PROKARYOTIC CELL

B A C T E R I A A R C H E A

Characteristics: -Much simpler in structure than Eukaryotic cells -Bounded by Plasma Membrane -Semifluid substance called Cytosol within membrane -Contains chromosomes, carrying genes in the form of DNA -Proteins synthesized using Ribosomes -Lacks a true nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles -DNA concentrated in the nucleoid -Interior of cell called cytoplasm -Typically rod-shaped -Smaller in size comparison -contain a cell wall: rigid structure outside plasma membrane -some have pili: attachment structures of surface -many have a capsule: jelly-like outer coating -some bacteria have flagella: locomotion organelles Characteristics: -Much more complex in structure than Prokaryotic cells -Bounded by Plasma Membrane -Semifluid substance called Cytosol within membrane -Contains chromosomes, carrying genes in the form of DNA -Proteins synthesized using Ribosomes -True nucleus bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope contains DNA -Entire region between nucleus and membrane is the cytoplasm -Has membrane bound organelles of specialized form and function -Generally bigger in size comparison

THE CELL
Rebecca Anne Schmidt AP BIOLOGY
The Basic Unit of Structure and Function
EUKARYOTIC CELLS PLANT V. ANIMAL CELLS 1. Plants have a cell wall made up of polysaccharides and protein that contains cells shape and protects the cell from mechanical damage. 2. Plants have plastids, including photosynthetic organelles called Chloroplasts that convert energy from sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules. 3. Plants have a large central vacuole for storage, breaking down waste products, hydrolysis, and growth. NUCLEUS -Contains most of the genes in Eukaryotic cells -Nuclear envelope encloses it, separating its contents from the cytoplasm -Composed of lipid bilayers with associated proteins -Side of envelope is lined by the nuclear lamina, a netlike array of protein filaments that support and maintain the shape of the nucleus -Chromosomes, made up of the protein chromatin, carry the cells genetic information, and make up DNA -The nucleolus adjoins part of the chromatin with dense granules and fibers GENETIC LIBRARY RIBOSOMES -Are particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein -Organelles that carry out protein synthesis -Not enclosed in a membrane -Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol -Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope PROTEIN FACTORIES

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM -extensive network of membranes that accounts for more than half the total membrane -consists of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae -ER membrane separates the ER lumen (cavity) from the cytosol SMOOTH ER -lacks ribosomes -important to synthesis of lipids -inside, other enzymes help detoxify drugs and poisons -stores calcium ions ROUGH ER -Has Ribosomes that secretes proteins -polypeptide chains enter ER lumen through membrane pore -Glycoproteins, secondary proteins, have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them -The carbs are attached by specialized molecules in ER membrane -ER membrane keeps secretory proteins separate form proteins -Transport vesicles make up the transitional ER -Acts as Membrane factory for the cell BIOSYNTHETIC FACTORY GOLGI APPARATUS -Center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping -Products from ER modified and stored, then sent to other destinations -Consists of flattened membranous sacscisternae not physically connected -Golgi stack has distinct structural and functional polarity -Ends serve as receiving and shipping departments cis face located near the ER receives vesicles trans face gives rise vesicles by dispatching them -Manufactures certain macromolecules by itself -Sorts products through molecular identification before transporting it into the cell and targeting it appropriately

SHIPPING AND RECEIVING CENTER LYSOSOMES -Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes -Digests Macromolecules and materials taken into the cell -Recycle intracellular materials -Acidic environment inside -Made by the rough ER -Further processed by the Golgi Apparatus -Carries out intracellular digestion -Phagocytosis is a lysosome digesting food whole -Autophagy is a lysosome breaking down damaged organelle or cytosol by fusing with it DIGESTIVE COMPARTMENTS VACUOLES -Carry out hydrolysis -Food vacuoles work in digestion -Contractile vacuoles pump excess water out of the cell maintains salt concentration -Central Vacuole in plant cell is usually the largest compartment Central Vacuole: -Enclosed by tonoplast membrane -Part of endomembrane system -Cell sap differs in concentration from the cytosol because of selective transportation -Versatile compartment -Used as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that could danger the cell -Some contain pigment that color the cells -Protect against predators by containing poisons -Major role in plant growth DIVERSE MAINTENANCE COMPARTENTS MITOCHONDRIA CHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

-Sites of cellular respiration: metabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from fuels using oxygen -Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells -The number in a cell is correlated with its metabolic activity -Membranes made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins -Has a smooth outer membrane and convoluted inner membrane foldings called cristae -Two internal compartments 1. intermembrane space 2. mitochondrial matrix contains enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes -The large surface area for proteins enhances productivity of cellular respiration CAPTURE OF LIGHT ENERGY CHLOROPLASTS -Found only in plant cells and algae -Site of photosynthesis: transforms solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight to synthesis organic compounds -Member of eh plastid family -Contains the green pigment chlorophyll, enzymes, and other molecules -Lens-shaped -Flattened, interconnected sacs called thylakoids form another membranous system inside the chloroplast -Stacks of thylakoids are called granum -Stroma, the fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes -Static and rigid appearance is changeable through reproduction of self -They are mobile -Organelle that converts energy to forms the cell can use for work -Not part of endomembrane system, because at least 2 membranes separate it from the cytosol -Proteins made by the free ribosomes -Contains small amounts of DNA to synthesis its own proteins -Semiautonomous organelles that grow and reproduce within cell -Organelle that converts energy to forms the cell can use for work -Not part of endomembrane system, because at least 2 membranes separate it from the cytosol -Proteins made by the free ribosomes -Contains small amounts of DNA to synthesis its own proteins

-Semiautonomous organelles that grow and reproduce within cell PEROXISOME -Specialized metabolic compartment -Oxidative organelle that is not part of the endomembrane system -Bounded by single membrane -Imports proteins from cytosol -Enzymes transfer hydrogen fro various substrates to oxygen produces Hydrogen Peroxide -Roughly spherical -Granular or crystalline core from dense collection of enzymes -Can break down fatty acids for easier transportation for cellular respiration -Detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds -H2O2 in organelle is toxic, but contains an enzyme that converts it to water -Glyoxysomes convert fatty acids to sugar -Do not bud from the endomembrane system -Grow larger by proteins in cytosol, lipids in ER, and lipids it synthesizes -Reproduces by splitting in two when a certain size is reached OXIDATION CYTOSKELETON ROLES: SUPPORT, MOTILITY, AND REGULATION -Network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell -Mechanical support to cell and maintain shape -Strength and resilience based on architecture -Stabilized by a balance between opposing forces exerted by elements -Anchorage for many organelles -Easily dismantled and reassembled -Cell motility in cell location and parts of cell -Motor proteins enable movement -Regulation of biochemical activities in cell -Transmits mechanical forces exerted by extracellular molecules to its interior, helping regulate cell function

M I C R O T U B U L E S -Thickest -Tubulin protein subunit Structure: hollow tubes; wall consists of 13 columns of tubulin molecules

Function: maintenance of cell shape; cell motility; Chromosome movements in cell division; organelle movements -grow from centrosome -centrioles make up centrosomes through ring structure ex) Locomotor appendages protruding from some cells Cilia: occur in large numbers; small in length Back and forth motion, alternating power -force perpendicular to axis Flagella: limited in number; much longer in length; undulating motion in same direction as axis -anchored in the cell by a basal body -large protein dynein responsible for bending movements -Propell unicellular organisms through water -Move fluid over the surface of the tissue

M I C R O F I L A M E N T S Structure: two intertwined strands of actin, Each polymer of actin subunits Function: maintenance of cell shape; changes in cell shape; Muscle contraction; cytoplasmic streaming; cell motility; cell division -Actin filaments -Thinnest component of cytoskeleton -Made of globular protein -Can form structural networks -Present in all Eukaryotic cells -Bears tension or pulling forces -Gives cortex semisolid consistency of a gel -Protein myosin acts as motor when projections walk on filaments -Pseudopodia are cellular extentions that a cell extends and flows into extend and contract -Cytoplasmic streaming is a circular flow of cytoplasm within the cell speeds distribution of materials

I N T E R M E D I A T E F I L A M E N T S Structure: fibrous proteins supercoiled into Thicker cables Function: maintenance of cell shape; anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles; formation of nuclear lamina -Subunit of a type of keratin protein dependent on cell type -Named for diameter size -Specialized for bearing tension -More permanent fixtures -Framework of entire skeleton EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

-Found in animal cells -Made of glycoproteins secreted in cell -Collagen is the most abundant forms strong fibers -Network woven by proteoglycans -Fibronection binds to cell surface surface receptor proteins in membrane-integrins -Communication occurs through integrins regulate behavior -ECM influences activity of genes in nucleus

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