EXPERIMENT III

RESISTIVE CIRCUITS OBJECTIVES: Basic usage of digital oscilloscopes and function generators (FG) are introduced. You will also learn: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Probe connections. Voltage measurements with digital oscilloscopes for different circuits. Effect of the output resistance of the function generator in a circuit. X-Y mode operation in digital oscilloscopes. Wheatstone bridge circuit.

EQUIPMENT LIST: Digital Oscilloscope Function\Arbitrary Waveform Generator Resistors (100, 6 x 1k, 3.3k, 2 x 1.2 k, 6.8 k, 10k pot). PRELIMINARY WORK: 1. A) Analyze the following circuit using the superposition principle, and derive Vo(t) and V1(t) voltage waveforms.
1 k +V1(t)Vin(t)= 6 sin(100t) 2 k + 12 V 1 k

+ Vo(t) -

1 k

1 k

Figure 3.1 B) (PSPICE) Find Vo(t) and V1(t) voltage waveforms in the above circuit using PSPICE simulations. You can declare the negative terminal of the DC voltage source to be the GND node. Add your PSPICE schematics and the simulation results printouts for two periods to the prelab report. How do the results compare to your hand calculations in (A)? Comment. [Note: You can probe the two node voltages on the terminals of the relevant resistors and use the waveform subtraction function in the simulator in order to get Vo(t) and V1(t)]. In addition, submit a soft copy of your full archived PSPICE project (one .zip file) for this exercise through METU Online Assignments feature. STUDENTS WHO ARE NOT TAKING THE LAB HAVE TO DO THIS PART AS WELL.
1

2. Given the voltage source in the following circuit (Figure 3.2) is a practical (non-ideal) source, do you expect Vo(t) and Vin(t) to have the same value ? Explain your reasoning.

Vin(t)

100

+ Vo(t) -

Figure 3.2 3. Use the principle of voltage division to calculate Vo(t) and V1(t) in the following circuit.
1 k + V1(t) + Vo(t) -

Vin(t)

3.3 k

Figure 3.3 4. A) The circuit given in Figure 3.4 below is called the Wheatstone bridge circuit. The detector in this circuit may be an ammeter or voltmeter. Determine the conditions on R1, R2, R3, and R4 such that Vbc=0V and iD=0 A, in other words detector will display zero.

Figure 3.4

B) (PSPICE) Construct the circuit in Figure 3.4 and instead of the detector insert "voltage differential markers". Change the values of the resistors as follows: R1=4 k, R3=2 k, R4=6 k and define R2 as a global variable (Rx). In the simulation profile choose DC sweep mode and then initialize the parameters as following: Parameter name: Rx (the global variable you defined in the previous step), Start Value =0.0001, End Value= 48K, increment=0.1K. In the results window (PSpice A/D) change the x-axis from Plot (menu) X Axis (tab) Axis variable (button) to (Rx*2K)/(4K*6K). After scaling the x axis can you explain the condition under which the detector will read zero voltage difference? Add your PSPICE schematics and the simulation results printouts to the prelab report annotating critical observations on the simulation results. In addition, submit a soft copy of your full archived PSPICE project (one .zip file) for this exercise through METU Online Assignments feature. STUDENTS WHO ARE NOT TAKING THE LAB HAVE TO DO THIS PART AS WELL. Remember to report your results through tables and plots in your final lab report demonstrating errors between your calculations from prework and actual measurements. You do not have to submit these tables in preliminary work at the beginning of this lab, but it would help to have them ready when you come in to the lab for your final report. EXPERIMENTAL WORK: IMPORTANT REMARK: Set the function generator to the High Z mode during the experiment, unless otherwise stated. 1. Set up the circuit in Figure 3.1. (Since you are not provided with a 2 k resistor, get an equivalent resistance by appropriately connecting combination of resistors at hand.) a. Make the probe connections of the oscilloscope as shown in Figure 3.5 and observe Vo(t). Plot the waveform and compare it with your result in the preliminary work.
1 k 2 k Vin(t)= 6 sin(100t) + 12 V 1 k Ch. 2 + Vo(t) -

1 k

Gnd (Ch.2) 1 k

Figure 3.5 b. Now, connect channel 1 to the circuit as shown in Figure 3.6.

Gnd (Ch.1) + V1(t) Ch. 1 1 k Vin(t)= 6 sin(100t) 2 k + 12 V + Vo(t) 1 k Ch. 2

1 k

Gnd (Ch.2) 1 k

Figure 3.6 Observe the changes in the signal in Channel 2. Also compare the signal you observed in Channel 1 with the one you found in the preliminary work. The reason of the differences in the practical and theoretical results is the fact that ground leads of both probes are connected to each other through the inside of the oscilloscope. Therefore, when you connect the ground leads of two probes to different nodes in a circuit, these two nodes will be shorted and you will observe a zero voltage signal between these two nodes. 2. Adjust the square wave output of the function generator to 3 Vpp and 2 kHz frequency. Observe this signal in the oscilloscope. Then, construct the circuit in Figure 3.2 (Page 2). Observe the changes in Vin(t) and plot the signal. Interpreting the changes in the output signal, calculate the output resistance of the function generator. 3. Construct the circuit in Figure 3.3 (Page 2) where Vin(t) is a sinusoidal signal with frequency 2 kHz and 5 V peak to peak amplitude. Propose a method in order to observe Vo(t) and V1(t) simultaneously by using the Math function facilities of digital oscilloscope. Plot the waveforms you observe and compare your result with the 3rd step of the preliminary work. Make the necessary probe connections and oscilloscope settings in order to observe Vin(t) and Vo(t) simultaneously on the oscilloscope screen. Press the Main/Delayed button on the front panel of the oscilloscope. From the appearing menu, press the soft key corresponding to XY. This mode is known as the XY mode and used for plotting the signal in Channel 2 (Y) as a function of the signal in Channel 1 (X). Draw the observed figure. 4. Replace the 3.3 k load in the previous experiment with the load configurations below. Using the oscilloscope, obtain and plot the i-v characteristics of the load in the circuit in each case. a. a 3.3 K resistor connected in parallel with a 1.2 K resistor b. a 3.3 K resistor connected in series with a 1.2 K resistor
4

5. Setup the Wheatstone bridge circuit given in Figure 3.7. Connect the multimeter as the detector in either voltmeter or ammeter mode. Play with the 10k potentiometer until multimeter displays zero. At this instant disconnect the potentiometer from the circuit. Verify the result that you have obtained in the 4th step of the preliminary work by measuring the resistance of the potentiometer using the digital multimeter.

Figure 3.7