3rd World Conference on Photovolraic Energv Conversion

Moy 11-18,2003 O & s,

Jnpon

7P-cs-1s

5 Wp PV MODULE-BASED STAND-ALONE SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

J. Antonio Urbana*', Yasuhiro Matsumoto*, Rene Asomoza', Francisco I. Aceves', Alfonso Sotelo' and Antonio Jacome'

* Solid State Electronics, Electrical Engineering Department

CINVESTAV-IPN. P.O. Box, 14 -740 Mexico SEPI-ESIME and ICE-ESIME-IPN

'

ABSTRACT
5 Watt-PV module is utilized for tracking solar oven concentrator system with 2.6 kW,, capacity and 200 Kg weight. The tracking system follows the sun autonomously in altitude and azimuth using only 5 Wattpeak PV solar module as a tracking energy source. The tracking system is driven by means of two 12 DCV motors of 36 W each, and fed by electrolytic condenser with 78,000 pFd capacity charged properly by PV module. The PV based tracking system has two circuits in bridge, COnfigUrdtion using N- and P-channel power MOSFET transistors, This electronic circuit commands DC motor rotation way, as a function of the optical sensors for altitude and azimuth position.

L
78,WOpFd= 8.775 Joule

1 Basic " H configured electronic circuit controlling two DC motors for driving altitude and azimuth. The energy storage capacity is given by Energy = % CV2 = 0.5 x 78,000 (pFd) x (IS)* = 8.8 Joules.

1. INTRODUCTION

Mexican rural area has great solar resource potential. Food cooking, water distillations are most common daily needs. Efficient solar Concentrator cooking system is one of the solutions using local technology and materials. Most of the solar concentrator cooking systems does not consider tracking system [ 5 ] . In this work, demonstrates how 5W-peak PV (photovoltaic) module can drive 200kg weight stand-alone solar oven tracking system for mral application. The proposed system must be designed based upon local technology and adopted to the needs. Simple design concept is one of the issues in this tracking system to reduce different troubles during its lifetime. The tracking system consists of electrolytic condenser storage, instead of conventional battery and its charge controller configuration. A couple of electrolytic condensers satisfy the total system energy needs. Fig.1 shows "H" configured basic electronic circuit for feeding two DC motors of 36W-each, one for solar altitude and the other for azimuth movements.
2. DEVELOPMENT

of energy as (112 CV'), where C is the capacitance and voltage V provided by the module. The energy delivered by the capacitors is conducted towards the selected DC motor according to the optical sensor decision. The DC motor has low internal resistance of 2 R a n d considering PV module as a constant current source with about 340mA, the capacitor's charging time lasts about 2 to 3.5 seconds dcpending of its charge state. The electrolytic capacitor charging process for feeding low-resistance DC motor load is illustrated in F i g 2 The figure shows I-V and V-time curves for PVmodule and capacitor charging operation with storage time.

Design and construction of 2.6kW,h stand-alone solar concentrator oven tracking system was devcloped using 5 Watts-peak PV module. The objective is focused to simple and robust electronic tracking system for Mexican rural area application. The generated power at PV module is coupled for charging electrolytic condenser. The maximum module voltage is 16V, and when the electrolytic condenser achieves 15V, the electronic circuit compare, and switches for discharging maximum of about 8.8 Joule Fig

MPPES (Maximun Power Point Energy Storage)

Fig. 2 Current-voltage characteristic o f P V solar module coupled to low-impedance load and electrolytic condenser voltage-time curve.

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3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energv Conversion

May 11-18.2003 Osoka, Japan

Superposition of the Voltage-time axes indicates the energy charging process in the capacitor and its transference to the DC motor, using MPPES concept. The energy stored in electrolytic condenser is discharged towards the DC motor by using MPPES (Maximum Power Point Energy Storage) concept. This is a DCIDC converter similar to MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), feeding the load using maximum PV module power point. In the case of MPPES, the energy is temporally stored and discharged, repeating this cycle. Respect azimuth and altitude mechanical traction, are driven by two independent pulleys connected to each DC motors through v-belts. The whole solar oven system is shown in Fig.3.

From theoretical calculation for voltage-current discharge cycle: v(t) = V, exp(-tir) and i(t) = V,/ RL exp(-t/r)

Solving equation (a) and using 7 = 0.156 sec, the stored energy is equal tu the consumed energy. If the sun position displaces about 1.5 every 6 minutes, it is enough time for charging DC motor supply energy. The solar oven concentrator system consists of 360 mirrors (lOXl0 cm2 each) covering an area of 1.7m2 and concentrates solar radiation to 16-liter stainless steel oil container. This oil container surrounds kitchen kettle with 8-liter capacity. The kettle could he maintained at 120C with pressure of about Ikglcm2. The obtained thermal data is satisfactory for cooking foods or boiling water efficiently. Solar oven reliability is now in their evaluation stage and the total cost is about US$2,500 (as October 2002) 64 % global thermal efficiency (output power available over the incident solar power) has been obtained. The prices of the produced energy is estimated to be US f 3.0 per kW-h as equivalent to electric energy and US$ 1.3 Wpeak for total system cost considering 5.2 peak-hour locally available solar radiation resource. This is based on the estimated 30-year lifetime of the system. This solar oven contributes reducing 2.87 Todyear of firewood combustion, which means 5.32 Ton per year of CO2emission to the atmosphere [6,7].

3. CONCLUSIONS

Most of the solar concentrator cooking systems does not posses an autonomous tracking system. We have demonstrated bow 5 Watt-peak module can track 2.6kWth solar concentrator cooking system by means of electrolytic condenser storage system using two DC motors. This cooking system avoids deforestation, one of the mayor rural problems. The PV-based stand-alone tracking system has big energy factor-merit of about 520 times, due to the reduced electrical energy consumption for obtaining high thermal energy.

This tracking configuration has some advantage, which prevents mechanical damage when is compared with the conventional mechanical-gear system. This tracking system driven by pulley and v-belts has great flexibility in movements but maintaining precise position. Optical sensor was designed using eight LEDs (light emitting diodes), which has configured for rough and fine sun position detection. The energy discharging process on DC motors for azimuth or altitude tracking is given by [4]:

Acknowledgments We appreciate much the enthusiastic contribution of the next students for the construction of the solar oven: Victor Barrera Figueroa, German Escoto Mora, Alexei Martinez MUioz, Fernando Rodriguez Rivera and Arturo . _ Velazquez Medrano. REFERENCES [I] J. Antonio Urbano Castelan Resultados preliminares de una estufa solar de concentracih de 3.6 kW, 8 litros de capacidad para coccion de alimentos, esterilizacion y destilacion de agua de mar pag. 217-225 Mernorios del XW Semana Nacional de Energia Solar San Luis Poiosi Octubre 2001 Asociacion Nacional de Energia Solar AC. [2] Cuadro 14 Fuentes renovables de energia, 1999 pag 41 Balance nacional de energia 1999 Secretaria de Energia. Mexico.

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[3] MS. Imamura; P. Helm and W. Pak. Phofovollaic System Technologv pag. 45 Cap.2, Design Consideration solar irradiance spectum and sensors. [4] Roher L. Boylestad, pag. 278,279 Anllisis introductorio de circuitos Editorial Trillas 1978. [5] Antonio Alonso Concheiro y Luis Rodriguez Viqueira, Alternativas Energkticas, pag., 330 331 secci6n 7.2.5. Coccion de alimentos. CoNaCyT y Fondo de Culhlra Econdmica 1985. [6] Antonio Alonso Concheiro y Luis Rodriguez Viqueira, Alternativas Energiticas, pag., 175 seccion 4.1. Biomasa. CoNaCyTy Fondo de Culrura Econdmica 198s [7] Jerry B. Marion University of Maryland, pag., 30 Caper 2 Work, Energy and Power Academia Press.

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