MA Japanese Studies MA Thesis Proposal Supervisor: Kiri Paramore Daniele Caramanna S0980943

Thesis Proposal

Question: Are there examples of alterity in Tokugawa Kokugaku discourse? How were
alterities created and eventually transformed? How can these alterities be interpreted?

Hypothesis:
The rise of Kokugaku movement in Tokugawa era cultural field marks the beginning of research on the true essence of Japan. This research can be described as starting with the process of creation of the cultural identity, eventually concluded by the shaping of an imagined community and the modern nation-state. According to Susan Burns 1 this is can be described as the transition from early modern culturalism to modern nationalism. Moreover, I will like to add that a formative aspect of this process is the use of one or many counter models. Indeed they represents the sub-process of the identification (ostensivization) and definition (delimitation) of the Other, that is to say the alterity. The recognition of the Other from the prospective of globalized interaction is a fundamental moment, in the process of modern national self formation2. Furthermore a study on the how of this Alterity formation process in the early modern stage can concretely exemplify its manifold connections with the duality inner/outer embedded in the construction of a community identity. Thus scrutinize this process, particularly focussing on a relatively early premodern example, will give more clues on the modern attitude and its outline. Many scholars have maintained that Kokugaku discourse has signified a pregnant momentum in the formation of the identity of modern Japanese nation state. while this is still controversial, no one would deny Kokugaku instrumental role in Japanese protonationalism.
1 The concept of culturalism is Duara's adaptation of Levenson's usage of the term. See Duara, Prasenjit, Historicizing National Identity or Who Imagines What and When in Becoming National: A Reader, ed. Geoff Eley and Ronald Grigor Suny, 1996, esp. 153-157 2 Ibid., 163

The hypothesis is that Kokugaku movement, partook in and influenced the construction of this alleged Alterity by means of discourse reification. Along these lines, this process had various slants while maintaining the very same inner/outer ( / ) paradigm. The primal stage of this paradigm has been the inversion of the dominant field discourse articulation: China as the inner, Japan as the outer. The terms of this paradigm were civilization/barbarism ergo the inner equated to civilization and the outer to barbarism. Therefore the paradigm terms unfolded throughout the substantial cultural field, consequently addressing manyfold issues related to culturalism: linguistic, literary, social, religious, political, and ethnological albeit not in a strict progressive order.

Methodology:
Assemble Japanese and Western language secondary literature on the Kokugaku movement and its discourse. In order to disclose the conceived Alterity reified in the discourses of Motoori Norinaga and Hirata Atsutane, I will take in exam selected secondary literature studies both from from Japanese and Western scholarships. Therefore, taking this Alterity filter as a working tool, I will try to trace back to the primal sources the more significant passages out of those Kokugakusha's oeuvre, to define their positions and give concrete evidences to my hypothesis. Then Compare Kokugaku conceived alterity vis--vis their contextualized intellectual milieu field of discussion competitive ones. For instance the many Buddhist, Shinto and Neo-confucian intellectuals and scholars. I will analyze each author's contemporary debates, rebuttals, reception and legacy. Hence organize thematically these insights with the sequent topic order: linguistic, literary, social, political, religious, and ethnological alterities. Eventually consider contemporary government official acts; foreigner residents in Japan as well as non residents' perception of the Japanese attitude and cultural practices, by means of a scrutiny of diaries, accounts, historical works, popular culture reception and influenced perspective.

Significance:
Disclosing the conceived alterities in Kokugaku discourse will give clues on the early modern perception of the boundaries of the community and how this boundaries

were transformed in their later instances. This has a profound significance for such modern themes related to minority, gender, security, religion and ethnicity.

(Preliminary) Literature List:

Secondary western language sources: Ansart, Olivier, Etudes Anciennes et Etudes Nationales dans le Japon du XVIIIeme siecle: la Nature, l'Artifice et le Mal chez Ogyu Sorai et Motoori Norinaga, Ebisu 4 (1994), pp. 732 Bellah, Robert, Tokugawa Religion, Free Press, 1985 Benedict, Ruth, The Chrysanthemum and the sword, Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1954 Bito, Masahide, Religion and society in the Edo Period, as revealed in the thought of Motoori Norinaga, Modern Asian Studies 18 (1984), pp. 581-92 Breen, John, 'Accommodating the alien: Okuni Takamasa and the religon of the Lord of Heaven' in P. F. Kornicki & I. J. McMullen, eds., Religion in Japan: arrows to heaven and earth, Cambridge University Press, 1996 Breen, John, Nativism Restored,Monumenta Nipponica, 55:3 (2000), pp. 429-440 Breen, John, Shinto and Buddhism in late Edo Japan: the case of Okuni Takamasa and his school, Current issues in the social sciences and humanities: Hosei University occasional papers 14, (1997). Breen, John, Teeuwen, Mark, Shinto in history: ways of the kami, University of Hawaii Press, 2000 Burns, Susan, Before the nation: Kokugaku and the Imaging of Community in early Modern Japan, Duke University Press, 2003 Chang, Richard T., From prejudice to tolerance: a study of the Japanese image of the West 1826-1864, Monumenta Nipponica monograph, Sophia University, 1970 Collins, Richard, The sociology of philosophies: a global theory of intellectual change, Belknap Harvard, 1998

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