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S 3 rd YEAR APPLIED CHEMISTRY EVENING SUBJECT:-MORDANT DYES. MORDANT WORD ORIGIN The word MORDANT has its origin in the French language, meaning "to bite." Mordants are basically mineral salts which binds dyes into fiber. Over the years many amazing substances were applied as mordants. That includes arsenic and many other deadly chemicals. Mordant Dyes These are special acid dyes in which certain metal atom can be introduced during dyeing. These are water soluble dyes and affinity for silk, wool and polyamides. Mordant dyes require a mordant in their application and these dyes upon combination with the mordant deposit on the fiber in the form of insoluble color. Most commonly dyes have hydroxyl or carboxyl groups and are negatively charged (anionic) in nature. Properties of mordant dyes 1) These dyes are economical dyes and are generally used to produce dark shades such as dark greens, dark blues and blacks. 2) The interaction between fiber and dye is established through very strong ionic bonds, which are formed between the anionic groups of the colorant and ammonium cations on the fiber. Chromium or the metal ion acts as bridge between the dye and fiber , which gives rise to a very strong linkage , resultinginto excellent fastness properties. 3) Mostly mordant dyes have hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. To certain extent they can possess amino groups. 4) They are negatively charged, i.e. Anionic. 5) Mordant dyes stain by ionic interaction like other ionisable dyes.
6) They ensure light-and-wash-fastness 7) Prevents color bleeding. 8) Has the ability to brighten or changes some dye colors. Mechanism of dyeing Since these are a special class of acid dyes , which are soluble in water andapplied to the fiber from an acidic bath. When a solution of an acid mordant dye is mixed with a solution of potassium dichromate in the presence of sulfuric acid , chromium ion from dichromate forms a complex with the dyes , this complex is insoluble in water ,and hence precipitates on the fiber. There are three different methods of application of chrome dyes on the fiber, Chrome Mordant method After chrome method Meta chrome method Application of mordant dyes Chrome-mordant process In chrome mordant process, the fiber is first treated with potassium dichromate in the neutral bath or in the presence of either sulfuric or formic or oxalic acid. When sufficient amount of chromium is taken up by fiber , it is taken out , squeezed and entered in the dye bath containing acid mordant dye. The dye form an insoluble complex with chrome present on the fiber . After chrome method In this method the substrate is first treated with the dye , the dye is exhausted by the addition of an acid , and after complete exhaustion the material is taken out squeezed and then run in a solution containing potassium dichromate and an acid. Metal dye complex is formed on the fiber , which is insoluble.
Meta Chrome process This is a single bath process , in which the material is treated with in a bath containing acid mordant dye , potassium dichromate and ammonium sulphate. The dye along with potassium dichromate and ammonium sulphate got absorbed by the fiber and evenly distributed but no complex is formed because the pH is not suitable for the chemical reaction to take place. In the second step of the meta chrome process, when the dye bath is heated , ammonium sulphate is converts into ammonia and sulphuric acid , which makes the bath strongly acidic and potassium dichromate in the presence of strong acid now react with the dye molecule forming an insoluble complex on the fiber. Most commonly used mordant dye The most commonly used mordant dye is undoubtedly hematein (natural black 1), whose status as a natural product supercedes its mode of dyeing, apparently. Others are eriochrome cyanine R (mordant blue 3) and celestine blue B (mordant blue 14), both used as substitutes for alum hematoxylin but with a ferric salt as the mordant. Alizarin red S (mordant red 3) is valuable for the demonstration of calcium, particularly in embryo skeletons. REFRENCE:*http://dyeingworld1.blogspot.com/2010/01/mordant-dyes.html *http://dyes-pigments.standardcon.com/mordant-dyes.html *http://www.jagson.com/mordant_dyes.htm