UDK 903.2 634 (497.11) 902.3:552 (497.

11)

53

DRAGANA ANTONOVI], Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade KRISTINA RESIMI]-[ARI], Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade VLADICA CVETKOVI], Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade

STONE RAW MATERIALS IN THE VIN^A CULTURE:

PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ASSEMBLAGE FROM VIN^A AND BELOVODE

Abstract. This paper shows the results of petrographic analyses of raw materials used for making the ground stone industry implements in two Vin~a culture sites: Vin~a and Belovode. The assemblages from the aforementioned sites feature a number of specific characteristics. In Vin~a, in late strata, a kind of devaluation in the selection of stone raw materials is registered, which is closely related to the decline in quality of stone processing and may be a consequence of territorial narrowing of the Vin~a culture per se in its later phases, and of introduction of metallurgy in everyday life. For this reason an analogy with the Belovode site was made, which subsists only throughout the early phase of the Vin~a culture and is doubtlessly a metallurgic settlement. Petrographic analyses of the raw materials from which ground stone tools used to be made at the Vin~a and Belovode sites are only a part of the commenced petro-archaeological research. They imply that further investigations should focuse on field work, principally in the vicinity of the sites themselves. Primarily by petrographic, and, as applicable, by other analyses of samples brought from the field work, and by comparison of the tools, it could be possible to define more precisely the territory from which the raw materials originated. Key words. Neolithic, Vin~a culture, stone raw materials, petrographic analyses.

he issue of the origin of raw materials and routes along which they circulated is probably one of the most interesting matters to study in the field of prehistory. It is probably the stone raw materials that, to the greatest extent and in a most tangible manner, demonstrate the specific points of contact between mutually distant areas. Our territory and prehistoric cultures in it, primarily those Neolithic and Aeneolithic, have not still been investigated to a degree where there can be any discussion about the circulation of raw materials within those cultures. For the time being, locations of the sources of the raw materials used in making stone tools, arms, and other items are still within the domain of supposition. For this reason, the routes along which these raw materials moved, from their source to the final products, have also remained in the domain of speculation. The same is true about the circulation of rocks and minerals outside the borders of the Neolithic cultures in our territory. Thus, for instance, the attempt to link the rare occurrence of small tools with a blade made of jadeite or nephrite in Serbian Neolithic1 to the widespread use of so-called green stone (serpentinite and jadeite) in Macedonian

Neolithic,2 will remain a speculation for the moment, mostly because of the absence of precise petrographic and geochemical analyses which could provide a straightforward answer in respect of the exchange of stone raw materials from the territories occupied by other cultures.3 Study of the Vin~a culture late phase, in terms of technology more Aeneolithic than Neolithic, has recently become a focus in the study of Vin~a stone production. It is very important to investigate in what way the decadency of one culture is reflected on the level of use of the raw materials in such circumstances: whether the diminishing of territory has any impact on the decrease in the stone raw materials quality due to more limited accessibility of the deposits of better quality stone, and whether stone ersatz of poorer quality are more used in early phases of the Vin~a
Antonovi}, 2003, 3437. Smoor, 1976, 178; Weide, 1976, 282. 3 All objects from the territory of our country declared to be made of jadeite and nephrite have been analyzed only macroscopically!
2 1

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culture. The attempts were made to answer these questions by comparing stone industries from the two sites, Vin~a and Belovode,4 from which the stone assemblage is examined petrographically. The main reason for choosing to analyse these two sites is the specific nature of the development of their ground stone industries. In Vin~a, in late strata, a kind of devaluation in the selection of stone raw materials may be identified, which was a result of the territorial narrowing of Vin~a culture itself in its late phases. Related to this is also a deterioration of the stone processing quality, which begins with the Gradac phase and becomes quite noticeable in the late Vin~a strata. Both phenomena from the late Vin~a strata may be related to the introduction of metallurgy in everyday life of the Vin~a population. It was for this reason that a comparison was made with the Belovode site which subsisted solely through the early phase of Vin~a culture and was doubtlessly a metallurgic settlement. Carelessness in stone processing can be traced here ever since the early Vin~a culture, and the selection of raw materials implies the local sources, territorially connected with copper ore deposits.

MODELS OF STONE USE IN SERBIAN NEOLITHIC When studying the origin and circulation of stone raw materials in Neolithic and Aeneolithic, one must take into account some general issues in the development of stone items production and use.5 In the territory of what is today Serbia during the Early Neolithic (Protostar~evo according to D. Srejovi}, Gura Baciului according to M. Gara{anin, Star~evo I according to D. Gara{anin and V. Miloj~i}, ENCB according to N. N. Tasi}),6 the presence of Mesolithic tradition is apparent in the selection of raw materials and processing of stone in Early Neolithic. The influence of the Mesolithic tradition may be traced, in some of the Star~evo culture sites, even during the Middle Neolithic. In the chipped stone industry assemblage, in addition to the distinctive Neolithic inventory, microlithic tools, recorded at some of the Early Neolithic sites (Donja Branjevina, U{}e Kameni~kog potoka, Knjepi{te, Blagotin, Velesnica),7 is indicative of the Mesolithic tradition and, perhaps, a still active fast bow-and-arrow hunting as an ancient economic sector surviving from the past times. A part of the Mesolithic tradition was the exploitation, in terms of technology, of less quality raw materials, such as rock crystal, quartzite, and opal, which is directly linked to the

then increased need for the raw materials for making the hunting weapons to be used only once. The use of the rock crystal in the chipped stone industry was recorded in Grivac, Divostin, Blagotin and Popovi}a Brdo in the vicinity of [abac.8 It seems that Grivac can be associated with the exploitation of primary deposits of rock crystal.9 A greater presence of quartzite has been recorded in the assemblage from some of the Star~evo culture sites, in Blagotin and Velesnica for instance. In case of Blagotin, it is quite possible that organized exploitation of primary quartzite deposits took place there.10 Exploitation of opal,11 namely of opalized serpentinite, was recorded in Rudnik, Glavica Krivo Polje locality in Rama}a, where, upon a very limited surface exploration, it was assumed that it was an Early Neolithic quarry.12 The first analyses of the material from the recently discovered mine-quarry Lojanik in the vicinity of Mataru{ka Banja suggest that stone exploitation took place there back in Early Neolithic.13 Regardless of all these examples, based on what we know from the explorations that have been completed thus far, there can be no question about the exploitation of precisely defined sources of stone, but rather about the orientation to the same kind of the rock/mineral, regardless of their origin, which is indicative of a kind or organized procurement of raw materials. Aforementioned uniformity in the selection of raw materials can be traced to the chipped stone industry, while in making
4 Eponymous Neolithic site in Vin~a has been excavated, with interruptions, for almost a century: 19081913, 1924, and 19291934, by Miloje M. Vasi}, and in the period 19781986, and from 1998 to date, the research has been continued by the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Committee for Archaeological Explorations in Vin~a (Vasi}, 1932; Vasi}, 1936; Vin~a u praistoriji, 1984; Tasi}, 2005). The exploration of Belovode began in 1994, and the research conducted so far showed that this is a very significant locality, shifting the lower chronological limit of metallurgy introduction to the very beginning of Vin~a culture ([ljivar, Jacanovi}, 1996). 5 It should be noted that models of stone raw materials use during Neolithic were defined in our country only based on the research made to date and without relying on any more thorough or more comprehensive analyses of stone materials, since the latter have not been undertaken in Serbian archaeology as yet. 6 Aran|elovi}-Gara{anin, 1954, 136; Gara{anin, 1979, 119120; Miloj~i}, 1950, 109110; Srejovi}, 1988, 1517; Tasi}, 1997, 43. 7 [ari}, 2000, 242243. 8 Bogosavljevi}-Petrovi}, 2004, 382, 388390, 408; [ari}, 2003, 1419; Tringham et al., 1988, 205206. 9 Bogosavljevi}-Petrovi}, 20041, 389. 10 [ari}, 2002, 19. 11 Identification of materials according to Jovanovi}, Mili} 1988, 5760. 12 Jovanovi}, Mili}, 1988, 5760. 13 Bogosavqevi}-Petrovi}, 2006.

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Fig. 1. Geographical position of the Vin~a and Belovode sites Sl. 1. Geografski polo`aj lokaliteta Vin~a i Belovode

implements of ground stone, as a completely new production, no rules have been recorded with regard to the choice of raw materials. The exception to be noted is moderate use of jadeite, nephrite and serpentinite, which are the only materials suggesting any premeditated and intentional use of a certain type of stone, but which at the same time may add up to the importation of raw materials from distant areas, or the influence of neighbouring cultures.14 The first breakthrough in the development of stone industry in Neolithic occurred in the classical phase of the Star~evo culture (Star~evo IIIII according to D. Gara{anin, Star~evo IIIV according to Miloj~i}, MNCB according to Tasi}).15 In the ground stone industry the uniformity was introduced with regard to the selection of raw materials and implements making. In addition to sporadic use of other rocks, macroscopically identical fine-grained rocks in different shades of grey, greyish green and greyish brown have become predominant. Only axes, adzes, and chisels were made from these rocks. As opposed to those in Early Neolithic that were made using the graining and polishing techniques, in this Neolithic phase semi-products of already mentioned

ground-edge tools were made in the manner identical to that in case of the chipped stone industry implements. In this way there occurs the approximation, in terms of technology, of these two industries. In the final phases of the Vin~a culture, this will result in complete overlapping of the chipped stone and ground stone industries to such an extent that, in case of a large number of tools, it is not be possible to distinguish between the types of implements. This overlapping is partly reflected in the manner in which implements were made, but is much more apparent and striking in the selection of the same raw materials. The aforementioned uniformity in the selection of raw materials and making of implements, introduced in the well-developed Star~evo culture, will continue in the Vin~a culture. That is why the Star~evoVin~a technocomplex is a much more appropriate name for the ground stone industry during the Middle and Late Neolithic.

Antonovi}, 2003, 3437, 132. Aran|elovi}-Gara{anin, 1954, 136; Miloj~i}, 1950, 109110; Tasi}, 1997, 44.
15

14

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The second breakthrough took place in the Gradac phase. It denoted further development of Vin~a culture in its late phases (Vin~aPlo~nik according to M. Gara{anin, Vin~a CD with the part B2 according to Miloj~i}, Gradac phase IIII according to B. Jovanovi}).16 Obvious example is the widespread use of the so-called light white stone, primarily in the ground, but at some sites in the chipped stone industry as well.17 The use of these raw materials, of poorer quality in technological terms, brought into the Vin~a stone industry the lack of care and casualness in stone processing. The chipped stone industry follows the same late Vin~a trend, thus affirming the presumption that degradation and disappearance of a culture is first visible in the technological changes. There can be no doubt that certain patterns were present with regard to procurement of stone raw materials in the Neolithic, which is also apparent from what was said above. However, what remains unknown is the way stone was procured: whether there were any precisely defined deposits or quarries from which the stone was excavated, or seemingly identical raw materials were gathered randomly. In the groundstone industry of Star~evoVin~a techno-complex, two big groups of rocks that dominate in the material were to date macroscopically identified. They are classified solely based on their physical and technical characteristics: fine-grained greyish-green and light white stones. That is precisely why it has been decided to have these two broadly defined groups of rocks more accurately defined. Microscopic analyses were made on selected samples from several sites in Serbia, originating from different Neolithic phases: Vin~a, Belovode, Lepenski Vir, Donja Branjevina. Findings of the analyses conducted on these materials from Vin~a and Belovode (Fig. 1) are presented in this paper; they were selected because they are culturally and territorially related.

while eight samples come from the period of 19331934 will be presented.18 Seven samples from the site in Belovode are also studied. The analysed samples are shown in table, below as well.

RAW MATERIALS FROM THE LOCALITY OF VIN^A In the Vin~a locality, stone objects manufactured by grinding were mostly made from metamorphic rocks, while igneous and sedimentary rocks were much less presented. According to mineralogic and petrographic characteristics, the material is classified in seven groups (in order of increasing abundance): (1) kornites, (2) greenschists, (3) kornites/spotted schists, (4) metasiltstones, (5) silicified magnesites, (6) diabases and metadiabases, and (7) metamorphosed tuff (Table). The rocks belonging to the groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 are macroscopically very similar and can be roughly described as fine-grained greyish-green rocks, which is the description under which they are recognised in archaeological literature.19 Kornites Macroscopic appearance. Kornites appear as finegrained, hard, aphanitic rocks, greyish-green, or darkgrey to black in colour, sometimes with black or red intralayers or darker strips. Fabric of kornites is generally massive with elements of a banded structure.

PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSES The complete sample collection from the Vin~a and Belovode sites was macroscopically examined, and characteristic samples were analysed microscopically as well. The polarisation microscope for transmitted light, Leica DMLSP equipped with digital camera Leica DC 300 was used. In the following text the results of selected petrographic analyses (macro- and microscopic examinations) of 24 samples from Vin~a, 16 of which originate from the excavations in the period 19982004,

16 Gara{anin, 1979, 175181; Jovanovi}, 19921993, 10; Miloj~i}, 1949, 7081. 17 In our archaeology to date it has not been precisely determined what kind, or kinds of rocks we are discussing when we talk about the so-called light white stone. This description covers macroscopically similar rocks whose main characteristics include that they come in different shades of off-white and ecru, that they are relatively soft (unless they are silicified), that they are mostly porous and, therefore, light. Based on a small number of analyses (petrographic analyses, DTA, X-ray powder diffraction), these rocks have been differently defined: as magnesite, porcelainite, diatomeic soil, diatomeic shale, ash tuff, etc. (Antonovi}, 1997; [ari}, 2002, with quoted relevant bibliography). It is precisely due to such level of disparity with regard to the name, whose presence can be doubtlessly attributed to the fact that more thorough petrographic analyses have never been conducted, that for the time being our archaeology most often uses descriptive names such as light white stone, soft white stone, or white rocks of different origin, which nevertheless offers closest insight into the macroscopic appearance of this raw material (Antonovi}, 1997; Bogosavqevi}-Petrovi}, 1992, 911; Bogosavljevi}-Petrovi}, 2004, 385387, 411; [ari}, 2002, 20). 18 Antonovi}, 1992, 3132; Antonovi}, 2003, 3840. 19 Antonovi}, 2003, 1620.

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sample

year of excavation 1933 1934 1934 1934 1934 2002 2002 1934 2004 2004 2004 2002 2002 1998 2004 1934 1934 2004 2004 2004 2004 1998 2004 2004

circumstances of findings VIN^A

type of rock

UZ1 UZ7 UZ19 UZ24 UZ30 DV19 DV20 UZ16 DV7 DV8 DV9 DV10 DV16 DV17 DV18 UZ9 UZ3 DV11 DV1 DV2 DV4 DV15 DV6 DV14

depth 5.7 m, IB 116 depth 6.5 m, IB 336 depth 6.3 m, IB 377 depth 6.7 m, IB 301 depth 6.5 m, IB 354 square CIV/2, locus 23, furnace 02/02, C332 square CIII/4, locus 18, excavation level 2, edm 932, C314 depth 7.3 m, IB 550 square CIII/4, locus 9, unit 31, edm 189 square CIV/2, locus 14, unit 1, excavation level 1, edm 70 square CIV/2, locus 9, unit 37, edm 232 square CIV/4, locus 1, pit 05/02 (9), edm 822 square CIV/4, locus 10, excavation level 2, edm 810 square DIV/1, locus 9, excavation level 1, C207 square CIV/2, locus 25, edm 106 depth 7.3 m, IB 466 depth 8.0 m, IB 218 square CIII/4, locus 9, unit 5 edm 113 square CIII/2, locus 14, unit 2, excavation level 1, edm 023 square CIV/2, locus 24, unit 1, edm 011 square CIII/4, locus 19, unit 1, edm 085 square EIII/3, locus 1, excavation level 1, C184 unit 20 extension unit 20 Surface findings from the southern excavation profile, from the 1980s, edm 321 BELOVODE Trench VII, excavation level 21 Trench VI, excavation level 16, surface with burnt soil, C701 Trench VI, excavation level 11, surface with burnt soil, C689 Trench VI, excavation level 10, C668 Trench VII, excavation level 10 Trench VII, excavation level 17, C922 Trench VII, excavation level 11

Kornites

Spotted schist/kornites

Greenschist

Metasiltstone

Silicified magnesite Metamorphosed tuff Metamorphosed diabase Diabase

DBV1 DBV7 DBV8 DBV9 DBV3 DBV5 DBV6

2000 1998 1998 1998 2000 2000 2000

Albite-epidote schist

Epidote schist Epidote schist Sandstone (litharenite)

Table List of the macroscopically and microscopically analysed samples with the information about the circumstances of the findings and rock types Tabela Popis uzoraka analiziranih makroskopski i mikroskopski sa podacima o uslovima nalaza i odredbama stena

Microscopic appearance. Kornites are fine-grained rocks with granoblastic texture, with elements of porphyroblastic, lepidoblastic, or nematoblastic texture in some samples. The main minerals are epidote and quartz, +/ albite, and there sporadically appear also the spiky actinolite (UZ7, UZ19), small quantities of chlorite, biotite and tourmaline (UZ24), scapolite (UZ30), a certain quantity of sericite (DV20), as well as the asso-

ciation of actinolite, rare plagioclase and wolastonite, along with the opaque mineral (haematite?) in the sample UZ16. Epidote, together with quartz, dominates in all samples. It occurs as tiny, up to about 0.2 mm in diameter, isometric grains homogenously distributed in the groundmass. In the sample DV19, epidote forms strips that are up to 1 mm thick, where a greater quantity

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Fig. 2. Microscopic appearance of the raw materials from the Vinca site: A kornites (DV20): granoblastic texture; Nx; vertical edge of photograph 1 mm; B greenschist (DV17): microscopic appearance; Nx; vertical edge of photograph 1 mm; C spotted schist/kornites (DV8): porphyroblasts of albite (arrows); Nx; vertical edge of photograph 2 mm; D metasiltstone (DV11): microscopic appearance; Nx; vertical edge of photograph 2 mm; E diabase (DV14): ophitic texture; Nx; vertical edge of photograph 2 mm; F metamorphosed diabase (DV6): relicts of former phenocrysts of clinopyroxene (arrows); Nx; vertical edge of photograph 2 mm; G silicified magnesite (DV2): siliceous matter (arrows) in cryptocrystalline magnesite; Nx; vertical edge of photograph 1 mm; H metamorphosed tuff (DV15): clasts of quartz of volcanic origin (arrows) in metamorphosed tuff; Nx; vertical edge of photograph 1 mm Sl. 2. Mikroskopski izgled sirovina sa lokaliteta Vin~a: A kornit (DV20): granoblasti~na struktura; Nx; vertikalna ivica fotografije 1 mm; B zeleni {kriqac (DV17): mikroskopski izgled; Nx; vertikalna ivica fotografije 1 mm; C pegavi {kriqac/kornit (DV8): porfiroblasti albita (strelice); Nx; vertikalna ivica fotografije 2 mm; D metaalevrolit (DV11): mikroskopski izgled; Nx; vertikalna ivica fotografije 2 mm; E dijabaz (DV14): ofitska struktura dijabaza; Nx; vertikalna ivica fotografije 2 mm; F metamorfisani dijabaz (DV6): relikti nekada{wih fenokristala klinopiroksena (strelice); Nx; vertikalna ivica fotografije 2 mm; G silifikovani magnezit (DV2): silicijska materija (strelica) u kriptokristalastom magnezitu; Nx; vertikalna ivica fotografije 1 mm; H metamorfisani tuf (DV15): klasti kvarca vulkanogenog porekla (strelica) u metamorfisanom tufu; Nx; vertikalna ivica fotografije 1 mm

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of salic minerals occurs. Only rarely, accumulations of larger usually prismatic epidote crystals, can be observed. It can constitute up to 65 % vol. of the rock. Quartz is mostly fine-grained, about 0.005 mm to about 0.1 mm in diameter. It is associated with albite and these two minerals form salic stripes approx. 0.2 mm (DV20) wide. Albite, together with quartz, can make up to 35 % vol. of the rock. It is located in the interstitial spaces or occurs as rare irregular porphyroblasts (Fig. 2A) displaying double twinning. Greenschists Macroscopic appearance. These rocks are characterised by the greyish green to green colour. They are fine-grained, show granoblastic to lepidoblastic texture, and massive in fabric. Microscopic appearance. Rocks of this group are of granoblastic and nematoblastic texture (and lepidoblastic one in sample DV17), and of massive, locally banded (DV17) and schistose fabric (DV18). According to the mineral composition, they can be defined as: epidote schist (DV16), chlorite-epidote schist (DV17) and epidote-amphibole-chlorite schist (DV18).

Epidote is dominating in all the rock types. It is accompanied with chlorite in the sample DV17 and amphibole in the sample DV18, with quartz and albite as regular components and in all samples. Epidote mostly occurs in aggregates of acicular crystals which sometimes show regular orientations (Fig. 2B). The length of the epidote crystals can be up to approx. 2 mm (sample DV16). It is associated with chlorite and amphibole in the groundmass, and together with them constitutes up to 75 % vol. of the rock. Chlorite is presented in flakes, which do not exceed 0.2 mm in diameter, and, in the sample DV18, are associated with amphibole. Amphibole occurs as prismatic crystals. Albite is located in the interstitial spaces, together with quartz, mostly in the form of blurred platelike crystals, occasionally twinned and somewhat coarser in size. Quartz occurs in the form of extremely minute micro- to cryptocrystalline grains, and is most likely product of silicification. These two minerals make up about 30 % of the rock. In some parts of the sample DV17, salic minerals form the bands. Metallic minerals (approx. 1 % vol. of the rock) occur as individual, isometric and allotriomorphic

Fig. 3. Microscopic appearance of the raw materials from the Belovode site: A albite-epidote schist (DBV1) with the nucleuses of porphyroblasts (arrows); Nx; vertical edge of photograph 1 mm; B epidote schist (DBV2); Nx; vertical edge of photograph 1 mm; C sandstone (DBV3): clasts of volcanics (V), pumice (P), quartz (Q); Nx; vertical edge of photograph 2 mm Sl. 3. Mikroskopski izgled sirovina sa lokaliteta Belovode: A albitsko-epidotski {kriqac (DBV1) sa za~ecima porfiroblasta albita (strelica); Nx; vertikalna ivica fotografije 1 mm; B epidotski {kriqac (DBV2); Nx; vertikalne ivice fotografije 1 mm; C pe{~ar (DBV3): klasti vulkanita (V), plovu}ca (P), kvarca (Q); Nx; vertikalna ivica fotografije 2 mm

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grains or form fine-grained powdery aggregates. In the sample DV18 they occur as relicts of formerly euhedral and non-transparent minerals, most likely of magmatic origin. Spotted schists/kornites This group of rocks was distinguished as a specific category since petrographic examinations were not sufficient to decide between the kornites and green rocks/spotted schists. Macroscopic appearance. Rocks of this group are grey, light-grey to greyish-green in colour, while UZ16 is dark grey to black with greenish jets and spots. They are fine-grained aphanitic rocks, and, more rarely, it can be macroscopically observed that they are granoblastic with the elements of porphyroblastic taxture (DV8, DV9). The fabric is massive and homogenous, and rarely banded. Microscopic appearance. According to their mineral composition and texture, they are defined as: quartzepidote spotted schists/kornites (DV7), quartz-albiteepidote spotted schists/kornites (DV8), albite-epidote spotted schists/kornites (DV9), quartz-albite-epidote spotted schists/kornites (DV10). The rocks are granoblastic, with the elements of porphyroblastic texture (DV8, DV9, DV10), as well as massive and relatively homogenous. Elements of speckled structure can be seen in samples of porphyroblastic structure, while the sample DV10 displays locally a banded structure. Prevailing minerals in these rocks are epidote, quartz and albite, while metallic minerals are accessories. Epidote and quartz compose fine-grained aggregates of different shapes, most often in the form of bands. Epidote is somewhat more abundant and coarser than quartz in the sample DV7. In the samples DV9 and DV10, grains of epidote compose millimetre accumulations or bands. Quartz and albite are allotriomorphic, and quartz is smaller. In the sample DV8, albite (Fig. 2C) occurs as small porphyroblasts, less than 0.5 mm in diameter, which are distributed in bands, and which are, in addition, richer in quartz and metallic minerals. In the sample DV9, albite occurs in the form of inclusion-bearing porphyroblasts with the vague edges towards the groundmass. Metallic minerals occur in the form of isolated subhedral or anhedral grains which are very evenly distributed in the mass of this metamorphic rock. Metasiltstones Macroscopic appearance. Rocks of this group are fine-grained, dark-greyish green, dark-grey to black, or

light-greyish green and have aphanitic appearance and massive fabric, with elements of schistosity. Microscopic appearance. Metasiltstones are finegrained, granoblastic, with elements of nematoblastic texture and massive in fabric (Fig. 2D). Sometimes elements of relict blastoalevrolitic texture can be seen. More intensely metamorphosed sample DV11 is dominantly composed of epidote and quartz. Extremely small and subhedral epidote grains are most abundant sometimes they form up to 70 % of the rock volume. Epidote is mostly presented in small prismatic crystals, uniformly distributed in the groundmass. Quartz occurs as very small aggregates, and very rarely as independent isometric grains. It makes up approx. 30 % vol. of the rock. Also observable are the lense-like aggregates which are richer in quartz. Poorly metamorphosed alevrolites UZ9 and UZ3 consist of quartz grains that are 0.020.04 mm in size, muscovite-sericite, a small quantity of biotite and feldspar, quite a lot of organic matter, and some limonite. Cement is siliceous. UZ3 consists of quartz, muscovite-sericite, a small quantity of carbonate and ample quantities of organic matter with some limonite. The grains range in size 0.010.03 mm, and are bound together with siliceous cement. Diabase Macroscopic appearance. Sample DV14 is black in colour, displaying ophitic texture and homogenous and massive structure. On the surface, there are sporadic thin skins of brownish colour, most likely due to the presence of hydroxides and iron oxides. The primary magmatic minerals are represented by white needleshaped plagioclase and femic minerals in between them. Microscopic appearance. The rock shows ophitic texture and massive fabric (Fig. 2E). It is built of plagioclase and clinopyroxene, as main minerals, and subordinate are metallic minerals, while chlorite, epidote and calcite are secondary. Plagioclases occur as elongated idiomorphic to hypidiomorphic grains, up to 3 mm long, and less frequently as coarse phenocrysts whose dimensions are approx. 5 x 3 mm. The grains are relatively fresh, and the ones distinguishable among the secondary minerals include epidote and calcite which are distributed as irregular aggregates. The quantity of plagioclase is approx. 55 % vol. of the rock. Clinopyroxenes (approx. 35 % vol. of the rock) occur as allotriomorphic grains of various shape. They are smaller than plagioclase and have approx. 1 mm in diameter. In addition to isolated grains, radially distributed clinopyroxene crystals can also be noted.

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Accessories and secondary minerals make up together approx. 10 % vol. of the rock. Metallic minerals are evenly dispersed across the rock and very rarely form aggregates. They occur in the form of allotriomorphic isolated crystals. They are rarely larger than 0,5 mm in diameter. Chlorite occurs in interstitial spaces and is most likely a product of glass alteration. Epidote and calcite are alteration products of plagioclase. Metamorphosed diabase Macroscopic appearance. Sample DV6 is of greyish-green colour, of nematoblastic and granoblastic fine-grained texture and massive in fabric, with rare elements of schistosity. Microscopic appearance. The rock is of lepidoblastic, granoblastic and nematoblastic, with elements of blastoporphyric texture. The rock fabric is massive and relatively homogenous. The rock is composed of chlorite, amphibole, epidote, feldspar, quartz and a small amount of opaque minerals. All femic minerals are associated in very finegrained aggregates, where it is often very difficult to distinguish between individual crystals. They make up over 75 % vol. of the rock, while the rest is composed of feldspars and quartz. The feldspars are most probably represented by albite. Traces of the relict porphyric texture in the form of completely transformed phenocrysts, probably clinopyroxene, which are now represented by the aggregates of secondary minerals (Fig. 2F), can be observed. Metallic minerals are very small and they are always present as isolated crystals. Silicified magnesites Magnesites have frequently been, together with some other kinds of rocks of different origin, such as altered and metamorphosed tuffs, diatomite, wood, and similar, classified in archaeological literature as belonging to the group of the so-called light white stones. Macroscopic appearance. Rocks of this group are light-grey to white in colour, aphanitic in texture and massive in fabric. The rock is compact, its sharp edges can cut glass, and it shows no reaction with cold and dilute HCl. In the sample DV4 one may notice the presence of a large number of minute holes filled up with silica component, so that in intersection the rock appears spotted. Microscopic appearance. Rocks are microcrystalline to cryptocrystalline in texture, while their fabric is massive (Fig. 2G). Their homogeneity is spoiled by oval cavities with fan-like aggregates of chalcedony or mounts of silica components.

Silicified magnesites consist of micro- to cryptocrystalline magnesite and cryptocrystalline to amorphous silica that make up over 98 % vol. of the rock. In the sample DV1 the presence of fan-like aggregates, which fill up the cavities in magnesite can be observed. The cavities are mostly of sub-millimeter dimensions and their cross-sections are of elliptical shape. Larger cavities, approx. 1 x 3 mm, are generally lens-like. Regularity of the cavities may suggest that they are of organic origin (oval shells?). Siliceous matter is present in the rock DV2 in two ways: in the form of fine-grained jets that are closely associated with magnesite, as regards the amorphous opal, and as irregular aggregates that are usually filled up with chalcedony. These mounts of silica were once surrounded by cryptocrystalline magnesite which gives the rock the spotted appearance. The content of silica matter is highest in the sample DV4. In addition to these constituents, there also occurs an insignificant quantity of finely dispersed organic matter. Metamorphosed tuff Macroscopic appearance. The rock (DV15) is greyish-green and has aphanitic appearance. Because of the small dimensions of the sample, any macroscopic studies were impossible. Microscopic appearance. The rock is of blastoclastic texture and is massive in fabric. It is composed of the clasts of quartz, feldspar, chlorite, and other femic minerals lying in a chlorite-epidote-sericite matrix. The quartz clasts are minute, isometric, and their diameter only rarely exeeds 0.1 mm (Fig. 2H). They are translucent, they contain inclusions, and their form suggests volcanic origin. Fragments of feldspar phenocrysts occur less frequently than those of quartz and they are homogenously distributed in the rock. Relicts of femic constituents appear less frequently than feldspars and they are associated with metallic minerals. Femic minerals are completely transformed into chlorite. All clasts make up approx. 30 % vol. of the rock. The matrix is formed of epidote, chlorite and sericite, and makes up approx. 70 % vol. of the rock.

RAW MATERIALS FROM THE SITE OF BELOVODE Petrographically studied raw materials from the site of Belovode are mostly represented by schists which, according to the mineral composition, may be divided into albite-epidote and epidote schists. Only one sample was identified as sandstone litharenite.

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Albite-epidote schists Macroscopic appearance. Albite-epidote schists are grey, bright-grey or greyish green in colour. Their appearance is aphanitic and granoblastic texture is only rarely observed macroscopically. Their fabric is massive, with some elements of schistosity. Microscopic appearance. This group of rock is characterised by granoblastic and nematoblastic taxture and massive or schistos fabric. They are formed of epidote, albite, chlorite, quartz, and metallic minerals. Epidote (sometimes up to 6065 % vol. of the rock) occurs in the form of evenly distributed fine-grained aggregates or develops irregular, rarely banded aggregates. It is associated with chlorite. Albite and quartz together constitute up to 2530 % vol. of the rock. They mostly form lens-like nests, or jets and stripes. It is typical that albite appears as nucleuses of porphyroblasts (Fig. 3A). Chlorite makes up less than 10 % vol. of the rock. It occurs in the form of green flaky aggregates that always come together with epidote. Metallic minerals occur as of small xenomorphic grains less than 0.2 mm in diameter, which are evenly dispersed in the rock. They make up 12 % vol. of the rock. Epidote schists Macroscopic appearance. Samples DBV3 i DBV5 are of bright-grey colour, aphanitic texture and massive fabric. Across the polished surfaces elongated nests and irregular concentrations of quartz and albite of white colour are noticeable. Microscopic appearance. The rocks are of granoblastic texture. Fabric is massive, locally with elements of schistosity (Fig. 3B). They are predominantly built of epidote, and also present are quartz, albite and metallic minerals, while in the sample DBV5 chlorite is present, as well. Epidote and quartz in the sample DBV3, and epidote and chlorite in the sample DBV5, form the base of the rock (8090 % vol. of the rock). Epidote occurs in the form of isometric grains which are mostly uniform in size (up to 0.2 mm in diameter), and homogenously distributed in the rock. Quartz and albite build the remaining rock mass and fill up the interstitial spaces between the epidote aggregates occurring in the form of somewhat larger crystals, which are often symplectitic intergrown. What is typical here is that albite appears in the form of optically continuous patches which denote the early porphyroblast formation. Metallic minerals are present as individual irregular grains and they make up 12 % vol. of the rock.

Sandstone litharenite Macroscopic appearance. Sample DBV6 is light grey in colour and has a clastic texture and massive in fabric. Microscopic appearance. The rock is of psamitic texture and massive fabric. It is composed of the fragments of rock, quartz and feldspar (Fig. 3C). The matrix is clayeyish and makes up less than 15 % vol. of the rock. The clasts comprise a wide range of lithology, with predominant to lens-like fragments of volcanic origin, probably pumice. Volcanic glass is completely devitrified and transformed into microcrystals of quartz and feldspar aggregates. Besides, there also appear rare fragments of volcanics with preserved relicts of porphyric texture. The fragments of volcanic origin make up over 85 % vol. of the detritus. Other fragments include the clasts of serpentinite, as well as rare fragments of quartzite and shale. As a rule, they are smaller than the fragments of volcanic origin. The most abundant crystal fragments is quartz, whose form suggests that it is of volcanic origin. In addition to quartz, also noticeable are platy to prismatic crystals of plagioclase. The total quantity of crystals in the detritus is approx. 15 % vol. of the rock.

CONCLUSION Petrographic analysis of raw materials from the sites Vin~a and Belovode showed that throughout the duration of the Vin~a culture in the material of ground stone industry, fine-grained greyish-green rocks were predominant. According to their mineralogical and petrographic characteristics, they mostly correspond to kornites, spotted and green schists, less often to metasiltstones, and metadiabases. They give the Vin~a ground stone industry a characteristic and recognisable appearance. The use of other kinds of rocks will be more significant in some other phases of the Vin~a group development, but they will never threaten the domination of grey-green rock. The only bigger breakthrough in the continuous development of ground stone industry, and in the customary selection of raw materials, is the appearance of the so-called light white stones in the late Vin~a strata, which became the hallmark of this period. The implements made of these rocks are most abundant in Central and Western Serbia, while they rarely appear in the remaining parts of the country. Raw materials that are classified in those two groups highlight the specific nature of Vin~a ground stone industry and to the greatest extent contribute to

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that uniformity that is so obvious in stone industry of the Vin~a culture, in particular in the territory of Central Serbia. On the one hand, this reveals that prehistoric man knew how to recognize and intentionally select a certain material for making the implements; on the other hand, such uniformity may be indicative of the existence of deposits which were exploited. Even though there is no clear evidence of the deposits from which the analysed materials originate, there are some indicators that may point at the region of stone exploitation. Firstly, the possibility that raw materials were gathered from the river bed in an organised manner should be excluded, although both of these sites are situated on the rivers (Vin~a on the Danube, and Belovode on the Mlava). If the dimensions of implements are taken into account, and they are relatively high, the conclusion is that they generally were not made of river pebbles, since these were usually used to make smaller artifacts. Petrographic criteria make it possible, above all, for several separate groups of rocks to be distinguished. Thus, the kornites, spotted schists, and partly greenschists from the site in Vin~a reflect a certain measure of continuity, and it may be presumed that they were collected from different parts of one and the same contact metamorphic aureole. Light white stones, which are in this case represented by silicified magnesites, may be associated with the regions in which serpentinites are widespread, since quite often serpentinite massives are associated with magnesite veins of different thickness. The albite-epidote and epidote schists from the Belovode site, which petrogenetically belong to the same group of rock, could also originate from the same place, most likely from

the regions consisted of regional metamorphic rocks. It is most likely that the population of the Neolithic Vin~a and Belovode did not go far beyond their settlements for these types of raw materials, considering that the surrounding terrain is characterised by versatile geological material and that it was formed of these and similar rocks. In the vicinity of Vin~a, on mountain Avala, there are big and well uncovered serpentinite profiles,20 and equally developed is the contact aureole of Tertiary volcanic rocks.21 In wider surroundings of Belovode, for instance, in the terrain mapped on the Sheet of Veliko Gradi{te (OGK 1:100,000), Bogdanovi} and Milojevi} describe in the Explanatory book for the sheet of Veliko Gradi{te22 the mapped Cambrian units (actinolitic, chlorite-epidote, sericite-chlorite schists) which would, according to the characteristics of the texture and mineral composition, correspond to the raw materials from which the analysed ground implements from this locality were made. Analyses of the raw materials from which the ground stone tools were made on the sites in Vin~a and Belovode are only a part of the petro-archaeological explorations. They have indicated the direction for further exploration which leads towards field work, primarily in the surroundings of the localities. At first petrographic, and, as required, other analyses of the samples brought from the terrain, as well as comparison with the analyses of the implements, could produce a more precise definition of the region from which these raw materials originate. Translated by Branislava Jura{in

20 21 22

Pavlovi}, 1980. Vaskovi}, 1993. Bogdanovi}, Milojevi}, 1985.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Antonovi}, 1992 D. Antonovi}, Predmeti od gla~anog kamena iz Vin~e, Beograd 1992. Antonovi}, 1997 D. Antonovi}, Use of Light White Stone in the Central Balkans Neolithic, Starinar XLVIII, 1997, Beograd 1997, 3339. Antonovi}, 2003 D. Antonovi}, Neolitska industrija gla~anog kamena u Srbiji, Beograd 2003. Aran|elovi}-Gara{anin, 1954 D. Aran|elovi}Gara{anin, Star~eva~ka kultura, Ljubljana 1954. Bogdanovi}, Milojevi}, 1985 P. Bogdanovi}, Lj. Milojevi}, Tuma~ za list Veliko Gradi{te, OGK 1:100.000. Savezni geolo{ki zavod, Beograd 1985, 17. Bogosavqevi}-Petrovi}, 1992 V. Bogosavqevi}-Petrovi}, Okresana kamena industrija sa naseqa Divqe Poqe: povodom izlo`be Tehnologija obrade kamena u neolitu, Kraqevo 1992. Bogosavljevi}-Petrovi}, 2004 V. Bogosavljevi}Petrovi}, Predmeti od okresanog kamena, in: M. Bogdanovi}, Grivac: naselja protostar~eva~ke i vin~anske kulture, Kragujevac, 381441. Bogosavqevi}-Petrovi}, 2006 V. Bogosavqevi}-Petrovi}, Praistorijski rudnici na centralnom Balkanu, Zbornik Narodnog muzeja XVIII1, Beograd, 79113. Gara{anin, 1979 M. Gara{anin, Centralnobalkanska zona, in: A. Benac (ed.) Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja, II. Neolitsko doba, Sarajevo 1979, 79212. Jovanovi}, 19921993 B. Jovanovi}, Gradac Phase in the Relative Chronology of Late Vin~a Culture, Starinar XLIIIXLIV, 19921993, Beograd 1994, 111. Jovanovi}, Mili}, 1988 B. Jovanovi}, R. ^. Mili}, Rudnik opala Krivo poqe kod Kragujevca, Zbornik radova Narodnog muzeja XVIII, 1988, ^a~ak 1988, 5760. Miloj~i}, 1949 V. Miloj~i}, Chronologie der jngeren Steinzeit Mittel- und Sdosteuropas, Berlin 1949. Miloj~i}, 1950 V. Miloj~i}, KrsStar~evo Vin~a, in G. Behrens u. J. Werner (Hrsg.), Reinecke Festschrift, Mainz 1950, 108118. Pavlovi}, 1980 Z. Pavlovi}, Tuma~ za list Smederevo, OGK 1:100.000. Savezni geolo{ki zavod, Beograd 1980, 52.

Smoor, 1976 B. Smoor, Polished Stone Tools, in: M. Gimbutas (ed.) Neolithic Macedonia, Los Angeles 1976, 177188. Srejovi}, 1988 D. Srejovi}, The Neolithic of Serbia: a Review of Research, in: D. Srejovi} (ed.) The Neolithic of Serbia: Archaeological Rresearch 19481988, Belgrade 1988, 519. [ari}, 2000 J. [ari}, Kremena industrija najstarijih zemljoradni~kih kultura na tlu Srbije, Doktorska disertacija. Univerzitet u Beogradu, Filozofski fakultet, Beograd 2000. [ari}, 2002 J. [ari}, Stone as material for production of chipped artifacts in Early and Middle Neolithic of Serbia, Starinar LII, 2002, Beograd 2003, 1126. [ljivar, Jacanovi}, 1996 D. [ljivar, D. Jacanovi}, Veliko Laole, BelovodeVin~a culture settlement in Northeaster Serbia, Prhistoire Europenne 8, Lige 1996, 175188. Tasi}, 1997 N. N. Tasi}, Hronologija star~eva~ke kulture. Doktorska disertacija. Univerzitet u Beogradu, Filozofski fakultet, Beograd 1997. Tasi}, 2005 N. N. Tasi}, Projekat Vin~a i za{tita spomenika kulture, Glasnik Dru{tva konzervatora Srbije 29, 2005, Beograd 2005, 2933. Tringham et al., 1988 R. E. Tringham, A. McPherron, J. Gunn, G. Odell, The Flaked Stone Industry from Divostin and Banja, in A. McPherron & D. Srejovi} (eds.) Divostin and the Neolithic of Central Serbia, Pittsburgh 1988, 203254. Vasi}, 1932 M. M. Vasi}, Preistoriska Vin~a I, Beograd 1932. Vasi}, 1936 M. M. Vasi}, Preistoriska Vin~a IIIV, Beograd 1936. Vin~a u praistoriji, 1984 S. ]eli} (ur.), Vin~a u praistoriji i sredwem veku, katalog izlo`be, Beograd 1984. Vaskovi}, 1993 N. Vaskovi}, Kontaktnometamorfne stene Avale (Severna Srbija). Geolo{ki anali Balkanskog poluostrva, 57 (2), 1993, Beograd 1993, 299330. Weide, 1976 D. Weide, Source Areas of Lithic Materials, in M. Gimbutas (ed.) Neolithic Macedonia, Los Angeles 1976, 279282.

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Rezime:

DRAGANA ANTONOVI], Arheolo{ki institut, Beograd KRISTINA RESIMI]-[ARI], Rudarsko-geolo{ki fakultet, Beograd VLADICA CVETKOVI], Rudarsko-geolo{ki fakultet, Beograd

KAMENE SIROVINE U VIN^ANSKOJ KULTURI:

ANALIZA MATERIJALA IZ VIN^E I BELOVODA

Pitawe porekla sirovina i puteva kojima su se one kretale verovatno predstavqa jedno od najinteresantnijih prou~avawa u oblasti praistorije. Kamene sirovine u najve}oj meri mogu da na opipqiv na~in poka`u konkretne dodire izme|u udaqenih oblasti. Na{a teritorija i praistorijske kulture na woj, pre svega one neolitske i eneolitske, jo{ uvek nisu istra`ene u toj meri da bi moglo da se govori o cirkulaciji sirovina u okviru samih kultura. Prou~avawe mla|e faze vin~anske kulture, koja je u tehnolo{kom smislu vi{e eneolitska nego neolitska pojava, predstavqa u posledwe vreme te`i{te u izu~avawu vin~anske kamene proizvodwe. Zna~ajno je da se ispita kako se dekadencija jedne kulture odra`ava na iskori{}enost sirovina u takvim uslovima: da li smawewe teritorije uti~e na smawewe kvaliteta kamenih sirovina zbog mawe dostupnosti le`i{ta kvalitetnijeg kamena i da li se u ve}oj meri koriste mawe kvalitetne imitacije kamena upotrebqavanog u starijim fazama vin~anske kulture. Na ova pitawa poku{ano je da se odgovori upore|ivawem kamenih industrija sa dva lokaliteta, iz Vin~e i Belovoda, sa kojih se kameni materijal ispituje petrografskim analizama. Glavni razlog analizirawa rezultata sa ova dva lokaliteta predstavqa specifi~nost u razvoju wihovih industrija gla~anog kamena. U Vin~i, u mla|im slojevima, registruje se svojevrsna devalvacija u izboru kamenih sirovina kao posledica teritorijalnog su`avawa same vin~anske kulture u wenim kasnim fazama. Sa tim je povezano i opadawe u kvalitetu obrade kamena koje po~iwe od grada~ke faze i u kasno-vin~anskim slojevima postaje veoma upadqivo. Obe pojave iz mla|ih slojeva Vin~e mogu da se pove`u i sa ula`ewem metalurgije u svakodnevni `ivot vin~anske populacije. Iz tog razloga napravqewa je paralela sa lokalitetom Belovode koje traje samo tokom starije faze vin~anske kulture i nesumwivo je metalur{ko naseqe. Nemarnost u obradi kamena ovde se prati ve} od rane vin~anske kulture, a izbor sirovina ukazuje na lokalne izvore teritorijalno povezane sa le`i{tima bakarne rude. Prilikom prou~avawa porekla i cirkulacije kamenih sirovina tokom neolita i eneolita moraju se imati u vidu neki op{ti momenti u razvoju proizvodwe i upotrebe kamenih predmeta. Na teritoriji dana{we Srbije, u ranom i delom u sredwem neolitu evidentno je prisustvo mezolitske tradicije u odbiru sirovina i obradi kamena. Re~ je o mikrolitskom oru|u i eksploataciji u tehnolo{kom smislu mawe kvalitetnih sirovina (gorski kristal, kvarcit i opal) koji ukazuju na mo`da jo{ uvek aktivan brzi lov lukom i strelom i pove}anu potrebu za sirovinama za izradu lovnog oru`ja sa jednokratnom namenom. I pored svih ovih primera, na osnovu sada{weg nivoa istra`enosti, ne mo`e da se

govori o eksploataciji ta~no definisanih izvora kamena, ve} samo o orijentisanosti na istu vrstu stene/minerala, bez obzira odakle oni poti~u, {to ukazuje na neku vrstu organizovanog dobavqawa sirovina. Pomenuta uniformnost u izboru sirovina se prati u industriji okresanog kamena, dok u izradi oru|a, od gla~anog kamena, kao potpuno novoj proizvodwi, nije zabele`eno nikakvo pravilo u odabiru sirovina. Prvi prelomni momenat u razvoju kamene industrije tokom neolita nastaje u klasi~noj fazi star~eva~ke i produ`i}e se tokom vin~anske kulture. U industriji gla~anog kamena uvodi se uniformnost u izboru sirovina i izradi oru|a. Po~iwu da preovladavaju makroskopski identi~ne finozrne sivozelene stene od kojih se prave iskqu~ivo sekire, tesle i dleta. Drugi prelomni momenat nastaje u grada~koj fazi uvo|ewem tzv. lakog belog kamena u proizvodwu kamenog oru|a {to je donelo nemarnost i povr{nost u obradi kamena, portvr|uju}i tezu da se degradacija i i{~ezavawe jedne kulture najpre prime}uje u tehnolo{kim promenama. Odre|ene zakonitosti u nabavqawu kamenih sirovina su sigurno postojale tokom neolita. Ono {to je za sada nepoznato je kako je kamen dobavqan: da li su postojala ta~no definisana le`i{ta i kamenolomi iz kojih je va|en, ili je nasumi~no sakupqana naizgled ista sirovina. U industriji gla~anog kamena star~eva~ko-vin~anskog tehnokompleksa su makroskopskim putem do sada ustanovqene dve velike grupe stena koje dominiraju u materijalu i koje su grupisane samo na osnovu fizi~ko-tehni~kih osobina: finozrne sivozelene i lake bele stene. Upravo zato je re{eno da se ove dve {iroko definisane grupe stena preciznije odrede. Izvr{ene su mikroskopske analize na odabranom uzorku sa vi{e lokaliteta u Srbiji, iz razli~itih faza neolita: Vin~a, Belovode, Lepenski Vir, Dowa Brawevina. U ovom radu dati su rezultati analiza materijala iz Vin~e i sa Belovoda koji su odabrani zbog svoje kulturne i teritorijalne srodnosti. Petrografskom analizom sirovina sa lokaliteta Vin~a i Belovode ustanovqeno je da su tokom cele vin~anske kulture u materijalu industrije gla~anog kamena bile najzastupqenije finozrne sivozelene stene, koje po svojim mineralo{ko-petrografskim karakteristikama odgovaraju naj~e{}e kornitima, pegavim i zelenim {kriqcima, re|e metaalevrolitima, dijabazima metamorfisnim u razli~itom stepenu. One vin~anskoj industriji gla~anog kamena daju specifi~an i prepoznatqiv izgled. Druge po zastupqenosti su bile tzv. lake bele stene u mla|evin~anskim slojevima, koje i postaju obele`je ovog perioda. Sirovine opredeqene u te dve grupe daju posebno obele`je vin~anskoj industriji gla~anog kamena i najvi{e do-

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prinose da uniformnost koja je prime}ena u kamenoj industriji vin~anske kulture, posebno na teritoriji centralne Srbije, postane tako o~igledna. To nam, s jedne strane govori da je praistorijski ~ovek umeo da prepozna i smisleno odabere odre|eni materijal za izradu alatki, a s druge strane, ovakva ujedna~enost mo`e da uka`e i na postojawe le`i{ta odakle je vr{ena eksploatacija. Iako jo{ uvek nema jasnih dokaza o le`i{tu/le`i{tima odakle analizirani materijal poti~e, postoje izvesni pokazateqi koji bi mogli da uka`u na podru~je eksploatacije kamena. Najpre treba iskqu~iti mogu}nost da je sirovina organizovano sakupqana iz re~nog korita, iako se oba lokaliteta nalaze na rekama (Vin~a na Dunavu, a Belovode na Mlavi). S obzirom na dimenzije alatki, koje su relativno velike, smatra se da uglavnom nisu pravqene od re~nih oblutaka, od kojih se obi~no dobijaju sitniji artefakti. Petrografski kriterijumi omogu}avaju da se, pre svega, nekoliko izdvojenih grupa stena, posmatraju u okviru jednog genetskog procesa. Tako korniti, pegavi {kriqci i delom zeleni {kriqci sa lokaliteta Vin~a pokazuju izvestan kontinuitet i mo`e se pretpostaviti da su prikupqeni iz razli~itih delova jednog kontaktno-metamorfnog oreola. Lake bele stene, koje su u ovom slu~aju predstavqene silifikovanim magnezitima, mogu se vezati za podru~ja u kojima su rasprostraweni serpentiniti, jer su neretko serpentinitski masivi pro`eti magnezitskim `icama razli~ite debqine (od nekoliko milimetara navi{e). Albit-epidot-

ski i epidotski {kriqci sa lokaliteta Belovode, koji genetski pripadaju istoj grupi stena, tako|e bi mogli da poti~u sa jednog mesta, nejverovatnije iz oblasti koje izgra|uju metamorfiti regionalnog metamorfizma. Za ove vrste sirovina, stanovnici neolitske Vin~e i Belovoda najverovatnije nisu odlazili daleko od svojih naseqa, s obzirom da se okolni teren karakteri{e raznovrsnom geolo{kom gra|om i da je izgra|en upravo od ovakvih i sli~nih stena. U blizini Vin~e, na Avali, nalaze se veliki i dobro otkriveni profili serpentinita, a tako|e je razvijen i kontaktni oreol oko tercijarnih vulkanskih stena. U {iroj okolini Belovoda, na primer, na terenu kartiranom na listu V. Gradi{te (OGK 1:100.000), Bogdanovi} i Milojevi} (1985) u Tuma~u za list V. Gradi{te opisuju kartirane kambrijumske jedinice (aktinolitske, hloritsko-epidotske, sericitsko-hloritske {kriqce) koje bi, prema odlikama sklopa i mineralnom sastavu, odgovarale sirovinama od kojih su izra|ene analizirane gla~ane alatke sa samog lokaliteta. Analiza sirovina od kojih su pravqene gla~ane alatke na lokalitetima Vin~a i Belovode samo su deo zapo~etih petro-arheolo{kih istra`ivawa. Ona su ukazala na daqi pravac ispitivawa koji vodi ka terenskim radovima, pre svega u okolini samih lokaliteta. Najpre petrografskom, a po potrebi i drugim analizama primeraka donetih sa terena i komparacijom sa analizama alatki moglo bi se mnogo preciznije defnistati podru~je odakle sirovine poti~u.