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SURFACE GROWTH:

KINEMATICS TO MECHANICS
Oxford Solid Mechanics Graduate Seminar, Wed. June 1

(and lots of pretty seashells along the way)


Derek E. Moulton Alain Goriely
Oxford Center for Collaborative Applied Mathematics

Morphoelasticity - growth and elasticity


Elastic response Growth Stress

Q. Effect on material properties?

Takano 1995

Castle 1942

normal

asthmatic

Cavitation in plants
Nothias

Mucosal folding in airways

Ads et al. 1996

Neuron Growth

Artery modelling

Plant growth & helical structures

Surface growth
Accretion of material at surface
of body

Case study: Seashells


Beautiful, intricate, mathematically intriguing Huge variety Hard body accretion -complex geometry, but elasticity minimal

Step I. Kinematics
Ignore elasticity Goal: local, intrinsic description - Evolution of a generating curve - Growth cells on essentially 2D surface
local frame

generating curve

Key: local variables


d 1
v

frame: D =
r( ,t)

d 2

d 3

r = d3 r= vi d i

d1

d2

d3

is stretch

(v1 , v2 , v3 ) is local

velocity

orthogonality D = D U, D = D W

how frame rotates in space (curvature, torsion)

how frame rotates in time

Compatibility conditions:
(t r) = t ( r) (t D) = t ( D)

6 eqns for U, W,

Full system:
Compat. eqns +
D = D U r = d3

or

D = W D r= vi d i

Game:

Input initial curve, (local) velocity solve for evolution of frames solve for surface r(, t)

Exact solutions

If the shape does not change during the evolution, analytical solutions may be obtained Coiling, dilation, rotation, translation

Example - torus
r(, 0) = cos()ex + sin()ey d1 = N, d2 = B, d3 = T v1 = v 3 = 0 v2 = b1 + b2 cos()
B N T

Extending

bivalve Nipponite

Ammonite

Turitella

antler horns

Step II. Discrete model


Q. How to translate to discrete environment? Why? More complex evolutions Include mechanics and/or coupling to other systems

Step II. Discrete model


Q. How to translate to discrete environment? Why? More complex evolutions Include mechanics and/or coupling to other systems

Issues:
I. Finite time step
rt = r0 + (b1 + b2 cos ) Bt
circle not circle

Step II. Discrete model


Q. How to translate to discrete environment? Why? More complex evolutions Include mechanics and/or coupling to other systems

Issues:
II. Curvature, frames, etc on polygons
OR

Basic idea...
0. Dene

data on vertices

i. Discrete coiling, dilation, rotation correction velocities ii. Shape evolution key: use previous data connect to continuous model iii. Combine (i) and (ii) as separate layers
z y

Examples

Step III. Mechanics

shell wall

mantle

head-foot mass Seashell growth: mantle is soft, skirt-like tissue grows in body chamber extends beyond aperture, adds layer of shell material aperture is template for new layer

Commarginal ribs

Idea: regulative feedback mechanism leads to oscillations in shell radius (Hammer 00)

Model
shell

I.
compression, shell expansion increases

grows

attaches to shell

II.
tension, shell expansion decreases

mantle - thin elastic ring

direction of deposition of new shell material

Mantle stress
F
stress free

F = diag(r (R), r/R, 1) G = diag(, , 1) A = diag(1 , , 1)


A
elastic response

growth

r2 a2 = 2 (R2 A2 )

divT = 0 t1 (r) =

r a

W () dr, tB := t1 (rs ) r

T - Cauchy stress, t1 - radial comp. W - strain energy function

drs = kg cos sin dt d = H1 (tB (rs , )) dt d = H2 (tB , t, . . . ) dt


a. b.

H1 = k tB H2 = m(1 + k tB )
c.

k = 0

k = 0.5

k = 2

Combining with discrete model

epitonium scalare

Antimarginal ornamentation

Mantle buckling

Hypothesis: repeated process of mantle 1. growth 2. attachment 3. deformation causes localisation of instability and spike/ridge formation

I.

Growth on foundation
II.

III.

IV.

...
For foundation given by f (x), curve y(x) should minimise energy:

L/2 L/2 2

EI y k + (y f )2 + P 2 1 + y 2 2

bending

foundation

L1 1 + y 2 L

length constraint

dx

Preliminary results
linear model

at foundation

4th layer

Preliminary results
nonlinear model

Framework for surface growth with arbitrary generating curve and growth velocity local description Mechanics leads naturally to ornamentation in seashells mantle growth feedback mantle buckling Next steps: Accretive growth within rod theory Surface evolution Soft body accretion General theory

Summary

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