12-7-11 Notes Olfactory Stimulation - Olfactory organs located high in nasal cavity above usual pathway of inhaled air

- Olfactory receptors undergo sensory adaptation rapidly - Sense of smell drops by 50% within a second after stimulation Olfactory Code - Hypothesis - Odor that is stimulated by distinct set of receptor cells and its reception Sense of Taste - Taste buds -organs of taste -located on papillae of tongue, roof of mouth, linings of cheeks and walls of pharynx Taste receptors -chemoreceptors -taste cells-modified epithelial cells that function as receptors -taste hairs-microvilli that protrude from taste cells; sensitive parts of taste cells Taste Sensations 5 primary taste sensations -sweet- stimulated by carbs -sour- stimulated by acids -salty- stimulated by salts -bitter- stimulated by many organic compounds -umami- savory; foods containing MSG (Asian foods) **spicy foods activate pain receptors** Taste nerve pathways Sensory impulses from taste receptors travel along -Cranial nerves to -Medulla Oblongata to -Thalamus to -Gustatory cortex (for interpretation) Hearing Ear- organ of hearing 3 sections -external -middle -inner ~External ear -auricle- collects sound waves -external auditory meatus -lined with ceruminous glands -carries sound to tympanic membrane

-terminates with tympanic membrane {swimmers ear(otitis externa) middle ear infection(childs ear infectionotitis media) caused by bacteria and antibiotics to heal it Tympanic membrane- vibrates in response to sound waves ~Middle Ear -tympanic cavity- air-filled space in temporal bone -auditory ossicles -vibrate in response to tympanice membrane -malleus, incus, and stapes -oval window -opening in wall of tympanic cavity -stapes vibrates against it to move fluid in inner ear **Eustachian tube AKA auditory tube--- becomes more vertical as you get older which causes less ear infections** Auditory tube -eustachian tube -connects middle ear to throat -helps maintain equal pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane -usually closed by valve-like flaps on throat ~Inner Ear 3 parts of labyrinths -cochlear- functions in hearing -Semicircular canals- functions in equilibrium -vestibule- functions in equilibrium Sight Visual accessory organs -eyelids -lacrimal apparatus -extrinsic eye muscles

Eyelid -palpebra -composed of 4 layers 1)skin 2)muscle 3)CT(connective tissue) 4)conjunctiva Orbicularis oculi- closes Levator palperbrae superioris- opens Tarsal glands- secrete oil into eyelashes Conjunctiva- mucous membrane; lines eyelid and covers portion of eyeball Lacrimal apparatus -Lacrimal gland -lateral to eye

-secretes tears -Canaliculi -collects tears -Lacrimal sac -Collects from canaliculi Nasolacrimal duct -collects from lacrimal sac -empties tears into nasal cavity