OFDMA - Gii php a truy nhp mi trong thng tin di ng Sau a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA,

vo nhng nm 2000 c mt gii php a truy nhp mi c pht minh li cun rt nhiu nghin cu khoa hc trn th gii. l a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDMA (Orthorgonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). T khi ra i ti nay, h thng Thng tin di ng cho loi ngi thy nhng bc tin vt bc ca n trong ng dng mng t bo s (Digital cellular system) v h thng khng dy s (Digital cordless telecommunication system) trn phm vi ton th gii: T nm 1991, mng in thoi t bo s ng dng k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA, in hnh l h thng thng tin di ng ton cu GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) c ng dng rng ri ti chu u v nhiu nc trn th gii. Phng thc truy nhp mi a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) c coi l mt ng c vin hng u h tr a dch v trong Thng tin di ng v n mang cc u im: C kh nng p ng a dch v; cung cp dung lng cao hn cc phng thc truy cp truyn thng nh TDMA v FDMA; chng li vic chn lc theo tn s ca knh truyn; tnh bo mt v kh nng chng nhiu... Tip theo, h thng da trn nguyn tc kt hp CDMA v ghp knh tn hiu phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM), gi l h thng CDMA a sng mang (MC-CDMA) c xut gy nn s ch rt ln v c th c thu - pht d dng tn hiu nh s dng thut ton bin i Fourie nhanh m khng lm tng ng k mc phc tp ca cc thit b. Hn na y cn l mt gii php y tim nng phn chia knh vi vic s dng cc tn s tt mt cch hiu qu. Mc d vy, phi cn nh gi nng lng tp m cng nh gi tr xuyn nhiu sng mang. Mt khc, trong ng dng knh ng ln, cn tch sng a ngi dng v s trc giao ca m gia cc ngi dng hon ton b mo do s chn lc theo tn s ca knh truyn. Vo nhng nm 2000, mt gii php a truy nhp mi c pht minh, gy nn s ch v li cun rt nhiu nh nghin cu khoa hc trn th gii. l gii php a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDMA (Orthorgonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). Tip cn vi gii php ny, bi vit cp n cc khi nim c bn nht v OFDMA v nh gi, so snh OFDMA vi gii php CDMA vi cc tiu ch ca thng tin di ng. CC NI DUNG C BN CA OFDMA Khi nim v OFDMA OFDM (Orthorgonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) c gii thiu v ng dng nh mt s iu ch hay mt phn ca k thut a truy nhp bng cch p dng vic tri m trn min tn s khi to nn h thng MC-CDMA. Trong OFDMA, vn a truy nhp c thc hin bng cch cung cp cho mi ngi dng mt phn trong s cc sng mang c sn. Bng cch ny, OFDMA tng t nh phng thc

a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s thng thng (FDMA); tuy nhin n khng cn thit c di phng v ln cn rng nh trong FDMA tch bit nhng ngi dng khc nhau. Hnh 1 m t mt v d v bng tn s thi gian ca OFDMA, trong c 7 ngi dng t a n g v mi ngi s dng mt phn xc nh ca cc sng mang ph c sn, khc vi nhng ngi cn li. f a a d d a a d d a a d d

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Hnh 1. V d ca biu s thi gian v OFDMA Th d c th ny thc t l s hn hp ca OFDMA v TDMA bi v mi ngi s dng ch pht mt trong 4 khe thi gian, cha 1 hoc vi symbol OFDM. 7 ngi s dng t a n g u c t c nh (fix set) cho cc sng mang theo bn khe thi gian. OFDMA nhy tn Trong v d trc ca OFDMA, mi ngi s dng u c mt s sp t c nh cho sng mang. C th d dng cho php nhy cc sng mang ph theo khe thi gian nh c m t trong hnh 2. f a b c c b a b b c a c a

t Hnh 2. V d ca biu tn s thi gian vi 3 ngi dng nhy tn a, b, c u c 1 bc nhy vi 4 khe thi gian Vic cho php nhy vi cc mu nhy khc nhau cho mi ngi s dng lm bin i thc s h thng OFDM trong h thng CDMA nhy tn. iu ny c li l tnh phn tp theo tn s tng ln bi v mi ngi s dng dng ton b bng thng c sn cng nh l c li v xuyn nhiu trung bnh, iu rt ph bin i vi cc bin th ca CDMA. Bng cch s dng m sa li hng i trn cc bc nhy, h thng c th sa cho cc sng mang ph khi b phainh su hay cc sng mang b xuyn nhiu bi cc ngi dng khc. Do c tnh xuyn nhiu v phainh thay i vi mi bc nhy, h thng ph thuc vo nng lng tn hiu nhn c trung bnh hn l ph thuc vo phainh v nng lng nhiu trong trng hp xu nht. u im c bn ca h thng OFDMA nhy tn hn hn cc h thng DS-CDMA v MCCDMA l tng i d dng loi b c xuyn nhiu trong mt t bo bng cch s dng cc mu nhy trc giao trong mt t bo. Mt v d ca vic nhy tn nh vy c m t trong hnh 3 cho N sng mang ph, n lun lun c th to ra N mu nhy trc giao. a f e d c b e f d c e d f e

b a f c b a

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Hnh 3. V d ca 6 mu nhy tn trc giao vi 6 tn s nhy khc nhau SO SNH OFDMA V MC-CDMA S khc nhau c bn gia k thut OFDMA v MC-CDMA l: Cc ngi dng OFDMA trong cng mt t bo s dng vic t khc nhau cho cc sng mang trong khi MC-CDMA, tt c cc ngi dng s dng ng thi ton b cc sng mang. Cc m trc giao hoc cc m tri tn trc giao c s dng trong MC-CDMA phn bit cc ngi dng khc nhau. Tuy nhin do s sai lch m bi cc knh phainh a ng, MC-CDMA mt i s trc giao ca n trong knh ng ln ngay c trong mt t bo n. iu lm phc tp hn k thut san bng cn thit, dn n tn hi SNR v lm gim u im v tnh phc tp ca OFDM qua k thut sng mang n. OFDMA khng c nhc im ny bi v trong mt t bo n tt c cc ngi dng c cc sng mang khc nhau, bng cch y loi tr kh nng xuyn nhiu gia cc symbol v gia

cc sng mang. Do OFDMA khng chu nh hng ca cc xuyn nhiu trong mt t bo min l cc nh hng ca vic dch tn s v thi gian gia cc ngi dng c gi mc thp. y l u im c bn ca OFDMA so vi MC-CDMA v DS- CDMA v trong cc s xuyn nhiu trong mt t bo l ngun nhiu chnh. T s c trng ca xuyn nhiu trong mt t bo v xuyn nhiu gia cc t bo l 0,55 [5]. Bi v dung lng ca h thng t l nghch vi tng nng lng xuyn nhiu, s tng dung lng ln 2,8 ln c th t c bng cch loi tr tt c cc xuyn nhiu trong mt t bo do tng dung lng ti a ca OFDMA hn hn mng DS-CDMA v MC-CDMA. u im c bn ca vic dng CDMA ni chung hay MC-CDMA ni ring l lm trung bnh tc ng xuyn nhiu. Trong CDMA, nhiu bao gm nhiu tn hiu xuyn nhiu hn so vi nhiu trong h thng khng CDMA. Mi s xuyn nhiu tn hiu chu mt phainh c lp gy bi cc tc ng a ng v che khut (Shadowing). Vi c h thng CDMA v h thng khng CDMA, s gin on lin lc xy ra khi cng sut nhiu tng cng (sau khi gii tri i vi h thng CDMA) vt qu mt gi tr cc i no . Trong h thng khng CDMA, xuyn nhiu lun lun bao gm cc xuyn nhiu ca mt knh n hay ca vi knh cng li. Do phainh, nng lng xuyn nhiu bin ng tht thng trong mt di rng v th cn lu ti d d tr phainh, iu ny s lm gim dung lng ca h thng. Trong h thng CDMA, nhiu l tng ca rt nhiu cc tn hiu xuyn nhiu. Bi v tt c cc tn hiu ny b phainh c lp nn s thng ging ca cng sut xuyn nhiu tng cng s nh hn nhiu so vi s thng ging cng sut ca tn hiu xuyn nhiu n. V th trong mt h thng CDMA, d tr phainh c th nh hn ng k so vi d tr phainh ca h thng khng CDMA. S ci thin ny v d tr phainh s quyt nh ch yu ti mc tng dung lng ca h thng CDMA. Trong OFDMA, vic trung bnh xuyn nhiu c c bng cch c cc mu nhy khc nhau trong mi t bo. Cc chui nhy c thit k sao cho 2 ngi dng trong cc t bo khc nhau gy nhiu ln nhau ch trong mt phn nh ca tt c cc bc nhy. Trong h thng ti nng (heavily loaded), tc h thng c nhiu ngi s dng cng mt lc, th nhiu bc nhy s gy nhiu nhng s xuyn nhiu s khc nhau mi bc nhy. V th, bng vic sa li hng i qua mt vi bc nhy, cht lng ca OFDMA s b gii hn bi lng trung bnh ca xuyn nhiu hn l b gii hn bi nhiu trong trng hp xu nht. Mt u im na ca OFDMA so vi DS-CDMA v MC-CDMA l c mt s cch tng i n gin lm gim tng xuyn nhiu gia cc t bo. V d nh cc my thu c th nh gi cht lng tn hiu ca mi bc nhy v s dng thng tin ny cung cp cho cc bc nhy b xuyn nhiu nng trong qu trnh gii m. Mt c im quan trng khc ca CDMA l c th thc hin chuyn vng mm bng cch pht ng thi 2 tn hiu t cc trm gc khc nhau trong cng mt knh ti mt my di ng. Vic kt hp cc tn hiu t cc trm gc khc nhau mang li li phn tp, n lm gim d tr phainh mt cch ng k, bi v xc sut c 2 trm gc yu i nh hn nhiu xc sut 1 trm b yu i. Phainh t i c ngha l nng lng cn c pht t i v v th xuyn nhiu c pht ra t hn, iu ny lm tng dung lng ca c h thng. Mt c

im tt ca chuyn vng mm CDMA l n khng nh hng ti phc tp ca my di ng. Cng nh i vi my di ng cp, cc tn hiu chng cho ca cc trm gc khc nhau c cng nh hng nh cc tn hiu gy ra bi s truyn a ng. Trong h thng OFDMA c 2 phng php chuyn vng mm c bn c p dng cho c ng ln v ng xung (t trm gc n my di ng v di ng n trm gc). Yu cu cho c 2 phng php l vic pht t cc trm gc i v vic pht ti cc trm gc c ng b s khc bit v tr ti hai trm nm trong phm vi thi gian phng v ca cc symbol OFDM. K thut th nht l s dng cng mt tp sng mang v cng mt chui nhy nh nhau trong 2 t bo kt ni ti 2 trm gc. V th, trong ng xung, my di ng nhn tng 2 tn hiu vi cng ni dung s liu ging ht nh nhau. My di ng khng th phn bit c gia 2 trm gc; hiu qu chuyn vng mm tng t thm vo thnh phn a ng bn ngoi lm tng li phn tp. Dng chuyn vng ny tng t nh chuyn vng mm trong mng DS-CDMA. K thut th 2 cho chuyn vng mm l s dng cc b sng mang ph khc nhau trong 2 t bo. Khc vi phng php th nht, ng xung, my di ng lc ny phi phn bit gia 2 trm gc. N phi gii iu ch cc tn hiu t 2 trm gc mt cch ring bit, sau cc tn hiu ny c th c kt hp li, tt nht l bng cch s dng b t hp theo t l cc i. Dng chuyn vng ny tng t vi loi c th c dng trong mng khng CDMA. Cc u im ca phng php th 2 tri hn phng php th nht trong ng xung l tng ch SNR tng ln do s phn tp ca my thu v t do hn cho cc trm gc trong vic phn b cc sng mang c sn. phng php th nht, cc trm gc bt buc phi s dng cng cc sng mang. u im chnh ca phng php th nht l vic thc hin n gin hn; khng cn c thm phn cng b tr, ch cn thm mt vi giao thc kt ni ng thi vi 2 trm gc. Phng php th 2 i hi c thm phn cng bi v n buc phi gii iu ch thm mt b sng mang khc. Hn na n phi thc hin x l thm t hp theo t l cc i cc tn hiu nhn c t cc trm gc khc nhau. KT LUN Trc nhu cu ngy cng ln v thng tin lin lc ni chung v thng tin di ng ni ring, vic nghin cu p dng cc cng ngh tin tin cng nh tm kim cc gii php mi nhm nng cao v cht lng- dung lng cng nh cc loi hnh dch v thng tin lin lc c ngha ht sc quan trng v thit thc. Sau cc phng thc a truy nhp thng tin di ng truyn thng nh FDMA, TDMA, v CDMA, OFDMA l mt phng thc a truy nhp mi nht v l mt ch l th ang c ht sc quan tm nghin cu bi nhiu nh khoa hc v cc t chc Vin thng Quc t. Ti liu tham kho

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