A SEMINAR REPORT ON

Zigbee Technology
Advanced wireless communication

Prepared by: Indubhushan khandual Electronics and telecommunication engg Reg no: 0811016144

Institute of Technical Education and Research SOA University

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ABSTRACT
Zigbee is an IEEE 802.15.4 standard for data communications with business and consumer devices. It is designed around low-power consumption allowing batteries to essentially last forever. The Zigbee standard provides network, security, and application support services operating on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) wireless standard. It employs a suite of technologies to enable scalable, self-organizing, self-healing networks that can manage various data traffic patterns. Zigbee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh networking standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range.ZigBee has been developed to meet the growing demand for capable wireless networking between numerous low power devices. In industry Zigbee is being used for next generation automated manufacturing, with small transmitters in every device on the floor, allowing for communication between devices to a central computer. This new level of communication permits finely-tuned remote monitoring and manipulation.

Keywords: Medium Access Control (MAC), Physical Layer (PHY),

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Acknowledgement

It is matter of great pleasure for me to submit this seminar report on Zigbee technology as a part of curriculum .I am thankful to my seminar guide Prof. Arun Agarwal, Assistant Professor in electronics and telecommunication engineering for his constant encouragement and able guidance. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude towards those, who have helped us in various ways, for preparing my seminar. At the last but not least, I am thankful to my parent, who had encouraged &inspired me with their blessings.

Place: Bhubaneswar Indubhushan khandual Date: 15th September 2011

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Table of Contents
Introduction to Zigbee Importance of Wireless Systems Why Zigbee Wireless Networks used in Zigbee IEEE standard 802.15.4 (Zigbee) Components of IEEE 802.15.4 Network Topologies Star Topology Cluster tree Topology Mesh Topology OSI Model for layers Physical Layer Media Access Layer (MAC) Application Layer Zigbee networking Zigbee Applications Conclusion References

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Introduction to ZigBee
This report is an introduction to ZigBee. ZigBee basically supports technical modulation methods of protocol. All the technical results provided in this report are taken from the standard documents and the Internet resource. In data communications, ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4 standard with business and consumer devices. In this mainly included connectivity between small packet devices. It was initially standardized by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Importance of Wireless Systems

Wireless networks provide following advantages Mobility: Wireless LAN provides connection to their users within the network Range. When User connects to the network he gets the real-time access from the WLAN without disconnecting from the server. This Possibility not exists in the Wired Connections. Security: It can provide security, make sure that can be protected by the password or not. Otherwise that information can be viewed by the others. Convenience: This wireless system provides more convenient to connect to the internet. Because Wireless Connections are always on, we can connect to the network without dialing the modem in the given range. e.g. Router, Femtocell. Flexibility: wireless device are more flexible than wired networks. Here we can easily upgrade configuration and flexibly we can connect to the internet without wires.

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Installation speed and simplicity: Wireless Network installation is easy and fast. No need of laying cables in wireless networks. If obstacles exist in given range still it can connect to the network. Reduced cost of ownership: Initial stage of investment is more in wireless system compares with wired system. But overall cost of the complete wireless system is less. Scalability: wireless systems configured topologies to meet the specific application in the peer to peer networks

Why ZigBee
We Know that wireless networks have developed in a sequence like Wifi and Bluetooth. The first well known wirless network has developed with wireless Personal Area Networks was Bluetooth. But it has low capacity and Better life. To overcome these problems IEEE 802.15 has developed. That is known as ZigBee. Zigbee has longer battery life, less complexity and lower data rates. ZigBee is designed to provide highly efficient connectivity between small packet devices Wireless Networks used in Zigbee Over the last century, advances in wireless technologies have led to the radio, the television, the mobile telephone, and communication satellites. All types of information can now be send to any corner of the world. A wireless network is a flexible data communication system, which uses wireless media such as radio frequency technology to transmit and receive data over the air, minimizing the need for wired connections.

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Fig 1. Wireless Networks ZigBee devices allow batteries to last up to years using primary cells (low cost) without any chargers (low cost and easy installation). ZigBees simplicity allows for inherent configuration and redundancy of network devices provides low maintenance. Zigbee is a reliable system compared to other wireless communication systems. Wireless is unreliable because, for example when we are talking in a mobile phone sometimes we get dropped calls because of network problem this problem can be resolved by using Zigbee because zigbee can be achieved by using so many techniques. Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Avoidance(CSMA-CA) 16 bit Cyclic Redundancy Check ( CRCs) When more than one station is transmit the data at the same time collision will occur, to avoid this problem CSMA-CA is used. The purpose of using CRCs is to check the given bits are correct or not. Wi-fi: Wi-fi is a one type of wireless network, it works like a router. This comes under IEEE standard of 802.11 family. Wifi works at 2.4GHz and new generation is works at 5 GHz. It is basically introduces any wireless local area network. It supports many applications for e.g., mobile phones, home networks, consumer electronics and videogame console. WiMax:
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It is also called as Wireless Metropolitan Access Network (WMAN). This belongs to IEEE standard 802.16 family. The frequency range of WiMax is in between 2 to 11GHz and bandwidth is 10 to 60 GHz. Bluetooth: This is useful to exchange the information or data between two devices without using any physical connections. This related to IEEE standard 802.15.1 family and it is WPAN. Bluetooth uses radio waves range up to 2.4GHz.

IEEE standard 802.15.4 (ZigBee)

In the world of wireless communication there are many standards existing today, each with a specific application field and characteristics which best suites the need. However among so many standard we will only discuss only about Zigbee as it is the most complementary standards among all. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard was developed to operate such a device which specifies the physical layer and media access control for low data rate wireless personal area networks (LRPANS) such as wireless sensors.

Components of the IEEE 802.15.4

IEEE 802.15.4 networks use three types of devices: The network coordinator The full function device( hub) The reduced function device( nodes) The network Coordinator maintains overall network knowledge. It is the most sophisticated one of the three types, and requires the most memory and computing power. The Full Function Device (FFD) supports all IEEE 802.15.4 functions and features specified by the standard. It can function as a network coordinator. Additional memory and computing power make
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it ideal for network router functions or it could be used in networkedge devices (where the network touches the real world). The Reduced Function Device (RFD) carries limited (as specified by the standard) functionality to lower cost and complexity. It is generally found in network-edge devices. The RFD can be used where extremely low power consumption is a necessity.

Network Topologies
IEEE 802.15.4 can contain three types of networks: Star topology, Tree Topology Mesh Topology

These topologies are described in below.

Star Topology

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Fig2: Star Network Topology The Star topology is the simplest and easiest topology to design and implement. In a Star topology all nodes are linked together with central hub, called the PAN coordinator, which is connected with point to point connection. This hub acts as a repeater or signal booster. The advantage of this topology is simplicity to adding the additional nodes compared to other network topologies The first FFD that is activated may establish its own network and become a Personal Area Network (PAN) coordinator Then both FFD and RFD devices can connect to the PAN coordinator All networks within the radio sphere of influence must have a unique PAN identity. All nodes in a PAN must talk to the PAN Coordinator

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Cluster tree Topology

A Cluster Tree topology is the best network topology to combine multiple basic star topology into one larger network. In this type of topology in which the central node is connected to one or more other nodes that are lower in the hierarchy. Cluster-tree network is a special case of a peer-to-peer network in which most devices are FFDs and an RFD may connect to a cluster tree network as a leave node at the end of a branch. Any of the FFD can act as a coordinator and provide synchronization services to other devices and coordinators.

It differs from the star topology in that any device can communicate with any other device as long as they are in the range of one another.

The peer-to-peer topology allows more complex network formations to be implemented, such as the mesh topology.

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Mesh Topology

The type of network topology is similar to Tree topology in which some of the nodes of the network is connected to more than one other node in the network. Advantage of this topology is redundancy. Mesh topology is described in two types fully connected and partially connected. In both of that full connected is more complex and costly. So, this can use only smaller network and number nodes should be less. In partially connected topology one of the nodes is connected to more than one node. This is connected to point to point. Advantage of this topology is redundancy.

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OSI Model for layers

The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model ,is a product of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) . It consist of 7 layers. Each layer is used for performing some specific tasks .

Fig5: OSI Layers Model

Physical Layer
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This layer is the lowest layer compared to all other layers. The communication to radio transceiver is direct. The purpose of radio transceiver is transmit or receives packets. The main components included in this layer are PHY header (PHR), PHY payload, and Synchronization header. .We can use different cables in this layer those included thinnet, thicknet, Unshieled twisted pairs the main difference of these are cost and maintenance. Frequency Bands and Data rates of ZigBee Now a days there exist 3 frequency bands. 1. 868-868.6MHZ (868MHZ band) 2. 902-928MHZ (915MHZ band) 3. 2400-2483.5MHZ (2.4GHZ band)

Table 1.1: Frequency bands and data rates Totally 32 channels are available across the different frequency bands, as described in table 1.2

Table 1.2: Frequency bands , channel rates, and channel numbers

Modulation/Spreading

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The conversion of the binary data to a modulated signal in the 2450 MHz frequency band can be described as the functional block diagram in Figure 6 The numbers show how the binary data "0000b" is converted to a baseband chip sequence with pulse shaping.

Figure 2.3: Modulation and spreading Bit to symbol The first step is to encode all the data in the PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) from binary data to symbols. Each byte is divided into two symbols and the least significant symbol is transmitted first. For multi-byte fields, the least significant byte is transmitted first, except for security related fields where the most significant byte is transmitted first Symbol to chip Each data symbol is mapped into a Pseudo-random (PN) 32-chip sequence. The chip sequence is then transmitted at 2 MChip/s with the least significant chip (c 0) transmitted first for each symbol. Table 2.3 shows the data symbol with corresponding chip values

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O-QPSK Modulation The modulation format is Offset - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK) with half-sine pulse shaping, equivalent to Minimum Shift Keying (MSK). QPSK is an efficient way to use the often limited bandwidth. Each signal element represents two bits, the equation below shows how the OQPSK can be expressed. By using Offset, phase changes in the combined signal never exceeds 90 . In the case using QPSK the maximum phase change is 180. O-QPSK provides a greater performance than QPSK when the transmission channel has components with significant nonlinearity.

where fc is the center frequency and Tc is the time that Q is delayed to get the 90_ phase change. Above equation describes the O-QPSK modulated signal, I is the in-phase carrier and Q the quadraturephase carrier. The use of half-sine pulse shaping eliminates any amplitude variation and turns the O-QPSK into a constant envelope modulation. Below equation describes the half sine pulse shaping.
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Media Access Layer (MAC)

There are two channel access mechanisms used by MAC Layer: Non-Beacon mode Beacon mode MAC Data Service Diagrams:

Fig 7: non beacon Network Communication and Beacon Network Communication ZigBee networks can use beacon or non-beacon environments. Coordinator is responsible for synchronize the network devices, is called beacon-enabled PAN. In this network all the devices must be active in all times for e.g., listen for beacon, synchronize their clocks and go back to the sleep. The disadvantage of this network is batter life is very less. The coordinator is not responsible for transmitting the beacons is called non-beacon network communication. Synchronization not exist in this type of network. The advantage of this type is battery life is increased because the devices wake up is less compared to beacon network.
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Application layer:
The end users can utilize the network services from this layer. Main components involved in this type of layer are Gateway. The main activities included in this layer are flow control and error control and it supports user applications. Protocols used in this layer are:DNS; FTP; TFTP; BOOTP; SNMP; RLOGIN; SMTP; MIME; NFS; FINGER; TELNET; NCP; APPC; AFP; SMB. e.g., file transfer, NetBIOS, e-mail.

Zigbee Networking:
Zigbee can use so-called mesh networking, which may extend over a large area and contain thousands of nodes. Each FFD in the network also acts as a router to direct Messages. The routing protocol optimizes the shortest and most reliable path through the network and can dynamically change, so as to take evolving conditions into account. This enables an extremely reliable network, since the network can heal itself if one node is disabled. This is very similar to the redundancy employed in the Internet.

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Zigbee networks are primarily intended for low duty cycle sensor networks (<1%). A new network node may be recognized and associated in about 30 ms. Waking up a sleeping node takes about 15 ms, as does accessing a channel or transmitting data. ZigBee applications benfit from the ability to quickly attach information, detach, and go to deep sleep, which results in low power consumption and extended battery life.

Security in Zigbee networking:

There are three types of security modes defined: unsecured mode, access control list and secured mode. Unsecured mode : no security used. Access control list :No encryption used, but the network rejects frames from Unknown devices Secured mode : In the secured mode the devices can use the following Security services Access control list.
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Data encryption using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128 bit encryption algorithm. Frame integrity is a security service that uses a Message Integrity Code (MIC) to protect data from being modfied by parties without the cryptographic key. It further provides assurance that data come from a party with the cryptographic key. Sequential freshness is a security service that uses an ordered sequence of inputs to reject frames that have been replayed. When a frame is received, the freshness value is compared with the last known freshness value.

Zigbee Applications :
Unwired application uses more power that means less battery power, But Zigbee consuming minimum power and long battery lives. It is also used in light switches, fire and smoke detectors, thermostats, appliances in the kitchen, video and audio remote controls, landscaping, and security systems. ZigBee technology is designed to best suit these applications,for the reason that it enables reduced costs of development. It is used for two purposes not only for consumer monitoring but also for computer system for data analysis. Zigbee offer healthcare services including aging independence, chronic disease, and general health, wellness and fitness.It also provides global standards for home theater equipment, set-top boxes and other audio equipment.

Conclusion:
Zigbee is very important because it provides low system cost, power consumption is less , and flexibility is also good compared to other wireless devices. Zigbee and Bluetooth are two solutions for two different aspects of design areas. Zigbee does not requires high data transfers but it having long battery life.

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REFERENCES:

IEEE 802 Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks, IEEE Computer Society, 2009.

Kohvakka, M., Kuorilehto, M., Hnnikinen, M., & Hnnikinen, T. D. (2006). Performance analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee for large-scale wireless sensor network applications. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor and Ubiquitous Networks, Terromolinos, Spain. 48-57.

DESIGN OF ZIGBEE TRANSCEIVER FOR IEEE 802.15.4 USING MATLAB/SIMULINK A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN TELEMATICS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING By RAVIKANTH KANNA Kinney, Zigbee Technology: Wireless Control that Simply Works, White Paper dated 2 October 2008. Behrouz A. Frouzan, Data Communication, Third Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishinng company Limited, 2004, Pp 19110. Andrew S. Tenenbaum, Computer Networks, Fourth Edition Pearson Publication Limited, 2003, Pp 21-89. William Stalling, Wireless Communication and Networks, Fourth Edition, Pearson Publication Limited, 2004, Pp 39-118. 802.15.4, Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control(MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LRWPANs).

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ZigBee Specification v3.0, ZigBee Alliance,December 14th, 2009.

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