241-320 Design Architecture and Engineering for Intelligent System Suntorn Witosurapot

Contact Address: Phone: 074 287369 or Email: wsuntorn@coe.psu.ac.th

January 2010

Lecture 13: Expert System (CLIPS Tutorial)

Recall: CLIPS Expert System Shell

It is an XPS shell tool for building expert systems. rule-based, forward-chaining system multi-paradigm programming language (rule-based,
object-oriented and procedural like LISP)

We will use CLIPS to illustrate many of the concepts and methods Suggest to download the latest version of Application Installer on Windows Platform

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In this lecture, you should

be familiar with the important concepts and methods used in rule-based XPS shells
facts, rules, pattern matching, agenda, working memory, forward chaining

understand the fundamental workings of an XPS shell

knowledge representation reasoning

apply rule-based techniques to simple examples evaluate the suitability of rule-based systems for specific tasks dealing with knowledge
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Recall: CLIPS Expert System Shell

a tool for building expert systems.
Its name stands for C Language Integrated Production System

CLIPS is a multi-paradigm programming language that provides support for rule-based, object-oriented, and procedural programming. You can download it from:
http://clipsrules.sourceforge.net/index.html Download Installer version on Windows Platform

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CLIPS in PC
Double click from the shortcuts

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CLIPS Desktop Environment

You can clear the desktop area with a command from the menu bar.

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CLIPS Tutorial
We will take the tutorial given in the CLIPS main page to study in our class.

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CLIPS Tutorial 1: Facts and Rules

After the prompt CLIPS>, any valid commands can be use, e.g. the commands in below table.

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Facts and rules: General view

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Facts and rules: General view of Facts

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Example: Insert / list / remove facts

1

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Example: Clear the system

We should now clear everything before moving to learn about the next topic.

Recheck to see whether or not it is really clear.

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Facts and rules: General view of Facts

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Example: Rules
Rules: IF <antecedent> THEN <consequent> The rule name The IF part The THEN part Q: Can you explain the rule above?
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Example: Rules (cont.)

Doing what?? This is a new fact!

Q: Explain why a new fact is occurred after running the duck rule? A: It is inferred by the rule.
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Example: Rules (cont.)

This is the power of rule-based programming - the
ability to make inferences from data, particularly as the results of one rule can be used as the pattern for another.

Now add the rule

Clear all facts, but the rules will be untouched Q: Can you explain the rule above?
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Example: Rules (cont.)

Since we just clear all facts, it is easy to see that no fact exists. Then, we insert 2 new facts. No fact is left!

Adding 2 rules

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Example: Rules (cont.)

Q: Guess how many facts will be in the system, after running the rule? A: See the picture below

Two new facts

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Example: Rules (cont.)

Rewrite the first rule, this time with the multiple actions Whenever you run the rules, you'll get a message on screen as well as the asserted quack fact.

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CLIPS Tutorial
We will take the tutorial given in the CLIPS main page to study in our class.

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Tips: Loading scripts from file

You can download scripts from a file (rather than typing them every time you use them).

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CLIPS Tutorial 2: Patterns and actions

We can specify facts using the deffacts structure, but if you add the word startup it will loaded it will recreated every time a (reset) is executed.

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CLIPS Tutorial 2: Patterns & actions (cont.)

Here is showing that it has triggered four times, once for each fact matching the (animal ?) pattern. The ? symbol is a wildcard, which will match any symbol.

No fact at this moment But scripts is in action after this reset command

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CLIPS Tutorial 2: Matching things

From the facts and rule above, this results is produced. Q: What animal are represented are on each line?
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CLIPS Tutorial 2: Variables in patterns

Rule: (animal dog) (animal cat) (animal duck) (animal turtle) We can use variable e.g. ?name in the rule

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CLIPS Tutorial 2: Getting data from the user

CLIPS gets information from the user by means of the (read) function.

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Tips: Naming the rules and facts

Please be noticed how rules or facts should be named in this example. This decision tree represents a small section of the diagnosis of a cars failure to start.
Each rounded box is a recommended remedy Each rectangular box is piece of evidence, which might be represented by a fact such as (lights-working no) or (petrol yes).
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Tips: Save the script to file

If you want to save your working script for future use, you can use the save function which returns TRUE if there were no errors in the process of saving.

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CLIPS Tutorial
We will take the tutorial given in the CLIPS main page to study in our class.

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CLIPS Tutorial 4: Templates & conditions

We have learned how facts can be created. In some case, we may need to link them together. Ex: an application which is to try to determine the general fitness of people (age Andrew 20) (weight Andrew 80) (height Andrew 188) (blood-pressure Andrew 130 80) (age brenda 23) (weight brenda 50) Q: What is the (height brenda 140) common among each set of facts? (blood-pressure brenda 120 60)
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CLIPS Tutorial 4: Templates & conditions (cont.)

A kind of record data structure can be used; here it is called template
(deftemplate personal-data (slot name) (slot age) (slot weight) (slot height) (multislot blood-pressure) )

(assert (personal-data (name Andrew) (age 20) (weight 80) (height 188) (blood-pressure 130 80))) You don't have to specify all the information; (assert (personal-data (weight 150) (age 23) (name Brenda)))
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CLIPS Tutorial 4: Templates & conditions (cont.)

Or use in a deffacts structure;
(deftemplate personal-data (slot name) (slot age) (slot weight) (slot height) (multislot blood-pressure) )

(deffacts people (personal-data (name Andrew) (age 20) (weight 80) (height 188) (blood-pressure 130 80)) (personal-data (name Cyril) (age 63) (weight 70) (height 1678) (blood-pressure 180 90)))

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CLIPS Tutorial 4: Templates & conditions (cont.) (deftemplate personal-data

Any slot can be referred by name The function modify is used to change the value of one or more slots on a fact.
(slot name) (slot age) (slot weight) (slot height) (multislot blood-pressure) )

(defrule birthday ?birthday <- (birthday ?name) ?data-fact <- (personal-data (name ?name) (age ?age)) => (modify ?data-fact (age (+ ?age 1))) (retract ?birthday) )
Delete the birthday facts, since it is only once a year. Another reasons is that every time any part of Andrew's personal data (e.g. weight) was changed,Design Architecture & rule would Knowledge Representation and rapid ageing! the birthday be fired again, causing 241-320
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CLIPS Tutorial 4: Templates & conditions (cont.)

Template-based facts can be used in rules just as ordinary facts.

(defrule birthday ?birthday <- (birthday ?name) ?data-fact <- (personal-data (name ?name) (age ?age)) => (modify ?data-fact (age (+ ?age 1))) (retract ?birthday) )
Delete the birthday facts, since it is only once a year. Another reasons is that every time any part of Andrew's personal data (e.g. weight) was changed,Design Architecture & rule would Knowledge Representation and rapid ageing! the birthday be fired again, causing 241-320
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CLIPS Tutorial
You may proceed to the other tutorials on your own!

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Last note & Exercise

You are now roughly understand how to program CLIPS for building the expert system. For better understanding, you are encouraged to learn more tutorials that will be uploaded to LMS server later. Although CLIPS can do more than what we learned, that are all enough for our learning in this course. Since it would be useless if we havent done anything on CLIPS, let exercise on a homework, which details are in next slide.
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Exercise:
You are about to develop an expert system that can have the diagnosis of a cars failure
The decision tree given here can be used as a guideline Interaction with user is preferred

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