
w Drawbacks
s Introduction of additional antenna types necessary s New antenna installation at the site if downtilting is introduced s Long antenna optimization phase s Adjustment of electrical tilt mostly not possible
Mobile Radio Network Planning
188
Combined Downtilt
w Combination of both mechanical and electrical downtilt
s High electrical downtilt: Distinct range reduction in sidelobe direction (interference reduction) s Less mechanical uptilt in main beam direction
189
190
X A B
R2
0.5* R2
191
ai n
be am
de Si
lo
be
0.5* R2
192
193
Site C
Ma in b eam
Site D
in Ma m bea
Cell range R1
194
Antenna configurations
w Application of Duplexer
s Consists of a TX/RX Filter and a combiner one antenna can be saved w Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) s Increase Uplink Sensitivity s TMA needs to have TX bypass => in case of duplexer usage w Diversity s Space diversity s Polarization diversity
Rx/Tx
Duplex Filter
Tx Rx To BTS
195
Rx div
Rx
Tx
Pole mounting for wall or parapet mounting Tower mounting for omni antennas Tower mounting for directional antennas
196
197
198
HPBW = 8, = 2
P1dB
-101
n*200kHz
fuse
Mobile Radio Network Planning
fint f[MHz]
dH
Isolation [dB]
40 35 30 25 20 15
9. 7 10 .4 10 .8 11 .2 11 .6 12 12 .4 12 .8 13 .2 13 .6 14 14 .4 14 .8 15 .2 1. 7 2. 7 3. 7 4. 7 5. 7 6. 7 7. 7 8. 7
GSM1800 GSM900
Separation [m ]
201
dv
Mast
Isolation [dB]
GSM1800 GSM900
dm
IV =28+40log(d / [dB] ) V
202
Space Diversity
w Required separation for max. diversity gain = F( )
203
Power Divider
w Power dividers connect several
antennas to one feeder cable
w Power divider
s Also called "power splitter" or "junction box" s Passive device (works in both (transmit and receive) direction)
Pin 2 3 dB Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 3 Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 4 6 dB Pin 4 Pin 4
4.5 dB
Pin
Pin
Pin
205
206
207
208
of 4 Panel Antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 65 , gain = 12.5 dBi, mast radius = 1 m, mounting radius = 1.615 m
209
Feeders
w Technical summary w Inner conductor: Copper wire w Dielectric:
Low density foam PE copper tube Polyethylene (PE) black
Dielectric Jacket Inner conductor uter conductor O
210
Feeder Parameters
Type Minimum bending radius Jacket (outer diameter) Weight (m) Recommended clamp spacing Single bending LCF 1/2 LCF 7/8 LCF 1 5/8 70 mm 120 mm 300 mm Repeated bending 210 mm 360 mm 900 mm 16 mm 28 mm 49.7 mm 0.35 kg 0.62 kg 1.5 kg 0.6 m 0.8 m 1.2 m
GSM 900
Type
GSM 1800
GSM 1900
Attenuation Recommended Attenuation Recommended Attenuation Recommended / 100 m [dB] max length [m] /100 m [dB] max length [m] /100 m [dB] max length [m] LCF 1/2 6.6 45 10.3 30 10.6 28 LCF 7/8 4.0 75 6.0 50 6.3 47 LCF 1_5/ 8 2.6 115 4.0 75 4.2 71
212
213
Radiating Cables
w Provide coverage in Tunnels, buildings, along side tracks or lines w Principle: Radiate a weak but constant electromagnetic wave w Suitable for coverage over longer distances (Repeater) w Fieldstrength distribution more constant as with antennas
Repeater Terminating Load
F F
Thr
F F
Thr
214
Components of a radiating cable w Components are shown with black lines system
Nconnections
Tx BTS Rx
Radiating cable
Termination load
Jumper cabel
215
[dBm]
216
217
with
w Used antenna types s parabolic antenna s high performance antenna s horn lens antenna s horn antenna
Mobile Radio Network Planning
218
Parabolic antenna
w Parabolic dish, illuminated by a feed horn w w w w w w
at its focus Available sizes: 1 (0.3 m) up to 16 (4.8 m) Sizes over 4 seldom used due to installation restrictions Single plane polarized feed vertical (V) or horizontal (H) Also: dual polarized feeder (DP), with separate V and H connections (lower gain) Front-to-back ratios of 45 dB not high enough for back-to-back configuration on the same frequency Antenna patterns are absolutely necessary for interference calculations
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
219
220
Horn antennas
w Horn lens antenna
s For very high frequencies > 25 GHz s Replacement for small parabolic
antennas (1) s Same electrical data, but easier to install due to size and weight
sBig and heavy, requires a complex installation procedure sOnly used on high capacity microwave backbones (e.g. MSC-MSC interconnections)
Mobile Radio Network Planning
221
222
223
225
Feeders (1)
w Coaxial cables or waveguides (according to frequency) w Most important characteristic: loss and return loss w Coaxial cables
s Used between 10 MHz and 3 GHz s Dielectric material: foam or air s Parameters of common coaxial cables:
type
LCF 1/ 2 CU2Y LCF 7/ 8 CU2Y LCF 1 5/ 8 CU2Y
Mobile Radio Network Planning
dielectric
foam foam foam
diameter (mm)
16.0 28.0 49.7
loss (dB/100m)
10,9 / 2 GHz 13.8 / 3 GHz 6.5 / 2 GHz 8.5 / 3 GHz 4.4 / 2 GHz 5.6 / 3 GHz
Feeders (2)
w Waveguides
s Used for frequency bands above 2.7 GHz s Three basic types available: circular, elliptical and rectangular w Rigid circular waveguide s Very low loss s Supports two orthogonal polarisations s Capable to carry more than one frequency band s Usually, short components of this type are used s Disadvantages: cost, handling and moding problems
227
Feeders (3)
w Elliptical semiflexible waveguides
s Acceptable loss, good VSWR performance s Low cost and easy to install s Various types optimised for many frequency bands up to 23 GHz s Used for longer distances (easy and flexible installation) s Can be installed as a "single run" (no intermediate flanges)
type
EW 34 EW 52 EW 77 EW 90 EW 220
Mobile Radio Network Planning
loss /100 m
2.0 4.0 5.8 10.0 28.0
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
Frequency
4 GHz 6GHz 8GHz 11 GHz 23 GHz
228
Feeders (4)
w Solid and flexible rectangular waveguides w Solid rectangular waveguides
s Combination of low VSWR and low loss s High cost and difficult to install s Used for realising couplers, combiners, filters
type
WR 229 WR159 WR112 WR 90 WR 75
loss /100 m
2.8 4.5 8.5 11.7 15.0
Frequency
4 GHz 6GHz 8GHz 11 GHz 13 GHz
229
Feeders (5)
w Flexible rectangular waveguides
s Worse VSWR and losses than for solid waveguides s Often used in short lengths (<1 m), where position between connection points depends on actual installation place s Common applications: connection of microwave system to antenna (close together on rooftops or towers) for frequencies >13 Ghz
type
PDR140 PDR180 PDR220
Mobile Radio Network Planning
loss / m
0.5 1 2
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
Frequency
15GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz
230
231
s Negligible wave guide cost and easy installation s System gain is a function of antenna and reflector size, distance and frequency s Used above 4 GHz , because reflector size is prohibitive for lower frequencies
232
233
BSS BSS
BSC BSC
B T S B T S B T S B T S B T S
BSS
B T S
BSC
234
Air interface
TRX level
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
BCF level
235
Duplexer
Filter Filter LNA
Splitter
Duplexer
Filter Filter LNA
Splitter
WBC
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter
WBC
TX
RX
RX div
TX
RX
RX div
Rx div RX
TX
Rx div RX
TX
TRX 1
Mobile Radio Network Planning
TRX 2
TRX 3
TRX 4
236
Duplexer
Filter Filter LNA
Duplexer
Filter Filter LNA
Splitter
By-pass function
WBC
Splitter
By-pass function
WBC
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter
TX
RX
RX div
Rx div RX
TX
TRX 1
Mobile Radio Network Planning
TRX 2
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
237
WBC
Splitter Splitter
Splitter Splitter
WBC
TX
RX
RXdiv
TX
RX
RXdiv
Rxdiv RX
TX
Rxdiv RX
TX
TRX 1
TRX 2
TRX 3
TRX 4
w2 types of Any
For GSM 900 and GSM 1800, two versions each are available:
Band GSM 900 Variant 3BK 07237 AAxx 3BK 07237 ABxx GSM 1800 3BK 07245 AAxx 3BK 07245 ABxx
Mobile Radio Network Planning
Function Up to four standard TRX, up to two high-power TRX Up to four standard TRX, up to four high-power TRX Up to four standard TRX, up to two high-power TRX Up to four standard TRX, up to four high-power TRX
238
239
s RX Sensitivity: -111 dBm certified (GSM request: -104 dBm) s Synthesized Frequency Hopping as general solution
q Standard RF hopping mode q Pseudo baseband RF hopping mode
240
241
(1 R strictio s fo G M1 0 : ) e n r S 90 (1 ) U to + 5 a b n te p ra re p ssib if m xim m6 p 4 C m ie t m e tu o le a u M I5 B (2 ) L ita n to + 0 o e ise (+ 5 p ssib if p w r is re u e to 2 W( im tio 4 C th rw 4 C o le o e dcd 8 d )) B (2) N ingen ot eric list, but possible (ch w S or pro ct m ag en before use) eck ith D du an em t
Mobile Radio Network Planning
242
(1) Restrictions for GSM 1900: (1) Up to +45C ambient temperature possible if maximum 6 TREs in MBI3, 10 TREs in MBI5 (2) Limitation to +40C otherwise (+45C possible if power is reduced to 28W ( Pmax 2 dB)) (2) Not in generic list, but possible (check with SD or product management before use)
243
2x4 + 2x2 X X X X X (1) CBO for GSM 850 and GSM 1900 are planned for 2004. For availability, check with SD or the product management (authorization required). (2) CBO for GSM 1800 planned for Q4 2003 (check with SD)
244
3x14 X X X (1) CBO for GSM 850 and GSM 1900 are planned for 2004. For availability, check with SD or the product management (authorization required). (2) CBO for GSM 1800 planned for Q4 2003 (check with SD)
245
TRX Types
w This slide is referring only to Evolium macro BTS A9100 w Overview on TRX types of A9100 Evolium Evolution BTS
(G4)
M odu le nam e E olu ion S ep 1 v t t T GM R T DM R T DH R E olu ion S ep 2 v t t T AL R T AG R T AGH T AD R T ADH T AP R Ou pu pow t t er GM K S GS 900 M GS 1800 M GS 1800 M GS 850 M GS 900 M GS 900 M GS 1800 M GS 1800 M GS 1900 M 35 W t at s 35 W t at s 60 W t at s 45 W t at s 45 W t at s 60 W t at s 35 W t at s 60 W t at s 45 W t at s 45.44 dB m 45.44 dB m 47.78 dB m 46.53 46.53 47.78 45.44 47.78 46.53 dB m dB m dB m dB m dB m dB m 15 W t at s 15 W t at s 25 W t at s 12 W t at s 25 W t at s 25 W t at s 41.76 dB m 41.76 dB m 43.98 dB m 40.79 dB m 43.98 dB m 43.98 dB m 8P K S
246
247
248
249
Cabinet 2 4 TRX GSM 1800 4 TRX GSM 1800 4 TRX GSM 1800
Slave Slave Slave
Cabinet 3 4 TRX GSM 1800 4 TRX GSM 1800 4 TRX GSM 1800
Slave Slave Slave
250
Cell Split Example: Deployment of multi-band cells With cell split: With cell split:
BTS 1 BTS 1 BTS 2 4TRX 4TRX 4TRX GSM 900
BTS 1 cell1 4TRX cell2 4TRX cell3 4TRX
Mobile Radio Network Planning
4TRX 4TRX
2TRX 2TRX
cell1 cell2
- -No antenna reNo antenna recabling cabling - -No TRX moving No TRX moving - -Connection to Connection to the first BTS the first BTS while the BTS is while the BTS is working working - -Short service Short service interruption interruption during radio conf. during radio conf. change change Without cell split: Without cell split: - -Complete reComplete reconfiguration configuration
GSM 900
cell2
251
4TRX
4TRX Cell 3
GSM 900
Mobile Radio Network Planning
GSM 1800
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
253
254
4TRX 4TRX
BCCH
4TRX
255
256
257
3 Level Architecture
258
259
Technical Data
Frequency band A910 A9110 (2 TR X) (2 TR X) GSM 850, E-GSM, GSM 850, E-GSM, GSM900, GSM 1800, GSM GSM900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900 1900 Up to 4.5 W 7W -107 dBm Yes 55 C 130 W 54 litres 39.6 kg (incl. connection box) -110 dBm yes 55 C 145 W 54 litres 32.5
Tx output power (at antenna connector) Rx sensitivity Radio FH Temperature range (max.) Max. power consumption Size (volume) Weight
260
w Flexibility
s 6 Abis interfaces per SM module with integrated cross connect function s Integrated in BSC subracks (no cabling), 100% Alcatel s No BSC internal recabling for network extensions/modifications
w Compactness
s Maximum BSC configuration in three standard Alcatel 1000 S12 cabinets (90 cm width, 52 cm depth)
w Technology
s Two stage Alcatel 1000 S12 switching technology s Distributed processing in trunk control units and processing resources s Same application SW running on both BSC generations
Mobile Radio Network Planning
261
BSC Architecture
Abis TSU
TCUC TCUC
Ater TSU
DTCC DTCC DTCC DTCC DTCC DTCC DTCC
ASMB
AS
AS
DTCC
ASMB
TSL
Q1 bus
AS
TSCA CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC
Broadcast bus
GS Stage 2
Group Switch
GS Stage 2
GS Stage 2 A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU A-TER TSU A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU
AIRBAFFLE A-TER TSU GS Stage 1 TSCA A-TER TSU A-BIS TSU COMMON TSU Clock GS Stage 2
AIRBAFFLE A-TER TSU GS Stage 1 TSCA A-TER TSU A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU Clock GS Stage 2
AIRBAFFLE A-TER TSU GS Stage 1 TSCA A-TER TSU A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU Clock
Cabinet #1
Mobile Radio Network Planning
Cabinet #2
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
Cabinet #3
263
Coverage Planning
Coverage Improvement
264
Coverage Improvement
Antenna Diversity
265
Diversity
w Purpose
s Improvement in fading probability statistics s leads to a better total signal level or better total S/N ratio w Principle s Combining signals with same information from different signal branches
w Demands
s correlation between different signal branches should be low w Combining methods s Selection Diversity s Maximum Ratio Combining s Equal Gain Combining
266
w Principle
s selection of the highest baseband signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) or of the strongest signal (S+N) w Correlation of signal levels s a lower correlation between signal levels of different branches 0.4 improves the total signal level w Correlation of signal levels should be low
-90
0.1
0.2
0.3
Time [sec]
267
-100 Antenna 2
s a high difference in signal levels of two branches doesnt improve the total signal level w Difference in signal levels should be low
Antenna 1
0.1
Time [sec]
0.2
0.3
0.4
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
s best efficiency when the useful signal and the interfering signals come from different directions. w Requirements to benefit from this feature: s Hardware: G4 TRE (Edge capable TRX) installed in Evolium Evolution BTS step1 resp. step 2 (internal name: G3 resp. G4) s Software release: from B6.2 onwards s For a maximum gain: antenna engineering rules respected
q Correct antenna choice for the considered environment q Correct antenna spacings and orientations (in case of space diversity)
Mobile Radio Network Planning
275
276
dH RXA RXB
q horizontal q vertical
s Polarization Diversity
277
antennas
dH RXA RXB
RXB
dV
= 15 GSM900 GSM1800 =
278
279
280
Polarization Diversity
w Diversity gain in using orthogonal orientated antennas
Horizontal / vertical polarization: Hor/Ver Antenna Polarization of +/- 45: cross polarized antenna or Slant antenna
RXA RXB
Big Advantage: Only one panel antenna is required to profit from diversity gain using this configuration
Mobile Radio Network Planning
281
EX1
Ex2 or Eh
EX2
Ex1 or Ev
Time [sec]
282
Air Combining
w Features
s only one TX per antenna s combining signals "on air" and not in a combiner s 3dB combiner loss can be saved to increase coverage w Can be realized with s two vertical polarized antennas s one cross polarized panel antenna
TX1 TX2
TX1
TX2
283
V DUPL TX RXA
TX1 RX1 TX2 RX2 RX2D RX1D Air combining Recommended for Evolium BTS
284
285
286
287
3dB
2dB
288
289
Coverage Improvement
Repeater Systems
repeater BTS (donor cell)
290
Repeater Application
repeater BTS (donor cell)
291
292
Repeater Applications
w Coverage Improvement of Cells (Cell Enhancer)
s removal of coverage holes caused by
q topography (hills, ravines, ...) q man made obstacles
293
Repeater Types
w Channel selective repeaters
s high selectivity of certain channels s high traffic areas, small cell sizes w Band selective repeaters s adjustment to operators frequency band s no (accidental) usage by competitors
294
Tunnel
295
Personal repeater
Remote units
296
Planning Aspects
w Repeater does not provide additional traffic capacity
s risk of blocking if additional coverage area catches more traffic s possible carrier upgrading required w Repeater causes additional signal delay s delay: 4..8 s max. cell range of 35 km reduced by 1 to 2km s special care needed for total delay of repeater chain! s delayed signal and original signal could cause outage in urban environment if total delay exceeds 16 ... 22 s
297
298
Pback = Pin - 12 dB
isolation 90 dB
299
Intermodulation Products
w A Non-linear system
s produces higher-order intermodulation products as soon as output power reaches the saturation point w Parameter s 1 dB compression point s 3rd order intercept point (ICP3) s Intermodulation reduction (IMR) s Amplifier back-off w GSM900/GSM1800 requirements s IM products -36 dBm or s IM distance > 70 dBc whichever is higher
300
Different gains may be needed in Up- and Downlink if the sensitivity of the repeater is worse than the sensitivity of the BTS
Mobile Radio Network Planning
301
302
303
ANc
No-combining
Combining
ANc
No-combining
Combining
ANc
No-combining
Combining
ANc
No-combining
Combining
ANc
No-combining
Combining
ANc
No-combining
304
T R A HP
T R A MP
T R E
T R E
305
306
Contents
w Traffic Capacity w Network evolution w Cell structures w Frequency Reuse w Cell Planning - Frequency Planning w Interference Probability w Carrier types w Multiple Reuse Pattern MRP w Intermodulation w Manual Frequency Planning w BSIC Planning w Capacity Enhancement Techniques
Mobile Radio Network Planning
307
Traffic Capacity
n-1
(k+1)
308
Telephone System
subscriber 1 2 3 4 automatic switch line to PSTN sub 1 sub 2 sub 3 sub 4 time observation period, e.g. main busy hour (MBH)
blocked call attempts
Parameters: : : 1/ :
arrival rate [1/h] "offered" traffic = # of calls arriving in MBH release rate [1/h] mean holding time mean holding time [sec] = 1/ [Erlang]
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
309
w Handled Traffic, Traffic Capacity: T w Blocking Probability, Grade of Service (GoS): pblock = R / w System load: = T / n, i.e. T < n
310
Definition of Erlang
w ERLANG : Unit used to quantify traffic
T=
311
w ERLANG COMPUTATION
q TCH = (350 * 85)/3600 = 8,26 ERLANG q SDCCH = [ (350 + 350*3) * 4,5 ] / 3600 = 1.75 ERLANG
312
Definition of Erlang B
w ERLANG B LAW
w Relationship between
q Offered traffic q Number of resources q Blocking rate
313
314
Erlangs Formula
w How to calculate the traffic capacity T? w Basics: Markov Chain (queue statistics)
p0
p1
p2
2 3
pi
pn
n
no call establish ed
i channels occupied
n p block = n!
i i = 0 i!
n
315
316
TCH 7 14 22 29 37 44 52 59
Speech Traffic (Erlang B) 1% 2% 5% 2.501 2.935 3.738 7.352 8.2 9.73 13.651 14.896 17.132 19.487 21.039 23.833 26.379 28.254 31.64 32.543 34.682 38.557 39.7 42.124 46.533 46.039 48.7 53.559
Signalling Traffic (Erlang B) 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.439 0.535 0.701 2.051 2.311 2.73 2.051 2.311 2.73 6.721 7.258 8.099 6.721 7.258 8.099 12.243 13.011 14.204 12.243 13.011 14.204 18.205 19.176 20.678
317
Network Evolution
318
319
w With the growing amount of subscribers, the need for more w Possible Solutions:
s Installing more TRXs on the existing BTS s Implementing additional sites
w Discussion!
320
s More frequencies per site needed s Tighter reuse necessary decreasing quality
321
322
Cell Structures
323
324
325
1 4 7 10 11 5
2 6 8 12
3 D 9
326
327
328
3 5
6
Coverage Hole
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
Network Border
Mobile Radio Network Planning
Island
329
Frequency Reuse
330
332
w Aim:
Minimizing the frequency reuse for providing more capacity
w REUSE CLUSTER:
Area including cells which do not reuse the same frequency (or frequency group)
333
334
335
12
12
336
337
Reuse Distance
D = f R 3 RCS
1 f = 2 3 omnidirectional cells three - sectorized cells
reu se
cell A
dis
tan ce
interferer region
cell B
338
site A
C/I
Frec, B
site B
0
Mobile Radio Network Planning
distance
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
D
339
BCCH RCS
interferer region
TCH RCS
TCH RCS =
Mobile Radio Network Planning
26 7 BCCH 1Guard =6 3
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
340
341
Discussion
342
343
344
Conclusion
w In cellular mobile networks, the frequency reuse pattern has a
direct influence on the interference and hence the network quality w Regular hexagonal patterns allow the deduction of engineering formulas w In real networks, cell sizes and shapes are irregular due to s Variation in traffic density s Topography s Land usage
345
346
Interference Probability
347
P rec Prec, A
Received Power
Prec, B
C/ I
0
Mobile Radio Network Planning
R
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
dista nce
D
348
C/Ithr
C/Imed
C/I [dB]
0%
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
Interference Probability
Pint = P ( C/I < C/I P
in t th r
R
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
[%]
12 9 6 3 0 5 10 15
ARCS
20
25
ARCS
351
352
353
354
w TCH layers can be planned with a smaller REUSE w Inner zones of concentric cells are able to deal with the
smallest reuse in non hopping networks
355
s BCCH layer
356
GSM restrictions
w Intra site minimum channel spacing 2 w Intra cell minimum channel spacing 2 (ETSI recommends
3, but with Alcatel EVOLIUM capabilities this value can be set to 2) s constrains:
Frequencies fAx,fBx,fCx, must have at least 2 channels spacing Frequencies fx1,fx2,fx3, must have at least 3 channels spacing
f C1
,f C
,f C 2
. ,.. 3
fB
,f B
,f B
357
s Frequency planning must avoid fulfilling these equations s Both frequencies must be on the same duplexer s To avoid intra band IM inside GSM900 the following frequency separations shall be avoided:
q 75/112/113 channels
IM5
Mobile Radio Network Planning
IM3
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
358
359
restriction no 112/113 (IM3) and 75 (IM5) no 237/238 (IM3) no IM5 quality degradation measurable no no no 112/113 (IM3) and 75 (IM5) no no no dud2(high Power) -> no dupd -> 237/238
OUTSIDE Problem: Dual Band Colocated BTSs G3 900 G2/G3 1800 G2 900 w/o dupl G2 900 with dupl G2/G3 1800
Problem only for non hopping and BCCH carriers f(1800,t) - f(900,t) = f(900,r) no
G2/G3 1800 f(1800,t) - f(900,t) = f(900,r) 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
360
361
362
363
w For easy and fast frequency planning: use group assignment w Example:
18 channels, 2TRX per cell ARCS 9
364
5 6
7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
365
366
B4
B1
A4
A3
A2
367
w Separations should be avoided if possible! w As the BCCH has to be very clean, it is nevertheless
recommended to use a separated band and select a bigger reuse
368
369
370
BSIC Planning
371
BSIC allocation
w Together with the frequencies the Base Transceiver Station
Identity Code (BSIC) has to be planned
372
C
Neighbour Cell BCCH:24
A
Serving Cell BCCH:10 BSIC: any
373
Spurious RACH
w Bad BSIC planning can cause SDCCH congestion cause by
the spurious RACH problem, also known as Ghost RACH
w Both cells using the same BSIC and Training Sequence Code
TSQC, the HO access burst is understood by the cell B as a RACH for call setup
374
Summary
w For optimal usage of your frequency spectrum a good cell
design is essential w Use larger reuse for BCCH frequencies w Use spectrum splitting only when necessary
375
376
377
378
379
380
w Indoor coverage
s Adding micro cells indoor coverage s Adding macro cells indoor coverage
381
Radio Interface
382
Contents
w GSM Air Interface w Channel Coding w Performance Figures
383
Quality of Service
384
Radio Resources
Radio Spectrum Allocation
Frequency (FDMA)
(E)GSM: Fupper (n) = Flowr (n) + 45 MHz e 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 DCS: Fupper (n) = Flowr (n) + 95 MHz e
386
387
P t
Good spectrum efficiency Good transmission quality
388
radio channel
error correction
de-interleaving
decryption
demodulation
389
Speech Coding
wCoding algorithm: RPE-LTP
s Pre-computation s RPE = Regular Pulse Excitation
q Model of human voice generation
20 ms of coded speech
78 class 2 bits
robust to bit errors
390
Error Protection
Messages (signalling data)
184 bits
Class 1b
132 bits
Class 2
78 bits
Fire Code
18 4 4 4 0
Cyclic code
5 0
13 2
Tail bits
78
= 456 = 8 x 57
391
.... .
114 bits
114 bits
114 bits
114 bits
114 bits
114 bits
114 bits
114 bits
.... .
Addition of stealing flags
.... .
116 bits
116 bits
116 bits
116 bits
116 bits
116 bits
116 bits
116 bits
.... .
Mapping onto bursts
.... .
burst n+1
burst n+2
burst n+3
burst n+4
.... .
392
Encryption
Network
Algorithm A3
Ki Random number generator Authentica tion yes/no + SRES (32 bit)
Mobile station
Algorithm A3
Ki RAND RAND
AuC IMSI Ki
SIM Card
Algorithm A8
Kc (64 bit)
Algorithm A8
Kc
Algorithm A5
original data + encrypt ed data encrypt ed data
Algorithm A5
+ original data
393
Burst Structure
w A burst contains one data
"portion" of one timeslot w TDMA frame: time between two bursts with same timeslot number w The burst also consists of:
s Guard period (GP): allows for transition and settling times s Tail bits: allow for small shifts in time delay (synchronisation) s Stealing flags: to indicate FACCH (control channel) data s Training sequence: for equalization purposes
Normal Burst
TDMA frame = 4.615 ms
Data
GP 3 tail bits 57 bits
Training Sequence
1 26 bits 1 stealing flags
Data
57 bits 3 GP tail bits
394
Synchronisation
1
0 1 2 3 1 2 0 1 2
TT TT
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
TT
MS delay line setting
3
RACH
1 2
non-synchronized
synchronized
w Transmitted bursts need a travelling time (TT) to the receiver w For network access, the MS sends a (non-synchronized) shortened RACH burst w The BSS measures the TT and generates a timing advance value TA which is
transmitted to the MS
Mobile Radio Network Planning
395
Modulation
w Gaussian minimum shift keying
s Based on phase shift keying s Reduction of required bandwidth
q Maximum phase change during one bit duration q Baseband filtering to achieve continuous phase changes
cos
Data
x +
90
sin
x
to RF modulator
396
Propagation Environment
w Radio propagation is characterised by dispersive multipath caused by reflection and scattering w Moving MS causes Doppler spectrum Definition of propagation models in the time domain to allow channel simulations s TUxx (Typical Urban) s RAxx (Rural Area) s HTxx (Hilly Terrain) s xx = speed in km/h
397
Equalizing
w Purpose: equalize
distortions in transmission spectrum Adaptive filtering required
s Filter parameters determined out of the training sequence Filter parameters change from burst to burst
0.1
BER
0.01
398
399
Speech Quality
BER >0.01 <0.005 <0.0025 <0.0003 <0.0001 Quality Thresholds:
9 dB no communicationC/I: Ec/No: 8 dB bad BTS (GSM900): -104 dBm marginal HH (GSM900): -102 dBm good BTS (GSM1800): -104 dBm excellent HH (GSM1800): -100 dBm
400
w Variation of BER1 over C/I w Parameter: Ec/N0 w How to find a quality figure?
s BER1 for marginal speech quality: 0.25% required C/I 9 dB for TU50 environment s but: signal must not be close to noise floor!
TU50
C/I [dB]
Mobile Radio Network Planning
401
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
Fading holes
-70 0.1 2.8 5.4 8.0 10.6 13.2 15.9 18.5 21.1 23.7 26.3 29.0 31.6 34.2 36.8 39.4 42.1 44.7 47.3 49.9
402
D istance [m ]
Mobile Radio Network Planning
Ec/N0 [dB]
403
Quality of Service
Channel Coding
0 12 3 4 5 6 70 12 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 3 4
...
...
404
End system
w Definition in GSM recommendations: layers 1 to 3 Notion of "Physical" channels and "Logical" channels
Mobile Radio Network Planning
405
406
Synchronisation burst
TB 3 39 data bits 64 bit training sequence 39 data bits TB GP 3 8.25
Access burst
TB41 bit synchronisation 8 sequence
Mobile Radio Network Planning
36 data bits
TB 3
Logical Channels
Traffic channel Control channel
408
409
.......
.......
time
.......
to the same timeslot number! w Bursts are transmitted and received every TDMA frame duration (4.616 ms)
410
TC H
up/downlink 0
TCH TCH TCH TCH
SDCCH
downlink 0
SDCC H0 SDCC H0 SACCH5 SACCH1
downlink 0
FCCH SCH
uplink
RAC H RAC H RAC H
uplink
uplink
BCCH
BCCH
BCCH
RAC H RAC H
RAC H RAC H
CCC H
CCC H
CCCH
SACCH0
SACCH2
10
FCCH SCH
FCCH SCH
TCH TCH
10
SDCC H2
SDCC H2
SACCH7
SACCH3
12 SACCH
TCH SDCC H3 SDCC H3
CCC H
CCC H
CCCH
RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
CCC H
CCC H
CCCH
SDCCH0
20
FCCH SCH
FCCH SCH
FCC H SCH
20
SDCC H1 SDCC H5 SDCC H5 SDCCH1
CCC H
SDCC H0
SDCCH0
25 0
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH 12 SACCH TCH TCH TCH SACCH1 SACCH5 SACCH0 SACCH4 SDCC H6 SDCC H6
SDCC H2
SDCCH2
CCC H
SDCC H1
SDCCH1
SDCC H3
SDCCH3
30
FCCH SCH
FCCH SCH
FCC H SCH
30
SDCC H7
SDCC H7
CCC H
SDCC H2
SDCCH2
SDCC H4
SDCCH4
CCC H
SDCC H5
SDCCH5
SDCC H3
40
FCCH SCH
FCCH SCH
40
SDCC H6 SACCH2 SACCH6 SDCCH6
CCC H
SACC H0
SDCCH7
CCC H
SACC H1
SACCH0
SACCH4
50
RAC H
50
25
411
TB 3
57 data bits
57 data bits
TB GP 3 8.2 5
412
Quality of Service
Performance Figures
413
414
Abbreviations
415
416
MA
K SI MA MDA MFA R C
E N
Data Load Segment Direct Memory Access Dual Rate Frame Unit Discontinuous Reception (GSM TS) Digital Switching Element Digital Switching Network Discontinuous Transmission (GSM TS) Digital Trunk Controller (Type: DTCA, DTCC) Data Terminal Equipment Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution Extension interface Element Management Level Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory European Telecom Standard Institute Functional and Protective Earth Full Rate (GSM TS)
417
R Frame Relay (Telecom) HLR RDN Frame Relay Data Network (Telecom) HMI U Frame Unit (BTS) HO W Firmware HR GCR Group Call Register HW GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node (GPRS) IDR GMLC Gateway Mobile Location Center ILCS GMM GPRS Mobility Management (GPRS) IMT GMSC Gateway Mobile Switching Center IND GPRS General Packet Radio Service IP GPU GPRS Packet Unit ISDN GS-1 Group Switch of stage 1 (BSC) IT GS-2 Group Switch of stage 2 (BSC) LA GSL GPRS Signalling Link LAC GSM Global System for Mobile Communications LAN GSM TS GSM Technical Specification LED HAL Historical Alarm List (O&M) LEO HDSL High rate Digital Subscriber Line LCS HDLC High Level Datalink Control
Mobile Radio Network Planning
PCH PCM PCU PDCH PDN PDU PLL PLMN PMA PMC
Paging CHannel (GSM TS) PSTN Pulse Coded Modulation PTP-CNLS Packet Control Unit (GPRS) Packet Data CHannel QoS Packet Data Network (Telecom) Protocol Data Unit (generic terminology) RA RACH Phase Locked Loop RAM Public Land Mobile Network RCP Prompt Maintenance Alarm (O&M) RLC Permanent Measurement Campaign RLP (O&M) RML PPCH Packet Paging CHannel (GPRS) PRACH Packet Random Access CHannel (GPRS) RNO RNP Prec Received Power PRC Provisioning Radio Configuration (O&M) RSL PSDN Packet Switching Data Network (Telecom)
420
421
Transceiver Time Slot Technical Specification (GSM TS) Time Space Switch Transmission Sub-System Controller A (BSC) Terminal Sub Unit (BSC) Terminal Unit (BSC) UpLink Universal Mobile Transmission System Unstructured Supplementary Services Data Voice Broadcast Service Voice Group Code Service Visitor Location Register Visited PLMN Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (BTS) Wide Area Network Wireless Application Protocol Wide Band Combiner
422