1. Abbreviation is the process and the result of forming a word out of the initial elements (letters,morphemes)of a word combination.

2. Acronym is a pronounceable name made up of a series of initials letters or parts of words. 3. Affixations is coining a new word by adding an affix or severals affixes to some root morpheme. 4. Allomorph is any of phonological representations of a single morpheme. 5. Amelioration or elevation occurs as a word loses negative connotations or gains positive ones. 6. Antonyms are words,which have in their meaning a qualitative feature and can therefore be regarded as semantically opposite. 7. Archaism is a word or expression characteristic of an earlier period of a language and not in ordinary use. 8. Back-formation is the way of word building when a word is formed by dropping the final morpheme to form a new word. 9. Barbarism are words of foreign origin which have not entirely been assimilated into the English language and for which there are corresponding English equivalents. 10. Blending is the way of word building when a word is formed by joining together the beginning and the end of two other words 11. Cliche is a atereotyped expression mechanically reproduced in speech. 12. Clipping is the process and the result of curtailing(the cutting off of a part )off a word to one or two syllables . 13. Cockey english is an urban regional and class dialect,spoken by the middle and lower class speakers in London. 14. Colloquialism is a word or phrase appropriate to conversation and other informal situation. 15. Composition is the way of word building when is formed by joining two or more stems to form one word. 16. Compound is a word formed from two existing words or combining forms. 17. Connotative meaning or connotation is the range of further associations that a word or phrase suggests in addition to its straightforward dictionary meaning. 18. Conversion or zero suffixation consists in making a new wor from some existing word by changing the category of a part of speech,the morphemic shape of of the original word remaining unchanged. 19. Conversives are semantically opposed words that denote the same referent or situation as viwed from different points of view. 20. Denotative meaning or denotation is the expression of the main meaning,meaning proper of a linguistic unit in contrast to its connotation. 21. Dictionary is a book listing words of a language with their meanings and often with data regarding pronunciation,usage and /or origin. 22. Ellipsis is omission of parts of a word or sentence. 23. Encyclopaedia is a book,often in many volumes,containing articles on various topics,often arranged in alphabetical order,dealing either with the whole range of human knowledge or with one particular subject.

24. Etimological doubles are pairs of words more or less similar in meaning and phonation,appearing in language as the result of borrowing from the same source at different times. 25. Euphemism is the use of substitute word in an attempt to replace or mask the negative connotations of the normal word for a certain object or action. 26. Folk etymology is a popular but erroneous conception of the origin of a word. 27. Generalization or widening or meaning is the extension of semantic capacity of a word in the course of its historical development 28. Glossary is an alphabetical list of terms peculiar to a field of knowledge with definitions or explanations. 29. Grammatical meaning is the meaning of a word by reference to its function within a sentence rather than to a world outside the sentence. 30. Homographs are hords different in sound and meaning but accidentally identical in spelling. 31. Homonims are two or more words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning,distribution and origin. 32. Homophones are words of the same sound but of different spelling and meaning. 33. Hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration used for effect. 34. Hypernym or superordinate is a word the meaning of which includes the meaning of another word of words. 35. Hyponym is a word whose meaning is include in that of another word. 36. Infix is an affix inserted into the middle of a word. 37. Inflection is a change in the form of a word,usually,modification or affixatin,signalling change in such grammatical function as tense,voice,mood,gender,number,or case. 38. Initialism is an abbreviation pronounced as the names of the individual letters. 39. International words are words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from one ultimate source. 40. Irony is the humorous or mildly sarcastic use of words to imply the opposite of what they normally mean. 41. Jargon is terminology that relates to a specific activity ,profession,or group,and is difficult for others to understand. 42. Learners dictionary is any wordbook designed as an aid to various users,both native and foreign,studyng a language from various angles. 43. Lexical meaning is the meaning of a word in relation to the physical world or to abstract concepts,without reference to any sentence in which the word may occur. 44. Lexicography is the science of dictionary compiling. 45. Lexicology is the part of linguistics which deals with the vocabulary and characteristic features of words and word-groups. 46. Litotes is a transfer of the meaning when the speaker expresses the affirmative by the negation of its contrary. 47. Loan translation or calque is the adoption by one language of a phrase or compound word whose components are literal translations of the components of a corresponding phrase or compound in a foreign language.

48. Loan word or borrowing is a word taken over from another language an modified in phonemic shape,spelling,paradigm or meaning according to the stands of the English language. 49. Local dialects are varieties of the English language peculiar to msome districts and having no normalized literary form. 50. Metaphor is a transfer of name based on the association of similarity and thus is actually a hidden comparison. 51. Metonymy is the substitution of a word referring to an attribute for the thing that is meant. 52. Monosemy is the fact of having only a single meaning;absence of ambiguity in a word. 53. Morpheme is the smallest indivisible two-facet language unit. 54. Motivation is the relationship existing between the phonemic or morphemic composition and structural pattern of the word on the one hand,and its meaning on the other. 55. Native word is a word,which belongs to the original English stock , as known from the earliest available manuscripts of the old English perios . 56. Neologism is a word or word combination that appears or is specially coined to name a new object or express a new concept. 57. Nonce word is a word coined for a single occasion. 58. Onomatopoeia or sound imitation is the way of word building when words are made by imitating different kinds of sounds that may be produced in nature. 59. Paradigm is the system showing a word in all its word forms. 60. Pejoration or degradation occurs as a word develops negative connotations or loses positive ones. 61. Phraseological units are non motivated word groups that cannot befreely made up in speech but are reproduced as ready made units. 62. Poliysemy is the existence of several meanings in a single word. 63. Prefix is an affix that precedes in the sterm to which it is attached. 64. Professionalism are the words used in a definite trade or profession by people connected by common interests both at work and at home. 65. Proverb is a short familiar epigrammatic saying expressing popular wisdom,a truth or a moral lesson in a concise and imaginative way. 66. Reduplication is the way of word building when a word is formed by doubling a sterm ,either without any phonetic changes or with a variation of the root vowel or consonant. 67. Root is a morpheme with lexical meaning that is not further subdiviisible into another morphemes with lexical meaning. 68. Semantic field is a set of lexical itemsin which the meaning of each is determined by the co-presence of the others. 69. Semantic loan is the development in an English word of a meaning due to the influence of a related word in another language. 70. Semasiology or semantics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of meaning,changes in meaning,and the principles that govern the relationship between sentences or words and their meanings.

71. Sentence relation are the interrelation of word seses. 72. Slang is a variety of language used in certain contexts by means of which people express their sense of belonging to a particular group within the community. 73. Sound interchange is the way of word building when some sounds are changed to form a new word. 74. Specialization or narrowing of meaning is the restriction of the semantic capacity of a word in the course of its historical development. 75. Standart English is that form of English which is current literary,substantially uniform and recognized as acceptable wherever English is spoken or understood. 76. Sterm is that part of the word which remains unchanged throughout its paradigm and to which grammatical inflection and affixes are added. 77. Substantivation or adjectives is the result of ellipsis when a word combination with a semantically strong attribute loses its semantically weak noun. 78. Suffix is an affix lollows the sterm to which it is attached. 79. Synonyms are two or more words belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotative meanings. 80. Term is any word or word group used to name a notion characteristic of some special field of klowledge,industry or culture. 81. Variants are regional varieties of the English language possessing a literary form. 82. Word is the smallest isolable meaningful element of the language. 83. Word family is a set of semantically related words.