Construction Management

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS
CHAPTER - 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Most of the developments require the excavation of material and destruction of buildings. The deposit of waste not been considered as part of the initial proposals. This has resulted in tipping at some sites with adverse impact on the landscape. Even though the development itself has been acceptable or extreme lorry movements to remove material that had an impact on narrow country lanes. Even for the excavations of foundations for a veranda, or may be many hundreds of tonnes with the creation of a huge agricultural building cut into sloping site, in which the waste produced is considered to be insignificant. To say in detail, of how the waste will be dealt which has to be included within a Management Plan and if the clean waste is to be used on site, i.e., the construction of a hedge bank, extend a track or fill in undulations in a field, later these areas are needed to be included in the application red lined site. The quantity should be calculated so that it is demonstrated that the amount of waste can be dealt with satisfactorily. Waste hierarchy is the main principle of good waste minimisation & management (WMM). Site waste management plans (SWMP) for works involving construction or demolition waste are included in the regulations of The Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005. Following a voluntary code of practice developed from this & launched by the Department for Trade & Industry (DTI) in 2004, Defra has developed proposals for compulsory site waste management plans in England. According to DEFRA each year 420M tonnes of materials have been used by the construction industry, of which 109M tonnes results are wasted approximately. Environment Agency involves construction related wastage in which more than 31% is dealt with the most serious fly-tips.
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KIRANKUMAR AKULA MSc CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 2009
Best Option
Reduce waste Reuse Recycle Energy recovery Disposal

Worst Option Figure 1 The waste hierarchy (Source:http://www.info4education.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/tempimg/52FBE28CIS888614800287827.pdf) The DTI (now BERR) in 2004 brought in a Voluntary Code of exercise to consider with the subject of construction waste for Site Waste Management Plans (SWMPs) to supply a structure for organized waste management at all levels of a construction projects delivery. The SWMPs in 2005 is placed on a legislative footing by Clean Neighbourhoods & Environment Act 2005, which led to the publication of The Site Waste Management Plans Regulations (the SWMP Regulations)2008. SWMPs are a lawful obligation for all projects of construction value greater than 300,000.
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SWMPs are intended to have a main affect on the construction industry due to the generation of vast amounts of waste and discarded each year. This dissertation is concerned with investigation of site waste management plans in the construction industry of UK. It highlights the principles and implementation of site waste management plans. Site waste management plans is a broad subject and hence I feel it is significant to attempt to be precise with mentioning the aims and objectives of the research.
1.2. AIMS
The most important aim of this study is to put forward an elaborated summary of 1) What is the benefit of Site Waste Management Plans (SWMPs) for a Project? What is involved, how to produce and implement a site waste management plans on a project? 2) Amplify the Site Waste Management Plans (SWMPs) on a project?
1.3. OBJECTIVES
To explore the reasons for implementing site waste management plans in the construction industry; To find out the factors determining the success of a site waste management plan; To provide a structured approach to management and recycling on site; and To reduce the cost of waste management and increase profit margins.
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CHAPTER 2
2.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION Research is not just a process of gathering information, as is sometimes suggested. Rather, it is about answering unanswered question or creating that which does not currently exist. In many ways, research can be seen as process of expanding the boundaries of our ignorance. The person who believes he/she knows everything reveals not only arrogance, but also a profound ignorance. As people study the unknown, they often discover useful things. Everything we now know had to be discovered by someone at some time without research you would be naked, homeless and penniless. The discovery of creation of knowledge, therefore, lies at the heart of search, or as Leedy puts it, research is a systematic quest for undiscovered knowledge (Lee89). Good research is systematic in that it is planned, organised and has specific goal. It is also a never-ending process: discoveries and creations lead to new discoveries and new creations, and so on. Famous examples In 1987, a young student named Marie curie started work on her doctoral thesis. The previous year, the physicist Antoine Becquerel had detected radiation emanating from uranium, and Curie set out to study the phenomenon of radioactivity. After examining several uranium compounds, she concluded that the amount of radiation produced was proportional to the amount of uranium involved. However, uranium pitchblende (the principal source of uranium) was an exception to this rule, for it
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produced four times more radiation than could be expected from the uranium content. In trying to explain this phenomenon, Curie theorised that there must be some other, hitherto undiscovered, element causing the high levels of radiation. Her husband, Pierre, joined her in her research, and from tons of pitchblende they eventually isolated tiny quantities of two previously undiscovered elements, polonium and radium. In 1903 Marie Curie obtained her doctorate and also won the Nobel Prize for physics (shared with Pierre Curie and Becquerel) for this work. (In 1911 she received another Nobel prize, this time for chemistry.) 2.1.2 Why do research? Asking why people do research is in many cases the same as asking why people ask why about the universe in which they live. The pursuit of knowledge purely in order to know why is as old as humankind, and much research is the result of this pursuit. Research can also result from specific real world needs the need for low cost housing, for example or a more powerful radio transmitter, or even an atomic bomb. 2.1.3 Different types of Research There are many approaches to dealing with research. Two of the most common are known as quantitative and qualitative, although this distinction is somewhat simplistic as the relationship is best thought of as a continuum of research types. Quantitative research generally starts with an experimental design in which a hypothesis is followed by the quantification of data and some sort of numerical analysis is carried out. Qualitative studies on the other hand, generally are not set up s experiments; the data cannot be easily quantified, and the analysis is interpretive rather than statistical. As mentioned previously, this is an overly simplistic view because one can imagine a number of variations on this theme. In general, however, quantitative and qualitative research can be characterized as shown in table.
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Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Table 1 Quantitative Research Obtrusive, measurement Objective and removed from the data Verification oriented, confirmatory Outcome-oriented Subjective Discovery oriented Process oriented involving Qualitative Research controlled Naturalistic and controlled observation
Reliable, involving hard and replicable Soft data data Generalizable Assuming a stable reality Ungeneralizable, single case studies Assuming a dynamic reality
The methodology of this research is to provide the best possible opportunity of achieving the stated aims and objectives as stated above. The research methodology will include the following essential seven steps: Step One: A comprehensive literature review of the available work reported on SWMPs in construction industries. The review includes the recent literature on the subject that addresses: Concept of SWMPs SWMPs Methodology SWMPs components The benefits of SWMPs The barriers of SWMPs SWMP regulations
Besides this I also discussing other SWMP related issues.

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Step Two: Design of a questionnaire related to SWMPs on the construction project its future use, benefits and barriers of implementations. Step Three: Questionnaires will be distributed to the medium and large UK construction project. Step Four: Data collection and compiling. Once the study begins a detailed notes must be maintain on the collected data on its progress. These notes will consist of impressions of the reactions of the subjects, the working of the instruments and any other observations which might be relevant to study. Debriefing a discussion of the subjects experience of the research process is becoming a feature of evaluative research; such discussions may provide valuable insight into my study. They can help in the interpretation of results. Talking to subjects about experiences lets they know that I regard them as people and not mere subjects. Step Five: Analysing of collected data. It is useful to think of the data analysis as a process of exploration. Johnson and Pennypacker (1980) manage to inject an erotic metaphor into the clam world of data analysis by noting that as in amorous foreplay, the process of exploring ones data should proceed from the general to the particular, aided at every step by enhanced visualization. More mundanely I need, on the one hand, a map- a conceptual or theoretical framework constructed from what I already know about my subject. This allows me to make informed choices and decisions. On the other hand premature for
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closure reaching facile conclusions or making erroneous assumptions too early will stop me from seeing things in the data that I didnt expect to see. Step Six: Results from the analysed data will be summarised and presented. Step seven: Conclusion of the research, recommendations and suggestions for further studies will be incorporated.
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

To gain a background on the topic the study begins with an extensive literature review through various medium like internet, books and other study material. The literature review will give an overview of both the basics and implementation of the site waste management plans on construction projects. The literature review not only allows me to examine what is already known concerning site waste management but also enables me to add additional information on site waste management, their plans and procedures to be used to obtain the information. In addition, data from the previous studies is to be studied in detail.
2.3 CASE STUDIES

The research includes two case studies. The case studies of construction work across the public and private sectors were selected to represent different aspects of site waste management plans to ensure good practice which if implemented in the proper way will help them to deliver successful construction projects.
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2.4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Analyze the qualitative data gathered in both the case studies, to provide a detailed perspective of the specific site waste management plans and identify the key factors in construction and also critically evaluate their affect on the project objective.
2.5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Mitchell and Jolley (1988) state that if the results are as predicated, the discussion is mainly a reiteration of the highlights of the introduction and results sections. If the results are unexpected the discussion section is usually an attempt to reconcile the introduction and results section. The results, of course, have to be set out as clearly as possible the steps are coming to and then reported succinctly. In reporting my results and conclusions, I will find difficult balance between comprehensiveness and economy in my reporting. Also be explicit. Unpack complicated results and conclusions to make them clear. Establish recommendations for future research, based on issues presented during the research.
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CHAPTER - 3
3.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ON SWMPS 3.1.1 What is SWMPs? A SWMP is a plan for managing and removal of waste produced during work including demolition or construction. It gives an idea for measuring the amount of waste that is formed throughout a construction project. It also assures in what ways waste could be dealt as well as handled. 3.1.2 Aim of a SWMP?
Aim of a SWMP is to make sure that construction resources are dealt effectively, that recovery, reuse and recycling of waste resources is increased and also where waste is dispatched of. This process is carried out lawfully.
3.1.3 Gains of SWMPs?
A perfectly formed and managed site waste management plan can have the following benefits:
You can save money throughout the pre-design, design and procurement levels of a construction project by helping to handle site materials more successfully and encouraging waste minimisation. This can minimise the landfill dumping cost of a construction project, which continue to increase every year. Through reduced dumping costs and better resource efficiency, Government statistics suggest SWMPs could save cost which ranges from
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1k up to 30k on construction and demolition projects works based on the type and size of project. Client and Principal Contractor has to pay penalties ranging from 300 to unlimited fines for minor to major infringements if legal obligations are avoided; It also helps to improve environmental performance of your organisation. Waste management performance and resource efficiency can also be help to measure on and across projects. And also identify areas for managing the waste and further improvement in designing waste that is formed
3.1.4 When do the novel Regulations approach existence?
The SWMPs came into existence on April 6th2008. The SWMPs relate to all construction projects in only England. No need of SWMPs for construction works that were designed before April 6th 2008 and in case of works yet to begin previous to July 1st 2008. The SWMPs will not affect to project works related to a Part A set up as per the Environmental Permitting (England & Wales) Regulations 2007. Part A installations are those setups which could actually have a major effect on surroundings. Even though the list is widespread such setups would comprise for instance, cement, smelting plants and lime producing plants.
3.1.5 Who is supposed to submit the SWMPs?
Any organisation or individual who intends to hold up a project up to an approximate cost more than 300,000 will need to submit SWMPs. The capital will be calculated by the received tender and no other tender than the expenditure of labours, plant, machineries and materials, payments and benefit are consider. When there is a doubt on the project cost, then you can be able to come to an estimation
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middling price computation for various building types by going through information available on website address of Building Cost Information Service (BCIS) or by buying the building prices of BCIS Quarterly Review.
3.1.6 When should the SWMPs be submitted?
Prior to the start of construction project a SWMP needs to be submitted.
3.1.7 Who is accountable for the SWMPs?
Where the job is distributed depending on whether the client utilises or does not utilises a contractor. Under those conditions, if the client does not chooses to employ a contractor, all responsibilities which usually are on the main-contractor according to the SWMP rules which are inflicted on client. If a main contractor is employed by the client, the under mentioned tasks will be originated:
Legal Duties of Clients
Client must ensure that before the start of construction work, SWMP is to be produced or not. Client must give and rule a Principal Contractor to meet the terms with the regulations or engage their duties under the regulations himself. Client along with the Principal Contractor must state that all the waste will be dealt with reference to Waste Duty of Care regulations and handled suitably and efficiently.
Client must be along with the Principal Contractor and make sure adequate site safety which is in position to avoid unlawful waste dumping. Client must be always with the Principal Contractor and regularly review the SWMP to check it is in exact in relation to site waste management duties and responsibilities.
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Legal Duties of Principal Contractors As per the Waste Duty of Care rules all the waste in site should be managed efficiently and suitably. To put a stop to unlawful dumping of waste full site security should be provided. The SWMP is updated whenever waste is taken off from site.
3.1.8 Who indulged in SWMPs?
Every person concerned with, materials delivery to, or removal of waste and materials from site will be indulged in SWMPs.
Architects Clients Designers Trades Managers of Project Managers of Waste Suppliers
1) Which traders are concerned?
All traders will be implicated in SWMPs. Their activities and commitment will make sure that SWMP complies with rules. The under mentioned is a listing of examples explains persons accountable for making sure SWMPs:
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Joiners and carpenters Bricklayers Plasterers and dry liners Electricians Painters and Decorators Roofing contractors Ground works contractors Flooring contractors Repairs and Maintenance contractors Plant operators Demolition contractors
This is not a complete list; if one is concerned with building or demolition business he is also indulged.
2) How can trades help?
Each trade helps an accountable individual deliver efficient SWMPs on site. The trades necessitate to:
Significance of SWMPs must be understood while induction Know regarding their wastes and how it is minimised Transfer waste properly Keep away from off-cuts, spoilage or ordering extra material Not to utilise dangerous substances where feasible Implement fair and finest practice in management of waste at the site Train employees to sense about the real capital of waste.
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3) How can clients help?
The client is legally responsible to penalties for disobedience of the SWMP Regulations 2008 throughout the project. It is significant that client is deeply concerned with reduction as well as managing wastes than earlier. Clients can:
indulge the main contractor in advance during design level present a SWMP model or motivate main contractors to make SWMP by themselves that satisfy the fundamental essentials of SWMP Regulations 2008
take account of contractual clauses that specify how waste reduction and handling of waste can be included into site practices give bonuses related to performance support bigger contribution of the trades as well as suppliers involve chosen contractors who are concerned of their product by more effective utilisation of assets instead of least capital.
4) How architects as well as designers help out?
Architects as well as designers lead a pivotal function in determining kind, style and structure of the project and have idea of the materials selection, products and proportions. Architects and designers have a greater part in planning buildings, structures and infrastructure that exemplify waste reduction, recycled and reused substance. Architects and designers must:
take up standard sizes for materials and products where these increase value plan for waste reduction throughout construction plan for deconstruction, elasticity and adaptableness seek through SWMPs ways to minimise waste in further deals
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mention resources and products which reduce waste integrate recycled content and in case of least packaging inspire engineers to mention content of recycling where they increase the value.
5) How can project managers help?
Project managers are intended for SWMP, particularly on smaller sites. On bigger sites the accountability for SWMP will be conceded to some other individual. Managers of project must:
make sure everyone visiting the site is aware of SWMP give detail instruction on how SWMP must be executed set up for suitable storage of waste and materials recognize suitable providers of waste management service find the recycling, reuse and waste recovery services providers organize for separation of wastes, this is of importance and workable make sure the SWMP is available and utilised during the project support education, training and toolbox talks regarding waste reduction and management utilise incentives, posters and rewards to focus the significance of efficient waste reduction and management.
6) How suppliers can assist?
Material suppliers will frequently supplies materials to site which results to wastes that the construction manager have accountable for. Material suppliers will be more concerned with waste reduction actions since carrying out of the SWMP discloses where wastes come across and who is in charge of it. Suppliers must take care of:
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varieties and masses of packaging they use. optimising or minimising the quantity of packaging essential. collapsible and returnable packaging take-back plans for unspoiled materials after completion of projects products that need less raw materials. more products which suit to the required dimensions.
7) How can waste managers help?
Services in Waste Management are getting broader and site explicit as the time progress. Chartered Institute of Waste Management always conducts yearly meeting of the Waste Industry. Technologies and systems that are customized to particular services are highly implemented by this. Waste managers can assist distribute the SWMPs by:
contribution modified services that support higher contribution. practising waste separation at source. minimising charges where waste is un-integrated for recycling or reuse. modernizing where there are savings of scale. involving with construction managers at the beginning of the project. extending services that are more than recycling of materials. enhancing numerous material skips. contribution hippo bags, wheelie bins, and mini-skips.
8) How you can assist?
One can assist by:
removing waste at source. minimising waste throughout the project.

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reusing resources and products in case they have a value. purchasing materials which will be having recycled content. recuperating materials and wrapping for suppliers binding recovery notes. employing waste management groups that generate energy from waste as a final resort prior to disposition. throwing away waste lawfully. not engaging workers or groups who do not obey with our SWMPs, SWMP Regulations 2008.
3.1.9 What should a SWMP consist of?
The matter of a SWMP relies on the approximated build capital. In reality a SWMP must:
Determine the principal background of the project, note the main parties, the nature of the work, location of the project and the approximated cost. Make a note of any result taken prior to SWMP planning on the type of project, method of construction, its design and material used in order to bring down the amount of waste that is formed on site.
Determine and explain every type of waste that is likely to be formed during the execution of the site work. Approximate the measure of every waste type that is assumed to be formed during the execution of the site work. Recognize the waste management plan proposed for each waste type (whether it is re-use, recycling or disposal).
3.1.10 Does SWMPs applicable to all demolition and excavation construction works? Including demolition and excavation, SWMPs applies to all type of construction work. They are required for all type of projects of civil engineering and projects
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involve in the change, maintenance, interior and exterior decoration of existing structures. The fitting maintenance or removals are connected to electrical, sewage, water, gas and telecommunications are also subject to this necessity. Usual maintenance works such as gully cleaning or grass cutting, as opposed to maintenance of a structure, does not fall within this scope. A full picture of the activities to which this measure applies is provided in the SWMP Regulations.
3.1.11 Exclusions
The SWMP regulations under Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 will not be applied to the all types of Construction works taking place at a Part A installation. Since these sites are already design to account for pollution avoidance control which includes bringing down waste.
Separate SWMP is not required where there is nuclear attested site has an Integrated Waste Strategy (IWS) place that includes waste from construction activities, SWMP Regulations which provides all the obligations set out are included in the supporting document and its strategy.
3.1.12 When to check a SWMP
The approach to enforcement should be risk-based, so that the level of scrutiny is proportionate to the amount of information available. And this risk is only increased if irregularities are identified. Most of the investigation will therefore take place in relation to fly-tipping incidents or specific waste management.
A possible SWMP visit should usually coincide with an existing site inspection to produce a better regulation and reducing administrative burdens. As well as resulting in possible costs savings to the regulator, this will enable the construction company to minimise staff time allocated to dealing with inspections.
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3.1.13 What checks are recommended?
For suitable sites, the main aim is to write and implement SWMP. Explanation of the waste management processes being undertaken, additional checks should then be able to identify whether the plan is a accurate and fair. If there is documentary verification of all waste that has been removed from the site, or whether the quantities and types of waste formed have been prepared to accept against the estimates in the plan, detailed checks must be reveal.
Generally to verify the main information it is recommended that the inspection starts with a personal check of the SWMP and a conversation with the person responsible for drawing the plan. They should explain the way the site is carried out to adapt waste storage and recovery and how the plan has been enforced, down to subcontractor level. By this you might observe the weaknesses in the implementation of the plan. Notify it and revise if it is appropriate and use as an important point future project.
On the SWMP by observing the waste recovery and disposal tasks from the records and updated, checks can be made. As part of the plan, confirmation of the waste carrier registration and hazardous waste consignment notes for individuals movements of waste should be provided or should be filed and cross-referenced. Simple checks on whether the waste carrier registration details have been confirmed with the Environment Agency and whether payment is tied to confirmation of suitable waste removal will indicate how effectively the process is being adhered with. During the design phase, the site inspection can also be used a chance to discuss to employ waste minimisation techniques. In the plan any decision of reducing waste included through the construction method or material used and the design of the project.
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If all comes out well, the visit can be finished. If there are concerns, further checks should be carried out.
3.1.14. Further Checks: The person who is responsible to look after the SWMP should explain if he fails to provide proper evidence and documents related to the progress of disposal plans and waste recovery. Environment Agency has to check on waste carrier registration. Issues due to unawareness of the SWMP process or due to an intentional failure to comply with the Regulations, from the evidence gathered it should possibly involves waste movements. The penalties existing are listed below for committing any of the SWMP offences. The process of an informative approach contribution advice on SWMPs might be more suitable where a construction company is obviously having difficulty. 3.1.15. Penalties and Offences: SWMP regulations include a collection of offences to make sure fulfilment with the provisions. The key principle is that there is a sequence of responsibility between the person responsible for drawing and applying plan, any worker who fails to obey with a SWMP and the manager who selected that person. Table 2 Offence Starting a project (on site) without a SWMP Failing to update a SWMP when waste is removed from the site Failing to make a SWMP available on site Guilty party/parties Client and principal Contractor Principal contractor (or client, if no principal contractor) Principal contractor (or client, if no principal contractor) Failing to keep a SWMP for two years from Principal contractor (or client, if no principal
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Penalty A person guilty of any offence is liable: (a) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding 50,000 or (b) on conviction on indictment, to an unlimited fine.
Where a body corporate
completion Failing to comply with additional duties
contractor) Client and/or principal contractor as specified in the Regulations
is guilty of an offence, proved to be committed by a qualified person, director, manager, secretary or someone acting in such capacity he is guilty of an offence as well as the body corporate.
Making a false or misleading statement in a SWMP Failing to co-operate with, or intentionally obstructing anybody acting in the execution of these regulations.
Client, person drafting the plan or principal contractor Anyone failing assist implementation of the plan or failing to respond to a request or visit by an enforcing officer
(Source: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/topics/construction/pdf/swmpguidance.pdf) SWMPs are planned to add extra and to make strong, the waste duty of care. Wider fly tipping investigation will form a part of SWMP checks as explained previously. Under the 33 section of the Environmental Protection Act 1990, for any investigation of an offence must supports evidence provided by SWMPs and will not mitigate legal action for any related waste offences.
3.1.16. Powers to require information: All the powers are given to an officer of the Environmental Agency of local authorities by the SWMP regulation for the purpose of enforcing the provisions under section 108 of the Environment Act 1995. Under this section, the officer has a power to enter permissions and also gather evidence relevant to an investigation into an offence. If a person fails to provide the requested information without practical reason than a crime is committed.
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3.1.17 Fixed Penalty Notices: When an authorised officer requests to produce a SWMP or any other records relating to the plan, than penalty notices is an alternative source which is available. Documents or files relating to SWMP must be kept at the site. And if it repeats, than persistent offences should be pursed through the Courts. Fixed Penalty for this offence is 300 when compared with other fixed penalty notices existing for waste documentation offences. The penalty obtained from these notices may be used by local authorities to spend on further SWMP regulations. All the receipts of the Environmental Agency are returned to the HMT Consolidated fund. Table 3 Dos DONTs
In site induction include the needs of Allow your waste to be removed by an SWMP. Choose the companies and staff who stand for the SWMP Regulations 2008. Implementation of the SWMP must be contributed. Identify the accurate cost of waste and actual value of resource efficiency by considering waste more seriously. Your contribution should be more to waste management and minimisation on site. Best waste management and Make use of service providers who are not interested to discuss how they can offer more resource efficient services at a fair price. Training must be given to your staff to Skip it, bank it! increase profits during resource Provide work for staffs who is not ready to accept the requirements of your SWMP. unlicensed waste carrier. Non-hazardous or inert wastes are mixed with hazardous waste. In a muddy area or in the rain, materials that are damaged out must be left. Materials must be ordered even though you dont need.
minimisation on site is to be practice.
efficiency in order to reduce waste.

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CHAPTER - 4
4.0. PHASES OF THE SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Generally the site waste management plans consists of three phases: Pre-construction phase Construction phase Post-completion phase These three phases implies four key principals: Planning; Implementation; Monitoring; and Review.
4.1 Preconstruction Phase:

4.1.1 Permits and Licences Information:
These are the following details which are required before any waste is taken offsite: Name of any individual/company taking away of waste from site reckon as a part of contractor, subcontractors and waste management companies; Contact details of an individual/company taking away of waste from site; Address and postcode of any site that are used for treatment/storage/final disposal of waste which will be removed off from site Waste carrier registration number of any contractor or waste company designing to take waste away from site, a attested copy of their waste carrier licence and the valid to date.
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Waste consent number for waste sites that are to be used or being confirmed free from obligation in contrast/correspondence to the Site attesting (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 together with certified copies and the valid to date.
If necessary Registration with Environment Agency as a hazardous waste producer.
4.1.2 Project representation: The details of the client and principle contractor and a project representation are to be kept in it.
4.1.3 Minimisation of waste Details:
The project design team and/or Principal Contractor must be furnished with the details of any resolution .This resolution is to be considered during the process of pre-design/ design/procurement stages of a project. This is to be given towards over minimisation of the waste considered during a project.
4.1.4 Estimation of waste Details: In identifying these key waste streams, the best approximations of specified extents are to be in adequate in helping. And these principal contractor and subcontractors may be acquired from different ways of streams depending up on the previous experience. The specified key waste streams that are to be needed in the assigned category as sluggish, nonhazardous or hazardous as a least possible to give appropriate waste management planning. Whether notification is needed to be done to the Environment Agency of Hazardous Waste Producers on the site is also to be represented.
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Necessary Information includes:
During the process of the project an approximation of waste ways and the specified quantities are likely to be yielded. For each waste type covering, the destined waste management actions like reuse, recycling, recover, disposal to landfill, and other forms of disposal are on or off site. (To ensure that any waste, The Principal Contractor has to include that the removal of waste by subcontractors, is reused, recycled or recovered were possible. And there are causes for any other different aspect of disposal are described in the SWMP. This necessary must become a part of your discussions with those which are having reference to the waste management contractor.)
The Subcontractors who are designing to acquire their peculiar waste off site ,should be appropriately registered .And also the intended wastes, quantities and management acts simultaneously with any causes for the disposal to landfill or the another way of disposal should be furnished these particulars.
4.2 Construction Phase:

4.2.1 Updating the Plan:
In the SWMP, the Principal Contractor must be updated in systematic manner during the process of construction with some particular information. This includes: The quantities, types of actions and classification of wastes are taken off site and the relevant dates. To each waste type, the waste management actions that are being relevantly taken of the quantities or the percentage of the quantities for each and every of these particular actions. (Detailed Plans Only) The cost of the waste management (Detailed Plans Only)
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Until the final treatment or disposal, the waste carrier of the registration numbers and any of the transporting the waste. Each waste site used for waste treatment/disposal of waste site the name and address of has a waste consent or is exempt.
4.2.2 Additional Principal Contractor Duties:
The Principal Contractor must also have:
Ensurement of the waste that is reused, recycled or recovered as long as the practicable and furnishing an explanation for any waste which is to be sent to landfill or any other disposal.
Obtaining the imitates of all other waste convey the notes, hazardous waste transmitted notes; on-site. If necessary provide the notification of registration with Environment Agency as a hazardous waste producer
4.2.3 Waste Manager/Contractor Duties:
The waste management company or contractor who is under taking this waste off site should provide the minimum information:
The waste taken off site through the final treatment/disposal, the assisted copies of waste carrier licence and waste consent/obligation for anyone of the transporting, treating/dealing and disposing is done.
The Quantities of the any waste taken off site. To each of the waste type taken off site ,the waste management actions applied and the quantities/proportions of waste ,for each acts accordingly to the reused, recycled, recovered, land filled or other disposal.(Detailed Plans Only)
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There is clear explanation for any of the waste land filled or otherwise disposed of.
4.3. PROJECT COMPLETION PHASE

4.3.1 Principal Contractor Duties
The Principal Contractor should sign a statutory statements that are confirmed during the project completion .The SWMP has been monitored frequently throughout the construction phase .And also can be able to demonstrate this.
A cost savings report that identifies the estimated cost savings is also required to produce. And that have been attained as a consequences of putting the SWMP (Detailed Plans Only).
The Principal Contractor must keep an electronic or hard copy of the plan for some years from the date of project completion.
4.4. How to write and implement a SWMP

On 6 April 2008, the necessary needs in preparing, updates and implementation of a Site Waste Management Plans is the placed in the SWMP Regulations 2008 came into performance. In agreement with these Regulations, any of the clients who intend to hold up a project on a construction site up to an approximated amount more than 300,000 should start earlier than the work begun to make a SWMPs. Beneath the intermediary classifications, if the project is design earlier than 6th April 2008 and the construction work will be begun earlier than 1st July 2008. Then these necessary needs to make and put into consideration act will not be applied. Building
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regulations approval or Planning approval or appropriate contract documents is included as evidence of a planned project.
The amount that is coded in tender by the contractor will be the amount of the project when the client accepts tender. Value of machinery, manpower and materials, payments and profit will be considered as cost of the project if there is no tender, but VAT is removed. The British Cost Information Service (BCIS) will provide standard values for different elements. Before work starts the plan should be implemented however no legal documents require producing if the project cost is less than 300,000. The use of SWMP is helpful for construction companies as a means for reducing waste and assuring fulfilment with the control of waste to handle later on changes to the project, particularly this may affect the utilize of materials or managing of waste on-site.
If the amount of the project exceeds 500,000 as a construction procedure the plans must be implemented and updated. All the waste transactions should be noted or given reference in the plan to hinder the likelihood of fly-tipping. The plan must be reviewed finally and should note cause for any diversion from the planned classifications once the project is over.
During the progress of construction project you are needed to compare the performance with a set of estimation of waste management mention in the plan. Firstly you are needed to calculate the amount of waste expected to be in production on the site and afterwards for every kind of waste, this amount that is to be recycled or re-used on the site, or taken away from the site of construction for recycling, recovery, re-use or removal somewhere else.
The main contractor must bring up to date the preparation as waste is discarded off, recycled, recovered or re-used during the construction stage. The SWMPs can develop into a existing document which represents the present stage of
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improvement besides the waste management that forecasts contain in this plan. During the removal of waste from the site the main contractor must comply the waste management licensing, waste carrier registration regime and waste duty of care in the SWMP. When it is your control the waste is to be take care by the duty of care, check whether the person who receive the waste from you is authorised one, complete, swap over and keep transfer of waste explanation when there is surrender of waste and follow all sensible measures to avoid illegal managing or removal. All the documents related to waste transfer and registration has to be reserved in the SWMPs or with reference in the plan for higher cost projects.
Persons who are attested to take off or accept the waste are council waste collectors, licence holders of waste management or prevention of pollution registered waste carriers and manages permit or bearers of an exception for that licence or to which it permits. Checks have to be done on the contractors prior to their coming to on-site to make sure they are biddable lawfully.
To achieve maximum period betterments in resource of materials capability, one must consider the effect against the SWMP regarding to the following conclusion of the project. You should describe in the sketch any divergence between the first version of the SWMPs and the last output for the projects ranging from 300,000 to 500,000. In case of projects higher than 500,000 a much particulate study is needed for both by assuring that the plan is sequentially restructured and scheming the distinction between anticipated waste management and authentic execution. You are also needed to be estimated the price savings that you have attained all the way during the SWMPs procedure.
4.5. Who will write and execute SWMPs?

Before construction work starts the client is capable for making sure the plan is made for many projects. On behalf of the client it is to be appropriated for the consultant,
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to design SWMP for these guides in recording any resolutions which are to be considered at the time of designing state. The plan must be now transferred to the main contractor, who is going to revise it as work goes on. He then makes sure that the labour at site is in conscious of the act and assists with it. This includes the furnishing appropriated induction of site, training and information. Contractors required to hold their workers and sub-contractors to make sure any of the objectives of waste management in SWMP are made aware and have got it.
In SWMP the major duties of client and main contractor are acknowledged in the Construction Regulations 2007 (Design and Management). In case more than one contractor are involved during the project execution, it is accountability of the client to assign a main contractor for purpose of the regulations of SWMPs. Accountability for updating the plan is with the client, in case a project does not indulge a contractor. It is an prime aspect to keep in mind that the liability for conformity with the SWMPs regulations is not only with a person but eventually with the client or main contractor corporation. Suppose there is an alteration of personnel throughout the project, the particulars of people accountable for act should be kept up to date.
In the SWMP, the dependability for holding the tasks of waste management is given to the concerned contractors as well as contractors. Such responsibilities must be mentioned in the specified terms of agreements to make sure the realizing and responsibility at various stages. Under the instructions of an employer this is compatible with newly alterations in waste legislation that isolated the defence of plans. When proof of delivery to an attested site is given, it is an admirable business practise to make payments for disposal of waste .Only the intervallic checks and audits will be helpful to decrease the possibility of dumping waste illegally.
The client will be continuing to play a role in making sure its efficient implementation, even though the main-contractor is accountable for modifying the SWMPs and to make sure conformity and support among the employees. Client is
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responsible for giving any of the realistic way to the contractors that are in need to make certain the conformity for e.g., in setting of contractual tasks. SWMPs required in, being a running document, which is understandable to the users. It requires being exact and distinct, as a result.
To make certain that the roles and tasks are obvious as the project advances, client and the contractor are accountable for revising, reviewing and refining the SWMP, as needed. Sufficient security standards are to be implemented to help in avoiding the waste that is being illegally disposed at construction site.
4.6. What must be entered into SWMPs?

What amount of waste is formed on site for each type and how it is to be dealt must be forecasted by a SWMP. Prior to this, determination might have already been taken on the design, construction pattern and materials that will be used in reduction of the amount of waste. Before referring to the unavoidable waste such decisions must be recorded in the act. For this residual waste, previous to you take any off-site chances for re-use, recycling, and other ways of revival or dumping look at the choice for reusing or recycling on-site. The identification of the location of the site and the individuals responsibility in preparing and applying the plan is also needed. An outline of the particular details which are essential in the first draft of the act is mentioned below:
Involving responsibilities: 1. The client 2. The main contractor 3. The designer
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Description of the Construction Works 4. The picky location of the construction site 5. The approximated capital of the project
Materials Resource Efficiency 6. Any decision made before the SWMP was outlined to reduce the waste produced on site.
In designing and planning the construction, this statement has to give the information on any account given to the material resource efficiency. The choice of materials used or the procedure of construction, such as pre-fabrication, may add to the plan of the specifications. Preliminary records of resolutions which we take on the materials resource effectively begin at the very earlier phases of the project, and imitates of associated documentation must be used in helping the completion of this segment of the SWMP.
Waste Management 7. Description of every waste type supposed to be produced throughout the project. 8. Approximate the amount of waste that is to be formed for each kind of waste. 9. Recognize the waste management act suggested (which includes recycling, re-use, other types of recovery and dumping for each and every waste type.
At least the explanation of types of waste must be recorded as inert, non dangerous or dangerous, with further recognition of individual waste streams letting the planned waste management process to be resolved for each.
Handling and Control of waste 10. With the waste duty of care an affirmation that every waste that is formed on the site will be dealt accordingly. 11. An affirmation that the materials are treated effectively and waste dealt suitably.
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Based on the confirmation that both the parties are responsible to ensure the efficient administration and material handling and waste on site, and also any of the waste discarding is accomplished lawfully by the both the client and main contractor are mentioned in these declarations which are needed to be included in the act.
Suitable waste management includes ascertaining that other legislative needs are followed with, in particular, the required to provide fundamental characterisation of any wastes intended for landfill, proposals to meet the requirement for the advance treatment of wastes preceding to land filling, assuring any essential waste management permissions or exemptions, and conformation with the dangerous waste controls. Data about fixed exercises for the managing and storage of materials also must be incorporated in the design.
Every kind of waste to be approved at a landfill must be characterised to make sure of all information under legislation of landfill which is needed for the secure discarding of the waste in the long period of time is obtained. The data required for standard characterisation including, the information that requires to be recorded on the waste description, including accomplishment of the Duty of Care, but is unlimited to.
Also under this, the waste that is subjected with the dealing may be land filled to Landfill Directivity only. Dealing resembles a chemical, physical, biological ,process, thermal, which includes the rearrangements , that resolute the distinctive of the waste to decrease its capacity or nature of hazardous, ease its holding or improve its is being recovered. The dealt requires that may not be applied to still waste which in case the dealing is not theoretically possible.
The Environment Agency must be notified with surroundings resulting dangerous waste, movement of the waste according to the completion of consignment notes,
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maintaining records and a rule out on mixing waste as the prerequisite of Hazardous Waste Regulations
4.7 When a SWMP must be modified?

A SWMP must be restructured as frequently as needed to yield a present view of how the task is advancing alongside the waste approximates comprised in the act. So, the SWMP must be modernized to explain what amount of the approximated volume or tonnage has been refined for the waste which is recycled or re-used on site. SWMP must be restructured to notify the individual taking away the waste, the quantity and type of waste and the site to which it has been dispatched in case of the waste dispatching from site. You are only needed to give brief knowledge for projects ranging from 300,000 to 500,000 which are smaller or minute but in case of the projects above 500,000 complete information is required. In case of lesser and huge cost projects the stages of detail in SWMP updates is laid out below: Projects ranging from 300,000 to 500,000 The main contractors or client, in case there is no main contractor have to make a note on the plan the identification of that individual taking away the waste, and the kind of waste and site to which it is transferred, whenever there is a dispatch of waste from site and even the company has to be memorialised and also the individual will generally be the waste management contractor who is assigned in dealing that waste.
Projects over the range of 500,000 Every time waste is absented from site the main contractor or client ( if no principal contractor) have to note on the act the identification of the individual taking off the waste, waste carrier registration number of the waste carrier and a replica or mention to the description in written of waste, in case of abundant cost projects. It would be
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either a note of waste transfer or for dangerous waste, a note of dangerous waste consignment of it in written description. It must also be recorded whether the site where the waste has been taken to is licensed or exempt. On the real waste management acts further details is then needed. At the least in every 6 months the plan shall be restructured to note the kind and amounts of waste that are: (a) Re-cycled (b) Re-used (c) Sent for the purpose of another type of recovery (d) Sent to landfill (e) Or else discarded off.
Whether recycling and re-using takes place on or off-site, data on the quantity of this have to be provided wherever it is possible. Category (c) can be then made use in recording waste which is being dispatched for any recovery kind, it might comprise: Physical categorization (where it is resulting in retrieval of one or more elements of the sorted out waste). Biological or chemical treatment. Composting. Combustion with energy recovery. Remedial soil treatment.
Where it is impossible in recording the identified amounts of mixed waste that are intended for options (a)-(d), category (e) must be utilised for other type of removal, as well as flaming without revival and if important modifications are done in the course of the project, or significant review is needed, a further plan can be produced as allowed by Regulations.
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4.8. What happens once after the completion of project?

The finished SWMP the records with all waste management plans must be accommodated alongside the plan prior to work has begun at the end of the project. A relatively straightforward process is by constantly updating throughout the construction phase. Where the forecasts were exceeded or missed, this conclusive reconsideration will also permit the construction company in identification and learn for upcoming project. Organisations may also utilise this chance to approximate the range of capital savings gained, and it is needed for larger price projects.
The projects falling in 300,000 and 500,000 range in the cost the under mentioned data should be supplemented inside three months of the task which is finished: 1. Confirming SWMP was supervised on an even means making sure that work is advancing as per plan and that the plan was updated aptly. 2. Any deviations between the first draft of the SWMP and existing performance are elucidated.
For projects more than 500,000 in capital
Including the above considered data, the under mentioned data should be included up inside three months work which is finished. 3. An approximate of the price reserves which is being gained by finishing and bringing to affect SWMPs.
Companies need not generate an activity sketch for every project briefing how experiences gained might be dealt in future; nevertheless, gaining such experience helps improve the profits and reserves to be benefitted from a SWMP. Clients, main contractors, and others included in the designing and implementation of projects may consequently wish to conceive the best suitable means of incorporating the output of SWMPs into advance construction work. This will be useful for instance, to
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commence a standard audit or reassess method of organisation SWMPs indulging all important participants, or to deliver a dominating accomplishment plan structured on the determinations of numerous projects.
4.9. Maintaining the SWMPs

SWMP should be made accessible to anyone involved in regulatory compliance check. During the construction phase all the documents related to SWMP must be kept in the site office or in a proper place where there is no site office (on paper or electronically). You should make sure that each contractor is aware where it is put and should bring it obtainable to any contractor indulged in work mentioned in plan. For realistic causes it would be sensible to create numerous imitates of the waste management planned activities, also ensure there is only one master copy and that all replicas are modernized consequently. You need to maintain SWMPs for 24 months after finishing of the project at principal business location or the project site owing to waste management legislation.
4.10. How money is saved using SWMPs

As elucidated before, the best efficient scheme for economy save is to minimising waste prior to start scheduling how to handle waste formed on site. Cautious materials selection and construction methods at the design stage can appreciably decrease amount of waste formed on site and preserve assets. The under mentioned possibilities exist for improving efficiency of resource materials taking in to consideration the construction cycle from site clearance to finishing a structure:
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1. Demolition
Demolition waste if used effectively as a resource leads to lower cost of dispose, novel material savings replaced by re-used or retrieved materials and relieving designing characteristics.
2. Pre-design By material specifications to obtain higher efficient materials resource clients must identify the commercial advantages, along with ecological advantages. By considering recycled proportions in materials allows cost cutting and demonstrates business social accountability.
Clients can arouse desire for efficiency of resource. By joining recycled content to strategy and planning schemes is an example for it.
3. Design and specification Cost efficiency of a building during both construction and occupation lies in adopting a range of approaches during designing phase resulting in wastage reduction as well. For instance employing lean and modular patterns, picking out optimized component dimensions and planning for deconstruction are various available ways resulting in capital, waste savings and added advantage.
4. Specification of tenders: By including in tender specifications to get back unused and packaging materials, minimising the amount of waste resulting at the construction site a necessity is needed for material producers. Where possible materials with abundant packaging must be neglected. Thinking must be produced to the quantity of materials required by reducing wastage deduction.
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5. On the construction site Effective planning of the site and storage of material will reduce the intensity of wastage due to damage and lets unused materials and waste to be separated and provides a greater possibility of efficient retrieval. Plan to recover unused materials in the maximum capital function.
Key waste materials Cost saving can be achieved by increase in recycling, recovery or re-use or by reduction in wastage of material. Care must be taken towards retrievable materials which are reused could replace principal materials. Few important materials have a noteworthy effect on environment because of their large concentrations being land filled or the type of material. List of few e.g., of these materials where in important savings which can be made are mentioned here under: A valuable resource which could be easily being re-used is wood. Depending on its condition and site requirements it can be recycled or re-used. By other means any of the wood which is not used must be isolated from various remains and then recycled reused or regained using other means involving recovery of energy. Where all other options exhausted considered landfill disposal as the last alternative.
For environmental benefit and safe cost, Plasterboard has to reduce to attract a significant cost premium when land filled. By specific design to standard boards sizes and storage protect plasterboard waste can also be reduced even though some traders offer take back schemes. This will avoid the wastage through damage.
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CHAPTER - 5
5.1 Procurement stage
Clients can have a positive impact on waste management and resource use by setting requirements for good and best practice during the procurement process. In particular, by setting targets which will require contractors to measure waste quantities and destinations, and to reduce waste and divert it from landfill where practical and economical. Clients should ensure a systematic approach through the design and planning stages, and maximise the potential cost and environmental savings. Below figure illustrates how requirements can drive good practice from the outline design stage, through to construction onsite, by reporting performance and identifying opportunities for improvement. It is a model process map used to illustrate how waste reduction can be embedded in the construction process. Figure 2: Typical waste management considerations at the procurement stage
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( Source: http://www.info4education.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/tempimg/594961ACIS888614800287827.pdf) The following example of a statement could be used to describe what the client is aiming to achieve: We require a site waste management plan to be submitted and implemented as part of all construction activities in line with relevant good practice. The site waste management plan is required to evaluate the level of waste reduction, reuse and recycling is possible, measure waste arising from the project and set targets for waste reduction and materials diverted from landfill.
5.1.1 Choice of procurement route The procurement process encompasses the whole life cycle of the contract from identification of the need, design, tendering, appointment processes and contract management, to finalising the contract.
In order to encourage improved waste management, and the greater use of recovered materials onsite, the procurement route adopted should tackle a key cultural habit: lack of and/or late involvement of specialist contractors and suppliers in the design and planning process.
The most effective procurement process allows the client, designer, contractor(s) and supplier(s) to work together as an integrated team. Clients with long experience of traditional procurement may find partnering a challenge, e.g. they may remain sceptical of the motives of the supply side. Contractors, on the other hand, are wary of giving too much away and taking on uncharted risk.
Clients should take the lead and demonstrate good practice, encourage innovation, and gain the support of the supply side. The choice of procurement route sends a clear signal about how a client wants to be perceived by the construction industry
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and other stakeholders Clients wishing to encourage better site waste management through waste minimisation and improved management of waste should:
Ensure that corporate objectives encourage waste reduction, materials recovery and recycling are incorporated into procurement documentation and buying decisions.
Consider early involvement of the supply chain in order to maximise the opportunities to design out waste and plan for good practice. Select procurement routes that include long-term relationships and continuous improvement targets for waste management.
5.1.2 Pre-tender/pre-qualification stage Before issuing full tender documentation, it is cost-efficient to identify potential suppliers willing to support the clients objectives and help develop these objectives further. This is achieved through a pre-qualification exercise in which prospective companies submitting a tender are asked to demonstrate credentials against criteria that are not readily quantifiable. Only those who meet certain criteria, e.g. their ability to demonstrate compliance with the Duty of Care requirements by supplying appropriate documentation, should be asked to submit a full tender. Pre-qualification is based on financial assessment, technical capacity and history of past performance. Suppliers should demonstrate that they have the technical and financial capacity to undertake the works, and that they have appropriate management systems, such as quality assurance, occupational health, safety and rehabilitation, environmental management and industrial relations. It should be made clear that the client may choose to visit suppliers to verify claims. As part of this process, clients wishing to encourage waste minimisation and improved waste management should evaluate the tendering companies awareness and experience of developing and implementing good practice in managing waste
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onsite, and their ability to motivate and specify trade contractors and waste service providers to deliver the required performance.
5.1.3 Tender requirements The client requirements for waste management should be clearly described in the tender specification. This is the key intervention point in the procurement process where policy objectives, such as sustainability, can be applied.
At the tender evaluation stage, clients can award credits to those tendering that most effectively contribute to the clients requirements and objectives. The client can also give some weighting for waste minimisation and recovery, but this would probably be minor in relation to other project objectives. Therefore, it is preferable to set clear minimum requirements for waste management in the tender specification, with which all those tendering should comply.
5.1.4 Forms of contract Forms of contract govern the construction industry. Contractual relationships in projects can be complex, with the involvement of many players whose roles and responsibilities vary over the life of the project and beyond. There are various standard forms of contract, which are under constant development in order to reflect best practice, together with emerging case law, legislation and loopholes. Forms of contract are relatively neutral with respect to the addition of requirements for better waste management. However, forms of contract that are better able to involve the client have higher levels of design management, a capacity for incorporating change and clear lines of responsibility for resolving remedial and are more likely to be better suited to achieving better waste management. Partnering agreements can be entered into after a formal contract is awarded. In this case, it is only the formal contract that is subject to the normal competitive process.
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5.1.5 Targets The following types of KPI and improvement targets should be agreed with the principal contractor:
Percentage recovery of waste materials for reuse and recycling. (Different target levels may be appropriate for different stages of construction, such as demolition, new build, fit-out and refurbishment.)
Percentage reuse of materials onsite (particularly relevant where large-scale demolition is included) Percentage reduction in m3 or tonnage of waste per unit of construction activity (evaluated as a continuous improvement target). If the designer and principal contractor identify specific areas to be targeted for improvement, such as recycling of plasterboard and reduction in packaging waste, specific targets can be agreed in these areas, including maximum wastage rates for key materials/products.
5.2 Waste Management Good Practise

A construction project following good practice goes further than implementing minimum standards and legal requirements. It should also include consideration of the waste hierarchy and waste minimisation issues at the design stage. Waste should be measured and monitored against standard industry KPIs and a regular review of the management of waste onsite should be carried out and be included in the SWMP. All the major material waste streams generated by the project should have basic onsite segregation if space allows. A recycling target with a waste management contractor should be also set at the start of the project. Information on waste management practices onsite should be provided during site inductions and all staff should be made aware of this.
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A take-back scheme should be in operation onsite e.g. for pallets. Labelling and colour coding of skips should be set up for the different material streams segregated onsite.
Someone should be nominated as waste champion. Duty of Care should be periodically audited onsite under the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Duty of Care) Regulations 1991.
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Figure 3 (Source:http://www.info4education.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/tempimg/594961ACIS888614800287827.pdf)
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Consider the following points before writing and implementing a good practice SWMP.
5.2.1 Legal compliance and minimum standards
a) Legal compliance Duty of Care practices (under the Duty of Care Regulations 1991 and Duty of Care code of practice 1996) should be audited periodically onsite. These practices should include: Providing waste transfer notes (WTNs) for inspection Site registration for production of hazardous waste Providing consignment notes for hazardous waste for inspection Checking the waste carriers licence Checking the waste transfer station licence Checking waste exemptions/licences.
b) Responsible person An individual should be appointed as overall waste champion. This person should be given authority to ensure co-operation with staff and trade contractors onsite. An individual should also be responsible for writing and implementing the SWMP (this could be the responsibility of the waste champion but it could also be given to a more appropriate person). Responsibility should also be given to named individuals for each waste type per work package.
c) Waste management contractors A recycling target with a waste management contractor should be set out at the start of the project. This is especially important for any mixed waste leaving the site. The waste management contractor should be audited periodically by the principal contractor.
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d) Trade contractors Waste minimisation issues do not have to be considered when tendering for work. Clauses should be included in the contract documentation to require trade contractors to participate in material segregation. Trade contractors should be encouraged to supply information on the types and amounts of waste they are likely to produce and feed this into the SWMP.
e) Waste minimisation A good practice SWMP should include consideration of the waste hierarchy .Waste minimisation should be considered at the design stage of the project.
f) Identification of waste arising and disposal routes Identification of waste a risings and options for reduction, reuse and recycling should be addressed before the start of the project. This should be done for waste types and amounts and related to the work package.
g)Supply chain Ordering pre-sized materials and just-in-time delivery should be practised onsite. Take back schemes, e.g. for pallets, should be set-up onsite. Materials with a recycled content do not have to be preferentially sourced.
h)Site implementation The site manager/waste champion should implement and review waste management activities onsite. Labelling and colour coding of skips should be used for the material streams that will be segregated onsite. Materials should be stored onsite
appropriately to avoid material wastage due to inadequate storage. The reuse of concrete waste and other potential waste fill materials should be practised. A reuse area could also be set-up for other materials. Waste should be segregated into the following streams for offsite recycling: Metal
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Wood Inert waste Hazardous waste Packing Plasterboard Mixed/general construction waste
The site manager/waste champion should try to achieve quick wins, i.e. a higher rate of recovery resulting in cost benefits in recovery practice. Research commissioned by WRAP recommends that sites operating good practice should achieve material recovery rates as shown in Table 4.
Waste Material Cement Ceramics Concrete Electrical Equipment Furniture Hazardous Inert Insulation Liquids and oils Metals Packaging Plasterboard Plastics Timber Miscellaneous
Quick win(%) or good practice 75 85 95 70* 25 N/A 95 50 90 100 85 90 80 90 50
(Source: http://www.info4education.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/tempimg/594961ACIS888614800287827.pdf)
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i) Training Training on waste segregation, reuse and recycling should be delivered to all trade contractors and operatives on the project during site inductions and toolbox talks. Specific training relating to environmental issues onsite for key staff should be delivered and feedback should be welcomed with appropriate incentives put in place.
j)Monitoring The amount and type of waste generated should be measured by comparing estimated waste with actual amounts generated, and onsite waste should be monitored and compared with targets. Industry-based KPIs could be used for monitoring.
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CHAPTER - 6
6.1 DATA COLLECTION
Data collection is the soul of study. The validity or truth of all research depends on accurate data. For this dissertation the data is collected in two form of approaches i.e., primary data collection and secondary data collection. Primary data is mainly in the form of questionnaires whereas secondary data is the data which obtain from the internet, journals and textbooks. Two case studies also written in this dissertation which explains the implementation and importance of SWMPs in construction industry. 6.1.1 Questionnaire Design Questionnaires are an inexpensive way to gather data from a potentially large number of respondents. Often they are the only feasible way to reach a number of reviewers large enough to allow statistically analysis of the results. A well-designed questionnaire that is used effectively can gather information on both the overall performance of the test system as well as information on specific components of the system. If the questionnaire includes demographic questions on the participants, they can be used to correlate performance and satisfaction with the test system among different groups of users. 6.1.2 What can questionnaires measure? Questionnaires are quite flexible in what they can measure, however they are not equally suited to measuring all types of data. We can classify data in two ways, Subjective vs. Objective and Quantitative vs. Qualitative. When a questionnaire is administered, the researchers control over the environment will be somewhat limited. This is why questionnaires are inexpensive to administer. This loss of control means the validity of the results are more reliant on the honesty of the respondent. Consequently, it is more difficult to claim complete objectivity
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with questionnaire data then with results of a tightly controlled lab test. For example, if a group of participants are asked on a questionnaire how long it took them to learn a particular function on a piece of software, it is likely that they will be biased towards themselves and answer, on average, with a lower than actual time. A more objective usability test of the same function with a similar group of participants may return a significantly higher learning time. More elaborate questionnaire design or administration may provide slightly better objective data, but the cost of such a questionnaire can be much higher and offset their economic advantage. In general, questionnaires are better suited to gathering reliable subjective measures, such as user satisfaction, of the system or interface in question. Questions may be designed to gather either qualitative or quantitative data. By their very nature, quantitative questions are more exact then qualitative. For example, the word "easy" and "difficult" can mean radically different things to different people. Any question must be carefully crafted, but in particular questions that assess a qualitative measure must be phrased to avoid ambiguity. Qualitative questions may also require more thought on the part of the participant and may cause them to become bored with the questionnaire sooner. In general, we can say that questionnaires can measure both qualitative and quantitative data well, but that qualitative questions require more care in design, administration, and interpretation. 6.1.3 Case Studies Case study is an ideal methodology when a holistic, in-depth investigation is needed (Feagin, Orum & Sjoberg, 1991).Case studies have been used in varied investigations, particularly in sociological studies, but increasingly, in instruction. Yin, Stake, and others who have wide experience in this methodology have developed robust procedures. When these procedures are followed, the researcher will be following methods as well developed and tested as any in the scientific field. Whether the study is experimental or quasi-experimental, the data collection and analysis methods are known to hide some details (Stake, 1995). Case studies, on the
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other hand, are designed to bring out the details from the viewpoint of the participants by using multiple sources of data. Yin (1993) has identified some specific types of case studies: Exploratory, Explanatory, and Descriptive. Stake (1995) included three others: Intrinsic - when the researcher has an interest in the case; Instrumental - when the case is used to understand more than what is obvious to the observer; Collective - when a group of cases is studied. Exploratory cases are sometimes considered as a prelude to social research. Explanatory case studies may be used for doing causal investigations. Descriptive cases require a descriptive theory to be developed before starting the project. Pyecha (1988) used this methodology in a special education study, using a pattern-matching procedure. In all of the above types of case studies, there can be single-case or multiple-case applications. Case study research is not sampling research; that is a fact asserted by all the major researchers in the field, including Yin, Stake, Feagin and others. However, selecting cases must be done so as to maximize what can be learned in the period of time available for the study. The unit of analysis is a critical factor in the case study. It is typically a system of action rather than an individual or group of individuals. Case studies tend to be selective, focusing on one or two issues that are fundamental to understanding the system being examined. Case studies are multi-perspectival analyses. This means that the researcher considers not just the voice and perspective of the actors, but also of the relevant groups of actors and the interaction between them. This one aspect is a salient point in the characteristic that case studies possess. They give a voice to the powerless and voiceless. When sociological investigations present many studies of the homeless and powerless, they do so from the viewpoint of the "elite" (Feagin, Orum & Sjoberg, 1991).
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Case study is known as a triangulated research strategy. Snow and Anderson (cited in Feagin, Orum & Sjoberg, 1991) asserted that triangulation can occur with data, investigators, theories, and even methodologies. Stake (1995) stated that the protocols that are used to ensure accuracy and alternative explanations are called triangulation. The need for triangulation arises from the ethical need to confirm the validity of the processes. In case studies, this could be done by using multiple sources of data (Yin, 1984). The problem in case studies is to establish meaning rather than location. Denzin (1984) identified four types of triangulation: Data source triangulation, when the researcher looks for the data to remain the same in different contexts; Investigator triangulation, when several investigators examine the same
phenomenon; Theory triangulation, when investigators with different viewpoints interpret the same results; and Methodological triangulation, when one approach is followed by another, to increase confidence in the interpretation. The issue of generalization has appeared in the literature with regularity. It is a frequent criticism of case study research that the results are not widely applicable in real life. Yin in particular refuted that criticism by presenting a well constructed explanation of the difference between analytic generalization and statistical generalization: "In analytic generalization, previously developed theory is used as a template against which to compare the empirical results of the case study" (Yin, 1984). The inappropriate manner of generalizing assumes that some sample of cases has been drawn from a larger universe of cases. Thus the incorrect terminology such as "small sample" arises, as though a single-case study were a single respondent. Stake (1995) argued for another approach centered on a more intuitive, empiricallygrounded generalization. He termed it "naturalistic" generalization. His argument was based on the harmonious relationship between the reader's experiences and the case study itself. He expected that the data generated by case studies would often
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resonate experientially with a broad cross section of readers, thereby facilitating a greater understanding of the phenomenon. Yin (1994) presented at least four applications for a case study model: 1. To explain complex causal links in real-life interventions 2. To describe the real-life context in which the intervention has occurred 3. To describe the intervention itself 4. To explore those situations in which the intervention being evaluated has no clear set of outcomes
6.2 DATA ANALYSIS

Analysis is carried out for the result obtained from the questionnaires. This information obtained from the results is presented in tables and graph. This information is obtained by sending various companies within the construction industry. Table 5: Number and Background of Respondents Nature of Organisation Number of Respondents Percentage of Response (%) Architects 3 7
Business Consultants
16
Civil Engineers
Contractors
12
Energy/Waste Management
10
23
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Environment Consultants Local Government Procurement Property Developers
12
Quality Surveyor Research Organisation
5 1
12 2
Other
Total
43
100
6.2.1 Questionnaires The results obtained from the survey are written in this chapter. This information is presented in the form of tables and graphs to help identify any trends and patterns of interest. Question 1 Please select the number of employees working in your company? 1) 1-10 (2) 11-50 (3) 51-250 (4) Above 250
Table 6: Size of the company by numbers of employees Size of the company Small Small to Medium Number of Employees 1-10 11-50
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Number of Response 15 8
Percentage (%)
35 19
Medium Large Total
51-250 Above 250
6 14 43
14 32 100
Figure 4: Size of Company by number of employees
32%
35% Small Small to Medium Medium
14% 19%
Large
6.2.1.1 Observations The response rate was felt to be impartial as its clearly shown in the graph.
Question 2 Has your organisation adopted a waste management policy and has the client and subcontractors signed the site waste management plan? 1) Yes (2) Not Yet (3) It is in plan to start soon.
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Table7: Adopt a waste management Consideration 1 2 3 Total Number 33 3 7 43 Percentage (%) 77% 7% 16% 100%
Figure 5
Adopt a waste management

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 Series 1
6.2.1.2 Observations Figure: illustrates organisation adopted a waste management policy and has the client and subcontractors signed the site waste management plan. The survey revealed that the majority of the responses opted for 1 only most of the organisations adopted site waste management plans. 16% opted for option 3 saying
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that they are in plan about to adopt soon the waste management policy.7% of the organisation not yet adopted a waste management policy. Question 3 Who do you believe is accountable for reducing waste produced during the construction project at the site? 1) Architect
2) Client
3) Managers of Project
4) Managers of Waste
5) Suppliers
Table 8: Intensity of accountability for reducing waste Consideration Only 2 3 4 1,2&3 1,3&4 1,2,3,&4 1,2,3,4&5 Total Number 2 2 5 8 4 9 13 43 Percentage (%) 5% 5% 12% 19% 9% 20% 30% 100%
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Figure 6: Intensity of accountability for reducing waste.
Accountability for reduce waste

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2 3 4 1,2&3 1,3&4 1,2,3&4 1,2,3,4&5 Series 1
6.2.1.3 Observations Figure: illustrates the level of responsible for reducing waste during construction of site. The survey reveals that the majority of the response is 30% opted for option (1, 2, 3, 4&5), 20% opted for option(1,2,3 &4) and followed by 19% for option (1,2&3).Only 12% opted for the option only 4,9% opted for the option (1,3&4) and 5% opted for the option only 2 and 3 respectively. Question 4 Why is it important to have a system in place to effectively manage, reduce and recycle your waste? A) Because it helps improves the environment. B) Because legally you are responsible for waste produces by your business and that includes the actions of your employees.
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C) Because it will save you money in the long run. D) All the above. Table 9: Level of importance for effectively manage, reduce and recycle your waste Considerations A B C D Total Numbers 2 0 5 36 43 Percentage (%) 5% 0% 11% 84% 100%
Figure 7
Importance for effective manage waste

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A B C D Series 1
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6.2.1.4 Observations Figure: illustrates the important to have a system in place to effectively manage, reduce and recycle waste. The survey revealed the majority of the response of the 84% opted D option.11% opted C as option because it will save you money in the long run of the construction project. And 5% opted A as option because it helps improves the environment. Question 5 Which according to you is the best way to reduce your construction waste? A) Minimise and avoid waste. B) Re use what would otherwise become waste. C) Recycle. D) All the above Table 10: Best way to reduce construction waste Considerations A B C D Total Numbers 14 8 3 18 43 Percentage (%) 33 19 7 41 100%
Figure 8: The best way to reduce waste in construction in Percentage.
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Reduce waste
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 A B C D Series 1
6.2.1.5 Observations: Figure: illustrates the best way to reduce your construction waste. The survey revealed that the majority of the responses are 41% opted for option D. Only 33% opted the option A saying that minimise and avoid waste is the best way to reduce waste. Only 19% and 7% are opted the option of reuse and recycle respectively. Question 6 One of the major factors for increased sustainability in development is legislation. Do you think the new SWMPs will achieve this? A) No effect B) Small to moderate effect C) Considerable effect D) Maximum effect
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Table 11: option for SWMP regulations Considerations A B C D Total Numbers 0 28 10 5 43 Percentage (%) 0 66 24 10 100%
Figure 9: SWMPs regulations
SWMPs regulations
80 60 40 20 0 A B Series 1 C D Series 1
6.2.1.6 Observations Figure: illustrates that the majority of response 60% thought that the new SWMPs regulation will have a moderate effect on the construction industry of sustainability and development. Only 24% of option opted considerable effect and 10% of option opted maximum effect. Whereas no one opted the option no effect.
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Question 7 Have the project specifications been reviewed to select elements, components, materials and construction processes that reduce waste? 1) Yes 2) No
Table 12: Review of project specification that reduce waste Considerations 1 2 Total Numbers 43 0 43 Percentage (%) 100 0 100%
Figure 10: Response for the review of project specifications
1 2
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6.2.1.7 Observations Figure: illustrates that all the response 100% thought that the project specifications been reviewed to select elements, components, materials and construction processes that reduce waste. Question 8 Is implementation of agreed waste management procedures monitored? A) Yes B) No
Table 13: Waste management procedure monitored Considerations A B Total Numbers 43 0 43 Percentage (%) 100 0 100%
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Figure 11: Waste management procedure monitored

1 0% 2
100%
6.2.1.8 Observations Figure: illustrates that all the response 100% thought that implementation of agreed waste management procedures are monitored. Question 9 Has a project programme been developed to include likely waste arising? A) Yes B) No Table 14: Project programme Considerations A B Total Numbers 33 10 43 Percentage (%) 77 23 100%
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Figure 12: Project programme
23%
A B 77%
6.2.1.9 Observations Figure: illustrates that response 77% opted thought that a project programme been developed to include likely waste arising implementation of agreed waste management procedures are monitored. And remaining opted that no need to implement waste management procedure in project programme. Question 10 Skips used to collect waste on your construction site should be? A) Clearly labelled so that waste can be separated and cycled. B) Covered or netted to prevent waste from blowing away. C) Secure against vandalism or interference. D) All answers are correct.
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Table 15: Response for collect waste on construction site. Considerations A B C D Total Numbers 5 3 2 33 43 Percentage (%) 12 7 4 77 100%
Figure 13: Response for collected waste on construction site
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A B C D Series 1
6.2.1.10 Observations Figure: illustrates that response 77% opted the option D which says all the above. Whereas 12% opted the option A which says collected waste on construction site clearly labelled so that waste can be separated and cycled. Only 7% opted the option B which says that collected waste covered or netted to prevent waste from blowing
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away. And remaining 4% opted the option C which says that collected waste secure against vandalism or interference Question 11 What is the total cost of introduction of high level SWMP is estimated to be in the region for the highest value to the lowest value project? A) 5.0% to 20.0% B) 0.7% to 11.0% C) 3.0% to 15.0% Table 16: Cost of introduction of high level SWMP Considerations A B C Total Numbers 2 31 10 43 Percentage (%) 5 72 23 100%
Figure 14: Cost of introduction of high level SWMP
23%
5%
A B C 72%
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6.2.1.11 Observations Figure: illustrates that response 72% opted the option B which says the total cost of introduction of high level SWMP is estimated to be in the region of 0.7% the highest value to 11% for the lowest value project. Whereas 23% opted C says that this range is from 3% to 15%. And only 5% opted the option A says that the cost of introducing of high level SWMP is to be 5% for the highest value to 20% to the lowest value project.
Question 12 Who is best placed to write and implement a SWMP? Would this identify an appropriate person in the management structure of all construction projects? A) Contracts Manager B) Environmental Manager C) Designer D) All the above Table 17: Write and Implement SWMP Considerations A B C D Total Numbers 5 9 1 28 43 Percentage (%) 12 21 2 65 100%
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Figure 15: Write and Implement SWMP
80 60 40 20 0 A B C Series 1
6.2.1.12 Observations Figure: illustrates that response 65% opted the option D which says that all Contracts Manager, Environmental Manager and Designer placed to write and implement a SWMP are appropriate persons in the management structure of all construction projects. Whereas 21% opted the B which says that Environmental Manager placed to write and implemented a SWMP. Only 12% chosen the option A. And 2% chosen C that is Designer are appropriate person in the management structure for writing and implementing SWMP. Question 13 Is it reasonable to hold the person drafting and implementing the SWMP responsible for someone elses actions? 1) Yes (2) No
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Table 18: Reasonable Person Considerations 1 2 Total Numbers 8 35 43 Percentage (%) 19 81 100%
Figure 16: Reasonable Person
19%
1 2
81%
6.2.1.13 Observation Figure: illustrates that response 81% opted the option 1 which says that it is reasonable to hold the person drafting and implementing the SWMP responsible for someone elses actions and remaining 19% chosen option 2.
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Question 14 Do you purchase reused and recycled materials to use on your project? A) Yes (B)No (C) At times we do
Table 19: Reused and recycled materials to use on the project Considerations A B C Total Numbers 7 27 9 43 Percentage (%) 16 63 21 100%
Figure 17: Reused and recycled materials to use on the project
21%
16%
A B C 63%
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6.2.1.14 Observations Figure: illustrates that response 63% opted the option B which says that reused and recycled materials are not to use on the project. Whereas 16% chosen that reuse and recycle the materials to be used on the project. Only 21% chosen the option C says that at some time they go with reuse and recycled materials. Question 15 (Response for Direct questions) In your opinion SWMPs are being introduced to: Table 20 True (%) Eliminate Fly-tipping Monitor waste Set targets for minimising waste Gain saving from resource efficiency Regulate legitimate waste operatives 58 8 33 0 52 100 94 83 False (%) 33 0 0 3 Unsure (%) 6 0 6 11 No Comment (%) 7 0 0 3
6.2.1.15 Observations The above table says that most of the responses is that SWMPs are being introduced to eliminate fly tipping, monitor waste, set targets for minimising waste, gain saving from resource efficiency and regulate legitimate waste operatives.
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CHAPTER - 7 Case Studies

7.1 Introduction
The method is often the basis for psychological and clinical research. This is not necessarily a soft or unrigorous option. Bromley (1986) claims that the individual case study or situation analysis is the bedrock of scientific investigation. Bromley provides a general purpose procedure for studying persons-in-situations something of interest to clinicians and counsellors and thus a means of describing relevant facts and of organizing this information in a meaningful way. He demonstrates how a case study can be evaluated critically and in detail. His claims of the case study go well beyond their acknowledged role as illustrations or analogues of some wider category of theory or their application as creative exploratory instruments.
7.2 Case Study 1
Company: Simons Construction Site: Sherwood Park, Annesley, Nottingham
7.2.1Background Simons Construction is the construction division of the Simons Group. The company has been recognized by the industry for its environmental performance and waste management.
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Simons is dedicated to a company policy seeking to reduce environmental impact and continuously improve environmental performance. Reducing whole waste, landfill waste and costs of waste, while increasing on site separation is key to the Simons Group waste management policy. 7.2.2 Waste Management
Simons understand that through using a proactive waste management company like Waste cycle major remuneration can be achieved, including financial savings, improved environmental performance and health and safety on site, along with the development of an environmentally sound reputation which improves their image with existing and potential customers.
Waste cycle worked closely with Simons on their Sherwood Park development providing them with specific advice on how best to implement the six skip waste segregation scheme which encompassed General mixed waste, Inert, Metals, Timber, Plasterboard and Hazardous waste types. Although this scale of project may not be feasible for smaller companies or smaller sites Waste cycle staff will be able to offer practical solutions to improve your companys environmental performance and save money.
On the Sherwood Park development mini skips were placed around the site or on different floor levels for easy access by operatives. A forklift driver was made responsible for emptying these mini skips into larger skips and for monitoring waste segregation. The site was tidy and organised at all times to keep the flow of waste moving to the correct disposal point and relevant skips.
Waste cycle provided Simons with a monthly waste collection and recycling report which allocated the waste collected into waste streams, total waste volume, waste to landfill and waste recycled. An example of the Key Performance Indicators that Waste cycle provided to Simons is displayed below. This information is crucial for
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site managers and environmental managers to ensure that their commitment to on site segregation is being maintained throughout the project. Figure 18
Simons Construction Waste Recycling

20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Metal 8 Wood 16 Inert 8 Mixed Plaster Cubic Cubic Cubic General 8 board 8 Yard Skip Yard Skip Yard Skip Cubic Cubic Yard Skip Yard Skip Waste Type
Weight (kg)
Waste Volume(kg) Waste Recycled at Waste cycle (kg) Waste to Landfill(kg)
(Source:
http://www.wastecycle.co.uk/SiteData/Root/File/Simons%20Case%20Study%20new.pdf)
Simons performance over the entirety of the build showed great commitment to recycling and an understanding of the competitive advantages that are available to construction companies who adopt good environmental practices. Waste cycle director Mike Shearstone stated that, Successful recycling can be implemented simply on construction projects provided the builder is committed to waste separation at source. Simons are an excellent example of what can be achieved through organisation and management of the waste process.
Large increases in landfill disposal charges combined with an annual escalation of landfill tax mean that waste minimisation and recycling are no longer a green option but a financial necessity for businesses and as the government increases the penalties
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that result from noncompliance the importance of an experienced waste management company is greater than ever.
7.3 Case study 2:

Company: Laing ORourke Plc Site: Emmanuel school, Wilford, Nottingham 7.3.1 Background The Nottingham Emmanuel School Project in Wilford, Nottingham is a 26 rebuild project creating a new school on the site of the old playing fields and re-locating the sports fields to where the exiting school currently stands following its demolition. Laing ORourke appointed Waste cycle to produce the Site Waste Management Plan (SWMP) to ensure the segregation of as much recyclable waste as possible from the construction activities. The project commenced in April 2007 and is due to be completed in summer 2008. 7.3.2 Waste Management Laing ORourkes recognition of the benefits of working with a proactive waste management company like Waste cycle has enabled them to achieve greatly reduced volumes of waste going to landfill, significant financial savings and a continuing environmentally sound reputation. On-site segregation was implemented by installing a range of containers including paper recycling boxes for the offices, 40 cu yd, 20 cu yd, 8 cu yd and mini skips 205ltr drums and wheelie bins placed strategically around the site. Waste cycle collect the waste, taking it to our Materials Recycling Plant in cowlick, Nottingham for recycling and re-use. Waste streams which are segregated on site include: timber, cardboard and paper, aggregates, metal and plastic. Working together under the SWMP, over 78% of the waste collected from site has been recovered for recycling, exceeding the SWMP original target by over 18%.
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On the Emmanuel School Site, the containers are clearly signed and sited for ease of access and use by personnel and contractors. A waste monitoring system has also been implemented by the Laing ORourke team to identify the main waste streams generated at each stage of the project enabling forward planning for the best method of disposal and minimization. Waste cycles are also contributing to Laing ORourkes innovating Learning Zone at the site, helping students to understand the importance of construction waste materials segregation and recycling. In light of legislation and rising landfill costs. Figure 19:
300 250 200 150 Waste Collected 100 50 0 Waste Recycled at Wastecycle Waste to Landfill
(Source: http://www.wastecycle.co.uk/SiteData/Root/File/Laing%20O%27Rourke%20Case% 20Study%20Final%20new.pdf) Waste cycle provide on-going advice and monthly reports on waste collection and recycling rates enabling Laing ORourke to identify and monitor their total waste volume, total waste to landfill and total waste recycled for each waste streams.
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CHAPTER 8 DISCUSSION
8.1 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

This final chapter compares the Literature review/ Data Analysis/ Questionnaires, case studies to complete the process; it synthesizes the primary research covered in the body of the dissertation. Hence the research is able to draw a conclusion conserving the aim of the research and make recommendations for further studies. The research carried out as part of this study was concerned with the investigation of investigation of site waste management plans in the UK construction industry. From this study and results obtained from various organisation implementations of Site Waste Management Plans can reduce the construction waste. And in my option there are 5 Ways to reduce Construction Waste. It is a fact that clients and construction firms are finally waking up to waste planning. It makes good sense commercially due to escalating waste disposal costs, tighter legislation on landfill operators, and increasing pressure from both existing and potential clients to demonstrate positive environmental credentials. This process is long overdue for the construction industry, to bring it into-line with the amount of effort being put elsewhere in all business to:

minimise and avoid waste re-use what would otherwise become waste and recycle.
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The incentive for construction firms to address site waste has never been greater, and yet progress was still extremely slow, so the UK Government (in England only initially) implemented a compulsory regulation in April 2008 to require all construction projects of value over 300,000 to be provided with a Site Waste Management Plan. Since then many of the construction industry's big players have announced that they will voluntarily reduce their waste by 50%. This is a big and ambitious target and will need a correspondingly large effort in devising many substantial ways to achieve the promised savings in waste generated. Here are my favourite ways to Reduce Construction Waste:1. WASTE REDUCTION IN 1 THE TRAIN REASONS EMPLOYEES FOR AND
SUBCONTRACTORS SUSTAINABLY
OPERATING
At the most basic level this is essential as just about everyone within an organisation throws away materials at some time. So, careful sorting and segregation of materials into the right skips by the majority can easily be sabotaged by an uncaring minority of individuals throwing materials carelessly into the wrong skips. At higher levels within the organisation the designers, managers and project planners will all need to show commitment to waste avoidance and reduction. This will not happen unless they understand and become committed to the underlying principles of sustainability. So knowledge and commitment are essential pre-requisites for continued high performance in waste reduction.
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2. WASTE REDUCTION 2 - ONLY USE SUPPLIERS WHICH WILL ACCEPT BACK UNUSED MATERIALS This first tip is so simple that it is incredible that it has not being done routinely by most contractors already. Change the company policy to only work with suppliers that will take back surplus supplies. One example is that builders will order in bulk and not uncommonly order in batches of 20,000 bricks and firstly not use all of them. Then to make matters worse the left-over bricks most often get thrown into a skip and landfilled, or just buried on site. Make it a requirement that it will not do business unless each of suppliers will take back unused materials so that it may not be paid for the returned goods, or if you are you may be at best given a very small sum, but it remains preferable in terms of sustainability to return these materials in any event. With landfill costs as they are, for much of the time this will also make commercial sense as well.
3.
WASTE
REDUCTION
USE
EXCESS
EARTHWORKS
MATERIALS TO CONTOUR AND LANDSCAPE SITES This has already seen a large take up and when done well and landscaped with sensitivity the recontoured site becomes an asset to the project. Bunds can provide for screening and for private spaces, provide sound attenuation and on accessions even be used to hold back storm water to minimise flooding potential in heavy storms. The amount of material which may be used in this way may be severely limited on congested inner city sites, but remains worth doing wherever possible.
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4.
WASTE
MINIMISATION
USE
SITE
CRUSHER
TO
REPROCESS EXISTING CONCRETE AND STONE ON SITE FOR USE IN NEW SITE STRUCTURES Using site crushing plant to reprocess existing demolished site materials to re-use them again on-site is also becoming increasingly popular. It gives obvious environmental advantages over landfilling that material, and avoids the need to quarry fresh materials and transport them to the site for the new structure. Again, such measures can also bring simultaneous cost savings. 5. WASTE REDUCTION 5 - THINK CREATIVELY This clearly needs to start with the designer, but can be much enhanced by a sensitive contractor in its implementation. Examples would be the re-use a loved building facade, or other features from the original building. Cleaning off bricks and roof tiles, and re-using them as a feature to place in new walls to add character and perceived building value would be another examples. However the savings are achieved, it is important to ensure that the company's waste management scheme takes on board the principles of the waste hierarchy. Good Site waste management planning will always have this at its heart. This is a concept which identifies possible waste disposal options, ranking them in order of environmental impact. This prioritises the prevention and re-use of waste and ensures compliance with sustainability requirements.
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8.2 Benefits of SWMPs

A correctly created and managed site waste management plan can have the following benefits: It ensures legal obligations are met avoiding potential cost penalties on the client and Principal Contractor ranging from 300 fixed penalty notices for minor infringements up to unlimited fines for major infringements; It can save you money by helping you to manage site materials more effectively and encouraging waste minimisation through the pre-design, design and procurement stages of a project. This can cut expensive landfill disposal costs for a construction project, which continue to rise each year. Government figures suggest SWMPs could produce cost savings across a range of construction and demolition projects, from 1K up to 30k depending on the size and type of project through reduced disposal costs and improved resource efficiency. It can help you measure levels of resource efficiency and waste management performance on and across projects and identify areas for further improvement in designing out waste and managing the waste that is produced. It contributes to improving your organisations environmental performance.
8.3 Duties and Responsibilities

The Regulations contain a schedule setting out some additional duties for both the client and the principal contractor. The client must give such reasonable directions to any contractor as are necessary to enable the principal contractor to comply with the Regulations. The principal contractor must ensure co-ordination of the work and cooperation between contractors as far as is practicable and must provide training to site staff as appropriate. Both the client and the principal contractor must take steps to ensure site security is such that measures are in place to prevent the illegal disposal of waste from the site. Changes in roles and responsibilities must be clearly communicated to those affected and the principal contractor has a duty to ensure that waste produced is re-used, re-cycled or recovered where reasonably practicable.
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CHAPTER - 9
9.1 Conclusion
The SWMP Regulations are intended to be self-regulated. There is no requirement to submit or register a SWMP, only to have one in place and have one available should it be requested. The aim of the SWMP Regulations is obviously to control and reduce the amount of waste produced and the way it is disposed. However, it is also believed that the requirement for such planning and monitoring of waste will help businesses to save money, by developing more effective waste management policies and more cost effective ways of dealing with waste. Despite this potential benefit to businesses in the long run, the effort of complying with the SWMP Regulations in the short term should not be underestimated. A considerable amount of thought will have to be devoted to establishing a SWMP.
I strongly believe that the Environment will benefit from the stated Site Waste Management Plan by maximising potential for recycling, reprocessing and re-using existing materials on site, potentially reducing the need for new materials, which will minimise potential landfill and reduce the need for transportation of stated building materials by road, railway or water over long distances. Contractors on site will have their awareness increased on the ever raising opportunities of obtaining commercial gain from all segregated materials obtained from the site. Further research is needed to develop, and evaluate ways in which the awareness of waste minimisation and reduction can be increased. In addition, there is a need for further information on the waste a risings of the commercial and industrial sector, both within UK Construction industry. It would also be interesting to investigate the techniques used by private contractors, and other countries for trade waste recycling. This would allow for further guidelines to be produced and for a step closer to site waste trade waste management plans to be achieved.
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9 .2 Recommendations
When providing recommendations for the investigation of Site Waste Management Plans in UK construction industry it is essential that the principles of Site waste management plans are taken into account the waste hierarchy, regional selfsufficiency, the principle, and integrated waste management . For site waste management to be achieved, an integrated approach involving all elements of the waste hierarchy must be taken (Anderson and Burnham, 1992). Emphasis should be placed on the need to minimise and reduce waste (Kaseva and Gupta, 1996), before recycling, recovery and final disposal.
9.2.1 Waste awareness A proactive approach to education needs to be taken; one idea is to send out a pack containing tips on how to reduce contamination, recycling, waste minimisation and other environmental issues, to those who take part in the scheme. Additional ideas are to send out leaflets with the annual waste contracts promoting waste minimisation and reduction and their cost benefits, to have business open days, on which, businesses can get free advice on waste minimisation, reduction, recycling, and other environmental issues, and to talk to those businesses producing the most waste within the local authority area, helping them to reduce the amount of waste they produce.
9.2.2 Material collection and storage It is essential that for the trade waste recycling collection a range of containers can be provided. This allows for the individual needs of businesses to be provided for. SMEs, in particular, may find a colour coded bag system (where a different colour is assigned for a different recyclable) for collection easier than using a wheely bin because the storage of extra bins can be a problem. With the majority of the local authorities customers being SMEs this is a crucial consideration.
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References
1) Martin Herbert (1990), Planning a research project: a guide for practitioners and trainees in the helping professions, Cassell. 2) Roger Sapsford and Victor Jupp (2006), Data Collection and Analysis, Second Edition, Sage Publications. 3) Arlene Fink (2005), Conducting Research Literature Reviews, Second Edition, Sage Publications. 4) Rowena Murray (2006), How to write a thesis, Second Edition, Maidenhead: Open University. 5) Waste cycle. Site waste management plans [WWW] http://www.wastecycle.co.uk/SiteData/Root/File/Simons%20Case%20Study%20ne w.pdf
6) Site waste planning limited [WWW]
http://www.sitewasteplanning.co.uk/pdfs/Guide-1-SWMP-Information.pdf
7) Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs [WWW]
http://www.defra.gov.uk/ENVIRONMENT/waste/topics/construction/pdf/swmpcost-benefits.pdf
8) Veritas-Health and safety Consultants [WWW]
http://www.veritas-consulting.co.uk/Documents/Sample-Site-WasteManagement-Plan-Template%20_SWMP_.pdf
9) Hub Pages [WWW]
http://hubpages.com/hub/How-to-Write-a-Site-Waste-Management-Plan
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10) NetRegs.Site waste management plans [WWW]
http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/businesses/construction/62359.aspx
11) SQUIDOO.Site Waste Management Plans [WWW]
http://www.squidoo.com/site-waste-management-plans
12) Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs [WWW]
http://www.defra.gov.uk/ENVIRONMENT/waste/topics/construction/pdf/swmpqanda.pdf
13) Constructing Excellence in the built environment [WWW]
http://www.constructingexcellence.org.uk/resources/publications/view.jsp?id=256 8
14) http://www.info4education.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/tempimg/52D85F6-
CIS888614800287827.pdf
15) Waste cycle. Site waste management plans [WWW]
http://www.wastecycle.co.uk/SiteData/Root/File/Laing%20O%27Rourke%20Case% 20Study%20Final%20new.pdf
16) Goliath Business Knowledge on demand [WWW]
http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-1825744/Implementation-of-a-wastemanagement.html
17) Wrap material change for a better environment [WWW]
http://www.wrap.org.uk/construction/construction_waste_minimisation_and_man agement/swmp_form.html
18) Secbe south east centre for the built environment [WWW]
www.secbe.org.uk
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19) University of East Anglia [WWW]
http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/all/teaching/eiaams/pdf_dissertations/2005/Bendall_Ell ie.pdf
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Appendix
Question 1 Please select the number of employees working in your company? 1) 1-10 Question 2 Has your organisation adopted a waste management policy and has the client and subcontractors signed the site waste management plan? 1) Yes Question 3 Who do you believe is accountable for reducing waste produced during the construction project at the site? 1) Architect (2) Not Yet (3) It is in plan to start soon. (2) 11-50 (3) 51-250 (4) Above 250
2) Client
3) Managers of Project
4) Managers of Waste
5) Suppliers
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Question 4 Why is it important to have a system in place to effectively manage, reduce and recycle your waste? A) Because it helps improves the environment. B) Because legally you are responsible for waste produces by your business and that includes the actions of your employees. E) Because it will save you money in the long run. F) All the above
Question 5 Which according to you is the best way to reduce your construction waste? A) Minimise and avoid waste. B) Re use what would otherwise become waste. C) Recycle. D) All the above
Question 6 One of the major factors for increased sustainability in development is legislation. Do you think the new SWMPs will achieve this? A) No effect B) Small to moderate effect C) Considerable effect D) Maximum effect
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Question 7 Have the project specifications been reviewed to select elements, components, materials and construction processes that reduce waste? 1) Yes 2) No
Question 8 Is implementation of agreed waste management procedures monitored? A) Yes B) No
Question 9 Has a project programme been developed to include likely waste arising? A) Yes B) No
Question 10 Skips used to collect waste on your construction site should be? A) Clearly labelled so that waste can be separated and cycled. B) Covered or netted to prevent waste from blowing away. C) Secure against vandalism or interference. D) All answers are correct.
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Question 11 What is the total cost of introduction of high level SWMP is estimated to be in the region for the highest value to the lowest value project? A) 5.0% to 20.0% B) 0.7% to 11.0% C) 3.0% to 15.0% Question 12 Who is best placed to write and implement a SWMP? Would this identify an appropriate person in the management structure of all construction projects? A) Contracts Manager B) Environmental Manager C) Designer D) All the above Question 13 Is it reasonable to hold the person drafting and implementing the SWMP responsible for someone elses actions? 1) Yes (2) No
Question 14 Do you purchase reused and recycled materials to use on your project? A) Yes (B)No (C) At times we do
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Question 15 (Response for Direct questions) In your opinion SWMPs are being introduced to: Table True (%) Eliminate Fly-tipping Monitor waste Set targets for minimising waste Gain saving from resource efficiency Regulate legitimate waste operatives 58 8 33 0 52 100 94 83 False (%) 33 0 0 3 Unsure (%) 6 0 6 11 No Comment (%) 7 0 0 3
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SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

Reduce waste Reuse Recycle Energy recovery Disposal

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

Besides this I also discussing other SWMP related issues.

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.3 CASE STUDIES

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

2.4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

2.5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

3.1.3 Gains of SWMPs?

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

3.1.4 When do the novel Regulations approach existence?

3.1.5 Who is supposed to submit the SWMPs?

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

3.1.6 When should the SWMPs be submitted?

Prior to the start of construction project a SWMP needs to be submitted.

3.1.7 Who is accountable for the SWMPs?

Legal Duties of Clients

KIRANKUMAR AKULA MSc CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 2009

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

3.1.8 Who indulged in SWMPs?

Architects Clients Designers Trades Managers of Project Managers of Waste Suppliers

1) Which traders are concerned?

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

2) How can trades help?

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

3) How can clients help?

4) How architects as well as designers help out?

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

5) How can project managers help?

6) How suppliers can assist?

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

7) How can waste managers help?

8) How you can assist?

One can assist by:

removing waste at source. minimising waste throughout the project.

KIRANKUMAR AKULA MSc CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 2009

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

3.1.9 What should a SWMP consist of?

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

3.1.12 When to check a SWMP

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

3.1.13 What checks are recommended?

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

Where a body corporate

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

completion Failing to comply with additional duties

contractor) Client and/or principal contractor as specified in the Regulations

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

minimisation on site is to be practice.

efficiency in order to reduce waste.

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

4.0. PHASES OF THE SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

4.1 Preconstruction Phase:

SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS

If necessary Registration with Environment Agency as a hazardous waste producer.