Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, Moscow, Russia, August 1821, 2009 197

Using High Impedance Ground Plane for Improving Radiation in Monopole Antenna and Its Unusual Reection Phase Properties
S. M. Abootorabi, M. Kaboli, S. A. Mirtaheri, and M. S. Abrishamian K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Iran

Abstract This paper introduces High Impedance Electromagnetic Surfaces and investigates
the performance of monopole antenna embedded on a High Impedance Ground plane. The HIS has an obvious surface wave Band Gap. Suppression of surface wave is used to improve antennas radiation pattern and Back lobe level reduces. For producing HIS we use periodic structures. Simulation and measurement results have good agreement. 1. INTRODUCTION

When natural or synthetic periodic structures interact with electromagnetic waves fascinating phenomena is observable. For example characteristic such as frequency band gap can be identied [1, 2]. These periodic structures operate in the high frequency and microwave frequency range. Within the Band Gap, surface waves which are present in many situations will not support. This property is very useful in antennas. We can replace metal normal ground plane with this surface to reduce undesirable backward radiation. These periodic structures are referred to HIS (High Impedance Surface), EBG (Electromagnetic Band Gap), HIGP (High Impedance Ground Plane) and other designations.
2. EBG DESIGN

The basic High Impedance Surface is shown in Figure 1. It consists of a at metal sheet covered with an array of metal protrusions on a dielectric substrate which are connected to the lower conducting surface by metal plated vias [3]. To adjust the optimal design to the required frequency, the size of the squared EBG unit cell is designed as follows: t = 2.4 mm, d = 0.6 mm, a = 7.2 mm, g = 1.2 mm and r = 2.55. According to our knowledge there is no accurate formula to calculate frequencies of the Stop Band. One procedure is extracting the dispersion diagram. The dispersion diagram or -f can be calculated from the unit cell and applying a periodic boundary condition on the sides of the unit cell to follow a periodic structure extending to innity and PML boundary condition on the top wall as shown in Figure 2(b). Two dimensional eigen mode solutions for Maxwells equations are solved for the Brillouin zone [4, 5]. In the present work, a commercially available simulation tool based on nite element method has been used. Figure 2(a) shows the simulated dispersion diagram. A complete band gap between rst mode and the second mode, from frequency 4.6 GHz to 7.9 GHz can be seen.

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Figure 1: Geometry of EBG structure (a) perspective view (b) top view. 3. REFLECTION PHASE

One of the attractive properties of EBG structures is the reection phase, which is of special interest. The reection phase is dened as the phase of reected electric eld at the reecting surface. It is normalized to the phase of the incident electric eld at the reecting surface. Unlike

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frequency [GHz]

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Band Gap

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Figure 2: Dispersion diagram of the EBG structure having 7.2-mm square patches with a substrate of r = 2.55 and height of 2.4-mm (b) unit cell of the EBG structure.
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Figure 3: Reection phase of the EBG structure (b) return loss of monopole when its length is 0.245, 0.25 and 0.27.

perfect electric conductors which have 180 reection phase and perfect magnetic conductors which have 0 reection phase for normal incident plane wave, the reection phase of these structures changes continuously from +180 to 180 versus frequency [6]. By modelling a unit cell with periodic boundary condition on side walls and running a parametric sweep using an incident wave excitation at dierent frequencies the reection phase can be calculated from eld results in HFSS. Due to the procedure and formulas which are used in reference [7], reection phase of the EBG structure with the same parameters of preceding session was obtained with HFSS and it is observed in Figure 3(a). Now one question arises: where is the suitable frequency band? For this purpose, instead of normal metal ground plane, the EBG structure has been used for a monopole antenna. The length of monopole antenna has been changed from 0.245 to 0.27 and each time return loss of the antenna was obtained (the frequency of simulation is 5 GHz). With a deeper look in reection phase diagram and return loss we can guess the suitable frequency band for monopole antenna. As we seen from Figures 3(a) and 3(b), the suitable frequency band is overlap of input match frequency and where the reection phase has a quantity between 90 45 .
4. MONOPOLE ANTENNA

Monopole antenna is one of the benecial antennas in communication, it is established on a ground plane which is always nite and its edges make undesired eect on radiation pattern. In addition

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to space waves the antenna generates surface waves in the ground plane which radiate when they reach edges and corners [8]. Combination of radiation from the wire and the edges of ground plane causes a multipath nulls and lobes at various angles. In this manner thus, the monopole antenna was examined on normal ground plane and also on high impedance surface of the same size. Dimension of the ground plane was 2 2. Simulation and measurement results will be seen ahead. In Figure 4 radiation pattern of monopole antenna over normal metal ground plane for 6 GHz frequency can be observed. As we see from radiation pattern of the gure, there are ripples in forward direction and a signicant amount of power is wasted in back lobes. There are good agreements with measurement and simulation results as shown in Figure 4. Now if normal metal ground plane is replaced with high impedance ground plane of the same size (Figure 5), good results will be obtained. Dimensions of the EBG structure are as before, except that in this case, height of the substrate is 1.58 mm. As we know driven currents can exist on any reective surface, they dont propagate on high impedance ground plane. All the induced currents are restricted to a region around antenna and they dont reach edges of the ground [9]. Surface current density in the case of normal metal ground plane and high impedance ground plane was obtained by HFSS and the results are shown in Figure 6. So absence of multipath interference leads to a smoother radiation pattern and less wasted power in back lobes. In Figure 7(a), we can see the measurement results for return loss of monopole antenna on normal metal ground plane and high impedance ground plane. Comparison of patterns on normal metal ground plane and HIGP in 6 GHz frequency which are obtained by HFSS simulation could be seen in Figure 7(b). As we see, due to suppression of surface waves in the band gap, a signicant amount of power that is wasted in back lobes reduces about 8 dB, also radiation power in forward direction increases about 10 25 dB in some directions. There are good agreements with measurement and simulation
HFSS Measurement 60 40 30 150 20 10 180 0 30

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Figure 4: Comparison of simulation and measurement results for radiation pattern of monopole on normal plane at 6 GHz frequency.

Figure 5: Monopole antenna above HIGP.

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Figure 6: Surface current density (a) normal ground plane (b) HIGP.

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results in the case of high impedance ground plane in 6 GHz frequency as shown in Figure 7(c). The band gap for this EBG structure was obtained from 5.09 to 7.9 GHz. Now if operational frequency of the antenna is outside of the band gap, high impedance ground plane acts like normal metal ground plane. Radiation pattern of monopole antenna on normal metal ground plane and high impedance surface at 8 GHz frequency is observed in Figure 8(a). Due to existence of surface
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Figure 7: (a) measurement results for return loss of monopole antenna on normal plane and HIGP (b) comparison of patterns on normal metal ground plane and HIGP in 6 GHz frequency (c) measurement and simulation results in the case of high impedance ground plane.
Normal plane EBG plane HFSS Measurement HFSS Measurement

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Figure 8: (a) Comparison of patterns on normal metal ground plane and HIGP in 8 GHz frequency (b) comparisons of simulation and measurement results on normal plane (c) comparisons of simulation and measurement results on HIGP.
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Figure 9: Simulation results for radiation patterns of monopole antenna on normal ground and HIGPP at 6 GHz frequency dimension of the ground plane is taken 1 1.

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waves outside of the band gap, high impedance ground plane has no eect. In Figures 8(b) and 8(c) comparisons of simulation and measurement results for radiation pattern of monopole antenna on normal metal ground plane and HIGP at 8 GHz frequency are observed. Eects of the ground plane dimension and number of square patches have also been investigated. This time, dimension of the ground plane is taken 11. Simulation results for radiation patterns of monopole antenna on normal ground and HIGPP at 6 GHz frequency are compared in Figure 9. As we see smaller ground plane and fewer numbers of square patches will have less eect of improving radiation pattern.
5. CONCLUSION

As was shown in this study, the EBG structure can be used as a ground plane for monopole antenna. Radiation power in forward direction increases about 10 25 dB and the power wasted in back lobes reduces about 8 dB. Simulation and measurement results have good agreement with each other. Reection phase of these structures has a unique property. It is changing continuously from +180 to 180 with frequency. It has been observed that where the reection phase has a quantity between 90 45 is very close to input match frequency band. Eect of HIGP dimension and the number of square patches have also been investigated and we saw that more number of square patches will have a better eect of improving radiation pattern.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was supported by Iran Telecommunication Research center.

REFERENCES

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