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Chemistry
12 Lab
Book
2008
Course: SCH4U Electronic
Teacher: Mr. Linzel
Document
Introduction
The lab we are doing is a review of the Grade 11 unit Quantities in Chemical Formulas. To understand
this lab, we must know the basics first. We know that atoms, ions and molecules are too small to see
and that observable changes in chemical reactions must involve extremely large numbers of these
entities. To count these large numbers, a precise and convenient way has been formulated to determine
their mass. This is called the mole. This is the number used by chemists to define numbers of entities as
small as atoms (SI symbol, mol). A mole is the amount of substance containing 6.02x1023 of anything.
This is known as Avogadro’s constant. We have been familiarized by solving for the variables of molar
mass, number of moles or mass by using the equation:
n=m
M
n= number of moles
m= mass
M= molar mass
Stochiometry is the relationship between quantities of reactants and products that are involved in
chemical reactions. Stochiometry is a very important in the fields of industry, medicine and ecology. We
also know that you must balance out formulas for reactions. This is due to the fact that the mass of the
products in a chemical reaction is always equal to the mass of the reactants which is stated by the Law
of conservation of mass. Stochiometry is very important because it helps us determine empirical
formulas, which are the simplest forms of the chemical reaction.
Ex.
This is an obvious example of law of conservation of mass. If we look at the first part of the reaction, we
know that we cannot leave the equation like that. This would mean that 2 parts of oxygen had been
reacted to form one part of oxygen. This would mean that one part of oxygen is missing. In accordance
to the law of conservation of mass, we know this is false. Therefore when we balance the equation as
shown in the next step, the number of each reactant is the same as the number of each product.
For this lab, we must be able to tell if a chemical reaction or a physical reaction is occurring. To know
this we can tell which type of reaction is occurring by what is happening in the reaction. We know that
for chemical reactions a new substance is created. Indicators of a chemical reaction taking place are
appearance, texture, color, odor, melting point, boiling point, density, solubility, and polarity. Physical
reactions are reactions that simply change the state of the matter. Physical reactions are reversible. An
example is water turning to ice by the process of freezing.
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Purpose
Determine the formula for a copper chloride hydrate compound; including the moles of the hydrate.
Copper Chloride - Copper Chloride is hazardous to eyes and can cause irritation to eyes,
skin, and respiratory tract and gastro intestines. Chopper Chloride should always be kept
in a tightly closed container. To dispose of this sample, follow federal, state and local
regulations.
Ethanol- Exposure over 1000pm of ethanol may cause headaches, irritation of eyes, nose
and throat. If ingested, it may cause blindness. Ethanol should be kept in a cool,
ventilated area which is kept away from heat. Oxidizing materials and strong acids should
be kept away from it. Ethanol should be disposed according to state regulations.
Hydrochloric Acid- Hydrochloric acid causes severe burns and may be fatal if inhaled or
swallowed. The vapor produced from the acid, is extremely irritating. It can cause
damage to the respiratory passages and lungs, irritation to the eyes, skin, respiratory tract
and gastrointestinal discomfort. Hydrochloric acid should be kept in a container that is
tightly sealed in a well ventilated area away from incompatible materials. Hydrochloric
acid should be disposed in accordance with all applicable federal, state, and local
regulations.
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Procedure
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Table of Materials and Equipment
Materials and Equipment Amount
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 6M
Copper Chloride Hydrate 1.00g
95% Ethanol (C2H5OH) 10 Ml
Retort Stand 1
Crucible 1
Electronic Scale 1
Clay Triangle 1
Graduated Cylinder 1
Beaker 1x 50 ml
Glass Funnel 1
Filter Paper 1
Lab Goggles 1
Pipette 1
Aluminum Wire 1
Data Table
Chemical Compounds & Equipment Mass of
Chemicals
and
Equipment
(grams)
Pure Crucible 11.84
Copper 0.38
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Qualitative Table
Qualitative Observations
Process
Dehydrating H2O from Copper Chloride While dehydrating the water from the copper
chloride, the sample had started to turn a
brownish color. As the time increased, the green
crystals started becoming less visible. This was due
to the heat from the Bunsen burner. Once all the
crystals in the sample were brown, it was massed
three times to make sure it had reached a constant
mass.
Hydrating Anhydrous Copper Chloride with The brown Crystals were again mixed with distilled
Distilled Water water. As this was done, the brown crystals had
turned back to a turquoise color indicating the
sample was rehydrated.
Adding an Aluminum Strip to the Solution When the aluminum strip was placed in the copper
chloride hydrate water solution, it instantaneously
reacted. Bubbles and gas were visible during the
reaction which also released a fair amount of heat.
This process had produced a single displacement
reaction:
Removing Copper from Aluminum Strip with HCL The use of hydrochloric acid was involved to
remove any copper that had still remained on the
aluminum foil. The HCl had reacted very fast with
the aluminum strip producing fizzing and hydrogen
gas.
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Data Analysis
Through the use of Stochiometry, the calculations state that the empirical formula of the unknown
copper chloride hydrate was
CuCl2 · 2H2O
This empirical formula was found by using the basic equation to find the number of moles of chlorine,
water and copper. You then take the number of moles and divide it by the lowest number of moles. This
gives you the number of moles in proportion to one mole of the smallest molar volume.
Since Copper is a multivalent atom. It can have a charge of +1 or +2. In this lab we were not told which
copper we were using which means we had to analyze the reactions and decide which copper would fit.
CuCl would not fit the reaction due to the fact that if CuCl was placed into distilled water, it wouldn’t
dissolve. Also it would definitely not change color due to it not dissolving. We know that CuCl2 would
dissociate since it was in an aqueous solution. From this previous knowledge we can conclude that it we
had used CuCl2 in this reaction.
The formula was used to find the number of moles of each substance. The mass was taken
from the data table and the molar mass was taken from the periodic table of elements. This had
concluded that the values were 1 for copper and 2 for chlorine and water. Therefore the ratio was 1:2:2
in the copper (II) chloride dehydrate compound.
To figure out where sources of error may exist, the equation to calculate Percentage error was used.
We use this equation by taking the theoretical yield of copper which was 0.37g subtract to the actually
yield of 0.38g. This is then divided by the theoretical yield and multiplied by 100 to give you a
percentage of error. This had proven that the percentage error in this lab was 1.9%. This is a very low
percentage and means that the amount of error was low and that the experiment was done to a
successful standard.
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