Problem 1 Effects of Immigration

Definition: the act of moving to or settling in another country or region where you were not born; a person involved in this is called an emigrant.

Identification of the problem

Immigration is the movement of people from one place to another. It can occur within a country or international. For example, within a country people move from rural to urban or by viceversa. Internationally, it can occur between countries for war or personal reasons. Most people migrate from a less developed country to a developed country hoping for a better way of life. For example, many Mexicans move to USA, many Indians move to Britain and many Turks move to Germany. This increases the population of the developed country and decreases the population of the less developed country.

Effects on population
Immigration causes many problems such as crime, crowding and cultural difference within a city. Crime occurs because the immigrants dont have a proper education, therefore they dont get a comfortable income, and therefore it turns to crime to make money. For example, steeling, breaking into houses, drugs and prostetution. When immigrants move into a city they move to places that there are people which are from their culture. This means that there are parts of the city that are dominated by race. For example, in New York the China Town is dominated by Chinese people. This causes stereotypes which create conflict between racists within a city. There are many jobs within a city so this makes many people migrate there which causes crowding and over population. This leeds to large amount of traffic which leads to stress and conflict.

China Town
Reasons for immigration:
1. 2. 3. 4. Political freedom Religious tolerance Diseases Economic oppotunity better life better job more money

1. Political freedom is the right or the capacity, of self-determination, as an expression of the individual will. Therefore when the population doesnt have a political freedom there is a high chance of people migrating to other countries who does have. 2. Religious tolerance is when a government displays religious toleration when it legally permits or does not interfere with religious activities associated with religious orders other than the state religion. Therefore people who doesnt have the same religion as the state will migrate to countries which does have. 3. Diseases such as bird flu which is present today and from the past like potato famine will cause people migrate for their own goodness and health to other countries to be free from disase and go out without worries. 4. Economic oppotunity is the most common reason why people migrate to nearby countries. They hope for a better way of life by having a good job, good quality houses and more entertainment. However these reasons which make people migrate can cause a lot of problems in their new city like crowding, race and cultural difference.

Case Study Indians in Britain

There has been some substantial immigration from other parts of the world to Britain such as the Indians migrating to Britain mainly for better jobs. Indians began arriving in the UK in large numbers after their country gained independence in 1947. High population and unemployment are some of the factors which have been put forward as the effects of the movement of Indians to Britain.

Case Study Irish in America

In the 19th century, the United States had so many people entering the country. The main reason why everybody wanted to go to USA was that there were lots offers of jobs and lands for farms. During the period 1820 and 1920 over 4,400,000 people emigrated from Ireland to the United States. In 1840 Ireland had been the most densely populated country in Europe. The Irish immigrated to America for several reasons, one of them was the potato famine that killed over a million. By the 1850's Irish immigration was growing quickly because the potato famine disease was killing more people. Most Irish settled in New Hampshire or Pennsylvania. They wanted to be in an area where there were people from their culture. The Irish, in their large numbers, were looked upon as a overflow on society. They were not liked, because it was generally thought that they took too many jobs away from the public who was there already. Most Irish became farmers or coalminers. Irish Catholics were sometimes the subject of stereotyping.

Case Study Mexicans in USA

First of all, Mexicans immigration is different because of contiguity. Mexicans dont come across the two thousand miles of ocean. They come across, often easily, two thousand miles of border. It is easy for the Mexicans to come to USA. The cost is realtively low and the risks minimal. They are also easily able to return back to Mexico and to maintain contact with their family and friends there. In 1998 Mexican immigrants numbered over seven million and constituted twenty-seven percent of the total born population in USA. Another charachteristic of the Mexican issue is, of course, illegality. A huge proportaion of illegal immigrants who entered the United States illegally. Immigration becomes illegal when immigrants enter the country without authorization from the US Government. The next important characteristic of Mexican immigration has been its concentration in a particular region. Mexican immigrants are heavily concentrated in the Southwest and particulary in Southern California.

Population growth is influenced by three factors: mortality (the death rate), birth rate and immigration. Immigration is the largest factor contributing to population growth in the U.S. The graph above clearly shows the increasement in immigration as years pass by. Immigration contributes over 2.5 million people to the U.S. population (1.5 million legal immigrants and 1.0 million illegal immigrants) plus 750,000 births to immigrant.

Solutions
To solve the problem that are caused by immigration, we can use a green card system like in the USA. This means that people from any other country can enter the country for a set period of time. This means that they would have to leave after a few years. To stop illegal immigrants attorities could track them down and make a harsh punishment, and also they could make it physically hard to cross the border. For example, the border between Mexico and America could be made higher which would make it harder for an illegal immigrant to jump over and cross the wall.

Problem 2 Crime
Definition: an action that constitutes a serious offence against an individual or the state and is punishable by law. One of the main problems in a city is crime. It is easier to get away with it because there are many people in a city, and the police dont have enough time to investigate every felony. This means that the probability of being caught and ending up in prison is very low. Crime is caused by five main reasons, these are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The high population High unemployment Poverty Substance abuse Lack of education

1. High population means that it is harder for police to investigate crimes because it is easier for the person who committed the crime to blend in and not be found. For example if there were very few people in a certain area where the crime occurred, it would higher the changes of the criminal being one of them. 2. A high population leads to high unemployment because there are only so many jobs available. If there are many people who dont have jobs, then it means that they will turn to other ways of money, such as prostitution, drugs, robbery, and theft of expensive items such as cars. 3. Poverty and lack of education means the same thing, if a lot of people are poor, it means that they will grow more desperate, and will commit more and more violet crimes. If there is a lack of education, it means that people wont get into university, which inevitably means that they wont get a good paying job, and will have a financial burden. To fix this burden, many people turn to crime. 4. Substance abuse such as drugs and alcohol means that peoples behavior is altered, which causes them to do things they wouldnt usually do. Substance abuse, for example cocaine, means that people get addicted and spend all their money buying the substance. They turn to crime to make money to feed their addiction.

Effects on population
Because crime is easier to get away with in a city, the crime rate increases. The increase of crime means that there has to be an increase in security. For example, for burglary electric fences need to be put up, and alarm systems need to be installed. This makes the neighborhood look unsafe so therefore there is less interest in the property.

This increases the crime even more because renting housing is cheap and it isnt taken care of, this makes perfect territory for gangs and prostitution. Gangs cause even more people to move away because the area becomes unsafe, this means that buildings are left abandoned. The dwellings then deteriorate which decreases the property value. The photo above shows an area of the Bronx, New York that has been abandoned due to the reasons above.

Case Study New York

New York city has a very high crime rate, there are many minor felonies, which are committed regularly such as petty theft, and pick pocketing. However the major crimes, like anywhere in the world, include: Murder Rape Robbery Aggravated assault Burglary Theft

In 1990 the population of New York was 17,990,455, and there were 2605 murders and 92,105 aggravated assaults that were reported. By 2005 the population had risen by almost two million, to 19,254,630, where there were 46,150 aggravated assaults that were reported.
Crim es per 100 000 people in 1990

Crimes per 100 000 people in 2005

murders assaults rapes robberies

murders assaults rapes robberies

The graphs above clearly shows that in the past fifteen years, the number of rapes and murders hasnt changed tremendously but the number of assaults and robberies has. In 1990 the ratio of assaults to robberies was almost 1:1, but the 2005 the number of assaults had increased dramatically and the number of robberies has decreased by quite a considerable amount. This is due to two reasons: security has improved, and people have gotten more aggressive. Security has improved due to improvement in technology, this means that there are more high tech devices which enable houses and cars to be protected, these devices include alarms and different types of locks which make it harder for someone to break in to.

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Solutions
Solutions for crime depend on the type of felony committed. However generally, enforcing harsher punishments and long prison sentences could decrease crime. More police officers would also help because it would mean that even minor offences would be taken seriously. Security cameras could also be installed in areas where the crime rate is the highest, and there could be security offices near by to insure that police can arrive at the scene of the crime in time to do something about the crime being committed. However to stop crime in the long run, the poverty needs to be decreased. Poverty leads to lack of education, and lack of education leads to unemployment, and unemployment leads to crime. However in order for poverty to end, the total population needs to decrease, if this happened then it would eventually lead to better living circumstances, and better circumstances would eventually lead to most people having a good education and therefore earning a comfortable salary.