Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerndio = a forma ING de um verbo (talking, playing, understanding). Infinitivo = TO + a forma simple de um verbo (to talk, to play, to understand).
O gerndio alm de funcionar como um verbo nos chamados tempos contnuos (I am playing; he was studying; she will be arriving; we have been working...etc) tambm tem as seguintes funes: NOUN (substantivo) Reading is my favorite pastime / Playing soccer is fun / Her hobby is dancing ADJECTIVE (adjetivo, qualidade) I heard some interesting news about her / We dont have running water on our farm / Rolling stones never gather moss. (Observe que quando o Gerndio funciona como um adjetivo, ele sempre vir seguido de um substantivo.) Se tivermos que usar um verbo aps uma preposio, este verbo dever estar na forma do gerndio. The teacher prevented me FROM leaving the room before noon. We talked ABOUT going to Canada for our vacation. She is tired OF working on the weekends. Are you good AT swimming? Na forma negativa o NOT precede o gerndio. I am sorry FOR not answering your letter. We talked ABOUT not going to the meeting. Exemplos: He admitted stealing the old womans money. They advised waiting until tomorrow. Lets avoid speaking Portuguese during our English classes. He denied committing the crime. Why dont you quit smoking? He stopped going to classes when he got sick. Would you mind opening the windows for me? We dont understand his leaving school. Observe: Do you mind my SMOKING in here? = Do you mind if I smoked in here? Alguns verbos podem vir seguidos tanto de gerndio como de infinitivo com a partcula TO: like / love / hate / start = begin / continue / prefer / forget / remember / regret / cant stand = cant bear. Exemplos: They love DANCING = TO DANCE It started RAINING = TO RAIN She hates LYING to anybody = TO LIE Usamos o gerndio aps o verbo GO (IR) se o verbo implicar numa atividade fsica ou lazer. Exemplos: He usually goes FISHING on Sundays. Peter went SWIMMING with his best friends. Would you like to go SHOPPING with us? Usamos o gerndio aps a palavra NO implicando numa proibio. Exemplos: NO HUNTING NO PARKING NO SWIMMING EXPESSES ESPECIAIS SEGUIDAS POR UM GERNDIO have fun / have good time / have trouble / have difficulty / spend + expresso de tempo ou dinheiro / waste+expresso de tempo ou dinheiro / sit + expresso de lugar / stand + expresso de lugar / stand + expresso de lugar / lie(deitar) + expresso de lugar / find + nome ou pronome / catch + nome ou pronome Exemplos: We had a good time PLAYING volleyball. Peter spends most of his time STUDYING. I waste a lot of time WATCHING TV. She sat at her desk WRITING a letter. When I walked into my office, I found George USING my telephone. When I walked into my office, I caught a thief LOOKING through my desk drawers. VERBOS COMUNS SEGUIDOS DE INFINITIVO COM A PARTCULA TO hope plan intend decide promise agree Exemplos: I hope TO SEE you again. He decided TO SELL his new house. He was told TO SAY nothing. She wants TO FORGIVE you. offer refuse seem appear pretend ask expect would like want need have VERBOS COMUNS + NOME OU PRONOME + INFINITIVO COM O TO tell someone to invite someone to require someone to advise someone to permit someone to order someone to encourage someone to allow someone to force someone to remind someone to warn someone to ask someone to Exemplos: I invited them TO COME to my birthday party. She advised her boyfriend TO TAKE a taxi. We would like our teacher TO GIVE us another chance. expect someone to would like someone to want someone to need someone to

Cuidado!
He advised STAYING home that cold afternoon. He advised his children TO STAY home that cold afternoon. USANDO GERNDIO COMO SUJEITO = USANDO IT + INFINITIVO COM TO Exemplos: RIDING with a drunk driver is dangerous = It is dangerous TO RIDE with a drunk driver. VOTING in every election is important = It is important TO VOTE in every election. ADJETIVOS SEGUIDOS DE INFINITIVO COM A PARTCULA TO glad / happy / pleased / delighted / content / relieved / lucky / fortunate / sorry / sad / upset / disappointed / proud / ashamed / ready / prepared / anxious / eager / willing / motivated / determinated / careful / hesitant / reluctant / afraid / surprised / amazed / astonished / shocked / stunned Exemplos: My children were anxious TO GO to the circus. All the soldiers were prepared TO WIN the war. She was relieved TO FIND OUT that she had passed the exam. VERBOS DE PERCEPO Certos verbos de percepo so seguidos tanto pelo gerndio como tambm pelo infinitivo sem a partcula TO. So eles: SEE / HEAR / WATCH / FEEL / OBSERVE / NOTICE / SMELL Exemplos: I saw my son RUN = RUNNING down the street. We heard the rain FALL = FALLING On the roof. Os verbos LET / MAKE / HELP viro seguidos de INFINITIVO sem o TO. Exemplos: That story made all the children LAUGH. I let my friend BORROW my bicycle. My brother helped me WASH = TO WASH his car. No se usa a partcula TO aps a preposio BUT = (a no ser) Exemplo: There is nothing else to do but WAIT. No se usa a partcula TO aps os verbos modais: can / may / must / should = ought to Exemplos: It can RAIN at any moment. You must TELL us all the truth. He should HAVE helped you = He ought TO HAVE helped you. No se usa a partcula TO aps o verbo HAVE com o sentido de mandar, ordenar. Exemplos: Mom had the maid SERVE the dinner. The teacher wants me to have the children COME IN.
ERRATA 19/10/2011 A construo do trecho em que consta o nome do pintor, no foi a mais feliz. Sabemos que Edvard Munch no era alemo, tambm sabemos que ele nasceu, viveu e morreu na Noruega. No entanto, esse pintor considerado um dos maiores representantes do expressionismo alemo. No estvamos discutindo a nacionalidade do pintor e sim sua filiao esttica, a qual ultrapassa esses limites de territorialidade. Mesmo assim, reconhecemos que a frase no foi redigida da melhor maneira.

Cuidado!
Em algumas expresses TO ser uma preposio e no a partcula TO da forma infinitiva. We are accustomed TO sleeping with the window open. I am not used TO lying to anybody. She is looking forward TO moving into a new house. He objects TO changing his plans at this late date.

Ateno!
Used to s vir seguido de gerndio se vier precedido do verbo to be ou to get. She got used TO cheating during her tests. = She is used TO cheating during her tests. Entretanto: She used to cheat during her tests. Usamos , tambm o gerndio aps as seguintes expresses: BE WORTH = valer a pena: Do you think this old car is worth BUYING? CANT HELP = no poder deixar de: You cant help CALLING her tonight. CANT STAND = CANT BEAR = no aguentar: I CANT STAND listening to this song again. FEEL LIKE = estar a fim de: What do you feel like DOING after lunch? ITS NO USE = no adianta: Its NO USE crying now. LOOK FORWARD TO = aguardar ansiosamente: We LOOK FORWARD TO seeing you soon. OBJECT TO = opor-se: He OBJECTED TO helping us. Alguns verbos, quando seguidos por um outro verbo exigem o uso do gerndio So eles: admit advise antecipate appreciate avoid complete consider delay deny discuss dislike enjoy finish keep mention mind miss postpone practice quit recommend resist risk stop (parar de) suggest tolerate understand

She wants her father TO BUY her a new car. I expect TO PASS the test. I expect Jane TO PASS the test. I have TO GO home immediately.