ANGIOSPERMS General structure Vegetative: allow the plant to live and grow Roots anchor the plants to the

the soil for support and absorb water and minerals from the soil Stems for support and transport of water and nutrients; main axis of the plant together with its branches Leaves site of photosynthesis Reproductive Flower houses the ovary and ovules Fruit mature ovary Seeds embryo of plant Groups MONOCOTS DICOTS LEAF Venation is usually parallel Venation is usually branched or netted ROOTS Fibrous root system Taproot system FLOWERS Multiples of 3 Multiples of 4-5 EMBRYO (SEED) One cotyledon (seed leaf) Two cotyledons STEM Vascular bundles are scattered Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring PLANT CELL TYPES Parenchyma cell Typical plant cell Relatively unspecialized (no special function); carry out metabolic processes Thin walled Found in leaves, stems, roots and fruits (fleshy part) Large central vacuole Collenchyma cell Function mainly for support Thicker cell wall; uneven thickness Found in areas rapidly growing (e.g. leaf petials) Sclerenchyma cell Thick secondary cell wall (lignin-fortified) Most are dead at functional maturity For support of mature parts of plants Types: Fibers long and slender cells Sclereids shorter cells with irregular shape Water-conducting cell Main function is to transport water Types: Tracheids (slender) Vessel elements Found in parts no longer elongating Together they form the vascular tissue called xylem Food-conducting cell Provides pathway for food/nutrients Types: Sieve-tube members lack nucleus, ribosomes and vacuole Companion cell has a nucleus and ribosomes that can serve not only itself but neighboring cells Together they form the vascular tissue called phloem PLANT TISSUE SYSTEM Two main types: Meristematic tissues Permanent tissues Dermal (epidermis/surface) tissues mainly composed of parenchyma cells; cutin covers the outer cell wall of the epidermis (prevents water loss); guard cells open or close stomata Vascular tissues composed of schlerenchyma, water-conducting and food-conducting cells

Ground (fundamental) tissues mostly parenchyma but collenchyma and schlerenchma cells are also found

Ground tissues diverse functions such as storage and photosynt

COMPARISON OF PLANT TISSUE SYSTEM

Vascular tissues for transport & support; types: xylem (water) and al tissues or epidermis for protection: act as skin of the plant

PLANT GROWTH Indeterminate growth possible because of plant meristems (region where cells are rapidly dividing) Life span of plants: Annuals (1 year) Biennials (2 years) Perennials (many years) Regions of indeterminate growth: Apical meristem primary growth increase in roots and shoot length (vertical)

Intercalary meristem located along the stems; increase in stem or leaf length Lateral meristem (secondary meristem or lateral bud) secondary growth; increase in girth/diameter (horizontal); cambium: ring of meristematic tissues which allow growth in diameter
TISSUE SYSTEM TISSUE Epidermis (primary growth) CELL TYPES Parenchyma cells Guard cells Trichomes Schlerenchyma cells Parenchyma cells Schelerenchyma cells Parenchyma cells Collenchyma cells Fibers Sclereids Tracheids Vessel members Schlerenchyma cells Parenchyma cells Sieve tube members Companion cells Parenchyma cells Schlerenchyma cells

Dermal Periderm (secondary growth) Parenchyma Collenchyma Schlerenchyma Xylem

Ground

Vascular

Phloem