ood Emulsions: Designing Functionality Particle Characteristics: * Lipid Composition — Polarity — Waier Solubility — Viscosity Paes + Size Distribution * Physical state —Solid vs. Liquid = Interfacial Characteristics: Processing Ingredients + Thickness * Chemistry poe PRR SS99E + Permeability Phospholipids Surfactants * Responsiveness Yi ane, — Polysaccharides & Proteins————— Emulsion Processing: Specifying Properties e Physicochemical Factors ¢ What are the required properties (appearance, texture, flavor, shelf-life)? ¢ What particle size distribution will give these properties? ¢ What are the optimum ingredients required to form the product? ¢ What are the optimum processing operations to form the product? 10 8 /\ > / 2 6 | eae : 24 e Practical Factors = / \ \ ° Legal status 2 7 0 ° Taste ool ool 1 wo 100 ° Cost Particle Diameter (11m)Objective: + High Quality Product + Consistent Properties + Economically Produced Challenges: + Variable Ingredient Quality + Variable Processing Conditions + Variable Storage Conditions + Marketing Trends + Cost Reduction Solution: + Improved Product Knowledge + Improved Analytical MonitoringPrinciple Break liquids into smaller parts using high intensity mechanical energy Spontaneously form droplets due to changes in physicochemical properties of phases Examples Mechanical Homogenizers: Ultrasonics, HPVH. Microfluidizer Spontaneous emulsification. phase inversion methods (PIT, PIC & EIP) eS “eaSome Factors to Consider Functional Ingredients oil + (Pre-)mix + (Pre-)disperse * Pre-)dissolve + Warm + Mix ingredients Temperature, Time, Mixing Speed, Mixing Method, Order of Addition5 ° Oil 2g of e oe occas ee Sco Oo lon 2% oo og Wate Homogenizer Homogenization is a unit operation using a class of processing equipment referred to as homogenizers that are geared towards reducing the size of droplets in liquid-liquid dispersionsEmulsion Formation Primary Secondary Homogenization Homogenization Oil Often need different kinds of homogenizers to optimize the processRule of emulsifiers in Emulsion Formation and Stabilization Stabilization Formation eo + Rapidly adsorb + Generate repulsive forces + Lower interfacial tension + Form resistant membrane + Facilitate breakup + Prevent aggregation