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Cu 25: * Phn bit khi nim hp cht cao phn t v polimer: - Hp cht cao phn t c ngha rng: bao

gm cc loi cht t nhin v tng hp. - Polime: l nhng hp cht c khi lng phn t ln tng hp t nhng n v phn t nh. * Cch phn loi hp cht cao phn t: - Xut pht t ngun gc: + Polime thin nhin (cao su thin nhin, tinh bt, xenluloz, protein ) + Plime tng hp (polietinle, polistiren ) + Polime bn tng hp (t visco, txenlilozaxetat ) - Xut pht t s iu ch cc polime: + Loi polime c iu ch bng phng php trung hp: nCH2 = CH2 => -(CH2 - CHCl)-n (Polietilen) + Loi polime c iu ch bng phng php cng trng hp: VD: poliuretan nO =C=NRN=C=O+nHOROH=>-(CNHRNHCOR-O)n O Nilon 7 nH2N {CH2} COOH => -(H Ni {CH2}6 - CO)-n + nh2o - Da vo cu trc ca mch chnh (polime ng mch, d mch, c h thng lin kt lin hp) Cu 26: * Tnh cht c hc v l hc ca hp cht cao phn t: - V mt l tnh: + Cc polime u dng nha do hay rn khng bay hi, khng chng ct c, khng c im nng chy xc nh m H v tn: Bi Th Uyn - Lp: S phm L Ho K50 O + Loi polime c iu ch bng phn ng trng ngng: VD:

nng chy trong mt khong thi gian kh rng. Mt s polime khi ung nng d nhit cao ch c th b phn hu ch khng nng chy. + a s polime kh tan trong dung mi, cc dung dch polime c nht cao. + Cc polime c dng mch khc c nhiu nng chy v ho tan khc nhau: polime dng mch thng c nng chy ln hn nhit ho tan li thp hn polime dng nhnh tng ng c cng thnh phn. + Cc cht polime u c t khi ln nhiu cht c tnh cch nhit, cch in, cch m tng i tt. - V c tnh: + a s polime c bn c hc cao nht l polime tng hp. Nhiu polime c tnh n hi, qunh do. Ngoi ra tu tng loi mt s polime c tnh mm mi, ng , dai bn nh mt s loi c tng hp . * Gii thch nguyn nhn tnh cht c l nh sau: - Tt c nhng tnh cht c l trn u do cu trc ca phn t cc polime to ln. - Tnh khng bay hi, khng chng ct c l do khi lng phn t polime ln nng lng ca lc tng tc gia cc phn t cng ln khin phn t cc polime khng d dng chuyn ng tch ra trng thi ring bit. Cng do cc phn t polime c khi lng ln m chuyn ng ca chng khng linh hot nn nht ca chng thng cao trng thi nng chy vo trong dung dch. - im nng chy ca cc polime: khng xc nh m khong mt nhit rng m do khi lng ca polime ch l khi lng phn t trung bnh. H v tn: Bi Th Uyn - Lp: S phm L Ho K50

- Ngoi ra tnh bn c hc ca cc polime ni chung cng c gii thch ch yu l do phn t khi ln, lc tng tc gia cc phn t mnh. Cu 27: Phn ng trng hp l phn ng kt hp mt s ln phn t nh monome thnh phn t ln polime c khi lng phn t cao. Dng tng qut: nA => (A)n - iu kin cu to ca monome tham gia phn ng trng hp: + Cc hp cht trong phn t c lin kt bi: nCH2 = CHX => -(CH2 - CHX)-n X c th: CH3; C6H5; Cl; CH3COO + Khng nhng cc hp cht c lin kt bi gia cc phn t C m cc cht c lin kt bi gia C v cc phn t khc (O, N, Si ) nCH2 = O => -(CH2 - O)-n nCH2 = NOH=> -(CH2 - NOH)-n + Nhng phn t c vng no km bn cha d t (3 cnh hoc 4 cnh) nCH2 CH2 => -(CH2 CH2 - O)-n O - Trng hp etylen sunfiza: nCH2 CH2 => -(CH2 CH2 - S)-n S Cu 28:

H v tn: Bi Th Uyn - Lp: S phm L Ho K50

Trng ngng l phn ng kt hp ca nhiu phn t nh monome thnh phn t ln polime km theo s tch ra cc cht n gin nh nc, amoniac, hidro clorua. - iu kin cu to ca monome tham gia phn ng trng ngng: + Nu phn ng trng ngng c to nn t 1 monome th monome ny phi c hai nhm chc tr ln c th tham gia phn ng ho hc vi nhau: VD: HO R COOH H2N R COOH + Nu phn ng trng ngng c to nn t hai loi monome khc nhau m mi monome ny phn ng c vi nhm chc ca monome kia. Cu 29: * Polipropilen: nCH2 = CH -(CH2 - CH)-n CH3 Cxt: Al (C2h5)3 v Ticl3 : phn ng trng hp * Poli (vynyl clorua): iu ch bng phng php trng hp nh tg vinylclorua nh cht nh ho gelatin v cht khi mo peroxit. nCH2 = CH Cl Phn ng trng hp * Polistiren (PS): iu ch bng phng php trng hp gc stiren theo phng php khi hoc nh tng. nCH2 = CH C6H5 Phn ng trung hp * Poli (vinyl axetat): iu ch bn cch trng hp gc vinyl axetat H v tn: Bi Th Uyn - Lp: S phm L Ho K50 -(CH2 CH)-n C6H5 -(CH2 - CH)-n Cl

nCH2 = CH => -(CH2 - CH)-n OCOCH3 nh tng metymetarylat CH3 COOCH3 CH3 COOCH3 nCH2 = C => -(CH2 C)-n * Nilon 6 6 c tng hp bng phn ng trng ngng ca axit adipic vi hexametyleniamin. nHOOC {CH2}4 COOH + nH2N {CH2}6 NH2 => HO -(C {CH2}4 C NH {CH26 - NH})-nH + (2n - 1) H2O O Cu 30: CH2OH CHOH CHOH COOH => CH2 - CH CH COOH pph OH OH OH c 2C * =. C 4 O OCOCH3 * Poli (metyl metarylat) iu ch bng phng php hp gc

H v tn: Bi Th Uyn - Lp: S phm L Ho K50

Biu din bng cng thc chiu Fiso COOH H H (I) CH2OH G COOH OH H (III) CH2OH H OH H OH OH OH OH OH

COOH H H CH2OH (II)

COOH OH H CH2OH (IV)

Trong 4 pph trn c 2 i i quang (I, II) v (III, IV) - p : (I, III); (I, IV) ; (II, III); (II, IV) Cu 31: HOOC CHOH CHOH COOH => HOOC CH CH COOH pqh OH OH COOH - Biu din bng cng thc chiu Fiso H H (II) COOH OH OH Hoc HO HO COOH COOH H H (II) :c 2 C* => 4

H v tn: Bi Th Uyn - Lp: S phm L Ho K50

H v tn: Bi Th Uyn - Lp: S phm L Ho K50

Cu 32: im ng din l khi gi tr PH thch hp m ti phn t aminoaxit tn ti ng lng cc khng dch chuyn v im cc no: PHI = (pka1 + pka2) : 2 COOH pka2: H s phn ly ca NH3 - im thng din ca alamin PHI = (2.35 + 9.79) : 2 = 6.07 PH = 6 => CTCT NH3 CH CO CH3 NH2 CH - C CH3 O +(anion) PH = 2 => CTCT NH3 CH COOH CH3 (cation) PH = 6 khng di chuyn v im cc no. Cu 37: H v tn: Bi Th Uyn - Lp: S phm L Ho K50 O => lng cc ion PH = 10 => CTCT : pka1: H s phn ly ca

+ Cu trc ca cao su thin nhin: Cng ty: (C5H8)n Cao su thin nhin l polime ca isopren: -(Ch2 C = CH CH2)-n CH3 Cao su thin nhin c cu to tp th iu ho dng cis: C - CH2CH3 = CH CH2 CH2 CH3 = CH Ch2 CH2 CH3 C = CH CH2 Tng qut: -{CH3 CH2 C = CH CH2}-n + Cu trc ca cao su Gutta Peccha Gn khc cao su, c cu to lp th iu ho dng trans: -{CH3 CH2 C = CH2 H}-n + Cu trc ca cao su isopren: -nCH2 = C CH = CH2 => -(CH2 C = CH CH2)-n CH3 thin nhin. CH3 C cu to khng gian iu ho dng cis khc cao su

H v tn: Bi Th Uyn - Lp: S phm L Ho K50

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