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ANN and fuzzy logic controller design for hybrid wind/PV system connected to MV distribution grid
Sotirios B. Skretas and Demetrios P. Papadopoulos
Electrical Machines Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritos University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece, and

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Received 11 January 2008 Accepted 15 March 2008

S.N. Singh
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic design procedure along with modeling and simulation of a medium-scale centralized dc-bus grid connected hybrid (wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV)) power system (GCHWPPS) for supplying electric power to a three-phase medium voltage distribution grid. Design/methodology/approach The design, modeling, simulation and control of the GCHWPPS are achieved by using Simulink/MATLAB environment. Findings The case study shows that the proposed system conguration along with the suggested control schemes achieve rapidly, accurately, stably and simultaneously four objectives, i.e. maximum power point tracking of WT and photovoltaic generator, dc voltage regulation/stabilization at the input of the inverter, and high electric power quality injected into the grid from the inverter, fullling all necessary practical interconnection requirements while providing additional load power factor correction. Originality/value An effective intelligent dynamic control method is used to a proposed GCHWPPS conguration to simultaneously achieve the four mentioned practical objectives while meeting the grid requirements. Keywords Intelligent agents, Control technology, Systems and control theory Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction Due to the statistical and intermittent nature of solar and wind energy sources, a combined photovoltaic generator (PVG) and wind turbine (WT) power generator system can provide more reliable electrical power production compared to the individual power production at a given site. In these systems the PVG and WT operate in a supplementary manner on daily basis (where the PVGs operate only during sunny hours producing maximum power at midday, while the WTs operate more efciently during night hours), and on seasonal basis (where the PVGs operate more efciently during summer months, while the WTs at winter ones). Therefore, they may assist throughout the year the conventional generators in meeting the randomly evolving annual electrical loads. The photovoltaic system (PVS) (Skretas and Papadopoulos, 2007) and wind energy conversion system (WECS) (Papadopoulos et al., 2007), which are two prevalent and mature, cost effective, fast growing and promising renewable energy sources (RES) for

International Journal of Energy Sector Management Vol. 2 No. 4, 2008 pp. 499-520 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1750-6220 DOI 10.1108/17506220810919045

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electrical energy production in environment friendly manner, can be effectively utilized for reliable, efcient and cheap electric power generation with associated energy conversion equipment. It is pointed out that these energy production systems can be used either as single stand-alone or grid-connected systems, or in combination with other energy sources to form hybrid power systems (Skretas and Papadopoulos, 2007). Four practical types of grid connected hybrid WT-PV power systems (GCHWPPS) have been used in the past (Omari et al., 2003): (1) the centralized ac-bus GCHWPPS (with or without maximum power point (MPP) trackers); (2) the distributed ac-bus GCHWPPS; (3) the centralized dc-bus GCHWPPS (with or without MPP trackers); and (4) the mixed type GCHWPPS. In this paper, a general medium-scale centralized dc-bus GCHWPPS conguration, which is connected via a three-phase pulse-width modulated voltage source inverter (PWM-VSI) to a medium voltage (MV) distribution grid, is proposed. An effective intelligent dynamic control method (IDCM) is used to the proposed GCHWPPS conguration to simultaneously achieve four practical objectives, i.e. maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of WT and PVG, dc voltage regulation/stabilization at the input of the inverter, and high electric power quality injected into the grid from the inverter, fullling all necessary practical interconnection requirements while providing additional load power factor (PF) correction. The wider application of such systems may contribute positively to the 20 per cent renewable energy target of the European Commission by 2020, but this must be done with appropriate care, since most relevant studies conrm that a renewable energy contribution between 10 per cent and 15 per cent can easily be absorbed by a local MV grid without major structural changes. Higher penetration levels require proper control, storage or other means of controlling the large power uctuations (Enslin, 2004). In any case special studies must be carried out. The paper is organised as follows: Section 2 describes the conguration (subsystems and components) of the proposed centralized dc-bus GCHWPPS, presents the proposed systematic design, modeling and simulation procedure, and determines the necessary rules/requirements for its connection to a MV European (Greek) electric grid as well as the successful application of an IDCM. Section 3 describes the articial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) used for the proposed conguration. In Section 4 (case study), the techniques of Sections 2 and 3 are applied to a chosen representative medium-scale GCHWPPS and the most important simulation results are presented and discussed. Finally, conclusions are provided in Section 5. 2. Modelling of a medium-scale centralized dc-bus GCHWPPS A medium-scale centralized dc-bus GCHWPPS, as shown in Figure 1, is supplying power to the load of the existing distribution network through a point of common coupling (PCC). The proposed GCHWPPS contains three main subsystems with separate control units, i.e.: (1) the photovoltaic subsystem (PVS); (2) the wind energy conversion subsystem (WECS); and (3) the inverter subsystem.

Solar Radiation (G) Measured Ig BBC1 Ug (DC/DC) PVG A/D d1 PWM PWM Divider Ump,PVG d2 PWM DSP1 SW CPD Inverter UDC,Inv (DC/AC) INV + DSP3 UInv,BF UInv Lk Lk FILTER Lk IInv Coupling Substation (CS) LT LV/MV Tr-1 PCC Ump,PVG (DC/DC) d2 Imp,PVG BBC2 PPVS Load IPVS ILa ILb ULa ILc ULb ULc

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[T0] IL

[T0] UL

IL UL

ANN1

Instantaneous power calculation PL QL Fuzzy UG,LL,rms m

a

Controller (FC)

Grids voltage vector phase calculation

DC-bus Wind Velocity (V) Measured

IDC,WT UDC,WT

Imp,WT IWECS BBC3 BBC4 Ump,WT P (DC/DC) (DC/DC) WECS IGa

IGc IGb

WT

MV/HV Tr-2 d3 PWM A/D Divider Ump,WT d4 d4 PWM HV Grid

ANN2

DSP2

Figure 1. Simplied general representation of the proposed GCHWPPS conguration

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It is clear that this type of hybrid power system is modular and thus easily expandable (if necessary) by adding a new PVS and/or WECS to the existing one. This overall system conguration uses a novel intelligent control algorithm to achieve rapidly, accurately, stably and simultaneously the following four main features: (1) MPPT of the WT and PVG; (2) dc voltage regulation/stabilization at the input of the inverter; (3) high electric power quality injected into the grid from the inverter satisfying all necessary interconnection rules/requirements; and (4) load PF correction. The control of the buck-boost dc-dc converters (BBCs) of the PVS and WECS can be achieved by using a properly programmed powerful and low cost digital signal processor (DSP) controller. Likewise, the control of the inverter may be performed by a third programmed DSP controller. The auxiliary supplies for the drivers of the switches and the DSPs are integrated in the power system, which means that no extra power sources are needed. 2.1 Photovoltaic subsystem (PVS) The proposed PVS (Figure 1) consists of: a southerly facing PVG; two BBCs, represented as BBC1 and BBC2; and a control unit (block DSP1). Through this system structure, for a wide range of solar radiation (G) values, one is able to achieve simultaneously: MPPT of the PVG, input voltage regulation/stabilization of the inverter and input current of the BBC2 which remains continuous while the input current of the BBC1 is most likely to be continuous (due to the use of two BBCs instead of using one BBC). In order to compute the point values of the extremely nonlinear U-I characteristic of a PV panel (for various G and PV panel temperature, TPANEL, values) one may use several mathematical models. Two popular models are the JPL (Borowy and Salameh, 1996) and the Lorenzo (Lorenzo, 1994) ones. These two models are used in this work to simulate the PVG (composed of Ns PV panels in series and Np PV panels in parallel) via the Simulink/MATLAB environment. Two BBCs are employed in the PVS (i.e. the voltage regulators BBC1 and BBC2) for providing an output voltage (Uout) either higher or lower than their input voltage (Uin). These converters are simulated using the universal bridge block of the Simulink/MATLAB environment. A properly programmed DSP controller (DSP1) simulated via Simulink/MATLAB environment implements an ANN estimator (ANN1) and a divider, while in addition an A/D converter and two PWM modules are used. The trained ANN1 has only one input (the measured solar radiation, G) and two outputs (the MPP voltage value Ump,PVG of the PVG and the duty ratio d2 of the BBC2). The d2 value is fed directly to the BBC2, while the Ump,PVG value appears in the division of the mathematical expression U mp;PVG =U g U mp;PVG (which is executed in the divider) to ultimately give the proper value of the duty ratio d1 of the BBC1. The output voltage Ug of PVG is measured by the A/D converter in the DSP1. The required data for training the ANN can be obtained by either simulation, experiment or relevant mathematical relations. Therefore, the MPP current and voltage values (Ump,PVG and Imp,PVG, respectively) of the PVG, for different values of G,

can also be computed using the JPL and Akbabas (Akbaba and Alattawi, 1995) models. The value of d1 is also computed from the following mathematical expressions: U out D U in where: D and: d ton T 3 d 12d 1

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by substituting Uin Ug and Uout Ump,PVG. Similarly the d2 value is computed using the same equations by substituting Uin Ump,PVG and Uout UDC,Inv (where ton is the switching-on time, T is the switching period, and UDC,Inv is the inverters dc link voltage). 2.2 Wind energy conversion subsystem (WECS) The proposed WECS (Figure 1) consists of: . a WT with horizontal-axis, xed-pitch, variable-speed and a direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) as well as an embedded uncontrolled diode bridge rectier; . two BBCs (the voltage regulators BBC3 and BBC4); and . a control unit (DSP2) in order to achieve at the same time for a wide range of wind velocity (V) values: MPPT of the WT, input voltage regulation/stabilization of the inverter and input current of the BBC4 which remains continuous while the input current of the BBC3 is most likely to be continuous (due to the use of two BBCs instead of using one BBC). The rotor of the WT is simulated using the WT block of the Simulink/MATLAB while its PMSG is simulated using the associated block of the same software. In the proposed WT an uncontrolled rectier (embedded type) is used where the three-phase output voltages of the PMSG are rectied to give a variable dc voltage. The uncontrolled diode bridge rectier is simulated using the universal bridge block. As in the design of the PVS, two BBCs are employed in the WECS (i.e. the voltage regulators BBC3 and BBC4), which are simulated using the universal bridge block of the Simulink/MATLAB environment. The actual design of the WECS may include a properly programmed DSP controller (DSP2). This controller implements an ANN estimator (ANN2) and a divider, while in addition an A/D Converter and two PWM modules are used. The DSP2 controller is simulated via Simulink/MATLAB environment. The trained ANN2 has only one input (the measured wind velocity V ) and two outputs (the MPP voltage value Ump,WT of the WT and the duty ratio d4 of the BBC4). The d4 value is fed directly to the BBC4, while the Ump,WT value appears in the division of the mathematical expression U mp;WT =U DC U mp;WT (which is executed in the divider) to ultimately give the

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proper value of the duty ratio d3 of the BBC3. The output dc voltage UDC,WT of the WT is measured by the A/D converter in the DSP2. Neglecting the losses of the PMSG and the rectier circuit, the rectied electrical power at the output of the PMSG is equal to its input mechanical power (El-Shatter et al., 2006). When the WT operates with speed lower than rated, it must follow the optimal tip-speed ratio TSR v R=V value in order to extract maximum power from the blowing wind. In other words, the rotor speed (v) is forced to vary in inverse proportion with the wind speed (V ) and thus maintaining the TSR to the value which maximizes the power coefcient Cp. For training the ANN2, the MPP voltage and current values (Ump,WT and Imp,WT, respectively) of the WECS (for different values of V ) is also computed using the following mathematical expressions used in the steady state models of the: . Wind turbine (WT): P WT;Mech 0; 5 r A C p V 3 , where PWT,Mech denotes the mechanical power on the shaft of the rotor of the WT (Watt), r is the air density (kg/m3), A is the rotor sweep area of the WT (m2), V is the wind velocity (m/s), and Cp is the power coefcient (Velasco et al., 2004).     . PMSG: Ef Ug;PMSG Ig;PMSG Rg j ve Lg where Ig;PMSG is the stator  complex phase current (A), Ug;PMSG is the output stator complex phase voltage (Volt), Lg is the internal stator inductance (H), Rg is the stator ohmic resistance (V) and Ef is the internal stator electromotive force (Volt) with its rms value being E f;rms 1; 11=p p F N K w vs CT vs where p is the number of pole pairs, F is the constant magnetic ux per pole pair (Wb), N is the number of turns of the phase windings, K W is the winding factor, and CT 1; 11=p p F N K w constant (Velasco et al., 2004). . Uncontrolled diode bridge rectier: U DC;WT 2; 338 U g;PMSG;rms and I DC;WT 1; 282 I g;PMSG;rms where UDC,WT and IDC,WT denote the output dc voltage and current of the rectier, while Ug,PMSG,rms and Ig,PMSG,rms are the rms phase voltage and current of the PMSG, respectively, (Mohan et al., 1995). Finally, the used Cp f (TSR) curve of the WT is that provided by the manufacturer. The value of d3 is computed from Equations (1)-(3) by substituting Uin UDC,WT and Uout Ump,WT. Similarly the d4 value is computed using the same equations by substituting Uin Ump,WT and Uout UDC,Inv. 2.3 Power decoupling capacitor (CPD) The decoupling of the power of the hybrid system from that of the grid, and the reduction of the voltage ripple at the input of the inverter is normally accomplished by introducing an electrolytic capacitor (CPD). A properly controlled relay along with the switch (SW) is placed between the CPD and the inverter, so that dc bus voltage UDC,Inv of the parallel connected PVS and WECS is applied to the inverter only when the CPD is fully charged (Figure 1). 2.4 Necessary rules/requirements for connecting a HWPPS to the Greek MV distribution grid Despite the various benets of wind and solar energy exploitation, the integration of WTs and PVGs into the electric grid needs special attention. Generally, the impact of a distributed generator (DG) on the operational aspects of the distribution network

depends upon the amount of DG penetration, its location with respect to the grid, the used DG technology as well as the power interfaces and control schemes used to connect these units to the grid (Joos et al., 2000). The connection of the proposed medium-scale centralized dc-bus GCHWPPS to the MV distribution grid may contribute positively: . to improve the capacity and supply reliability/security of the distribution system; . to reduce losses in the distribution system; and . to improve its voltage prole, PF, power quality and voltage stability. But it may have a negative impact if certain interconnection requirements/ standards/rules are not satised, e.g. if: . high quality power is not supplied to the grid; . the normal operation of the regulation and protection equipment of the grid is disturbed; . safety problems to humans, equipment and systems exist; and . the rated and short circuit capacities of the distribution network are exceeded (Papathanassiou, 2007). The hybrid system of Figure 1 must be instantly disconnected from the grid (via the disconnect switch (DS) of the coupling substation (CS)) in the event a fault occurs either in the GCHWPPS or in the distribution grid, or due to loss of source in the distribution grid (islanding protection), or even if only one of the above necessary interconnection rules is violated. Thus, the system managers should take appropriate measures to reduce (or eliminate) such barriers so that the normal operation of the proposed GCHWPPS is not negatively effected (not to be frequently disconnected). It is also pointed out that the active power produced by a GCHWPPS may increase the grid voltage, while the reactive power produced or consumed by a GCHWPPS may further increase or reduce this voltage rise. In general, the voltage rise effect is a key factor that limits the amount of additional DG capacity which can be connected to the rural distribution networks (Pecas Lopez et al., 2007). During the normal operation of the MV distribution grid, the GCHWPPS can cause slow and fast voltage variations (the fast ones may cause ickering effects). Based on the work (Papathanassiou, 2007) one may identify the following: (1) For slow voltage variations the allowed maximum steady-state voltage deviation (due to the GCHWPPS operation) at the PCC must be # 2 per cent of its nominal voltage value. (2) For rapid voltage variations the permitted limits for the relative (per cent) voltage change at the PCC are # 2 per cent (if r . 10 h2 1) or # 3 per cent (if 1 , r # 10 h2 1) or # 4 per cent (if r # 1 h2 1) for maximum change (where r is the frequency of switching operations and h2 1 is per hour). Flicker emission measures are the short-term (Pst) and long-term (Plt) icker severity indices. Indicative values for their planning levels in MV systems according to IEC 61000-3-7 are Pst # 0.9 and Plt # 0.7.

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The harmonics indicate the distortion of the purely sinusoidal waveforms of the grid voltages and currents. In the examined GCHWPPS its harmonics are produced primarily due to the IGBTs operation of the inverter. These harmonics must be ltered. Typical self-commutated VSIs switch at effective frequencies between 2 and 8 kHz do not introduce signicant low frequency harmonics. The degree of distortion is expressed as total harmonic distortion (THD). The key requirement is that the voltage THD at the PCC must be , 6.5 per cent, the current THD of the inverter at the PCC must be , 5 per cent and each harmonic component must be , 3 per cent (at rated output power of the inverter). The PF of a GCHWPPS is the ratio of its active power to its apparent power. The GCHWPPS owner is not required to adjust its PF but must operate in the PF range of . 0.85 leading or lagging, when its output is . 0.1 Pnom. This places the responsibility on the utility to provide the required reactive power (VAR) along with proper voltage regulation. However, in some instances the GCHWPPS may be used as a dynamic mean for PF correction. As known, in European (Greek also) grids, the frequency is maintained within statutory tolerances (50 ^ 0.5 Hz). If the inverter of the GCHWPPS is connected to a MV strong distribution grid, it must operate satisfactorily under these frequency deviations. It shall follow the grids frequency during its operation, and should be disconnected from the grid (within a predetermined clearing time) when the frequency is outside its nominal range. The GCHWPPS shall not inject dc current greater than 0.5 per cent of its rated output current into the MV distribution grid at the PCC. Otherwise the dc voltage (dc current effect) will result in unsymmetrical magnetization of the distribution transformers and consequently in overheating. Finally, the electromagnetic elds around the GCHWPPS (created by the inverter signals), if not shielded properly, may disrupt the neighboring data transmission/ communication lines and cause human health problems. Therefore, care should be taken to control the radio interference generated by the high frequency switching devices of the inverter. 2.5 Inverter model A forced-commutated, full-bridge, three-phase, IGBTs VSI fed from a capacitive dc-bus is proposed as shown in Figure 1 for interfacing these types of GCHWPPS with the MV distribution grid via a coupling inductor Lk (in many cases provided by the coupling transformer, Tr-1). These converters are characterized by high efciency and low specic cost. In this work the inverter is simulated using the universal bridge block (Singh et al., 2006). The main purpose of these inverters is to convert dc to ac power, but they also ensure the necessary requirements for connecting a HWPPS to the MV electric grid (Section 2.4) and to achieve MPPT along with reactive power compensation. Active power (PC) and reactive power (QC) control is the most commonly used in grid connected inverters. If the total amount of energy generated from the WECS and PVG (e.g. Pmp,WECS Pmp,PVG) is transferred to the ac grid, then the dc link voltage (UDC,Inv) will remain constant. This means that the PC of the inverter should be equal to the power generated from the WECS and PVG (e.g. Pmp,WECS Pmp,PVG). On the other hand, if UDC,Inv is maintained constant, then by increasing the input current of the

inverter the output power of the converters increases and consequently the output power of the WT and the PVG is increased. While the current is increasing the voltage UDC,Inv can be kept constant as long as the power required by the inverter does not exceed the Pmp,WECS Pmp,PVG. If the PWM-VSI injects only PC, then (for constant PL and QL) the active power supplied by the ac source (PS) will decrease while its reactive power (QS) will remain unchanged. In this case, the PF (cos ws) of the ac source will become worse. To overcome this problem, the PWM-VSI should supply the PC and at the same time provide proper QC to control/maintain the cos ws value high (Barbosa et al., 1998). The symmetrical/balanced load active power (PL) and reactive power (QL) are calculated from the clark transformation and the instantaneous real and imaginary power theory by measuring the line-to-neutral voltages (Ua, Ub, Uc) and associated currents (Ia, Ib, Ic) of the load (Barbosa et al., 1998). In the present work, the PL and QL values are calculated using the three-phase instantaneous active and reactive power block of the Simulink/MATLAB. For a cos ws value of the source, the QC value must be set equal to: QC QL 2 P L 2 P C tan fs 4

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In general, the inverter may exchange PC and QC power with the grid, if both the power angle d and its modulation index ma are controlled. However, it is known that ma is strongly coupled to QC, whereas d is strongly coupled to PC (Reddy and Agarwal, 2007). The three-phase PC and QC powers of the inverter, which may be injected (or absorbed) into (or from) a symmetrical loaded grid, at the PCC are given by: PC U inv;LL;rms U G;LL;rms sin d X GC 5

QC

U inv;LL;rms U G;LL;rms cos d 2 U 2 G;LL;rms X GC

where v 2 p f , and X GC LGC v is the total inductive reactance of the grid connection. The rms value of the fundamental component of the inverters output line-to-line voltage (UInv,LL,rms), with respect to the linear region (ma # 1) may be controlled by properly choosing the ma value U Inv;LL;rms 0:612 ma U DC;Inv , while its frequency may be controlled by properly choosing the frequency value of the modulating signal. The Greek MV strong distribution grid maintains a frequency between 49.5 and 50.5 Hz (rule requirement states f 50 ^ 0.5 Hz), and an rms line-to-line grid voltage (UG,LL,rms) between 19 kV and 21 kV (rule requirement states UG,LL,rms 20 kV ^5 per cent). The inverter input fed with almost constant dc voltage UDC,Inv from the BBC1, BBC2, BBC3 and BBC4. Therefore, the system designer must choose appropriate values of Lk and UDC,Inv, so that from Equations (4)-(6) a proper pair of ma and d values (with ma # 1 and 0 , d # 208) can be obtained for all possible values of solar radiation G, wind velocity V, rms grid line-to-line voltage UG,LL,rms, QL and PL (PC should be equal to the maximum power generated by the WECS and PVG, while the minimum cos ws value is usually considered equal to 0.92). As seen in Figure 1, the ma value is fed directly to the

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PWM module, while the d value appears in the sum of the mathematical expression d QG (the existing value of grids voltage vector angle QG is calculated from the expression arctanub =U a , employing the well-known modied park transformation from the abc to the ab0 reference frame) to ultimately give the proper value of inverters voltage vector angle QINV which is also applied to the PWM module. In an actual GCHWPPS design, all these steps may be implemented via a properly programmed DSP (i.e. the DSP3). In this way, the maximum active power generated by the PVG and WECS is injected to the grid and the desirable by the grid reactive power is exchanged with the inverter with the least possible distortion. The low harmonic distortion of the voltage and current at the output of the inverter is achieved by using an output lter, which is an integral part of the inverter. These lters are mostly used for the attenuation of the harmonics of the grid connected inverters, since they can be used without any additional control unit, and usually can be either inductors or combinations of capacitors and inductors (such as LC or LCL). In the conguration of Figure 1, the inverter is connected to the grid through a low pass LC lter and due to its relatively high switching frequency (8 kHz) this lter can be very small. 2.6 Transformer model For safety reasons, an isolation (coupling) D-Y transformer (Tr-1) is required, which also matches (steps-up) the output low voltage of the inverter to the medium grid voltage. Moreover, this coupling transformer can form a part of the lter impedance and therefore can reduce the undesired harmonic content of the inverter output current. A second (supply) transformer (Tr-2) is used for matching the MV with the high voltage (HV) grid. The primary winding of this transformer is connected to the HV grid and is considered as an innite bus. 2.7 Electric grid model With the introduction of the DG, the distribution system becomes an active power system with both energy generation and consumption, instead of being only a passive network with unidirectional power ow. As usual the short length distribution lines (up to 80 km) are represented by a general series model containing an ac voltage source in series with total impedance (which means that the shunt capacitance of the distribution lines is neglected). The symmetrical/balanced load may be considered to be concentrated and is modeled as active and reactive power consumer connected to the distribution network. The line and load are simulated via Simulink/MATLAB. The loads are connected in parallel so that the effect of sudden load increase and decrease can be easily studied (Singh et al., 2006). 3. Controller design For controlling the PVS and WECS to achieve the desired objectives, two ANN controllers are used for each system as shown in Figure 1. Back-propagation neural networks ANN1 used for PVS and ANN2 for WECS are having one input, one hidden and one output layers. Each ANN is fed with one input and giving two outputs. After several simulation cases, it was found that optimal number of hidden layer neurons are 10 and 25 for ANN1 and ANN2, respectively.

For the control of the inverter, a FLC is used, which includes three functional blocks (i.e. fuzzication, inference engine, and defuzzication). The ve input variables of the FLC are G, V, UG,LL,rms, PL and QL whereas its outputs are ma and d. The membership functions of input and output variables are triangularly shaped and have ve fuzzy subsets: VB (very big), B (big), M (medium), S (small), and VS (very small). The fuzzy rule algorithm includes 3,125 fuzzy control rules. The composite operation is the method by which a control output is generated. In this case the Mamdanis fuzzy inference method is used with Max-Min operation fuzzy combination. The center of area (COA) algorithm, being a simple and fast method, is used for the defuzzication of the output control parameters. 4. Case study A representative three-phase, medium-scale, centralized dc-bus GCHWPPS (as shown in Figure 1) with rated active power PGCHWPPS 150 kW (10 kW WECS and 140 kW PVS) has been designed, simulated (using Simulink/MATLAB environment) and thoroughly evaluated. The proposed power system conguration and the applied control techniques are general and exible in their use. Therefore, the proposed systematic design for this general type of GCHWPPS can be considered as a guideline for the design of any such practical power system for successful installation and exploitation, provided that an appropriate site of installation is selected and the associated involved cost is relatively competitive. The GCHWPPS is considered to be connected to the Greek 20 kV symmetrical/balanced three-phase MV strong distribution network. The PCC of the GCHWPPS with respect to the grid is relatively far (about 7.5 km) from the 20/150 kV supply substation (Tr-2). The resulting inductance in the grid connection LGC (including the LV/MV coupling transformer (Tr-1) leakage inductance LT and the coupling inductance Lk) is taken to be LGC 200 mH. The remaining components used in the digital simulations of the examined GCHWPPS are shown in Table I. The basic PV panel unit used is the Alfasolar Pyramid 200 Wp. The 140 kW PVS of the considered GCHWPPS is composed of 35S 20P PV panels. On the other hand, the considered 10 kW WECS uses the BERGEY Excel S unit. These two power units are reliable, relatively inexpensive and easily available in the market. For the control of the PVS a back-propagation ANN (i.e. the ANN1) is used with one hidden layer having 10 neurons. 400 patterns are used to train the neural network. Indicative output values of the ANN1 estimator are shown in Table II and are compared with the associated ones from relevant mathematical equations (Section 2.1). Likewise, for the control of the WT a back-propagation ANN (i.e. the ANN2) is used with one hidden layer having 25 neurons. Here, also, 400 input/output patterns are used for training of neural network. Indicative output values of the ANN2 estimator are shown in Table III and are compared with the associated ones from relevant mathematical equations (Section 2.2). FLC is designed for inverter control as suggested in Section 3. Indicative output values of the FLC are shown in Table IV and they are compared with the associated ones calculated by the relevant mathematical equations (Section 2.5). The dynamic behaviour of the main electric variables of the complete system (GCHWPPS and MV distribution grid) under usual perturbed conditions (i.e. change of solar radiation, wind velocity, load and grid voltage) have been investigated by means

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510

BBC3 BBC4 Three phase inverter

LC lter MV Line

Three-phase load Table I. Numerical values of the simulated GCHWPPS components Coupling (MV/LV) transformer Supply (HV/MV) transformer

Inductor (LBBC1) Capacitor (CBBC1) Switching frequency Inductor (LBBC2) Capacitor (CBBC2) Switching frequency Inductor (LBBC3) Capacitor (CBBC3) Switching frequency Inductor (LBBC4) Capacitor (CBBC4) Switching frequency Switching frequency VDC,Inv LK CPD LF CF AC source (rms) cos ws Ohmic resistance Inductive reactance Line length Line frequency PL QL Transformer ratio Nominal power Transformer ratio Nominal power

13 mH 97 mF 20 kHz 52 mH 4 mF 20 kHz 13 mH 97 mF 20 kHz 52 mH 4 mF 20 kHz 8 kHz 800 V 60 mH 7.8 mF 140 mH 900 mF 20 kV 0.93 0.574 V/km 0.369 V/km 15 km 50 Hz 3.8 MW 1.3808 MVar 20/0.4 kV 250 kVA 150/20 kV 40/50 MVA

Solar radiation G (W/m2) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000

Ump,PVG (Volts) (from Akbaba model) 598.2917 674.2170 722.5151 759.4390 790.1127 816.8266 840.8050 862.7801 883.2249 902.4624

Ump,PVG (Volts) (from ANN1) 598.2913 674.2175 722.5163 759.4402 790.1106 816.8275 840.8028 862.7810 883.2232 902.4609

d2 (from equations)
0.5721 0.5426 0.5254 0.5130 0.5031 0.4947 0.4875 0.4811 0.4752 0.4699

d2 (from ANN1)
0.5721 0.5421 0.5250 0.5126 0.5025 0.4941 0.4870 0.4807 0.4747 0.4691

Table II. Comparison of Ump,PVG and d2 values of ANN1 with the associated computed ones for various values of solar radiation G and TPANEL 258C

of digital simulations. The proposed PVS and WECS models (Sections 2.1 and 2.2) provide: the Ump,PVG, Imp,PVG and Pmp,PVG < PPVS time responses for xed PV panel temperature (TPANEL 258C) and solar radiation (G), which suddenly changes from 600 to 1,000 W/m2 at time 0.2 s, while later on decreases from 1,000 to 800 W/m2 at time

Wind velocity V (m/s) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Ump,WTs (Volts) (from equations) 114.085 142.886 170.605 198.357 226.109 253.822 281.171 307.859 334.725 360.813 386.602 414.785 443.148 470.332

Ump,WTs (Volts) (from ANN) 114.083 142.886 170.597 198.357 226.104 253.822 281.169 307.857 334.722 360.810 386.590 414.781 443.142 470.327

d4 (from equations)
0.8751 0.8484 0.8242 0.8013 0.7796 0.7591 0.7399 0.7221 0.7050 0.6891 0.6741 0.6585 0.6435 0.6297

d4 (from ANN2)
0.8746 0.8479 0.8232 0.8012 0.7790 0.7587 0.7394 0.7216 0.7047 0.6887 0.6740 0.6583 0.6431 0.6294

Design for hybrid wind/PV system 511

Table III. Comparison of Ump,WTs and d4 values of ANN2 with the associated computed ones for various values of wind velocity V

Solar radiation G (W/m2) 1,000 750 500 250

Wind velocity V (m/sec) 17 13.75 10.5 7.25

Grids rms line -toline voltage UG,LL,rms (kV) 21.6 20.8 20.0 19.2

From FLC Loads active power PL (kW) 4,000 3,950 3,900 3,850 Loads reactive power QL (kVar) 1,449.8 1,432.55 1,415.3 1,398.05 From equations of Section 2.5 ma 0.893 0.866 0.829 0.789

d
2.857 2.172 1.411 0.675

ma 0.899 0.861 0.824 0.787

d
2.837 2.172 1.415 0.658

Table IV. Comparison of ma and d values of the FLC with the associated ones computed for various values of wind velocity V, solar radiation G, rms line-to-line grid voltage UG,LL,rms, and PL and QL of the balanced load (with TPANEL 258C)

0.4 s (Figure 2); the Pmp,WT < PWECS, Ump,WT and vs time responses when the wind velocity (V) suddenly changes from 8 to 17 m/s at time 0.2 s, while later on decreases from 17 to 14 m/s at time 0.4 s (Figure 3). Figures 2 and 3 show clearly that the combination of the GCHWPPS architecture and the proposed intelligent control techniques used achieve sufciently accurate/fast/stable MPPT of the two power subsystems. Two more cases were studied (with the values of TPANEL 258C, cos ws 0.93, VDC,Inv 800 V, PL 3,800 kW and QL 1380.8 kVar being constant), i.e.: (1) simultaneous step increase of solar irradiation from 250 to 1,000 W/m2 and wind velocity from 8 to 17 m/s at time 0.1 s; and (2) simultaneous step decrease of solar radiation from 1,000 to 500 W/m2 and wind velocity from 17 to 12 m/s at time 0.2 s. From these test cases it is demonstrated that the line-to-line voltage (VLL,PCC) at the PCC (Figure 4) show negligible voltage variation/uctuation and small harmonic contamination (i.e. almost constant THDV 1 per cent). The line-to-line current of

IJESM 2,4
Ump,PVG (Volt)

1,000 800 600 400 200 0

512

0.2 Time (sec)

0.4

0.6

160

120 Imp,PVG (A)

80

40

0.2 Time (sec)

0.4

0.6

15

104

Figure 2. Ump,PVG, Imp,PVG and Pmp,PVG < PPVS time responses for xed PV panel temperature (TPANEL 258C) and solar radiation (G), which suddenly increases from 600 to 1,000 W/m2 at time 0.2 s, while later on decreases from 1,000 to 800 W/m2 at time 0.4 s

Pmp,PVG (Watt)

10

0.2 Time (sec)

0.4

0.6

the inverter (ILL,Inv) injected at the PCC (Figure 5) with THDI 2 per cent veries the proper design of the used lter. The inverter active power PC and reactive power QC being injected into the grid (Figure 6) achieve the desired value quickly. The PC value is near the maximum one (which means sufciently accurate/fast/stable

12,000 10,000 Pmp,WT (Watt) 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 0 0.2 Time (sec) 500 400 Ump,WT (Volt) 300 200 100 0 0.4 0.6

Design for hybrid wind/PV system 513

0.2 Time (sec)

0.4

0.6

30 25 s (rad/sec) 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.2 Time (sec) 0.4 0.6

Figure 3. Pmp,WT < PWECS, Ump,WT and vs time responses for wind velocity (V), which suddenly increases from 8 to 17 m/s at time 0.2 s, while later on decreases from 17 to 14 m/s at time 0.4 s

MPPT in each power subsystem is achieved and the inverter maintains high power efciency), while the QC is varying in order to provide the necessary reactive power compensation. The UDC,Inv 800 V (Figure 7) clearly shows accurate/fast/stable voltage regulation/stabilization at the dc link. The study of the GCHWPPS connection to the MV distribution grid gave also the time responses of the inverters PC & QC (Figure 8) and the VLL,PCC at the PCC (Figure 9) (for xed G 500 W/m2, V 17 m/s, TPANEL 258C and cos ws 0.93) for PL and QL

IJESM 2,4

104

VLL,PCC (Volt)

514

Figure 4. VLL,PCC vs time at the PCC for the mentioned G and V changes

0.1 Time (sec)

0.2

0.3

4 3 2 1 ILL,Imv (A) 0 1 2

Figure 5. ILL,Inv vs time being injected at the PCC for the mentioned G and V changes

3 4

0.1 Time (sec)

0.2

0.3

which suddenly increases from 3,800 to 4,000 kW and 1380.8 to 1449.8 kVar, respectively, at time 0.1 s, while later on decreases from 4,000 to 3,900 kW and 1449.8 to 1415.3 kVar, respectively, at time 0.2 s. From these simulated results, it is clear that the VLL,PCC value is sufciently constant (i.e. there is voltage stability at the PCC) and the PC is also constant, while the QC exhibits considerable variations due to the associated load variations (which leads to the desired load PF correction).

105 2 Grid injected PC (Watt) and QC (Var) 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 QC PC

Design for hybrid wind/PV system 515

0.1 Time (sec)

0.2

0.3

Figure 6. Inverters PC & QC vs time being injected at the PCC for the mentioned G and V changes

1,000

800

IDC,Inv (Volt)

600

400

200

0.1 Time (sec)

0.2

0.3

Figure 7. UDC,Inv vs time for the mentioned G and V changes

Combining the above investigated cases the simulations gave the time responses of the inverters PC & QC (Figure 10), VLL,PCC at the PCC (Figure 11) and ILL,Inv (Figure 12) (for xed TPANEL 258C and cos ws 0.93) for G, V, PL and QL which suddenly increase from 350 to 900 W/m2, 9 to 16 m/s, 3,850 to 3,950 kW and 1294.3 to 1397.9 kVar, respectively, at time 0.1 s, while later on decreases from 900 to 600 W/m2, 16 to 13 m/s, 3,950 to 3,900 kW and 1397.9 to 1346.1 kVar, respectively, at time 0.2 s. From Figures 10-12, it is obvious that the VLL,PCC is sufciently constant (i.e. there is voltage stability at the PCC), the ILL,Inv is highly sinusoidal (the low order

IJESM 2,4
Grid injected PC (Watt) and QC (Var)

104 PC

516

Figure 8. Inverters PC & QC vs time being injected at the PCC for the mentioned load (PL and QL) changes

QC

12

0.1 Time (sec)

0.2

0.3

3 2 VLL,PCC (Volt) 1 0 1 2 3

104

Figure 9. VLL,PCC vs time at the PCC for the mentioned load (PL and QL) changes

0.1 Time (sec)

0.2

0.3

harmonic components have been almost totally suppressed), the PC exhibits variations due to the associated G and V variations, while QC exhibits variations due to the associated G, V and load (PL and QL) variations. Finally, if the voltage VLL,PCC of the grid suddenly increases from 19 to 21 kV at time 0.1 s, while later on decreases from 21 to 20 kV at time 0.2 s (for xed G 500 W/m2, V 10.5 m/s, TPANEL 258C, cos ws 0.93, PL 3,900 W and QL 1346.1 kVar), the related inverters PC & QC time responses are shown on Figure 13. The results shown in this gure indicate that the controller of the GCHWPPS reacts promptly to the VLL,PCC change, providing the desired load PF correction (the values of PC and QC remain unchanged). It is pointed out that the connection of the proposed

1.5 1 Grid injected PC (Watt) and QC (Var) 0.5 0 0.5

105

Design for hybrid wind/PV system

PC

517

QC 1 1.5 2 2.5

0.1 Time (sec)

0.2

0.3

Figure 10. Inverters PC & QC vs time being injected at the PCC for the mentioned G, V and load (PL and QL) changes

104

VLL,PCC (Volt)

0.1 Time (sec)

0.2

0.3

Figure 11. VLL,PCC vs time at the PCC for the mentioned G, V and load (PL and QL) changes

GCHWPPS to the MV distribution grid certainly helps to improve its load PF but it cannot regulate the amplitude of the PCC voltage. 5. Conclusions The proposed GCHWPPS conguration is a very practical and exible medium scale renewable energy system. Its wide and proper exploitation may contribute in a positive

IJESM 2,4

ILL,Inv (A)

518

Figure 12. ILL,Inv vs time being injected at the PCC for the mentioned G, V and load (PL and QL) changes

0.1 Time (sec)

0.2

0.3

1 Grid injected PC (Watt) and QC (Var) 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

105

PC

Figure 13. Inverters PC & QC vs time being injected at the PCC for the mentioned VLL,PCC changes

QC

0.1 Time (sec)

0.2

0.3

way to the existing world energy problem which has to do with the dangerous depletion of the conventional fuels, and their adverse effect on the environment and consequently on human life. In addition such a type of RES assists operationally the MV distribution system by reducing losses, improving voltage prole, PF, power quality, and voltage stability and reliability. The simulation results of the investigated representative GCHWPPS (with rated power 150 kW) showed that this power system conguration along with the proposed and applied intelligent control techniques achieves rapidly, accurately, stably and simultaneously the four most desired practical

goals (i.e. MPPT of the WT and PVG, dc voltage regulation/stabilization at the input of the inverter, high electric power quality being injected into the grid from the inverter satisfying all necessary interconnection rules/requirements, and load PF correction), which are very signicant features for efcient exploitation of MV distribution grid connected hybrid type (PV and WECS) power systems.
References Akbaba, M. and Alattawi, M.A.A. (1995), A new model for I-V characteristic of solar cell generators and its applications, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 37 No. 2, pp. 123-32. Barbosa, P.G., Rolim, L.G.B., Watanabe, E.H. and Hanitsch, R. (1998), Control strategy for grid-connected DC-AC converters with load power factor correction, IEE Proceedings Generation Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 145 No. 5, pp. 487-92. Borowy, B.S. and Salameh, Z.M. (1996), Methodology for optimally sizing the combination of a Battery Bank and PV Array in a Wind/PV Hybrid System, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 367-75. El-Shatter, T.F., Eskander, M.N. and El-Hagry, M.T. (2006), Energy ow and management of a hybrid wind/pv/fuel cell generation system, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 47 Nos 9/10, pp. 1264-80. Enslin, J.H.R. (2004), Interconnection of distributed power to the distribution network, paper presented at Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 10-13 October, New York, NY, Vol. 2, pp. 726-31. Joos, G., Ooi, B.T., McGillis, D., Galiana, F.D. and Marceau, R. (2000), The potential of distributed generation to provide ancillary services, IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 16-20 July, Seattle, WA, Vol. 3, pp. 1762-7. Lorenzo, E. (1994), Solar electricity, engineering of photovoltaic systems, Institute of Solar Energy, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid. Mohan, N., Underland, T.M. and Robbins, W.P. (1995), Power Electronics Converters, Applications and Design, 2nd ed, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. Omari, O., Ortjohann, E., Saiju, R., Hamsich, N. and Morton, D. (2003), A simulation model for expandable hybrid power systems, paper presented at 2nd European PV-Hybrid and Mini-Grid Conference, Kassel, 25-26 September. Papadopoulos, D.P., Masouras, G.J. and Skretas, S.B. (2007), A computer aided techno-economic assessment procedure for installing a WECS at a selected site: publication in Xanthi Thrace region of Greece, paper presented at 39th North American Power Symposium, Las Cruces, New Mexico, September 30-October 2, pp. 341-8. Papathanassiou, S.A. (2007), A technical evaluation framework for the connection of DG to the distribution network, Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 77, pp. 24-34. Pecas Lopez, J.A., Hatziargyriou, N., Mutale, J., Djapic, P. and Jenkins, N. (2007), Integrating distributed generation into electric power systems: a review of drivers, challenges and opportunities, Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 77, pp. 1189-203. Reddy, K.N. and Agarwal, V. (2007), Utiltity-interactive hybrid distributed generation scheme with compensation feature, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22 No. 3, pp. 666-73. Singh, B., Adya, A., Mittal, A.P. and Gupta, J.R.P. (2006), Modeling of DSTATCOM for distribution system, The International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy, Vol. 4 Nos 1/2, pp. 142-60.

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Skretas, S.B. and Papadopoulos, D.P. (2007), A general and systematic procedure for the technical/economic/socio-environmental assessment of residential stand alone autonomous PV systems: application to a small-scale RSAAPS installed in the city of Xanthi/Thrace, Greece, Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 58 No. 6, pp. 351-62. Velasco, M., Probst, O. and Acevedo, S. (2004), Theory of wind-electric water pumping, Renewable Energy, Vol. 29, pp. 873-93. Further reading Skretas, S.B. and Papadopoulos, D.P. (2008), Systematic procedure for efcient design of electric water pumping systems fed by PV or/and WECS: application using measured meteorological data for the city of Xanthi/Thrace, Greece, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 49 No. 4, pp. 596-607. Corresponding author S.N. Singh can be contacted at: snsingh@iitk.ac.in

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