Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
plegamientos
Derivados mesodérmicos
Derivados endodermicos
El embrión trilaminar:
el destino de las capas embrionarias
Derivados de las capas germinales
Ectodermo axial: cerebro, médula espinal
Ectodermo para-axial (cresta neural)
Ganglios raquídeos, melanocitos, médula
adrenal,
Ectodermo para-axial (placodas)
Oído, cristalino, epitelio nasal, ganglios
craneales
Mesodermo para-axial:
Esqueleto axial, músculo, dermis
Endodermo:
Epitelios respiratorios, digestivos y buco-
faríngeos
Los derivados del ectodermo: La neurulación
Endodermo:
Epitelios respiratorios, digestivos
y buco-faríngeos
4ª Semana: Plegamiento lateral
4ª Semana: Plegamiento lateral
4ª Semana: Plegamiento antero-posterior
4ª Semana: Plegamientos (resumen)
El plan corporal al inicio del período fetal: estadio
23 de Carnegir
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Spinal cord
Del tercer mes al nacimiento: El período
fetal y la placenta
Las primeras 8 semanas tras la fecundación se denominan el período
embrionario. Durante esta fase tiene lugar la formación del plan
corporal y la organogénesis. Por ello, durante esta fase el embrión es
particularmente vulnerable a los agentes teratógenos.
The comparison of the fetal crown-rump length shows the enormous increase in size during the fetal
period. The fetal crown-rump length at 8 weeks amounts to just 3 cm while that of the fetus at birth
comes to over 30 cm (highly schematic drawing).
El peso del feto
The weight of the fetus experiences its largest increase in the third trimester. The
variations, though, are quite large. This is emphasized with the scatter (light pink in the
diagram). Various hormones influence intrauterine growth. Initially they are mainly
maternal hormones passing through the placenta, but later, in the fetal period,
hormones produced by the fetus itself are also responsible for the weight increase.
The weight of the embryo/fetus can only be estimated with the help of length sectional
ultrasound measurements of various structures
La placenta
Su origen determina que tenga una parte fetal y otra materna, con cargas genéticas
diferentes. Aunque las circulaciones materna y fetal están muy cerca, éstas
permanecen separadas por lo que se llama la barrera placentaria.
La placenta es por lo tanto un órgano autónomo que toma funciones reguladoras muy
importantes y su disfunción es fuente de importantes patologías.
El origen de la placenta: el trofoblasto
7d La actividad enzimática en
contacto con el endometrio
permite la eclosión de la blástula
y la implantación.
corion
EMBRYOLOGY.CH
http://www.embryology.ch/genericpages/moduleembryoen.html
In obstetrics the pregnancy weeks (PW) are After the 8th week, the fetus takes on typical human
normally reckoned from the date of the Last features, even though at the end of the first trimenon,
Menstrual Period (LMP). This is a point in the head is still relatively large in appearance. The
time that many women can easily remember. eyes shift to the front and the ears and nasal saddle
Computed this way, the pregnancy lasts 40 are formed.
weeks and the embryonic period - The eyelids are also clearly recognizable now. On the
accordingly - 10 weeks. Caution is body, fine lanugo hairs are formed, which at the time
advisable, though, when wishing to calculate of birth are replaced by terminal hairs. The physiologic
the moment of ovulation - and thus umbilical hernia that arises in the embryonic period has
fertilization, closely connected with it - mostly disappeared. In the second trimenon the mother
because the moment of ovulation can vary feels the first movements of the child. In the last
and depends on many factors (conditioned trimenon the subcutaneous fatty tissue is formed and
by the environment and psychological stretches the still wrinkled skin of the fetus. The skin
aspects). In embryology the temporal indices becomes covered more and more with vernix
(i.e., the PW), therefore, always refer to the caseosa. This is a whitish, greasy substance und
moment of fertilization even though in consists of flaked off epithelial cells and sebaceous
practical midwifery the time following the gland secretions. In neonatology this vernix caseosa
LMP is still used for computations. is an important criterion for judging the maturity of the
child. If the birth occurs post-term, it disappears again
Más información: crecimiento fetal
The following hormones are responsible for Prenatal growth thus depends on various
the intrauterine growth of the child: elements. Sufficient and balanced maternal
Growth hormone (somatotropin), produced nourishment is the prerequisite for the normal
in the adenohypophysis, and insulin-like thriving of a child. Further maternal factors are
factors from the liver stimulate the growth her size, her parity (i.e., how many children
and metabolism of cartilage, bones and the woman she has already given birth to),
muscles.· diseases such as hypertonia, diabetes
Glucocorticoid (e.g. ACTH), produced in mellitus, etc., as well as her living conditions
the adrenal cortex, accelerates fetal (smoking, drinking and/or other unhealthy
maturation. habits).
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) released
by the thyroid gland have an influence on
fetal growth.
Insulin is an endocrine regulator of prenatal
growth.
Local growth factors influence tissue growth
and development.
Placental hormones have a large influence
on the child's growth. The placenta
produces factors that are partly protective
and partly stimulating.
Mas info: estimación del peso fetal por
medio de ultrasonidos
Fig. 13 - Normal weight distribution curve
The intrauterine weight measurements are
based on extrapolated values of various
diameters obtained with ultrasound
(green). They do not correlate exactly with
the postnatal weight measurements.
One distinguishes three phases in the
weight distribution curve: the intrauterine
period, the transition period (or the
perinatal period – the first 6 - 12 days) and
the extra-uterine period (from 6 - 12 days
following delivery
Más información: período de sensibilidad fetal
(teratogénesis)
The embryonic time comprises 56 days, i.e., 8 weeks from the moment
of fertilization. This time span is divided into 23 Carnegie stages and the
stage classification is based solely on morphologic features.
week 4
week 8
Fetal period
Birth
Estadios de Carnegie 7-10 (1-4s)
http://www.embryology.ch/francais/iperiodembry/carnegie02.html
1 Vesícula vitelina C7/19d C9/21d
2 Línea primitiva
3 Nodo
4 Ectodermo/disco
embrionario
1a Mamelón maxilar
C12/26d
1b Mamelón mandibular
2,3 Arcos branquiales (2º y 3º)
4 Somites (21-29ss)
5 Tubo neural
6 Corazón
P prosencéfalo
M Mesencéfalo
R romboencéfalo
Fotografía de un embrión humano de 23d
cabeza
Saco vitelino 2º
Larsen
Más información: Diagnóstico prenatal