Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
KINEMATICS TO MECHANICS
Oxford Solid Mechanics Graduate Seminar, Wed. June 1
Takano 1995
Castle 1942
normal
asthmatic
Cavitation in plants
Nothias
Neuron Growth
Artery modelling
Surface growth
Accretion of material at surface
of body
Step I. Kinematics
Ignore elasticity Goal: local, intrinsic description - Evolution of a generating curve - Growth cells on essentially 2D surface
local frame
generating curve
frame: D =
r( ,t)
d 2
d 3
r = d3 r= vi d i
d1
d2
d3
is stretch
(v1 , v2 , v3 ) is local
velocity
orthogonality D = D U, D = D W
Compatibility conditions:
(t r) = t ( r) (t D) = t ( D)
6 eqns for U, W,
Full system:
Compat. eqns +
D = D U r = d3
or
D = W D r= vi d i
Game:
Input initial curve, (local) velocity solve for evolution of frames solve for surface r(, t)
Exact solutions
If the shape does not change during the evolution, analytical solutions may be obtained Coiling, dilation, rotation, translation
Example - torus
r(, 0) = cos()ex + sin()ey d1 = N, d2 = B, d3 = T v1 = v 3 = 0 v2 = b1 + b2 cos()
B N T
Extending
bivalve Nipponite
Ammonite
Turitella
antler horns
Issues:
I. Finite time step
rt = r0 + (b1 + b2 cos ) Bt
circle not circle
Issues:
II. Curvature, frames, etc on polygons
OR
Basic idea...
0. Dene
data on vertices
i. Discrete coiling, dilation, rotation correction velocities ii. Shape evolution key: use previous data connect to continuous model iii. Combine (i) and (ii) as separate layers
z y
Examples
shell wall
mantle
head-foot mass Seashell growth: mantle is soft, skirt-like tissue grows in body chamber extends beyond aperture, adds layer of shell material aperture is template for new layer
Commarginal ribs
Idea: regulative feedback mechanism leads to oscillations in shell radius (Hammer 00)
Model
shell
I.
compression, shell expansion increases
grows
attaches to shell
II.
tension, shell expansion decreases
Mantle stress
F
stress free
growth
r2 a2 = 2 (R2 A2 )
divT = 0 t1 (r) =
r a
W () dr, tB := t1 (rs ) r
H1 = k tB H2 = m(1 + k tB )
c.
k = 0
k = 0.5
k = 2
epitonium scalare
Antimarginal ornamentation
Mantle buckling
Hypothesis: repeated process of mantle 1. growth 2. attachment 3. deformation causes localisation of instability and spike/ridge formation
I.
Growth on foundation
II.
III.
IV.
...
For foundation given by f (x), curve y(x) should minimise energy:
L/2 L/2 2
EI y k + (y f )2 + P 2 1 + y 2 2
bending
foundation
L1 1 + y 2 L
length constraint
dx
Preliminary results
linear model
at foundation
4th layer
Preliminary results
nonlinear model
Framework for surface growth with arbitrary generating curve and growth velocity local description Mechanics leads naturally to ornamentation in seashells mantle growth feedback mantle buckling Next steps: Accretive growth within rod theory Surface evolution Soft body accretion General theory
Summary