Panpac Additional Math: Worked Solutions Chapter 2 Surds, Indices and Logarithms

Panpac Additional Math : Worked Solutions
Chapter 2 Surds, Indices and Logarithms

Exercise 2.1
1. (a) 2
3
+5
333

=
(2+53)3
=
4 3

(b)
428+50

=
4222+52
=
(42+5)2
= 7
2

(c)
(2+5)(25)
=
2
2
( 5)
2

=
45

=
1

(d)
(1+3)(23)
=
23+233
=
31

(e)
(127)
2

=
147+(27)
2
=
147+28
=
2947

(f)
(5+18)
2

=
25+1018+18
=
25+302+18
=
43+302

6
2. (a)
3
6 3

3 3
6 3
=
3
= 2 3
(b)
9
32 3
=
9(3+2 3)
(32 3)(3+2 3)
=
9(3+2 3)
912
=
3(3+23)
=
963
(c)
12 5
2 54
=
12 5 (2 5 4)
(2 5 4)(2 5 4)
+
+
=
12(10+4 5)
2016
=
3(10+45)
= 30 + 12
5
(d)
8
( 6+2)
2
=
8
6+4 6+4
=
4 (5 2 6)
(5 2 6)(5 2 6)

+
=
4(52 6)
2524
=
2086

(e)
3 24
4+3 2
=
(324)(432)
(4+32)(432)
=
12 21816+12 2
1618
=
24 234
2
=
17122
(f)
3+2 2
32 2

=
( 3+22)
2
( 322)( 3+22)

=
3+4 6+8
38

=
11+4 6
5
=
11+4 6
5
3. (a)
412
2
3
3
18
3

=
8 3
2
3
36 3
Page 1 of 31
=
(8
2
3
6) 3
=
4 3
3

(b)
4
2
128
3
+
2
8
=
22
8
3
2+
1
2
2
=
(2
8
3
+
1
2
) 2
=
2
6
(c)

2 4 243 5
( )
2
6 27 12
2 4 3 9 3 5 3
( )
9 2 6 6
2 37 3
9 6
2 37
9 2
37 2
9
+
+

(d)
(7+32)
2
(522)
2
=
49+422+1825+2028
=
34+622
(e)
18 12
50 48
=
( 1812)( 50+ 48)

( 50 48)( 50+ 48)
=
30 12 6 10 6 24
2
+
=
6+2 6
2

=
3+ 6
(f)
1
4 32
2
4 3+2

=
4 3+22(4 32)
(4 32)(4 3+2)
=
4 3+28 3+4
484
=
64 3
44
=
3 3
22 11
(g)
1
(273)
2
1
(27+3)
2
=
(2 7+3)
2
(2 73)
2
(2 73)
2
(2 7+3)
2
=
28+12 7+928+12 79
(289)
2
=
24 7
361
(h)
6(42+33)
38
5223

=
38(5 2 2 3)
4 12 3 18
(5 2 2 3)(5 2 2 3)
+
+
+

= 8 3 9 2 5 2 2 3 +
= 4 2 6 3 +
4 (a) (a) 2 3 5 x

2x325

2x28

x14
(b)
8xx20

8xx2
8 2 or 8 2 x x x x

2 10 or no solution x

x5
(c)
21x3

4(1x)3

1x
3
4

x
1
4
(d)
2+xx

2+xx
2

x
2
x20

2 or 1 x x (rejected)

(e)
65xx

65xx
2

x
2
+5x60
Page 2 of 31

6 or 1 (rejected) x x
(f)
x+51x

x+5(1x)
2

x+512x+x
2

x
2
3x40

4 (rejected) or 1 x x

5(a) Given that
( 3 2)(3 4 2) 18 2 a b + +

LHS 3 4 2 9 2 24 a a +

(3a24)+(94a)2
LHS=RHS Q

3a 2 4 1 8
(1)

94ab
(2)
From (1) :
3a6
a2
Substitute
a2
into (2) :

b9421

2 and 1 a b
(b) Given that
(3 2 3)(4 3) 23 3 a b +
LHS 12 3 3 8 3 6 a a +
(12 6 ) (3 8) 3 a a +
LHS=RHS Q

12 6 ...(1) a b

3 8 23 ...(2) a
From (2) : 3 15 a
5 a
Substitute a = -5 into (1) :
12 6 ( 5) 42 b

5 and 42 a b
(c) Given that
( 2 2)(14 2) 14 2 a b +

LHS = 14 2 28 2 4 a ab b +

(14a4b)+(ab28)2
LHS=RHS Q

14 4 0 ...(1) a b

28 14 ...(2) ab
From (1): a =
2
7
b
Substitute
a
2
7
b into (2) :

2
7
b
2
2814

2
49 b

bt7
Substitute
bt7
into
a
2
7
b:
at2

( 2, 7) or ( 2, 7) a b a b
(6) (a) Given that
( 3)(5 3 3) 6 4 3 a b +

LHS 5 3 3 5 3 9 a a b b +

(5a9b)+(3a+5b)3
LHS=RHS Q

5 9 6 ...(1) a b

3 5 4 ...(2) a b
(1)
3
:
15 27 18 ...(3) a b
(2)
5
:
15a25b20
...(4)

(4)(3):
2b2
b1
Substitute b =1 into (2) :
3 5 4 3 a a
3 and 1 a b
6 (b)
2 4 7
4 7 (given)
7 a b
+

+

2+47(a+b7)(47)

4aa7+4b77b

(4a7b)+(a+4b)7

Page 3 of 31
4 7 2 ...(1) a b

4 4 ...(2) a b +
(2)
4
:
4 16 16 ...(3) a b +
(1) + (3) :
9b18

b2
Substitute b = 2 into (2) :

a+84

a4
7 (a) Total length
(3+25+3+25+803)4
(3+45+45)4
(3+85)4
(12 32 5) cm +
(b) Volume of the box

(3+25)
2
(803)
(29 12 5)(4 5 3) +
116 5 87 240 36 5 +

3
(80 5 153) cm +
8. (a) A =
(512)(4+
6
3
)
20+
30
3
41212

8+10383

8+23
(b)
D
2
(512)
2
+(4+
6
3
)
2

251012+12+16+
48
3
+12

65203+163

6543
9.
1
a+a+1
aa+1
( a+a+1)( aa+1)

a a+1
a(a+1)

a+1a
1
1+2
+
1
2+3
+
1
3+4
+.... +
1
8+9
21+32+43+.....+98
1+9
1+3
2
10.
If
2 is rational, we can write
2 as

m
n
, where m and n are integers and
the HCF of m and n is 1.
Hence,
2
m
2
n
2

m
2
2n
2
...(1)
Note that
2 2
is even as 2 is even. m n
is also even. m
Let m = 2k where k is an integer.
Substitute m = 2k into (1):
2 2
2 2
2 2
(2 ) 2
4 2
2
k n
k n
n k
Note that
2 2
is even as 2 is even. n k
is also even. n
Let
n2l
where
l
is an integer.
Then
m
n
2k
2l
which has a common
factor 2. This contradicts the fact that
there is no common divisor between m
and n greater than 1. Thus, the
assumption that
2
is rational is
false. In other words,
2 is irrational.
Exercise 2.2
1. (a)
(2
3
3
2
)
0
1
(b)
1 1 1 2 1
6 2 6 3 2
8 8 8 8 4
+

(c)
4 4 4
(2 3) 2 ( 3)

16 9

144
Page 4 of 31
(d)
9
1
3
3
1
3
6
(93)
1
3
6

27
1
3
6
3
6

1
2

(e)
6
1
3
1
4
1
5 5 25
=
5
1
2
5
1
3
5
1
6
=
5
1
2
+
1
3
+
1
6
= 5
(f)

3
1
3
3
0
9
1
3
27
2
3
=

(3 9)
1
3
3
3
2
3
=

2 7
1
3
3
2
=

3
3
2
=

1
3

2 (a) Substitute x = 9 into y = 2x

3
2
:

3
2
2 9 y

3
2
2
2 3

2 27

54
(b) substitute y = 16 into
y2x
3
2 :

162x
3
2

x
3
2
8

x8
2
3

x4

3 (a)
8 2 2
x y

=
2
3
2
x
2
y
2
=
2
3+x
y
2
(b)
2 1
1
2 4 (16 )
2
x x x +

=
2(2 1) 4
1
2 2 2
2
x x x +

=
2
x
2
4x+2
2
4x1
=
2
x+4x+2+4x1
= 2
9x+1
(c)
1
1 8
4 32
y
x
2( 1) 3 5
1
2 2 (3 5)
2
3 1
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
x y
x y
y
x

+ +
+

4 (a)
4 12 4 4
( ) ( ) a a a
=
1
12
2 4
4
a a a

=
2 3 4
a
+

=
a

(b)
8
x+2
34(2
3x
)
( 8)
2x+1
=
3( 2) 3
3
(2 1)
2
2 34 2
2
x x
x
+
+

=
3 3
3
3
2
2 64 34 2
2
x x
x+

=
3
2
64 34
2

=
30
2 2
=
15 2
2
Page 5 of 31
(c)
3 1
2 1 2
5 25
5 3(25 ) 17(5 )
x x
x x x
+ +

=
3 2 2
2 2 2
5 5
5 5 5 3 5 17
x x
x x x
+ +

=
5
3x+22x
5
2x
.5
2
=
5
x+2
5
2x+2

=
5
x+22x2
=

1
5
x
(d)
2 a
3
+( a
6
)
2
a
2 9
=
1 2
3 6
2
9
2 a a
a
+
=
1
3
2
9
3 a
a
=
1 2
3 9
3a
=
1
9
3a
5 (a)
(36p
6
)
2
3
54p
5
2
x
3
y
p
z

2
2 2 6 3 5
3
(2 3 ) 3 2 2 3
x y z
p p p

4 4 3 1 5
4
3 3 2 2 2
2 3 3 2 2 3
x y z
p p p

4 1 4 3 5
4
3 2 3 2 2
2 3 2 3
x y z
p p
+ + +

11 17 13
6 6 2
2 3 2 3
x y z
p p

11 17 13
, and
6 6 2
x y z
(b)
5 3
2 2
2 2
(144 ) (24 ) 2 3
x y z
p p p

5 3
2 4 2 3 2
2 2
(3 2 ) (3 2 ) 2 3
x y z
p p p

3 9
5 10 5 3
2 2
(3 2 ) (3 2 ) 2 3
x y z
p p p

3 9
5 10
5 ( 3)
2 2
3 2 2 3
x y z
p p

7 11
8
2 2
3 2 2 3
x y z
p p

11 7
, and 8
2 2
x y z
6 (a)
(a
1
3
+b
1
3
)(a
2
3
a
1
3
b
1
3
+b
2
3
)
=
(a
1
3
)
3
+(b
1
3
)
3
=
a+b

Note:
3 3 2 2
( )( ) a b a b a ab b + + +
(b)
a
3
+b
2
+b
3
_
,
a
3
+b
2
b
3
_
,
(a
3
+b
2
+b)( a
3
+b
2
b)
3
=
a
3
+b
2
b
2 3
=
a
3 3

=

a
(c)
(3
3
2
3
)( 9
3
+6
3
+4
3
)
=
(3
3
2
3
)[( 3
3
)
2
+(3
3
.2
3
)+(2
3
)
2
]
=
( 3
3
)
3
(2
3
)
3

= 1
Note:
3 3 2 2
( )( ) a b a b a ab b + +
(d)
(a
1
2
+2a
1
4
b
1
4
+b
1
2
)(a
1
2
2a
1
4
b
1
4
+b
1
2
)
=
(a
1
2
+b
1
2
)
2
( 2a
1
4
b
1
4
)
2
=
a+b+2ab2a
1
2
b
1
2
=
a+b
7 (a)
2
n+1
3(2
n
)+4(2
n+2
)
= 2 2 3 2 2 16
n n n
+
=
2
n
(23+16)
= 2 15 (a multiple of 15)
n

1 2
2 3(2 ) 4(2 ) is divisible by15.
n n n + +
+
(b)
4
n
+5(4
n+1
)2
2n+1
= 4 4 20 4 2
n n n
+
=
4
n
(1+202)
= 4 19
n
( a multiple of 19)
1 2 1
4 5(4 ) 2 is divisible by19.
n n n + +
+
Page 6 of 31
8.
(3)
7
+(3)
5
+(3)
3
+42(3)
=
7
2
5 3 1
2 2 2
3 3 3 42 3 + + +

=
1 1 1 1
3 2
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 42 3 + + +
=
3
1
2
(3
3
+3
2
+3+42)
=
1
2
3 81
=
1
4
2
3 3
=

3
9
2

k
9
2
9. LHS =
(8x
2
)
8r
(
1
2x
)
r
=
3 2 8 1 1
(2 ) (2 )
r r
x x

=
24 3 16 2
2 2
r r r r
x x

=
2
244r
(x
163r
)
= RHS (shown)
Exercise 2.3
1 (a)
3
2x
27
3
3

3
2
x

(b)
4
x
32

2
2x
2
5

2 x 5

x
5
2

(c)
( 2)
3x
1
8

2
3x
2
2
3

3
3
2
x

x2
(d)
1
9

_
,

x+2
3

3
2(x+2)
3

2(x+2)1

2x41

x
5
2
(e)
4
x
(5
2x
)10

2 2
2 5 10
x x

10
2x
10

2 x 1

x
1
2
(f)

2
1
( 2)
2
2
9 ( 3)
3 3
x x
x
x
+
+

2 x
1
2
( x + 2)

4xx+2

x
2
3
(g)
4
x
2
x1
8
2x

2
2x(x1)
2
3(2x)

1 6 3
2 2
x x +

1 6 3 x x +

5
4
x
(h)
4
x
2
6
16
x+1
0

4
x
2
6
4
2x+2

2
6 2 2 x x +

(x4)(x+2)0

4 or 2 x x

(i)
3
x
2
9
x+1
27
x

3
x
2
3
2x+2
3
3x

3
x
2
3
2x

2
2 x x

x
2
+x20

2 or 1 x x
2 (a)
5
x
(25
2y
)1.....(1)
Page 7 of 31

3
5x
(9
y
)
1
9
......( 2)
From (1) :
2(2 )
5 5 1
x y

5
x+4y

5
0

x+4y0

x4y.......( 3)
From (2) :
5 2 2
3 3 3
x y

3
5x+2y
3
2

5x+2y2
.(4)
Substitute (3) into (4) :

5(4y)+2y2

18y2

y
1
9
..(5)
Substitute (5) into (3):

x4
1
9

_
,

4
9
4 1
and
9 9
x y
(b)
2(4
x
)32
y
......(1)

125
x
25
y
625.......( 2)
From (1) :
22
2x
2
5y

2
1+2x
2
5y

2x5y1.....(3)

From (2) :
5
3x
5
2y
5
4

5
3x2y
5
4

3x2y4.....(4)

(3)
3
:
6x15y3....(5)
(4)
2
:
6x4y8.......( 6)

(6) - (5) :
11y11

y1
Substitute
y1
into (3):
2x51

x2
2 and 1 x y
(c)
3
x
9
y
27.....( 1)

4
2x
(2
6y
)
1
4
.....( 2)
From (1) :
3
x
3
2y
3
3

3
x2y
3
3

x2y3.....(3)

From (2):
2
4x
2
6y
2
2

2
4x+6y
2
2

4x+6y2

2x+3y1.....(4)
(3)

(2) :
2x4y6
.. (5)

(4)(5):
7y7

y1
Substitute
y1
into (3) :

x2(1)3

x1

1 and 1 x y

3.
3(2
x1
)2
x
+4

32
x
1
2
2
x
+4

3
4 (Let 2 )
2
x
u u u +

1
2
u4

u8

2 8
x

2
x
2
3

x3
4 (a)
3
x
43(3
x
)

u4
3
u
(Let u =
3
x
)

u
2
4u+30

(u3)(u1)0
3 or 1 u u
Page 8 of 31
3 3 or 3 1
1 or 0
x x
x x

(b)
3
2x
3
x+2
3
x
9

2
9 9 (Let 3 )
x
u u u u

u
2
10u+90

9 or 1 u u

3 9 or 3 1
2 or 0
x x
x x

5 (a)
5
2x
6(5
x
)+50

(5
x
5)(5
x
1)0
5 5 0 or 5 1 0
x x

0
5 5 or 5 5
x x

1 or 0 x x

(b)
2
2x
10(2
x
)+160

(2
x
8)(2
x
2)0
2 8 0 or 2 2 0
x x

3
2 2 or 2 2
x x

3 or 1 x x
(c)
2(16
x
)5(4
x
)+20

2(4
2x
)5(4
x
)+20

(24
x
1)(4
x
2)0
2 4 1 0 or 4 2 0
x x

2 4 1 0 or 4 2 0
x x

2 2
2 2 1 or 2 2
x x

2 1 0 2
2 2 or 2 2
x x +

1 1
or
2 2
x x
(d)
7
x+1
22(7
x
)+3

7
x
722(7
x
)+3

7
x
55

7
x
1

x0
(e)
9
x+1
+110(3
x
)

3
2x+2
+110(3
x
)

93
2x
103
x
+10

(93
x
1)(3
x
1)0
9 3 1 0 or 3 1 0
x x

2 0 0
3 3 or 3 3
x x +

2 or 0 x x
(f)
6(3
x1
)3
4
3
x

23
x
813
x

3
x+1
3
4

x3
6.
2
2x+1
3(2
x
)+2

22
2x
3(2
x
)+2

22
2x
3(2
x
)20

(22
x
+1)(2
x
2)0

1
2 1 0 or 2 2 0
x x +
+

1
2 1 or 2 2
x x +

(no solution) or
x1

The equation is satisfied by only

one value of x.
7.
r
2
4
(3x)
r
2
9x
2

_
,

6r
=
r
2
4
3
r
x
r
2
6r
3
2(6r)
x
2(6r)
=
r
2
2
2+6r
3
r2(6r)
x
r2(6r)
=
r
2
2
4r
3
3r12
x
3r12
=
r
2
2
4r
3
3r12
x
123r

2 4 3 12
2 3 .....(1)
r r
k r

123r3
..(2)
From (2) :
3r9

r3
Substitute
r3
into (1) :

k3
2 4 3 3(3) 12
2 3

=
923
3

=

2
3
8.
Page 9 of 31
3 2
64(4 ) 16 4 4
2 3
y x y x
y x
+

2
2 3
2
2
3 4(3 ) 1
1
3 4( )3 1
9
4
3 (3 ) 1
9
1 4
1 where 3
27 9
12 27 0
( 3)( 9) 0
3 3, 9
1, 2
When 1, 1.
When 2, 1.
y x
y x
x x
x
x
u u u
u u
u u
x
x y
x y

9.
3 3
2 2
3
2
2
3 3
3
2 2
2 3
8 7
1
8 7 where
7 8 0
1 or 8
8 ( ( ) 0)
( 8)
4
x x
u u x
u
u u
u u
x x x
x

_

,

>
Q
10. Use substitution:
Let
xa
.

x3x40

a
2
3a40

(a4)(a+1)0

4 or 1 a a
(rejected)

x4

x16
Alternatively, square both sides of the
equation :

x3x40

3xx4

9x(x4)
2

9xx
2
8x+16

x
2
17x+160
(x10)(x1)=0

16 or 1 x x
(rejected)
Exercise 2.4
2
3
10
2
1 (a) log 16 4
1
(b) log 2
9
(c) log 100 2
(d) log 3
(e) log
(f) log (2 ) 4
a
x
y
p x
k

2. (a)
5
3
125
(b)
2
2
1
4
(c)
4
3
64
(d)
x
4
3
(e)
3
n
y
(f)
2
p+1
4y
3. (a) when x =2 , 5 - 2x =1 > 0

l o g
x
(5 2x)
is defined at x =2 .
(b) when x = 0.5, 5 - 2x = 4 > 0

l o g
x
(5 2x)
is defined at x= 0.5
(c) when x = 3 , 5 - 2x = -1 < 0

log
x
(52x)is not defined at
x = 3 .
(d) when x = 2.5 , 5 - 2x = 0

l o g
x
(5 2x)
is not defined at
x = 2.5.
(e)
log(5 2 )
log (5 2 )
log
x
x
x
x

When x = 1, log 1 = 0.
As the denominator can not be
zero,
log (5 2 )
x
x
is not defined
at x = 1.
Page 10 of 31
(f) when x =
2
, 5 - 2x = 5 -
2 2
>0

l o g
x
(5 2x)
is defined at
x =
2
.
4. (a)
log
2
x3

x2
3

x8
2
(b) log 9 2
9
3 ( 3 is rejected)
x
x
x

4
(c) log 8
log8
log 4
3log 2
2log 2
3
2
x
3
(d) log ( 2) 1
2 3
5
x
x
x

2
3
(e) log (2 1) 3
2 1 2
1
2 1
8
7
16
x
x
x
x
+
+

9
3
2
2
(f) log 27
9 27
3 3
3
4
x
x
x
x

2
2
(g) log (6 8) 2
6 8
6 8 0
4 or 2
x
x
x x
x x
x x

+

3
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
(h) log 8
2
8
2
2
4
x
x
x
x
x
5 (a)
log
4
43log
2
2
= 1 - 3
= -2
(b)
log
2
1+4log
5
5
= 0 +4
= 4
(c)
(3log
3
3)
3
=
(31)
3
= 8
(d)
3log
x
x+2
42log
5
1

_
,

2
=
3+2
40

_
,

2
=
25
16
(e)
log
2
(65log
7
7)
=
log
2
(65)
= 0
(f)
log
2
(42log
10
10)
=
log
2
(42)
=
log
2
2
= 1
6.
2
4
log 2 4 16 x x

log
2
y3y2
3
8

16
2
8
x
y

7.
log
3
xa

x3
a
Page 11 of 31

log
3
yb

y( 3)
b

x y
2
(3
a
) ( 3)
2b

3
a
3
b

3
a+b
8. (a)

4
4 4
log 16 4
16
2
2
x
x
x
x

2
2
log
2
2
4
x
y x
y
y
y

(b)
log
y
x2

xy
2
.(1)

xy8
.(2)

y
2
y8

y
3
8

y2
Substitute
y2
into (1) :

x4
4 and 2 x y
9.
log
2
(log
3
x)log
5
5

log
2
(log
3
x)1

log
3
x2

x3
2

x9

10.

4
8
2 3
log 4
log (2 ) 2 8
2(4 ) 8
2(2 ) 2
1 2 3
2 3 1
a
b
a b
a b
y a y
y b y
a b
a b

+

Exercise 2.5
1. (a)
xe
2

(b)
10
3
1000
(c)
e
m
3

(d)
m10
1
(e)
2
10 x y
(f)
e
x3
k
2. (a) x = ln 4
(b)
2lg0.01
(c)
n+1lg5

(d) 2x = ln k
(e)
x4lg9

(f) m + 5 = ln (x 2)
3. (a)
10
y
x+1

lg( 1) y x +

(b)
e
1y
3x
ln 3x = 1 y
y = 1 ln 3x
(c) ln (y + 1) = x

e
x
y+1

ye
x
1
(d)
2lgyx2

lgy
2
x2

y
2
10
x2

y10
x2
y =
10
x2
2

(e)
e
2y
x4
2y = ln (x 4)

) 4 ln(
2
1
x y
Page 12 of 31
(f) ln (x+ y) 4x = 0

(x+y)e
4x

ye
4x
x

4 (a)
lgx0.61

x10
0.61

4.07
( to 3 sig. fig. )
(b) (ln x)
2
= 3
3 ln t x

xe
t3
= 5.65 or 0.177
( to 3 sig. fig)
(c) ln x= lg 2
x = e
lg 2

x = 1.35 (to 3 sig. fig)
(d)

9
8
lg3 9
3 10
1 000 000 000
3
3.33 10
x
x
x

(e) ln 2. ln 4x = 3

sig.fig) 3 to ( 9 . 18
4
2 ln
3
4 ln
2 ln
3
x
e x
x

(f)

2
2
2
(lg3)
(lg3)
lg( 2) (lg3)
2 10
10 2
3.69 (to 3 sig. fig.)
x
x
x

+
(g) ln 4x = lg 3. lg 5
4x = e
lg3.lg5
) . 3 ( 349 . 0
4
1
5 lg . 3 lg
fig sig to
e x

(h) lg (x 1) = ln (e
2
1)

) . 3 ( 5 . 72
10 1
) 1 ln(
2
fig sig to x
x
e

Exercise 2.6
1. (a)
log
2
4log
2
2
2

2log
2
2
2

10
1
10
1
(b) log
10
log 10
1
_

,

3
2 2
(c) log 8 log 2
3

3 3 3
3
3
2
3
(d) log 4 log 2 log 72
4 2
log
72
1
log
9
log 3
2
+
_

(e)

6 6
6
6
log 54 2log 3
54
log
9
log 6
1

(f)

5 5 5
5
5
log 4 2log 3 2log 6
log (4 9 36)
log 1
0
+

2. (a)

log 8 2log 4
log 8 log 16
8
log
16
log 2
a a
a a
a
a

Page 13 of 31
(b)

2log 5 3log 2 log 4
log 25 log 8 log 4
25 4
log
8
25
log
2
x x x
x x x
x
x
+
+
(c)

8 3 3
lg( ) 2lg( ) 4lg( )
75 5 2
8 9 81
lg( ) lg( ) lg( )
75 25 16
8 9 81
lg( )
75 25 16
3
lg
2
+
+

(d)

3
3 3
3
2 log 5
log 9 log 5
log 45
+
+
(e)

3 2lg5
lg1000 lg 25
lg 40
(f)

3
4 3
4 3
3log 2 4 log
log 8 log log
log (8 )
8
log
a a
a a a
a
a
a
a a
a a
a
+
+

3. (a)

log 25
log 3
2log 5
1 log 3
2(0.699)
1 0.477
0.947 (to 3 sig. fig.)
a
a
a
a
a
(b)

2
log (5 )
log 5 2
0.699 2
2.699
a
a
a
+
+
(c)

9
log ( )
5
log 9 log 5
2log 3 log 5 1
2(0.477) 0.699 1
0.745
a
a a
a a
a
a

4. (a)

4
2
4
4 4
log 45
log (5 3 )
log 5 2log 3
2 b a

+
+
(b)
4
4
4 4
log 20
log (4 5)
log 4 log 5
1 b

+
+
(c)
4
2
4
4 4
log 75
log (5 3)
2log 5 log 3
2b a

+
+
5. (a)
Page 14 of 31
2
lg( )
lg 2lg
2
xy
x y
p q
+
+
(b)
10
lg
lg(10 ) lg
lg10 lg lg
1
x
y
x y
x y
p q
_

,

+
+
(c)
3
3
lg 10
1
(lg10 lg lg )
2
1
(1 3 )
2
x y
x y
p q
+ +
+ +
(d)
2
2
100
lg
lg100 lg lg
1
2 lg 2lg
2
1
2 2
2
x
y
x y
x y
p q
_

,
+
+
+
(e)
10 10
10
p q
p q
xy
+

(f)
lg( )
lg
10
x
p
y
x y
q

6. (a)
3
3
3
lg 1 3lg
lg lg10 lg
lg(10 )
10
y x
y x
x
y x
+
+

(b)
1
lg( 1) 2 lg
2
lg( 1) lg100 lg
100
lg( )
100
1
100
1
y x
y x
x
y
x
y
x
+
+
+

(c)
3 3
2 3
3 3 3
2
3
2 3
3
2
2log 4 3log ( 2)
log log 81 log ( 2)
( 2)
81
81( 2)
9( 2)
y x
y x
y
x
y x
y x
+
+
+
+
+

(d)
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
3 log ( ) log ( 2 )
log 8 log ( ) log ( 2 )
log 8( ) log ( 2 )
8( ) 2
10 7
7
10
x y x y
x y x y
x y x y
x y x y
y x
y x
+ +
+ +
+
+

7.
2 2
log ( 1) 2log y x c + +
Substitute x = 2, y = 3 into the
equation:
2 2
log 4 2log 2
2 2
0
c
c
c
+
+
2 2
2
2
log ( 1) 2log
1
1
y x
y x
y x
+
+

8 (a) x
3
= e
6x 1

3 ln x = (6x 1)ln e
Page 15 of 31

3
1
2 ln
) 1 6 (
3
1
ln

x x
x x

1
2 and
3
a b
(b) xe
-x
= 2.46
ln x + ln e
-x
= ln 2.46
ln x x = ln 2.46
ln x x+ 0.9
1 and 0.9 a b
(c) (xe
x
)
2
= 30e
-x
2 ln(xe
x
) = ln 30 + ln e
-x

2 ln x + 2 ln e
x
= ln 30 x
2 ln x + 2x = ln 30 x
2 ln x = ln 30 3x

7 . 1
2
3
30 ln
2
1
2
3
ln
+
+
x
x x
3
and 1.7
2
a b
9 (a)
3 5
3
log 5 log 27
log5 log 27
log3 log5
log3
log3
3
(b)
5 2
25
log 4 log 10
log 10
log 4 log10
log5 log 2
log 10
log 25
2log 2 1 2log5
1
log5 log 2
2
8
10 (a)
5
log7
log 7
log5
1.21 (to 3 sig. fig.)
(b)
3
log11
log 11
log3
2.18 (to 3 sig. fig.)
(c)
4
log5.3
log 5.3
log 4
1.20 (to 3 sig. fig.)
(d)
1
2
log9
log 9
1
log
2
3.17 (to 3 sig. fig.)

(e)
6
log
log
log6
0.639 (to 3 sig. fig.)
(f)
2.5
log6.7
log 6.7
log 2.5
2.08 (to 3 sig. fig.)
11. (a)
Page 16 of 31
4 2 2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
log log log 9 log 3
log 9
log
log 4 3
log 2log (3 )
log log (3 )
(3 ) 9
y x
y x
y x
y x
y x x
+
_

(b)
4
3
9 3 3 3
2 3 3
3 3
3
2
3 3
3
2
2
3 3
3
2
2
2
2
3
log log 2log 3log 2
log
log log ( 2 )
log 9
3
log log (8 )
2
log log (8 )
8
(8 ) 4
y y x
y
y x
y x
y x
y x
y x x
+ +
+

Exercise 2.7
1. (a)
2 2
log ( 1) log (4 7)
1 4 7
2
x x
x x
x

(b)
3 3 3
3 3
2
log ( 2) log ( 2) log (2 1)
log ( 2)( 2) log (2 1)
( 2)( 2) 2 1
2 3 0
( 3)( 1) 0
3, 1(rejected)
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
+ +
+
+

+

(c)
1
lg18 lg lg( 1) 0
3
1
18
3
lg lg1
1
6
1
1
6 1
1
5
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
_
+ +

,
_

+

,
+
+
(d)
3 3
3 3
2
log log ( 2) 1
log [ ( 2)] log 3
( 2) 3
2 3 0
3(rejected),1
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
+ +
+
+
+

(e)
2lg5 lg( 2) 1 lg(2 1)
lg 25 lg( 2) lg10 lg(2 1)
25 10
lg lg
2 2 1
25 10
2 2 1
50 25 10 20
9
8
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
+
+
+
+
(f)
2 2 2
2 2
2
log ( 2) log (8 ) log ( 5) 3
( 2)(8 )
log log 8
5
( 2)(8 )
8
5
2 24 0
6, 4(rejected)
x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
+
_

(g)
Page 17 of 31
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
log ( 1) 2 log ( 2)
log ( 1) log 4( 2)
( 1) 4( 2)
6 7 0
7, 1
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
+ +
+
+

(h)
2
2
2
3log 2 log 18 2
log 8 log 18 log
log 144 log
144
12, 12(rejected)
x x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x
+
+

2. ln(3x y) =2 ln 6 ln 9

,
_

9
6
ln ) 3 ln(
2
y x
ln(3x y) = ln 4
3x y = 4 (1)

2
2
( )
2 1 ... (2)
x
y
x y
e
e
e
e e
x y

(1) (2): x = 3
Substitute x = 3 into (2): y = 5
x = 3 and y = 5
3.
3
2
2
2 4 3
2 16(4)
2 2
2 4 3
3 2 ... (1)
q
p
p q
p q
p q
+
+ +
+ +

2 2
2 2
log 6 log (15 3 ) 1
6
log log 2
15 3
6
2
15 3
3 15 3 ... (2)
q p
q p
q p
p q

(1) 3: 3p 9q = 6 ... (3)
(3) (2):
3
2
q
Substitute
3
2
q into (1):
13
2
p
13
2
p
and
3
2
q
4 (a)
3
3
3
3
2
3 3
log 2 3log 3
3
log 2
log
3
2 (Let log )
2 3 0
3 or 1
Thus, log 3 or log 1
1
or 3
27
x
x
x
x
u u x
u
u u
u u
x x
x x
+
+
+
+

(b)
3 3
3 3
3
3 3
3
3
2
3 3 3
3 3
log (log )
3log (log )
3 (Let log )
( 3) 0
0 or 3 or 3
Thus, log 0 or log 3 or log 3
1 or 3 or 3
x x
x x
u u u x
u u
u u u
x x x
x x x

5 (a)
Page 18 of 31

4 2 9
2
2
2 2
2 2
log (6 ) log 8 log 3
log (6 ) log3
log 8
2 log9
1
log 6 log 8
2
6
log log 2
8
6
2
8
6
2
64
6 128
122
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

(b)

7 7 9
7
log (9 38) log ( 2) log 81
9 38
log 2
2
9 38
49
2
9 38 49 98
40 60
3
2
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ +

(c)

9 3 3
3
3
3
3
3
3 3
2
3 3
2
2
log (3 1) log log 2
log (3 1)
log 2
log 9
log (3 1)
log 2
2
log (3 1) 2log 2
log (3 1) log (2 )
3 1 4
4 3 1 0
1
(rejected),1
4
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
+ +
+
+
+
+

(d)
4 16
3 4
4
4
3
4 4
3
4
3
3.75
5
3.75
2
2
3.75
5
1.5
3log log 3.75
log
log 3.75
log 16
1
log log 3.75
2
log 3.75
4
4
4
4
8
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

(e)
5 25
5
5
5
5 5
0.5
5
2
2
log log ( 10) 0.5
log ( 10)
log 0.5
log 25
1
log log ( 10) 0.5
2
log 5
10
5
10
5 50 0
10, 5(rejected)
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
+
+

+
+

6 (a)

3
3
3
2
3
3 3
3 3
log 9log 3
9
log
log
(log ) 9
log 3 or log 3
3 or 3
1
27 or
27
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x

(b)
Page 19 of 31
4
4
4
2
4
4 4
3 3
2 2
4log 9log 4 0
9
4log
log
9
(log )
4
3 3
log or log
2 2
4 or 4
1
8 or
8
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x

(c)

2 4
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
log log ( 6)
log ( 6)
log
log 4
1
log log ( 6)
2
log log ( 6)
6
6 0
3, 2(rejected)
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
+
+
+
+
+

(d)

5
5
5
5
5
5 5
2
2
log (5 4 ) log (2 )
log (2 )
log (5 4 )
log 5
log (5 4 ) 2log (2 )
5 4 (2 )
1
1, 1
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x

7.
2
2
2 2
2log 1 log (7 10 )
log log (7 10 )
(7 10 )
7 10 0
( 2 )( 5 ) 0
2 , 5
a a
a a
x x a
x a x a
x a x a
x ax a
x a x a
x a a
+

+

Note: Since a is the base, a > 0 and a

1. The logarithms are defined for
both values of x.
8.
lg 1 lg( 20)
3 lg 2 2lg( 20)
2
2
2
27 3 9
3 3 3
3 lg 2 2lg( 20)
1 lg lg( 20)
10 ( 20)
50 100 0
10, 40
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
+
+

+ +
+

+
For the logarithms to be defined,

x = 40.
Exercise 2.8
1. (a)

5 9
lg5 lg9
lg9
lg5
1.37(to3 sig.fig.)
x
x
x

(b)

(1.6) 21
lg1.6 lg 21
lg 21
lg1.6
6.48 (to 3 sig.fig.)
x
x
x

(c)
2 (3 ) 5
lg 2 lg3 lg5
lg5 lg 2
lg3
0.834 (to 3 sig.fig.)
x
x
x
(d)
2
2
4 7 1
7 3
2 lg7 lg3
lg3
2lg7
0.282 (to 3 sig.fig.)
x
x
x
x

(e) e
x
= 7
Page 20 of 31
x = ln 7
= 1.95 (to 3 sig. fig)
(f) e
3x
= 14
3x = ln 14

3
14 ln
x
= 0.880 (to 3 sig. fig)
(g) 4e
2x
= 21
ln 4 + 2x = ln 21

2
4 ln 21 ln
x
= 0.829 (to 3 sig. fig)
(h) e
4x
125 = 0
e
4x
= 125
4x = ln 125
x = 1.21 (to 3 sig. fig)
(i)

1
3 12
( 1) lg3 lg12
lg3 lg3 lg12
lg12 lg3
lg3
1.26 (to3sig.fig.)
x
x
x
x
+
+
+
2.
y5e
0.2x
(a) When x = 3,
0.6
5 9.11(3 sig.fig.) y e
(b) When y = 12,
0.2
0.2
12 5
2.4
0.2 2.4
4.38 (to 3 sig. fig.)
x
x
n
e
e
x
x
l
3.
1 2
3 2 21
1
3 3 2 21
4
3
6 21
4
6 28
lg 28
lg6
x x
x x
x
x
x
+

4. (a)

2 3 10
6 10
lg10
lg6
1.29 (to 3sig.fig.)
x x
x
x

(b)

4 9(5 )
4
9
5
lg9
lg0.8
x x
x
x

(c)

1
2 3
2 2 3
1.5 2
lg 2
lg1.5
x x
x x
x
x
+
5. (a)
5
x1
3
x+2
10

1
5 3 9 10
5
50
15
9
lg50 lg9
lg15
0.633 (to 3 sig.fig.)
x x
x
x

(b)
2
2x
5
x+1
7
Page 21 of 31
4 5 5 7
7
20
5
lg7 lg5
lg 20
0.112 (to 3 sig.fig.)
x x
x
x

(c)
4(3
2x
)e
x

4 9
4
9
4
9
x x
x
n
n n
e
e
x
e

_

l
l l
(d)
3
x
10
2x
420
x2

1
3 100 4 20
400
x x x

100 =
20
x
300
x

2
30

_
,

x
100

x
lg100
lg2lg3

1.70
(to 3 sig. fig.)
6. (a)
2
2 3 2
x x
e e

2
2 3 2 0 (Let )
x
y y e y
(2 1)( 2) 0
1
(rejected), 2
2
Thus, 2
2
0.693 (to 3 sig.fig.)
x
n
y y
y y
e
x
+

l
(b)
e
x
712e
x
2
12
7 (Let )
7 12 0
3 or 4
3 or 4
1.10 or 1.39 (to 3sig.fig.)
x
x x
y e y
y
y y
y y
e e
x x

+

(c)
e
3x
+2e
x
3e
2x

3 2
2
2 3 (Let )
( 3 2) 0
0(rejected), 2,1
Thus, 2 or 1
0.693 or 0
x
x x
y y y e y
y y y
y
e e
x x
+
+

7. (a)
1
2
2
9 4 3
3 4 3 3
3 4 0 (let3 )
4, 1 (rejected)
3 4
lg 4
lg3
1.26 (to3sig.fig.)
x x
x x
x
x
a a a
a
x
+

(b)
2
2
2 7 3
2 7 3 (let )
2 3 7
(2 3) 49
4 37 9 0
1
, 9
4
1
or 9
4
1.39 or = 2.20 (3sig.fig.)
x x
x
x x
e e
a a e a
a a
a a
a a
a
e e
x x

+
+
+

8.
3
2 6 5
4 32(2 )
2 2
2 6 5
1 ... (1)
x x y
x x y
x x y
y x
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+
Substitute (1) into 9 3 10
x y
+ :
1
2
2
9 3 10
3 3 3 10
3 10 0( 3 )
5(rejected), 2
3 2
0.631 (to3sig.fig.)
x x
x x
x
x
y y let a
a
x
+
+
+
+

Page 22 of 31
When x = 0.631, y = 1.631.
Exercise 2.9
1. (a) When x = 0,
0
85(0.96) 85 T
Its initial temperature is 85 C .
(b) When x = 15,

15
85(0.96)
46.1 (to 3 sig. fig.)
T
(c) When T = 30,

30 85(0.96)
30
0.96
85
lg30 lg85
lg0.96
25.5 (to3 sig. fig.)
x
x
x
2. (a) When t = 0,
0
100(1.65) 100 N
There are 100 fruits flies at the
beginning of the experiment.
(b) When t = 4,
4
100(1.65) 741 N
The population is 741.
(c) When N = 400,
100(1.65) 400
1.65 4
t
t
lg 4
lg1.65
3
t
3. (a) When t = 10 000,

0.0004279(10000)
100
1.39 (to 3 sig. fig.)
R e
(b) When R = 50,

0.0004279
0.0004279
50 100
0.5
0.5
0.0004279
1620 (to 3 sig. fig.)
t
t
n
e
e
t
l
It will take 1620 years.
4. (a) When T = 1.5 mm,
1.5
0.87 0.811 T
The intensity is 0.811 when the
thickness is 1.5 mm.
(b) When I = 0.5,
0.5 0.87
lg0.5
lg0.87
4.98 mm (to 3 sig. fig.)
T
T
The thickness of the material

needed is 4.98 mm.
5. (a) When n = 5,
0.07 15
12000 34300 e
The population at the beginning of

2005 is 34300.
(b)
0.07
0.07
12000 90000
15
2
0.07 15 2
15 2
0.07
28.7
n
n
n n
n n
e
e
n
n
l l
l l
1990 + 28.7 = 2018.7
The population would be expected
to have first increased to 90000 in
year 2018.
6. (a) When t = 5,
5
5000(1.04)
6083
A
The amount would be $6083 at the

end of 5 years.
Page 23 of 31
(b)
8000 5000(1.04)
8
(1.04)
5
lg8 lg5
lg1.04
12
t
t
t
At the end of 12 years the amount

would first exceed $8000.
7. (a) When t = 4,
75 6 5 65.3 (to 3 sig. fig.)
n
s l
The average score after 4 months
was 65.3.
(b) When s = 55,
10
3
75 6 ( 1) 55
6 ( 1) 20
10
( 1)
3
1
27.0 (to 3 sig. fig.)
n
n
n
t
t
t
t e
t
+
+
+
+
l
l
l
The average score was 55 after 27
months.
8. (a) When t = 4,
0.85(4)
1500
1 1499
29.4
y
e
In this case, overestimate is better

than underestimate. So we take
y = 30. i.e. 30 students are infected
after 4 days.
(b) When y = 1500 0.4 = 600,
0.85
0.85
0.85
1500
600
1 1499
1 1499 2.5
1.5
1499
t
t
t
e
e
e
+
+
1.5 1499
9
0.85
n n
t
l l
After 9 days the school will cancel
classes.
9. When T = 28.8,
28.8 24.5
2.36
36.9 24.5
2.50 (to 3 sig. fig.)
n
t
l
2.5 hours before 7.00 am is 4.30
am. The estimated time of death of
the man is 4.30 am.
Miscellaneous Exercise 2
1. (a)
2
( 5 2) 5 2
5 2
5 2
( 5 2)
( 5 2)( 5 2)
9 4 5
x
x
+
+
+
+
(b)
1 1
9 4 5
9 4 5
(9 4 5)(9 4 5)
9 4 5
x
+

1
9 4 5 9 4 5 18 x
x
+ + +
2. (a)
3 7
4 2 50
2 72
3 7
4 2 5 2 2 2
2 12
3 7
4 5 2
2 12
23
2
12
+
+
_
+

,

Page 24 of 31
(b)
1 12 8 2 3 216
3
3 2 2 6
48 2 3 108
3
3 2 12
4 3 3
9 3 3
3 3
4 1
9 3 3
3 3
10 3 3
10
k
k
k
k
k
k
_
+

,
+
+
_
+

,
3.
( 6 5)(2 5)
2 5 12 5 30
(2 30 ) ( 12) 5
a b
a ab b
a b ab
+
+
+
Given (2 30 ) ( 12) 5 82 a b ab +
2 30 82 ... (1)
12 0 ... (2)
a b
ab

From (1): a = 15b 41 ... (3)
2
(15 41) 12 0
15 41 12 0
(15 4)( 3) 0
4
or 3
15
b b
b b
b b
b b

+

When
4
15
b , 45 a
When b = 3, a = 4
4
( 45, ) or ( 4, 3)
15
a b a b
4. (a)
2
2
2
7 3
7 9
16
4, 4
x
x
x
x

(b)
2
8 3
( 8) 9
8 9 0
9, 1(rejected)
x x
x x
x x
x

(c)
2
2
2 3 4 0
3 4 2
3 4 4
4 4 3 0
(2 3)(2 1) 0
3 1
, (rejected)
2 2
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
+

+
+

(d)
2
2
1
3 1 8
1
1 8 9
9 8 1 0
(9 1)( 1) 0
1
, 1(rejected)
9
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
+
+

(e)
18 1 4
18 1 16
1 2
1 4
5
x
x
x
x
x

(f)
Page 25 of 31
2
2
2
2
11 4
11 4
( 11 4)( 11 4)
11 4
7
7, 7
x
x
x
x
x
x
+

5. (a)
Let h cm be the height of triangle.
1
(8 3 2 2) 46
2
(4 3 2) 46
46
4 3 2
46(4 3 2)
(4 3 2)(4 3 2)
4 3 2
h
h
h

+
+
(b)
2
2
2
2 2
1
(4 3 2) (8 3 2 2)
2
(4 3 2) (4 3 2)
50 8 6 50 8 6
100
AB
1
+ +
1
]
+ +
+ +
AB = 10 cm
Perimeter of triangle
(8 3 2 2) 10 10
(20 8 3 2 2) cm
+ +
+
6. Substitute (3,4) into 23
n
y ax :
4 3 23
3 27 ... (1)
n
n
a
a

Substitute (9, 220) into 23
n
y ax :
220 9 23
9 243 ... (2)
n
n
a
a

(2) (1):
9 3 9
3 9
2
n n
n
n

Substitute n = 2 into (1): a = 3

2
3 23 y x
Substitute (-1, k) into
2
3 23 y x :
2
3( 1) 23 20 k
7. (a)

1
3 10 2(3 )
3 10 6 3
5 3 10
3 2
lg 2
lg3
0.631 (to 3 sig. fig.)
x x
x x
x
x
x
+
+
+

(b)
2
2
2
2
9 2(3 ) 3 12
3 2(3 ) 9(3 ) 12 0
3 7(3 ) 12 0
7 12 0 (let 3 )
3, 4
3 3 or 3 4
1 or 1.26 (3 sig. fig.)
x x x
x x x
x x
x
x x
u u u
u
x x
+
+
+ +
+
+

(c)
Page 26 of 31
h cm
cm
A
B C
1
2 3
2 3
(2 ) 3
3
2
3
2
0.453 (to 3 sig. fig.)
x x
x x
x
x
n
e e
e e e
e e
e
e
x
e
+

+
+
+
_

+
,

l
(d)
2
(2 1) 15
(2 1) 15 (let )
2 15 0
5
, 3
2
5
or 3(rejected)
2
0.916 (to 3 sig. fig.)
x x
x
x x
e e
u u e u
u u
u
e e
x

+
+
+

8. (a)
3
log ( 19) 4
19 81
100
lg lg100 2
x
x
x
x

(b)
3
lg( 2) 7lg 2 log 9 lg(2 1)
lg128( 2) 2 lg(2 1)
lg128( 2) lg100(2 1)
128( 2) 100(2 1)
32 64 50 25
18 39
1
2
6
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
(c)
2
2
6 0
6 0 (let )
3(rejected), 2
2
0.693 (to 3 sig. fig.)
x x
x
x
e e
u u e u
u
e
x
+
+

9. (a)
7 2
2 128(4 )
2 2 (2 )
7 2 ... (1)
(4 ) 40 2 2
(4 ) 10
4 10 ... (2)
x y
x y
n n n
n n
x y
x y
x y
x y
+
+
+
+
l l l
l l
4(7 2 ) 10
9 18
2
y y
y
y
+ +

Substitute
2 y
into (1): 3 x
3 x and
2 y
(b) (i)
2
2
2
2 2
lg(1 2 ) lg 1 lg(2 5 )
1 2 10
lg lg
2 5
1 2 10
2 5
10 2 5 4 10
2
9
x x x
x
x x
x
x x
x x x x
x
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ + +

(b) (ii)
2
3 5
( 2) lg3 lg5
(lg5 lg3) 2lg3
2lg3
lg5 lg3
4.30 (to 3 sig. fig.)
y y
y y
y
y
+
10. (a)
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
log 2log 6 log 10 3
log log 36 log 10 log 8
36 10
log log
8
log log 45
45
k
k
k
k
k
+
+
(b)
Page 27 of 31
2 1
3 2 2 1
8 4 2
2 2
3 2 2 1
2
2 ... (1)
y x
y x
y x
x y
y x
+

4
2
3 3 81
3 3
4 ... (2)
2
y x
x
y
x
y
+
+
2 4
2
3
6
2
4
x
x
x
x
+
When x = 4, y = 2.
11. (a)
( )
2
1
2 2
2
3
2
2
5 0.2 5
5 0.2 5
5 0.2
3
2 lg5 lg0.2
2
3
lg5 lg0.2 2lg5
2
2(lg0.2 2lg5)
3lg5
2
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
+
+
+
_
+

,

(b)
log27
1.5
log 27 1.5
log 27
1.5
log
log 27
log
1.5
10
9
x
x
x
x
(c)
2
2
1 2
9
1
1 2
2
log (3 )
3 9
3 3
2 1 0
1
,1
2
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
+
+
+

(d)
2
2
log (log 9) 1
log 9 2
9
3, 3(rejected)
x
x
x
x

(e)
2 8
2 2
6 6
log log 12
log log
12
log 2 log8
(log ) 36 (log 2)
log 6log 2 or log 6log 2
1
2 =64 or 2 =
64
x x
x x
x
x x
x x

(f)
2
2
4 2 4
4 2
2
2
4 2
6 0
3, 2
x x
x x
e e e
e e
x x
x x
x

+

(g)
3 3
3 3
2
log ( 2) 3 log ( 4)
27
log ( 2) log
4
27
2
4
2 35 0
5, 7(rejected)
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
+

+

+
+

(h)
Page 28 of 31
3
2
3
3
6 3
1
4 log 5
8
4 3 5
4 8
2 2
6 3
1
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
+

(i)
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
log log (2 5) 2
log 2
2 5
4
2 5
8 20 0
10, 2
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
+
+

(j)
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
log 4log 2
4
log
log
(log ) 4
log 2 or log 2
1
4 or
4
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x

12.
a
x a x 2 log
2

b a
b
a
b a
b a
b a
b
y
x
y x
y b y
3
3
3 2
3 2
2 2
8
2
2
2
2
2 . 2
8 . 2
8 log

When x
2
y = 32, 2
2a+3b
= 2
5
2a + 3b = 5 (1)
When
5 . 0
y
x
,
1 3
2 2

b a
a 3b = -1
a = 3b 1 (2)

2(3b 1) + 3b = 5
9b = 7

9
7
b
Substitute
9
7
b
into (2):

3
4
1
9
7
3

,
_
a

Thus,
9
7
,
3
4
b a
.
13. (a) log
2
xy = log
2
x + log
2
y

q y
q
y
q y
2 log
4 log
log
log
2
2
2
4
log
2
xy = log
2
x + 2q

(b)
2 4 log
log
log
2
2
4
x x
x

q
p
q
x
y x
y
x

2
4 log
log
log log log
2
2
4 4 4
(c) log
x
4y = log
x
4 + log
x
y

p
q
p
q
p
x
y
x
2 2
2
2
log
log
log
4 log
4
4
2
2
+
+
+
(d) x = p
2
and y = q
4
x
2
y = (pq)
4
14.
( ) e e ln 10 ln
3
1
10 ln
3
+
Page 29 of 31

3
1
) (
3
1
3
1
) 5 ln 2 (ln
3
1
3
1
10 ln
3
1
+ +
+ +
+
b a

2
5
2
5
ln ln
4
5
ln
2
1
ln
2
2 ln 2 5 ln
ln
2
2
ln

,
_
x
x
x
x
a b
x
15.
) 1 ( log 2 log + m y x
b b

) 2 ( log log 3 + n y x
b b
From (1) and (2),

5
3 4
5
2
5
3
log log log
5
3
5
2
3 log
5
2
log
2 log 5
) log 3 ( 2 log
n m
m n n m
x y
x
y
n m
m n
n y
m n
x
m n x
m x n x
b b b
b
b
b
b b
,
_

+

( )
( ) n m
n m
m n n m
y x xy
b b b
+
,
_
,
_
+
2
10
1
5
2
2
1
5
2
5
3
2
1
log log
2
1
log
16(a)
1 5 log 2
1
3 2
lg
+
x
x

11
5 . 2 5 . 2 3 2
5 . 2
1
3 2
+
x
x x
x
x
(b)(i) T = 80(0.95)
6
= 58.8
0
C
(ii)
x
95 . 0
80
25

7 . 22
95 . 0 lg
80
25
lg
x
(c) e
x+2
= e
6-3x

x + 2 = 6 3x
x = 1
y = e
3
= 20.1
Coords of P = (1, 20.1)
17(a)(i) m = 32e
-0.4
= 21.5
(ii) t = 0, m = 32
Half of its value = 16
16 = 32e
-0.02t
t = 34.7
18(a) 2
2+p
2
1+ p
= 9(2) 2
4(2
p
) 2(2
p
) = 16
2
p
(2) = 16
2
p
= 2
3
p = 3
(b) 2
2x+3
2
x+3
= 9(2
x
) 2
(2
x
)
2
(8) 8(2
x
) = 9(2
x
) 2
Let 2
x
= y.
8y
2
17y + 2 = 0
(8y 1)(y 2) = 0
y = 2 or y =
8
1
x = -3 or 1
19(a) lg (3
x
2
4-x
) = 2 + lg 2 lg 2
x
Page 30 of 31

3
216 6
200 2 6
200 ) 2 3 ( 2
100
2
) 2 3 ( 2
2
2
) 2 3 ( 2
lg
4
4
4
4
x
x
x
x x x
x x x
x x x

(b) (lg 5)
2
+ lg 2 [lg 5 + (lg 2 + lg 5)]
= (lg 5)
2
+ 2lg 2 lg 5 + (lg 2)
2
= (lg 5 + lg 2)
2
= (lg 10)
2
= 1
20(a)
2
) 3 )( (
5
log
+ a x a x
a

NA) ( 2 , 4
0 ) 2 )( 4 (
0 8 2
3 2 5
1
) 3 ) ( (
5
2 2
2 2 2
2
a a x
a x a x
a ax x
a ax x a
a a x a x

+

+
(b) lg 3 lg 3x = lg 4 lg 4x
(lg 3)
2
+ lg 3 lg x = (lg 4)
2
+ lg 4 lg x
lg x(lg 3 lg 4) = (lg 4)
2
(lg 3)
2

12
1
12 lg lg
) 3 lg 4 (lg
) 3 lg 4 )(lg 3 lg 4 (lg
lg
x
x
x
Page 31 of 31

Panpac Additional Math: Worked Solutions Chapter 2 Surds, Indices and Logarithms

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Panpac Additional Math: Worked Solutions Chapter 2 Surds, Indices and Logarithms

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Panpac Additional Math : Worked Solutions

Chapter 2 Surds, Indices and Logarithms

( 1812)( 50+ 48)

2 is rational, we can write

The equation is satisfied by only

Note: Since a is the base, a > 0 and a

For the logarithms to be defined,

(c) When T = 30,

3. (a) When t = 10 000,

(b) When R = 50,

The thickness of the material

The population at the beginning of

The amount would be $6083 at the

At the end of 12 years the amount

In this case, overestimate is better

Substitute n = 2 into (1): a = 3

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