Ahito (Tagetes erecta) and Panyawan (Tinospora rumphii) As Organic Pesticide for Mustard Plant

INTRODUCTION Pesticides are substances or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest. A pesticide maybe a chemical substance, biological agent (such as a virus or bacterium), antimicrobial, disinfectant or a device used against any pest. Usually, a pesticide is a product designed to destroy organisms deemed to be undesirable or noxious. End- use products contain one or several active ingredients and formulants. Control Product which means any product, device, organism, substance or thing that is manufactured, presented, sold or used as a means for directly or indirectly controlling, preventing, destroying, mitigating, attracting, or repelling any pest. Pest is any injurious, noxious or troublesome insect, fungus, bacterial organism, virus, weed, rodent or other plant or animal pest, and includes any injurious, noxious or troublesome organic function of a plant or animal. According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic chemicals are pesticides. Tagetes erecta, the Mexican marigold, also called Aztec marigold, is a species of the genus Tagetes native to Mexico and Central America. Despite its being native to the Americas, it is often called African marigold. In Mexico, this plant is found in the wild in the states of San Luis Potos, Chiapas, State of Mxico, Puebla, Sinaloa, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz. This plant reaches the height of between 50100cm (2039 in). The Aztecs gathered the wild plant as well as cultivating it for medicinal, ceremonial and decorative purposes. It is widely cultivated commercially with many cultivars in use as ornamental plants.

Its flower, the cempaschil is also called the flor de muertos ("flower of the dead") in Mexico and is used in the Da de los Muertos celebration every November 2nd. The word cempaschil (also spelled cempazchil) comes from the Nahuatl term for the flower zempoalxochitl, literally translated as "twenty flower". In Thai language it is called [DaoRuang], literally translated as "star glittering". Water infused with the fragrant essential oil of the flower was used to wash corpses in Honduras, and the flower is still commonly planted in cemeteries. Since prehispanic times, this plant has been used for medicinal purposes. It has been used to treat stomach ache, parasites, diarrhea, liver illnesses, vomiting, indigestion, and toothache, among other illnesses. The Cherokee used it as a skin wash and for yellow dye. Scientific study shows that thiophenes, natural phytochemicals that include sulfur-containing rings, may be the active ingredients. They have been shown to kill gram negative and gram positive bacteria in vitro. This marigold may help protect certain crop plants from nematode pests when planted in fields. It is most effective against the nematode species Pratylenchus penetrans. The flower petals have been used in lettuce salads and other foods to add colour and flavour. The dried flower petals, ground to a powder, may be used in poultry feed to ensure a good colouration of egg yolks and broiler skin, especially in the absence of well-pigmented yellow maize in the feed. This is still a use today, but now usually in the form of an extract which may have advantages of lower transport and storage cost, better stability and better utilization. It is also used to enhance coloring in crustaceans, such as the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The oil of the flower may be added to perfumes to infuse an apple scent into them.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study attempts to determine the effectiveness of Ahito (Tagetes erecta) and Panyawan (Tinospora rumphii) as organic pesticide. Specifically, it will look into the following: 1. What is the level of dosage found in controlling the pest for mustard plant? 2. How can we determine the effectiveness of Ahito and Panyawan as organic pesticide for mustard plant? 3. How long will the effects of Ahito and Panyawan as organic pesticide for mustard plant?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study will provide the information to the community that Ahito and Panyawan will not only used for beautification and herbal medicine but these also have chemical components in providing organic pesticide. Since it can be done at home, its easy and affordable.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The study focuses on Ahito and Panyawan here in Cantilan. It is limited only to the oil extracted from the flowers and stem of the Panyawan. It is also limited to the determination of the effectiveness of Ahito and Panyawan as organic pesticide.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Tagetes is a genus of 52 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the daisy family.

They are native to the area stretching from the southwestern United States into Mexico and south throughout South America. Tagetes is an ingredient of many foot treatment preparations and is also used extensively in French perfumes. Tagetes It is an annual herb up to 60 cm high with soft, oval, pale leaves and bright orange daisy-like flowers. In the past the tall, larger-flowered Tagetes erecta was often called African marigold and the shorter, smaller Tagetespatula was known as French marigold. Tagetes oil is extracted from the leaves, stalks and flowers, picked when the seeds are just starting to form. The essential oil is obtained by steam distillation from the fresh flowering herb and also an absolute by solvent extraction from the flowering herb. Extracts of marigolds, Tagetesminuta L., Tageteserecta L., and Tagetespatula L., can be used as insecticides, fungicides, and nematocides. Marigold root extracts to be used in a pesticidalformulation, the least toxic concentration of inert formulation for the extracts to be miscible in water is 0.01 ppm.

If extracts of Tagetesminuta were to be used for control of aquatic pests or intermediate hosts of disease-causing organisms, or if the plant was used as a pesticidal intercrop, the possibility exists that some marigold compounds may seep into the groundwater and migrate into nearby rivers and streams. Lutein from Tageteserecta L. is a purified

extract obtained from marigold oleoresin, which is extracted from the petals of marigold flowers with organic solvents. Tagetes oil is valuable in keeping insects at bay, and can help with parasitic and fungal infestation. It could help with chest infections,

coughs and catarrh, dilating the bronchi, facilitating the flow of mucus and dislodging congestion. Tagetes oil is useful in cases of skin infections, and has a healing effect on wound, cuts, calluses and bunions. Tagetes oil can be useful for treating the respiratory system, infections of the skin and as an insect repellent. It is used for flavoring tobacco and in most major food categories, including alcoholic and soft drinks. Tagetes minuta is an introduced weed which grows mainly in the first few years on reverted cultivated land. Extraction rates are normally 0.1-0.4%. If the material is situated reasonably close to a still and can be collected economically, the variable costs are low and production can be profitable. The world market offtake is around 15 tons p.a. and prices are $50/kg and on an upward

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection and preparation The organic pesticide will be obtained from the flowers of Ahito and Panyawan. The flowers will be chopped and get the Ahito oil, same as with the Panyawan .

Afterwards it will be mixed with the small amount of water. Then, the mixture will be stirred at one stroke to make it sticky.