CHAPTER 23

HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

EXERCISES
1.

Ice point = 20 (L0) L1 = 32

Steam point = 80 (L100)
L1 L 0
32 20
100 =
T=
100 = 20C
L100 L 0
80 20

2.

Ptr = 1.500 10 Pa
4
P = 2.050 10 Pa
We know, For constant volume gas Thermometer

3.

2.050 10 4
P
273.16 K =
273.16 = 373.31
Ptr
1.500 10 4
Pressure Measured at M.P = 2.2 Pressure at Triple Point
2.2 Ptr
P
273.16 =
273.16 = 600.952 K 601 K
T=
Ptr
Ptr

4.

Ptr = 40 10 Pa, P = ?

T=

T = 100C = 373 K,

T=

P
273 .16 K
Ptr

T Ptr
373 49 10 3
3
=
= 54620 Pa = 5.42 10 pa 55 K Pa
273.16
273.16
P1 = 70 K Pa,
P2 = ?
T2 = 373K
T1 = 273 K,
P=

5.

T=
T2 =

6.

7.

8.

9.

P1
273.16
Ptr
P2
273.16
Ptr

273 =
373 =

70 10 3
273.16
Ptr

P2 273

70 273.16 10
Pice point = P0 = 80 cm of Hg
Psteam point = P100 90 cm of Hg
P0 = 100 cm
P P0
80 100
100 =
100 = 200C
t=
90 100
P100 P0

V
T0
T0 = 273,
V V
V = 1800 CC,
V = 200 CC
1800
273 = 307.125 307
T =
1600
Rt = 86; R0 = 80;
R100 = 90
R t R0
86 80
t=
100 =
100 = 60C
R100 R 0
90 80

T =

R at ice point (R0) = 20

R at steam point (R100) = 27.5
R at Zinc point (R420) = 50
2
R = R0 (1+ + )
2
R100 = R0 + R0 +R0
R0
R
2
100
= +
R0
23.1

Ptr

70 273.16 10 3
273

P2 =

373 70 10 3
= 95.6 K Pa
273

23.Heat and Temperature

27.5 20
= 100 + 10000
20
7 .5

= 100 + 10000
20
50 R 0
2
2
R420 = R0 (1+ + )
= +
R0

50 20
3
= 420 + 176400
420 + 176400
20
2
7 .5
3

= 100 + 10000

420 + 176400
20
2
5
L1 = ?,
L0 = 10 m,
= 1 10 /C,
t= 35
5
4
L1 = L0 (1 + t) = 10(1 + 10 35) = 10 + 35 10 = 10.0035m
t1 = 20C, t2 = 10C, L1 = 1cm = 0.01 m, L2 =?
5
steel = 1.1 10 /C
5
4
L2 = L1 (1 + steelT) = 0.01(1 + 101 10 10) = 0.01 + 0.01 1.1 10
4
6
6
6
= 10 10 + 1.1 10 = 10 (10000 + 1.1) = 10001.1
2
=1.00011 10 m = 1.00011 cm
5
= 11 10 /C
L0 = 12 cm,
tw = 18C
ts = 48C
5
Lw = L0(1 + tw) = 12 (1 + 11 10 18) = 12.002376 m
5
Ls = L0 (1 + ts) = 12 (1 + 11 10 48) = 12.006336 m
L12.006336 12.002376 = 0.00396 m 0.4cm
2
d1 = 2 cm = 2 10
t1 = 0C, t2 = 100C
5
al = 2.3 10 /C
2
5
2
d2 = d1 (1 + t) = 2 10 (1 + 2.3 10 10 )
= 0.02 + 0.000046 = 0.020046 m = 2.0046 cm
5
Lst = LAl at 20C
Al = 2.3 10 /C
5
st = 1.1 10 /C
So, Lost (1 st 20) = LoAl (1 AI 20)

10.
11.

12.

13.

14.

(a)

Lo st
(1 Al 20)
1 2.3 10 5 20
0.99954
=
=
=
= 0.999
Lo Al
(1 st 20)
0.99978
1 1.1 10 5 20

(b)

Lo 40st
(1 AI 40)
1 2.3 10 5 20
0.99954
=
=
=
= 0.999
Lo 40 Al
(1 st 40)
0.99978
1 1.1 10 5 20

Lo Al 1 2.3 10 5 10
0.99977 1.00092

=
= 1.0002496 1.00025
Lo st
273
1.00044

Lo100 Al
(1 Al 100 )
0.99977 1.00092
=
=
= 1.00096
Lo100St
(1 st 100 )
1.00011
15. (a) Length at 16C = L
L=?
T1 =16C,
5
= 1.1 10 /C
5
L = L = L 1.1 10 30

T2 = 46C

L
L
% of error =
100 % =
100 % = 1.1 105 30 100% = 0.033%

L
2
(b) T2 = 6C

L
L

5
100 % =
100 % = 1.1 10 10 100 = 0.011%
% of error =
L
L

23.2

23.Heat and Temperature

3

16. T1 = 20C,
L = 0.055mm = 0.55 10 m
6
st = 11 10 /C
t2 = ?
We know,
L = L0T
In our case,
3
6
0.055 10 = 1 1.1 I 10 (T1 +T2)
3
3
0.055 = 11 10 20 11 10 T2
T2 = 20 + 5 = 25C
or 20 5 = 15C
The expt. Can be performed from 15 to 25C
3
3
4C = 1 g/m
17. 0C=0.098 g/m ,
4 C
1
1
0C =
0.998 =
1 + 4 =
1 T
1 4
0.998

1
1 = 0.0005 5 104
0.998
-4
As density decreases = 5 10
18. Iron rod
Aluminium rod
LAl
LFe
8
8
Fe = 12 10 /C
Al = 23 10 /C
Since the difference in length is independent of temp. Hence the different always remains constant.
(1)
LFe = LFe(1 + Fe T)
LAl = LAl(1 + Al T)
(2)
LFe LAl = LFe LAl + LFe Fe T LAl Al T
L Fe

23
= Al =
= 23 : 12
L Al
Fe
12
4+=

19. g1 = 9.8 m/s ,

T1 = 2

l1

T2 = 2

g1

Steel = 12 10
T1 = 20C
T1 = T2
2

g2 = 9.788 m/s

l1
g1

= 2

l2
g2

= 2

l1(1 T )
g

/C
T2 = ?

l1(1 T )
g2

1 12 10 6 T
1
=
9 .8
9.788
9.788
6

1 = 12 10 T
9 .8

l1
l (1 T )
= 1
g1
g2

9.788
6
= 1+ 12 10 T
9 .8
0.00122
T =
12 10 6
T2 = 101.6 + 20 = 81.6 82C

T2 20 = 101.6
20. Given
dAl = 2.000 cm
dSt = 2.005 cm,
6
6
S = 11 10 /C
Al = 23 10 /C
ds = 2.005 (1+ s T) (where T is change in temp.)
6
ds = 2.005 + 2.005 11 10 T
6
dAl = 2(1+ Al T) = 2 + 2 23 10 T
The two will slip i.e the steel ball with fall when both the
diameters become equal.
So,
6
6
2.005 + 2.005 11 10 T = 2 + 2 23 10 T
-6
(46 22.055)10 T = 0.005
T =

0.005 10 6
= 208.81
23.945
23.3

Steel
Aluminium

23.Heat and Temperature

Now T = T2 T1 = T2 10C [ T1 = 10C given]
T2 = T + T1 = 208.81 + 10 = 281.81
21. The final length of aluminium should be equal to final length of glass.
Let the initial length o faluminium = l
l(1 AlT) = 20(1 0)
6
6
l(1 24 10 40) = 20 (1 9 10 40)
l(1 0.00096) = 20 (1 0.00036)
20 0.99964
l=
= 20.012 cm
0.99904
Let initial breadth of aluminium = b
b(1 AlT) = 30(1 0)
b =

30 (1 9 10 6 40)

(1 24 10
22. Vg = 1000 CC,
VHg = ?

40)

30 0.99964
= 30.018 cm
0.99904

T1 = 20C
4
Hg = 1.8 10 /C
6
g = 9 10 /C

T remains constant
Volume of remaining space = Vg VHg
Now
Vg = Vg(1 + gT)
(1)
VHg = VHg(1 + HgT)
(2)
Subtracting (2) from (1)
Vg VHg = Vg VHg + VggT VHgHgT
Vg
Hg
1.8 10 4
1000

=
VHg
g
VHg
9 10 6
VHG =

9 10 3

= 500 CC.
1.8 10 4
3
23. Volume of water = 500cm
2
Area of cross section of can = 125 m
Final Volume of water
4
3
= 500(1 + ) = 500[1 + 3.2 10 (80 10)] = 511.2 cm
The aluminium vessel expands in its length only so area expansion of base cab be neglected.
3
Increase in volume of water = 11.2 cm
3
Considering a cylinder of volume = 11.2 cm
11.2
Height of water increased =
= 0.089 cm
125
24. V0 = 10 10 10 = 1000 CC
3
T = 10C,
VHG Vg = 1.6 cm
6
6
g = 6.5 10 /C,
Hg = ?,
g= 3 6.5 10 /C
(1)
VHg = vHG(1 + HgT)
Vg = vg(1 + gT) (2)
VHg Vg = VHg Vg + VHgHg T Vgg T
6
1.6 = 1000 Hg 10 1000 6.5 3 10 10

1.6 6.3 3 10 2
4
4
= 1.789 10 1.8 10 /C
10000
3
3
25. = 880 Kg/m ,
b = 900 Kg/m
3
T1 = 0C,
= 1.2 10 /C,
3
b = 1.5 10 /C
The sphere begins t sink when,
(mg)sphere = displaced water
Hg =

23.4

23.Heat and Temperature

V g = Vb g
b

1
1 b

880
900
=
1 1.2 10 3
1 1.5 10 3
3
3
880 + 880 1.5 10 () = 900 + 900 1.2 10 ()
3
3
(880 1.5 10 900 1.2 10 ) () = 20
3
(1320 1080) 10 () = 20
= 83.3C 83C
L = 100C
A longitudinal strain develops if and only if, there is an opposition to the expansion.
Since there is no opposition in this case, hence the longitudinal stain here = Zero.
1 = 20C, 2 = 50C
5
steel = 1.2 10 /C
Longitudinal stain = ?
L
L
Stain =
=
=
L
L
5
4
= 1.2 10 (50 20) = 3.6 10
2
6
2
A = 0.5mm = 0.5 10 m
T1 = 20C, T2 = 0C
5
11
2
s = 1.2 10 /C,
Y = 2 2 10 N/m
Decrease in length due to compression = L
(1)
Stress
F L
FL
Y=

=
L =
(2)
Strain
A L
AY
Tension is developed due to (1) & (2)
Equating them,
FL
F = AY
L =
AY
-5
5
11
= 1.2 10 (20 0) 0.5 10 2 10 = 24 N
1 = 20C,
2 = 100C
2
6
2
A = 2mm = 2 10 m
6
11
2
steel = 12 10 /C,
Ysteel = 2 10 N/m
Force exerted on the clamps = ?

26.

27.

28.

29.

F

A = Y F = Y L L = YLA = YA
L
Strain
L
11
6
6
= 2 10 2 10 12 10 80 = 384 N
30. Let the final length of the system at system of temp. 0C =
Initial length of the system = 0
When temp. changes by .

Strain of the system = 1 0

total stress of system

But the total strain of the system =
total young' s mod ulusof of system
Now, total stress = Stress due to two steel rod + Stress due to Aluminium
= ss + s ds + al at = 2% s + 2 A
Now young modulus of system = s + s + al = 2s + al

23.5

1m

Steel
Aluminium
Steel

23.Heat and Temperature

Strain of system =

2 s s s al
2 s al

0
2 s s s al
=
0
2 s al

1 al al 2 s s
= 0

al 2 s

31. The ball tries to expand its volume. But it is kept in the same volume. So it is kept at a constant volume.
So the stress arises
P
V
=BP= B
= B
V
V

v
11

= B 3 = 1.6 10 10 3 12 10 (120 20) = 57.6 19 5.8 10 pa.

32. Given
0 = Moment of Inertia at 0C
= Coefficient of linear expansion
To prove, = 0 = (1 + 2)
Let the temp. change to from 0C
T =
Let R be the radius of Gyration,
2
0 = MR
where M is the mass.
Now, R = R (1 + ),
2
2
2
2
Now, = MR = MR (1 + ) = MR (1 + 2)
2 2
[By binomial expansion or neglecting which given a very small value.]
(proved)
So, = 0 (1 + 2)
33. Let the initial m.. at 0C be 0

K
= 0 (1 + 2)
T = 2

(from above question)

At 5C,

T1 = 2

0 (1 2)
= 2
K

At 45C,

T2 = 2

(1 90 )
0 (1 2 45)
= 2 0
K
K

T2
=
T1

1 90
=
1 10

1 90 2.4 10 5
1 10 2.4 10

0 (1 25)
(1 10 )
= 2 0
K
K

1.00216
1.00024

T
2
% change = 2 1 100 = 0.0959% = 9.6 10 %
T

1
T2 = 50C,
T = 30C
34. T1 = 20C,
5
= 1.2 10 /C
remains constant
V
V
(II) =
(I) =
R
R
5
Now, R = R(1 + ) = R + R 1.2 10 30 = 1.00036R
From (I) and (II)
V V
V

=
R R
1.00036R
V = 1.00036 V
(1.00036 V V )
2
% change =
100 = 0.00036 100 = 3.6 10
V

23.6