CHAPTER 9 : MANUFRACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY..

Learning Objective # understand the manufacture of sulphuric acid. # synthesise the manufacture of ammonia and its salts. # understand alloys. # evaluate the uses of synthetic polymers. # apply the uses of glass and ceramics. # evaluate the uses of composite materials.

# UNDERSTAND THE MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID Sulphuric acid .

Uses of sulphuric acid.. * Sulphuric acid is one of the most important industrial chemicals. *It is uses in industries to make fertilizers,detergents , paints,chemicals and many other uses. *Diagram 9.1 summmarises the uses of sulphuric acid.

Diagram 9.1 Manufacture of sulphuric acid

1.Sulphuric acid can be prepared by using the contact proses using vanadium(V) oxide as a catalyst.

2.There are three main stages in the manufacture of sulphuric acid namely . a)combustion of sulphur b)conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide. c)formation of sulphuric acid 3.The process at each stage is summarisedin table 1.
Table 9.1 Three main stagesin manufactureof sulphuric acid Stage 1 Combustion of sulphur Stage 2 Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide *The sulphur dioxide produced together with air are passed over vanadium oxide catalyst at the temperature 450-500 to produce sulphur trioxide. * SO2(g)+O2(g) Stage 3 Formation of sulphuric acid *Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated to from oleum(H2S2O7) *SO3(g)+H2S2O2(l) H2S2O7(l) *Oleum is diluted with water to produce

*Sulphur is burn in the air to produce sulphur dioxide. *Sulphur dioxide must be purified to remove foreign compounds which may poison the catalyst

S(l)+O2(g)

SO2(g)

2SO3(g)

sulphuric acid. *H2S2O7+H2O(l)

2H2SO4(l)

# SYNTHESISE THE MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS

Ammonia and its salts Uses of ammonia 1.Agriculture consumes nearly 80% of all ammonia produced in the world.T able 9.2 summarises all the uses of ammonia. 2.Some of example of industries associated with ammonium salts are summarized in table 9.3.

Table 9.2 uses of ammonia in industry Indutries Fertilizers Production of : a)Ammonium sulpate,(NH4)2SO4 b)Ammonium nitrate,(NH4)3PO4 c)Ammonium phosphate,NH4NO3 d)Urea,CO(NH2)2 (Also use in the production of barbiturates(sedatives) is made by the reaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide) Chemicals Synthesis of : a)Nitric acid HNO3 which is used in making explosives such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) b)Sodium hydrogen carbonate(sodium bicarbonate),NaHCO3 c)Sodium carbonate,Na2CO3 Explosives Fibres & plastics Ammonium nitrate,NH4NO3 Nylon,-[(CH2)4-CO-NH-(CH2)6-NHUses

CO] and other polyamides. Refrigeration Usead for making ice,large scale refrigeration plants,air-conditioning units in buildings and plants. Used in manufacture of drug such antimalaria drugs and vitamins such as vitamin B. Ammonium hydrogen sulphite,NH4NO3.

Pharmaceutical

Pulp and paper

Properties of Ammonium
1.Physical properties of ammonia: a) Coluorless gas b) Pungent smell c) Very soluble in water d) An alkaline gas e) Less dense than air 2.Chemical properties of ammonia : a)Reacting as a base

Dissolves into water ti give an alkaline solution. NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4 (aq) +OH (aq)

Undergoes neutralisation with acid to from ammonium salts Ammonium + acid ammonium salts

b) Reacts with aqueous metal ions Metal ions combine with the hydroxide ions from aqueous ammonium to produce insoluble metal hydroxides.

Table 9.3 some example of ammonium salt

Ammonium salt Ammonium sulphate

Preparation a)Can be prepared by reacting ammonia with sulphuric acid. b)2NH4(aq) +H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2 SO4(aq)

Ammonium nitrate

a)Can be prepared by reacting ammonia with nitric acid b)NH3(aq)+HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)

Ammonium phosphate

a)Can be preparred by reacting

ammonia with phosphoric acid b)NH3(aq)+H3PO4(aq) NH4H2PO4(aq) Urea a)Can be prepeared by reacting ammonia with phosphoric acid b)NH3(aq)+CO2(aq) CO(NH2)2(aq)+H2O(l)

#UNDERSTAND ALLOYS ALLOYS >An alloys is a combination,either in solution or as a compound,

of two or more elements,with at least one of which being a metal,and the resulting material has metallic properties.

Arrangement of Atom in Alloys 1.One of the purpose of producing alloys is to increase the strength and hardness of the pure metals. 2.in pure metals,all the atoms are of the same size arranged in layers and easily slide over each other acted on by some force. 3.In an alloys, atoms with diffrent sizes are mixed in their molten states produce different sizes of atoms in an alloy preventing the atoms from sliding over each other.This will make the alloy stronger and not malleable.

4.There are two ways of preparing or arranging atoms in alloys: a)Homogenous alloys -Different atoms are distributed uniformly throughout the structure.

b)Heterogeneous alloys -Different atoms are not distributed uniformly.

+
pure metal A pure matel B

alloys Diagram 9.2 Preparing an alloys

Alloys Alniko

Composition Iron-(75-49%) Aluminium-

Properties Magnetic nature

Uses Magnet

(6-12%) Nickel-(14-13%) Cobalt-(5-35%) Constantan Copper-60% Nickel-40% Brass Copper-70% Zinc-30% Resistance to corrosion Musical instruments, door knobs, ship boilers. High resistance Thermocouple

Bronze

Copper-90% Tin-10%

Very hard Resistance to corrosion High tensile strength but light

Medals

Duralumin

Aluminium-95% Copper-3% Manganese-1% Magnesium-1%

Aircraft

Pewter

Tin-91% Antimony-7% Copper-2%

Very hard Shiny surface

Souvenirs

Steel

Iron-73% Carbon-1%

Very hard

Concrete, machinery, vehicles Knives, scissors and cutlery

Stainless steel

Iron-73% Nickel-8%

Resistance to corrosion

Chromium-18% Carbon-1%

# EVALUATE THE USES OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS.

Snythetic Polymers.. *Polymer is an term used to describe large molecules consisting of repeating structural units called monomers, connected by covalent bonds. *Polymers can be prepared through a process called polymerisation. *During the polymerization, small molecules of the monomer are linked to each other to from a polymer. *Similar monomers can have various chemical consitituents. The different between the monomers can affect properties such as solubility, flexibility and strength.

*Polymers can be divided into natural and synthetic polymers. a natural polymer is found in nature while a synthetic polymer is a man made polymer.

Some example of natural polymer

Polymer Celullose

Properties and polymer structure *Is a complex carbohydrate *Major constituents of woody plants *Consists of a long straight chain of glucose monomers

Starch

*Is a complex carbohydrate *Is mostly stored in plant seeds and tubers *Consists of long straight chains of glucose monomers with different ways of joining compared to cellulose

Natural rubber

*Consists of long chains of isoprene monomers H CH3 | | H |

-C - C = C - C | H | |

H H

Some example of synthetic polymer

Polymers Polyethene

Properties and polymer structure *Consists of a long chain of ethane monomers *The monomers are joined together by addition reaction

polypropene *consists a long chain of propene monomers *The monomers are joined together by addition reaction

Perspex

*Also known as polymethylmethacrylate *Consists of a long chain methyl-2-methylpropenoate monomers *transparent, strong and light

# APPLY THE USES OF GLASS AND CERAMICS. GLASS. 1.Glass is a uniform solid material, usually produced when the viscous molten material cools very rapidly to below its glass

transition temperature. 2.Glass is a biologically inactive material that can be formed into smooth and impervious surfaces.Glass is brittle and will break into sharp shards.These properties can be modified or changed with the addition of other compounds or heat treatment. 3.The physical properties of glass depend on the proportions of the various silicates present. 4.All types of glass have the following common properties: a)Transparent to visible light b)Inactive biologically and chemically c)Good electric insulators d)Hard but easily broken e)Good heat insulators

Composition, properties and uses of the various types of glasses

Type of glass Fused glass

Composition Silicon dioxide (99%) Boron

Properties High melting point Transparent

Uses Mirrors Laboratory glass apparatus

trioxide(1%) Soda limeglass Silicon dioxide (75%) Sodium oxide (15%) Calcium oxide (10%) Silicon dioxide (80%) Boron oxide (15%) Aluminium oxide (5%) Silicon dioxide (55%) Lead oxide (30%) Potassium oxide (10%) Sodium oxide (3%) Aluminium oxide (2%) Low melting temperature High thermal expansion Changes shape easily High melting point Low thermal expansion Transparent to visible light High density High index of refraction Cooking glass ware Laboratory glassware Windows Mirrors Bottles

Borosilicate glass

Lead crystal glass

Decorative glass wares Prisms

Special Glasses

1.Special glasses are made for specific purpose.Example of special glasses are photochromic glass, conducting glass and optical fibre glass.
Preparation and uses of special glasses

Special glasses Photochromic glass

Preparation Can be prepared by adding Silver chloride and copper to glass Can be prepared by coating a layer of conducting material onto a piece of glass.The material is indium tin (IV) oxide Is a pure silica glass that conducts light

Uses Photochromic lenses which protect eyes from UV radiation Making liquid crystal display panels

Conducting glass

Optical fibre glass

Telecomunication field Medical field

Ceramics 1.The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word keramikos. The term covers inorganic non-metallic materials whose formation is due to the action of heat.Ceramics are hardened by heating them at high temperature. 2.Ceramics are made from clays such as kaolin.Clays contains crystal kaolinite. 3.Many ceramic materials are hard and strong, chemically inert and brittle.

General Uses of Ceramics 1.For convenience ceramic products are usually divided into four groups, and these are shown below with some examples. a)Structural,including bricks, pipes, floor and roof tiles. b)Refractory, such as kilnlinings, gas fire radiants, steel and glass making crucibles c)Whitewares, including tableware, wall tiles, decorative art objects and sanitary ware. d)Medical field including artificial limbs, bones and teeth. Special Ceramics.

1)Special ceramics are made for specific purpose.Examples of special ceramics are boron nitride, silicon nitride, carbon nitride and perovskites. 2)Boron nitride, silicon nitride and carbon nitride are ceramics that can be produced from Group 13 and 14 elements of the periodic table. 3)These types of ceramics had been subjected to high temperatures and can be used to build parts in car engine such as valves and cams. 4)Perovskites are made from ceramic material belonging to a class of superconductors.A superconductors is a material that can transmit electricity with virtually no loss of energy.

# EVALUATE THE USES OF COMPODITE MATERIALS.

COMPOSITE MATERIALS. 1.Composite materials are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties and which remain separate and distinct within the finished. 2.A composite material combines the advantage of strength of the two constituents materials without their weaknesses. 3.Composite materials are made for specific purpose.
Example of composite materials and their components

Composite materials Reinforced concrete

Component Steel bar and concrete To make concrete stronger, they are reinforced by putting a steel rod at the centre which is exposed to stress.

Uses Used in the construction industry

Photochromic

Combination of glass and silver chloride

Is used to make spectacles Used in the telecomunication industry

Optic fibres

Combination of silica dioxide, sodium carbonate and calcium oxide

CHAPTER 8 :SALTS
# Synthesise salts. # Snythesise qualitative analysis of salts. # Practice to be systematic and meticulous when carrying out activities.

What is salt ????.......

Salt is formed during neutralisation when an acid reacts with a base.It consists of one part from the base and one part from the acid.
Base part

NaOH +

HCI
Acid part

NaCI + H2O

Uses of Salts..
Uses of salt in daily life

Field Agriculture

Salt Ammonium sulphate Ammonium phosphate Copper(II) sulphate Iron(II) sulphate Sodium arsenic Sodium nitrite Sodium benzoate Sodium glutamate Calcium sulphate Barium sulphate

Uses Fertiliser Fertiliser Inoganic pesticide Inoganic pesticide Inoganic pesticide Food preservative Food preservative Food preservative Plaster for broken bones Is used to detect stomach ulcers Toothpaste

Food industry

Medical

Chemical Industry

Sodium hypochlorite

 Tin(II) chloride

Bleaching agent

Soluble and Insoluble Salts 1.Soluble salts are salts that can dissolve completely in water at room temperature. 2.However, not all salts are found to be soluble in water.
Classification of salts

Type of salt Carbonate salts

Soluble Sodium carbonate, Na2Co3 Potassium carbonate, K2Co3 Ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3

Insoluble All other carbonate salts

Nitrate salts Chloride salts

All nitrate salts All chloride salts except

All nitrate salts Silver chloride, AgCl Lead(II) chloride, PbCl2

Sulphate salts

All sulphate salts except

Lead(II) sulphate, PbSO4 Clacium sulphate, CaSO4 Barium sulphate, BaSO4