a l

nti
d e
f i
on
- NetworksC
Classificationnof
g
(Based on n i
Topologies)
r a
L e
o f
er
n t
Ce
 Bus Topology

• In Bus topology the computers are connected a l

t i
serially. e n
f i d
• Characteristics :
on C it reaches
– Data travels to all the system -before
destination node. n g
n i
– Easy to install.
a r
e
– Cheap less cablingLrequired.
o f
– Time taken forr data transfer between systems are not
same. t e
e n
C fails whole network fails.
– If one cable
– Difficult to find a fault and troubleshoot it.
Bus Topology
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nti
d e
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on
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 Star Topology
• In star topology all the computers are connected lto a central
place called HUB/Switch. tia n
d e
•Characteristics : f i
on
 Easy to install. - C
n g
Costly lot of cables required.
n i
a r
e
Time taken for dataLtransfer between systems are same.
o f
If one system or
e r cable fails only the particular system
n t
will not be accessible in a network.
C e
 Easy to find a fault and troubleshoot it.
If hub/switch fail the whole network fails.
Star Topology
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on
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 Ring Topology

a l
• In ring topology all the computers are connected t i in
e n
round or ring fashion.
f i d
•Characteristics : o n
- C
Transmission is done only if the g system has free token.Also
n ring.
called as Token Passing or token n i
a r
 Easy to install.
L e
Cheap o f
e r
Time taken forn t data transfer between systems are not same.
C e
If one system or cable fails whole network fails.
Difficult to find a fault and troubleshoot it.
Ring Topology

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FDDI Ring
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nti
d e
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on
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C
FDDI Ring
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f i
on
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C
 Mesh Topology
a l
• In Mesh topology all the computers are t i connected
to each others using separate cables. en
f id
•Characteristics : o n
- C
All system can communicate
n g with each other
i
rn
Costly, (nxn-1)/2 acables required. N is the
number of systemsLe in a network
o f
r
If particular ecable fails the systems connected by
t
nalone will not able to communicate b/w
those cablee
C but they can communicate with all
themselves
other systems.
Mesh Topology
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nti
d e
f i
on
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 a l
nti
d e
f i
on
- NetworksC
Classificationnof
g
n i
(Based on Geographical location)
r a
L e
o f
er
n t
Ce
 Local Area Network (LAN)
ti a l
e n
f id
n
• Physical Distance Betweeno the computers
- C
will be around 100 meters.
g
in
•It covers a relatively n r small area ,such as a
e a
L
building ,home or fan office.
r o
•Used to sharet e printers ,files and other
n
Ce the LAN.
resources over
•Example : School Lab
Local Area Network l
t ia
(LAN) d e n
f i
on
- C
n g
rni
e a
f L
r o
t e
e n
C
 Metropolitan Area Network (LAN)
al t i
n e
• Physical Distance Between the computers f i d will
o n
-C
range from 100 meters to 10 Kilometers.
•It covers a relatively largein g ,such as a offices
area
from one place to other aplace rn in the same city or to
connect near by building L e
o f
e r
•Used to share printers ,files and other resources
n t
e
over the Network.
C
•Example : University Labs, Sutherland Velachery to
Tidel Park.
Metropolitan Area Network (LAN)
al t i
e n
fi d
o n
- C
n g
rni
e a
f L
r o
t e
e n
C
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
ti a l
e n
• Physical Distance Between thefi dcomputers will
on
range from 10 Kilometers and Above
C
-
•It covers a relatively largegarea ,such as a offices
from country to anotherrn in
country
e a
•Used to share printers,
f L files and other resources
over the Network. r o
t e
n
•Example :e Banks in India, Internet, Sutherland
C INDIA offices
USA, CANADA,
Wide Area Network (WAN)
ti a l
e n
f id
on
- C
n g
rni
e a
f L
r o
t e
e n
C
 a l
nti
d e
f i
on
- NetworksC
Classificationnof
g
(Based on n iGrouping)
r a
L e
o f
er
n t
Ce
 l
Peer to Peer Network n t i a
e
f id
o n
• Each computer is attached to - Cthe network in a
ring or bus fashion and is equal n g to the other units on
n i
the network. a r
L e
•This network is useful
o f if we have a small network
r
and there is no eneed for managing or security.
n t
e
•It can alsoCbe defined as Collection of computers
interconnected together to share information and
resources without any administration .
Peer to Peer Networkl
t ia
e n
fi d
o n
- C
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e a
f L
r o
t e
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 Client / Server
Network

a l
nti
•In this dependent workstations,referred to e as clients,
operate in conjunction with a dedicated n f i d
master computer
called a server. o C
-
•Client request the server and sever g serves the client if the
n it requested.
client has permission to access what n i
r
ain case we need management
•This type of network is need
L e
and security ,Example f :Office computers in different
departments. r o
t e
e n
•There are two types of administration :
C
•Centralized Administration : One system controls all
the other systems.
•Distributed or Decentralized
 Client / Server
Network

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on
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 a l
nti
d e
f i
OSI ModelCo n
-
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e a
f L
r o
t e
e n
C
The International Standards Organization (ISO)
Defines seven layers and the function ofiathe l data
n t
flow within each layer call the OSI model e (Open
f i d
systems interconnection. n
C o
-
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e a
f L
r o
t e
e n
C
 OSI Model

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on
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 OSI Model
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nti
d e
f i
on
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r o
t e
e n
C
 a l
nti
d e
f i
on
C
Protocols
g
-
in
rn
e a
f L
r o
t e
e n
C
 Protocols
1. A network’s protocol is the “language” thatiaisl used
for data transmission. n t
d e
2. Set of rules and regulation thatfi governs the
communication between systems. on
- C protocols,
3. The following are the various network
n g
• TCP/IP
n i
• NetBEUI a r
• IPX/SPX L e
o f
• Apple Talk r
t e
n
Ce
 TCP / IP
• The most popular protocol l
t i a
• Used in internet. n
e
• Provides a logical address calledfidan IP Address
o n
- C
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rni
e a
f L
r o
t e
e n
C
 IP Address
a l
• Internet Protocol Address.
n ti
e
• A numeric address that is given toidservers and
n f
o
users connected to the Internet.
C
• Two versions: IPV4 (32bits)-
g and IPV6 (128bits)
n
n i
a r
L e
o f
e r
n t
C e
 IP Address classes a l
nti
d e
f i
Address Range of
Number of
o n Number of Host
Network Class
First Field
- C
Networks
Supported
Nodes
Available

n g
ni
A 1-126 126 16,777,214

a r
B 128-191
L e 65,534 65,534

C
o
192-223f 16,777,214 254

e r
n t
C e
 a l
nti
d e
f i
on
Network devices
- C
n g
rni
e a
f L
r o
t e
e n
C
The Devices Used in Networking are : a l
nti
• NIC – Network Interface Card d e
f i
• Hub on
- C
• Switch
n g
rni
• Router
e a
f L
• Modem
r o
t e
n
• Repeater
Ce
 Network Interface Card
ti a l
e n
• Required for connecting systems f d
i to a network.
o n
The NIC cards depend on the
- C topology used in
the network. g n
n i
• It may use Ethernet,
a r Token ring or FDDI ring
technologies Le f
r o
t e
n
Ce
 Network Interface Cards
a l
n ti
d e
f i
on
- C
n g
ni
ar
Token Ring NIC With RJ-45 and
Ethernet NIC With RJ-45 and
BNC
L e AUI

o f
er
n t
Ce

FDDI Card
 HUB

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on
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Layer 1 device which operates on the
physical layer of the OSI model
 Switch

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on
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Layer 2 device which operates on the
data link layer of the OSI model
 Repeater

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on
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f L
r o
t e
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Device used to re generate weak signal for re-
transmission across large distance.
 Modem

a l
nti
d e
f i
on
- C
n g
rni
e a
f L
r o
e
Used to connect thetcomputer to an ISP (Internet service provider)
e n
Via analog transmission (telephone) line
C
 Router

a l
nti
d e
f i
on
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n g
rni
e a
f L
r o
t e
Layer 3 deviceen
which works on the network layer of the
C
OSI model.
 Cables
l
There are different types of cable used depending
a
t i
upon the type of network. n e
• Coaxial cable fi d
o n
• Twisted Pair cable - C
n g
• OFC –Optical fiber cable n i
a r
L e
o f
e r
n t
Ce
 Coaxial Cable
Widely used in CATV networks. Types,
a l
• Thick-net nti
d e
• Thin-net f i
o n
Classifications are based on the gauge
C - of the copper core. As
n gaxis of cables one inner
the name suggest co-axial has two
n i
a
conductor , insulator ,outer meshr conductor and again a
overall insulator. L e
of
r
e as 10 Base 5 thicknet,10 Base 2
t
These cable are called
n
thinnet. C e
 Cables
Plenum/PVC cable
a l
ti
3. Most commonly used coaxial cablesenuse a PVC
outer sheath to protect the cable. fid
o
4. PVC is not fire resistant and cannot,
n by code, be
- C
used in overhead or plenumgareas in offices.
5. Plenum cable uses a special in fire-resistant outer
n
r burn as quickly as PVC.
sheath Teflon that willeanot
6. Plenum cables costs f L more but is required in most
areas. r o
t e
n
Ce
Coaxial Cable
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nti
d e
f i
on
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f L
r o
t e
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C
 Twisted Pair Cables
a l
nti
d e
f i
Twisted-pair cable contains pairsonof wires that are
- C
twisted around each other.Twists are for
n g
i
preventing data attenuation.
n
a r
e Twisted Pair cables
There are two typesLof
o f
• Shielded Twisted
e r Pair (Extra shielding to reduce
EMI) n t
C e
•Unshielded Twisted Pair
Twisted-Pair Cable Standards
i a l
n t
e
f id
on
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 Twisted Pair Cables
a l
UTP ti
n
STP
d e
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on
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f L
r o
t e
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C
 Optic Fiber Cable
• Fiber-optic cabling offers the prospect of very
a l
i
high performance links for LAN implementation.
t
• It can handle much higher data-transfer e n rates
f i d
than copper conductors.
o n
• Handle longer distances between - C stations before
n
signal deterioration (attenuation) g becomes a
n i
problem. a r
• L e
It offers a high degree
f of security for data
communications.r oBecause it does not radiate
t e
e n
electro magnetic field that can be detected
outside theCconductor.
• It shows a decided signal loss when it is tapped
into.
 Optic Fiber Cable
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 Connectors

a l
nti
d e
BNC Connector T f
Inlinei Terminator
Connector
on
- C
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rni
e a
f L
r o
t e
e n
C
 Connectors

a l
nti
d e
f i
RJ-45 RJ-45
on RJ-11
Connector
Connector Connector
with cable - C
n g
rni
e a
f L
r o
t e
e n
C
 Connectors

a l
IDC/UDC Connectors ti
n
d e
The IBM-type Data Connector fi(IDC) and the
Universal Data Connector (UDC)onare two types of
cable connectors used by IBM - C computer systems.
n g
These connectors were designed i to be universal
ncommunications networks.
data connectors for IBM a r
Neither of these types e
L of connectors is commonly
o f
found in PC systems
r
t e
n
Ce
 a l
nti
d e
f i
o n
Way to Network
- C PCs
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rni
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f L
r o
t e
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C
Way to Network PCs

• Ethernet
a l
• Token Passing nti
d e
• Dial-Up Networks f i
on
• Direct Connection
- C
• ISDN Connection n g
rni
• DSL Connection
e a
fL
• Cable Connection
o
r
te
• Satellite Connection
n
e
C Networks
• Infrared
• Wireless Connections
• Connecting LAN’s
 Dial-up
Slow speed internet connection preferable for home
users. Cheap to install. a l
i t
e n
f id
on
- C
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rni
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f L
r o
t e
e n
C
 Direct Connection
l
Used to connect two computers in a peer-to-peer style without
a
any need for specialized network devices. t i
n - COM
COM e
LPT - LPT fi d
o n
- C
n
RJ45 – iRJ45
g
r n
e a
f L
r o
t e
n
Ce
 ISDN Connection
Ideal for home and small business.
a l
Two types of services offered,
nti
BRI – Basic Rate Interface
d e
PRI – Primary Rate Interface f i
on
- C
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rni
e a
f L
r o
t e
e n
C
 DSL Connection
Telephone companies have begun to offer la new
t
high-bandwidth connection service to home ia and
e n
business customers in the formid of Digital
Subscriber Lines (DSL). nf
o
C -
This technology provides high-speed
g
communication links by in using the existing
r n
e a
telephone lines to generate bandwidths ranging
up to 9Mbps or more.f L
r o
However, distancet e limitations and line-quality
conditions cane nreduce the actual throughput that
C
can be achieved with these connections.
DSL Connection
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 Cable Connection
Type of internet connection offered via coaxial cable.
Services offered,
a l
CATV signals t i
Internet en
f id
on
- C
n g
rni
e a
f L
r o
t e
e n
C
 Satellite Connection
Expensive type of internet connection but not restricted to any
geographic location. al t i
e n
fi d
o n
- C
n g
rni
e a
f L
r o
t e
e n
C
 Wireless Connection
Easy to install, provides mobility within an organization. Ideal for
SOHO environments. a l
i t
e n
f id
on
- C
n g
rni
e a
f L
r o
t e
e n
C