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Notes 6: Symmetrical Components 2

6.1 Symmetrical components: examples


These examples were adapted from [1].
Example 1: Compute sequence components
of the following balanced a-b-c sequence
line-to-neutral voltages.
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

120 277
120 277
0 277
cn
bn
an
abc
V
V
V
V
Solution:
1
Example 2: Compute the sequence
components for a balanced Y-load that has
phase b opened.
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Z
Y
Z
Y
Z
Y
I
n

I
a
=10/_0
I
c
=10/_120
I
b
=0
Fig. 1: Balanced Y load with open phase b
Implication: Zero-sequence component
results from unbalanced load.
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Example 3: A 12.47kV feeder provides
service to an unbalanced delta-connected
load consuming the following power:
Phase ab: 1500 kVA, 0.95 lagging
Phase bc: 1000 kVA, 0.85 lagging
Phase ca: 950 kVA, 0.9 lagging
Give the following expressions:
a.The currents in each phase.
b. The matrix K, where K is defined in the
equation below.
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

ca
bc
ab
c
b
a
I
I
I
K
I
I
I
c. Are the line currents balanced?
Solution: The situation is shown in Fig. 2.

V
ca

V
bc

V
ab

I
bc

I
ab

Z
2
Z
3
Z
1
I
a

I
b

I
c

I
ca

Fig. 2
With line-line voltages given as 7200v, it is
easy to see that we can obtain the phase
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currents using, for example, I
ab
=(S
ab
/V
ab
)
*
.
We will assume that V
ab
is the reference.

,
_

,
_

,
_

19 . 18 3 . 208
0 7200
19 . 18 10 1500
0 7200
95 . 0 cos 10 1500
*
3
*
1 3
*
ab
ab
ab
V
S
I

,
_

,
_

,
_

788 . 151 89 . 138


120 7200
788 . 31 10 1000
120 7200
85 . 0 cos 10 1000
*
3
*
1 3
*
bc
bc
bc
V
S
I
84 . 145 94 . 131
120 7200
84 . 25 10 950
120 7200
90 . 0 cos 10 950
*
3
*
1 3
*

,
_

,
_

,
_

ca
ca
ca
V
S
I
Notice that the phase currents are most
definitely unbalanced.
Now what are the line currents? Consider
Fig. 2 and note that we may relate the line
currents to the phase currents using KCL:
I
a
=I
ab
-I
ca
=(1)I
ab
+(0)I
bc
+(-1)I
ca
I
b
=-I
ab
+I
bc
=(-1)I
ab
+(1)I
bc
+(0)I
ca
I
c
=-I
bc
+I
ca
=(0)I
ab
+(-1)I
bc
+(1)I
ca
Writing in matrix form, we have:
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

ca
bc
ab
c
b
a
abc
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
5
So the desired matrix is
1
1
1
]
1

1 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
K
Now lets use it to obtain the line currents:
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

+
+

1
1
1
]
1



1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

56 . 84 4 . 140
81 . 168 3 . 320
37 . 24 1 . 337
84 . 145 94 . 131 788 . 151 89 . 138
788 . 151 89 . 138 19 . 18 3 . 208
84 . 145 94 . 131 19 . 18 3 . 208
84 . 145 94 . 131
788 . 151 89 . 138
19 . 18 3 . 208
1 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
c
b
a
abc
I
I
I
I
Note that line
currents are also unbalanced.
Note an interesting thing about the phase
currents and the line currents in the above.
Even though they both are unbalanced,
they both add to 0 (do the math to see).
One can observe immediately that the line
currents must add to zero, by considering the
delta configuration as a single node.
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In fact, we can use the delta-Y
transformation to change Fig. 2 into Fig. 3.

Z
Y1

Z
Y2

Z
Y3

V
ca

V
bc

V
ab

I
a

I
b

I
c

Fig. 3
To remind you from Nilssons book,
3 2 1
2 1
1


+ +

Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
Y
3 2 1
3 2
2


+ +

Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
Y
3 2 1
3 1
3


+ +

Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
Y
We see by applying KCL at the center node,
that the 3 currents must sum to 0.
This will always be true for line currents
feeding a delta connection.
However, try to add up the phase currents.
You will find that they are not zero.
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Conclusion: Line currents into a delta or into
an ungrounded Y always sum to zero.
Recall: Anytime you can show that the three
phasors add to zero, the zero-sequence
components will all be zero.
Implication: Line currents into a delta or
into an ungrounded Y never have zero-
sequence components (i.e., the zero
sequence components for line currents into a
delta or into an ungrounded Y).
What about
Unbalanced currents into a grounded-Y?
Unbalanced line-to-line voltages?
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