2009 Third UKSim European Symposium on Computer Modeling and Simulation

Door Sensors for Automatic Light Switching System

S. S. S. Ranjit, A. F. Tuani Ibrahim, S. I MD Salim, and Y. C. Wong
Faculty of Electronics Engineering and Computer Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) Durian Tunggal, Malaysia email: ranjit.singh@utem.esu.my, fayeez@utem.edu.my, sani@utem.edu.my and ycwong@utem.edu.my
Abstract Door sensor for automatic lighting control is widely being developed for energy saving and security purposes. An infrared door sensor based on electrical and electronics combinational circuit technology is used to develop the automatic light switching system. The automatic light switching system will lead to energy saving and efficient energy usage which could benefit every single individual. Furthermore, the system is developed with safety enviroment when switching ON or OFF the light during the room occupancy or unoccupancy. Apart from safety enviroment, it also comprises manual switching in case user needs to have light during the day. Basically, this system is designed to be installed in the restroom. Keywords- Door sensor lighting control; Light control switching; Energy saving system; Manual switching

I.

INTRODUCTION

Conservation of energy such as lighting is considered a serious concern at national and worldwide level. Lights are usually controlled by ON and OFF switches which are connected to 240 Volt Alternate Current (VAC). Continuous lighting in empty rooms without any occupant cost unnecessary waste of energy. In particular, the power consumption lighting in a typical house is a factor which cant be ignored. A typical home user needs different type of light intensities at each location. Sometimes the light intensity from outside source is considered sufficient and the users do not need to turn on the light source. But there are situations where sometimes users turn on the light and leaves without turning off the light. These factors are considered one of the reasons that cause unnecessary energy wasting. Thus, indirectly causes increment in the utility cost. Therefore some alternatives are needed to control the energy conservation in a location in order to save energy and reduce the utility cost. Due to the rising energy costs, negative energy usage and unawareness of optimization of energy usage, there is continuous effort to develop energy saving systems. Based on these facts, there are numbers of lighting management system that have been developed to reduce the energy conservation. II. RELATED AND CURRENT TECHNIQUES

Lights which are connected to a specific device remotely controlled by Personal Computer (PC) are one of the light management system that has been developed
978-0-7695-3886-0/09 $26.00 2009 IEEE DOI 10.1109/EMS.2009.75 574 575 573

[1-4]. However, this system is said to be energy consuming because requires a computer 24-hours a day as controlling mechanism [1-4]. Furthermore, this system will cost extra expenditure to users as they have to purchase a computer and special installation is required such as hardware and software integration to control the lights. Bai Ying Wen and Ku Yi Te developed the Home Light Control Module (HLCM) using the pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensor circuit, light sensor circuit, microprocessor and Radio Frequency (RF) module [5]. This system detects human presence in a location to turn ON or OFF the controlled lights. Additionally, HLCM system controls the light intensity during daylight. In San Francisco, an electronically controlled lighting system was demonstrated to the public for energy saving purpose. This system applies scheduling, day-lighting, tuning and lumen maintenance to perform energy saving strategy. After operating for nine months, 50 percent energy saving was achieved compared to the previous usage [6]. Automatic light switching system deploys a light controlling mechanism that provides energy saving and security advantages [7]. This system is designed to reduce the energy billing cost and indirectly increases the lamp life span. Electronic sensors and microprocessor-based energy controllers are used as inputs to the centralized system to detect the human presence and for security purposes [8]. The electronic sensors will detect the presence of humans, activity or task being performed and contribution available from daylight. Microprocessor is used to automatically control the lighting intensity during the respond to daylight. Another system that was developed involves the GLE device to power the lighting circuit based on the push button mounted at each floor [9]. The lighting will be turned OFF after a period of adjusted delay time given to the lighting circuit. When the lighting circuit is powered, built in relay system will be activated without having to turn ON the power switch [9]. This process is always repeated each time the push button is pressed. One of the most common applicable devices is automatic light sensor switch [10]. This is a simple device that switches ON any lighting system in the evening and switch OFF in the morning during daylight [11]. This system works based on direct connection to the three electrical wires in the fluorescent light. This light sensor

device is placed away from the light source to avoid the light to fall directly on the sensor photocell device [11]. Based on the study, energy saving system is important to reduce unused energy waste and to help utilize the maximum energy used during peak demands. Furthermore, all energy saving system leads to help the consumer to reduce the utility costing. Additionally, these systems could indirectly help to prolong the lamps life span. The automatic lighting system also serves as presecure system. As we know, users are often caught of electric shock when they try to switch ON or OFF the light. This fact brought our attention to develop an automatic light switching system which is necessary for safety condition. At the same time, this system is capable of performing energy saving and efficient energy usage [12, 13]. In this paper, we propose a development for automatic light switching system using infrared door sensors. This system is designed to be placed in an individual room and home restroom. Basically, individual room can be referred to lecturers room. Sometimes lecturers will be rushing or they unintentionally forget to switch OFF their rooms light. This will lead to unnecessary energy waste and increases the universitys utility cost. In the meantime, this system provides security for home users especially during and after using the restroom. The automatic light switching system will switch ON the restroom light during occupancy. This system comprises two infrared sensors and an electronic latch control circuit to control the automatic light switching system. Infrared transmitter and receiver sensors are placed at the door and door frame to automatically switch the lighting system upon opening the rooms door. Based on the infrared control circuit system the desired light is maintained switched ON when the rooms door is closed during occupancy. The electronic latch control circuit can be adjusted to automatic switching, depending on the environmental intensity of day light. When the door opens after occupancy, the electronic latch control circuit sends a signal that switches OFF the lights of that room immediately when the transmitter and receiver of infrared control sensors system are connected. The automatic light switching system also uses the Light Dependent Resistance (LDR) to reduce the electric energy use during sufficient daylight. This will help to reduce the utility bill during sufficient daylight. Both control systems uses common electronic components as this helps to simplify and reduce the costing of developing the automatic light switching system control circuit. Statistically it is estimated that accident that involves electricity shock can be reduced and energy consumption in homes and offices could be reduced compared to usual by using manual light control. Based on this short description any investment in a Door Sensor for Automatic Light Switching System will yield quick returns. Not only it has a secure system

which is more convenient and efficient but also could avoid energy wastage. III. OPERATION OF DOOR SENSOR FOR AUTOMATIC LIGHT SWITCHING SYSTEM This system uses the Light Dependent Resistance (LDR) to control the switching ON and OFF of the lighting system during day. The LDR is directly connected to the 240V AC supply. Based on the LDR characteristic, when there is daylight falling on the LDR, it will disconnect the auto switching connection to the Door Sensor for Automatic Light Switching System. At this stage, users will have to turn ON the lighting system manually. This condition explains there is sufficient daylight for the room. The load at the LDR is connected to the command point of the 240V AC relay. While the normally close connection at the relay is connected to Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB). The MCB is connected to the relay at the latch circuit to control the automatic output switching load. Besides that, relays are used to control the automatic and manual load switching. Fig. 1 describe the characteristics of the LDR which is used in this project. Light

LDR
Figure 1. Light Dependent Resistance (LDR).

An LDR acts as an input transducer (Sensor), which converts brightness (light) to resistance. It is made from Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) and the resistance increases as the brightness of light falling on the LDR increases. START

240V AC

9V DC

12V DC

240V AC

Figure 2. Overall connection of Door Sensor for Light Switching System.

Fig. 2 flowchart shows the overall connection for the Door Sensor for Automatic Light Switching System. Based on Fig. 2, the circuit have been divided into three output; 9V DC, 12V DC and 240V AC. The 9V DC is connected to the electronic latch control circuit, 12V DC is connected to the transmitter and receiver infrared control sensors circuit and 240V AC is connectd to the

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main control circuit which connects the whole lighting system. Fig. 3 shows the flowchart for 12V DC connections for the transmitter and receiver infrared sensors control circuit. At the transmitter circuit, the Integrated Circuit (IC) 555 is used to generate a high signal to the infrared transmitter. The voltage supply to the IC is 12V DC. However, the infrared receiver will receive the high signal transmitted from the infrared transmitter and will trigger the transistor base. The transistor here operates as a switch to control the input signal to the IC 555 at receiving circuit. The output voltage from the IC 555 will be directly connected to the transistor base. Here, the relay will be triggered when the transistor base is triggered. The relay connections act as electronic switch to switch ON the output load (lighting system). Basically, when the infrared transmitter and receiver disconnected it completes the circuit connection and the relay will operates to trigger the output load (lighting system).

system only will switched OFF when the relay is triggered high again for the second input high (2). At this condition the 5V DC supply to the relay is disconnected and the relay output goes low.

9V DC LATCH CIRCUIT

NO

DOOR OPEN?

YES

12V DC INFRA-RED SENSOR CIRCUIT

LIGHT

Figure 4. Connection of latch control circuit.

TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER INFRA-RED

Input
NO DOOR OPEN?

1 1 1

2 2

Output

Figure 5. Timing diagram for latch control circuit.

YES LATCH CIRCUIT

Figure 3. Transmitter and receiver infrared sensors control circuit.

IV. IMPLEMANTATION OF DOOR SENSOR FOR LIGHT SWITCHING SYSTEM FOR ENERGY SAVING AND SAFETY ENVIROMENT This Door Sensor for Automatic Light Switching System is suggested to be implement at the single lecturers room and restrooms door in order to improve energy saving, efficiency, security and convenience. Based on the illustration in Fig. 6, the transmitter infrared sensor is placed on the door and receiver infrared sensor is placed on the door frame at the opening angle. The control system circuit is placed at the side of the door frame with a small hole to let the LDR to function. The implementation of a sample installation for one door in one restroom is shown in Fig. 6. Altogether, two infrared sensors are installed at the restrooms door.

Fig. 4 shows the connection for latch control circuit. 9V DC supply is used to activate the latch control circuit (IC 4013BP). The latch control circuit supplies the input voltage to trigger the relay and hold the input value from the latch circuit to switch on the output load (lighting system). Fig. 5 illustrates the input high (1) occurs when the connection to the transmitter and receiver infrared sensor is not inline together (door open). This indicates the transistor base is high voltage and will trigger the relay output . At this time, light will switched ON. The system will hold high input as high delay time. The
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System. The developed automatic light switching system will automatically switch ON the lights during lecturers occupancy in his room and switch OFF the lights when the lecturer leaves his room.
TABLE I LECTURERS ROOM OCCUPANCY HOURS

Figure 6. Simple installation of door sensor light switching system.

V. METHODOLOGY TO TEST DOOR SENSORS FOR AUTOMATIC LIGHT SWITCHING SYSTEM Simple model design of a single room has been developed to perform energy saving test. Fig. 7 shows a simple model developed to implement the Door Sensor for Automatic Light Switching System. Assumption is made that this model represents a single lecturers room.

We assume in a single lecturers room there are four fluorescent lights. Each fluorescent light consume 40 Watt (W) power consumption. Table II shows the electric energy usage without using the automatic light switching system.
TABLE II ELECTRICITY INSTALLATION BILLING WITHOUT SYSTEM

1 Fluorescent Light = 40 W Let say, 1 room have 4 Fluorescent Light 40 W 4 = 160 W Assume, Electric energy usage = 10 hours / day 10 hours 60 minutes = 600 minutes / day Electric energy tariff = 1st 200 KiloWatt (KW) = RM 0.218 = 2nd 200 KW = RM 0.334 = 3rd 500 KW = RM 0.286 160 W 600 minutes = 96 KW For 10 hours usage

Figure 7. Single room model design.

Cost of Electricity = 96 KW RM 0.218 = RM 20.93 5 days usage = 10 hours 5 (working days) = 50 hours 60 minutes = 3000 minutes 5 days usage = 160 W 3000 minutes = 480 KW Cost of Electricity = 1st 200KW RM 0.218 = RM43.60 = 2nd 200KW RM 0.334 = RM 66.80 = 3rd 80KW RM 0.286

This model is tested based on a lecturers timetable. Basically, lecturers room light will be left switched ON during their lecture, tutorial and laboratory hours. VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Table I shows the hours of occupancy for a lecturer in his room during week days. The occupied status shows that the lecturer stays in his room and conducts his own task for the day. While the unoccupied status shows that the lecturer attends lectures, tutorials and laboratory sessions. The model developed in Fig. 7 is used to evaluate the developed Door Sensor for Automatic Light Switching

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= RM 22.88 Total cost for 5 working days = RM 133.28 Total cost for one month = RM 133. 28 4 weeks = RM 533.12
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REFERENCES
Changseok Bae, Jinho Yoo, Kyuchang Kang, Yoonsik Choe, and Jeunwoo Lee, Home server for home digital service environments, IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 2003, vol 49, pp. 1129-1135, Nov. 2003. A. Z. Alkar, and U. Buhur, An Internet Based Wireless Home Automation System for Multifunctional Devices, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 11691174, Nov. 2005. Yu-Ping Tsou, Jun-Wei Hsieh, Cheng-Ting Lin, and Chun-Yu Chen, Building a Remote Supervisory Control Network System for Smart Home Applications, IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2006, ICSMC '06, vol. 3, pp. 1826-1830, Oct. 2006. A. R. Al-Ali and M. Al-Rousan, Java-based home automation system, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 50, no. 2, pp.498-504, May 2004. Y. W. Bai and Y. T. Ku, Automatic Room Light Intensity Detection and Control Using a Microprocessor and Light Sensors, IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics 2008, vol 54, No 3, pp 1173 - 1176, August 2008. R. Francis, S. Micheal, and V. Rudolph, 50% Energy Saving With Automatic Lighting Control, Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, vol. 2, pp. 2004-2008, October 1990. B. C. Hydro, Automatic Lighting Control for Energy Savings, Guides to Energy Management, 1990. K. M. Yanev, A. I. Litchev, and P. Van Otten, Automatic Light Control for Efficient, Domestic Use of Energy, pp. 71 75, 2003. Automatic staircase lighting switch GLE 4, Technical data (unpublished). W. S. Levine "The Control Handbook" IEEE Press, pp.14131458, 1998. Automatic Light Sensor Switch, Technical data (unpublished). Yandina Limited, Automatic Anchor Light Switch, (unpublished). D.C. Ramsay "Engineering Instrumentation and Control" ELBS, 1997, pp. 166-177. W. C. Brown Drafting for Industry, The Goodheart- Willcox Company, Inc., pp 435-467, 1998.

Table II show the calculation for electricity used for 5 days without using the automatic light switching system. The amount is calculated based on continues lighting in the room. Table III shows the electric energy usage when the automatic light switching system is installed on the lecturers room. Table III presents the electricity usage during the occupancy hours.
TABLE III ELECTRICITY INSTALLATION BILLING WITH SYSTEM

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[4]

[5]

Monday = 9 hours 60 minutes = 540 minutes Tuesday = 5 hours 60 minutes = 300 minutes Wednesday = 4 hours 60 minutes = 240 minutes Thursday = 4 hours 60 minutes = 240 minutes Friday = 6 hours 60 minutes = 360 minutes 5 days usage = 28 hours 60 minutes = 1680 minutes 5 days usage = 160 W 1680 minutes = 268.8 KW Cost of Electricity = 1st 200KW RM 0.218 = RM 43.60 = 2nd 68.8 KW RM 0.334 = RM 22.98 Total cost for 5 working days = RM 66.58 Total cost for one month = RM 66.58 4 weeks = RM 266.32

[6]

[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

Based on the calculation in Table II and Table III, the automatic light switching system could save approximately 50 percent of the user utility bill. This figure is for a one single lecturers room, if there are more room installed with this energy saving system, more saving can be achieved and reduce the utility cost. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for financial support of this research.

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