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 Mecanismo = Proceso(s) que mantienen al sistema como tal (di-
gestión, circulación de la sangre, etc.).

Este análisis evoca seis grupos de doctrinas ontológicas (metafí-

sicas), algunas de ellas de añeja prosapia:

Ambientalismo El entorno es omnipotente. Ejemplos: la hipóte-

sis de que todas las enfermdades son causadas por las «miasmas»,
y el conductismo.
Estructuralismo Un todo es el conjunto de las conexiones. Ejem-
plos: la psicología conexionista y la tesis sociológica de que lo único
que importa en una sociedad son las redes de comunicación (como
si pudiera haber grafos sin nodos).
Procesualismo Una cosa concreta es un atado de procesos. Ejem-
plo: la metafísica procesual de Alfred North Whitehead.
Holismo El todo precede y domina a sus partes. Ejemplos: la
metafísica de Aristóteles) y la medicinas orientales tradicionales.
Individualismo Un todo no es sino el conjunto de sus partes.
Ejemplos: el atomismo antiguo y la tesis de que la salud depende
exclusivamente de los hábitos del individuo.
Sistemismo El universo es el sistema de todos los sistemas.
Ejemplos: Holbach (1996), Bunge (1979).

Las cinco primeras doctrinas son lógicamente erróneas. El holismo

y el individualismo son erróneos porque los conceptos de todo y de
parte se definen recíprocamente: no hay el uno sin el otro. El ambien-
talismo es factualmente falso porque todo ente concreto es activo: su
entorno lo influye pero no lo crea. El estructuralismo es falso porque,
por definición, no hay red sin nodos (individuos). Y el procesualismo
es falso porque, también por definición, todo proceso (por ejemplo, mo-
vimiento y metabolismo) es una sucesión de estados de alguna cosa
concreta: no hay proceso sin cosas cambiantes ni cosas inmutables.
En definitiva, sólo el sistemismo queda indemne. Esta ontolo-
gía, propuesta inicialmente por el Barón Thiry d'Holbach a media-
dos del siglo XVIII, postula que todo cuanto existe realmente (ma-
terialmente) es un sistema o un componente de un sistema. Se ha
argüido que el sistemismo es la ontología adecuada a las ciencias
modernas, de la física cuántica a la historiografía (Bunge, 2012a).
La medicina científica es sistémica, en tanto que admite que las
partes del organismo humano, aunque distintas, están conectadas

30
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Filosofía
Serie CLA•DE•MA

Mario Bunge
Filosofía para médicos

Los médicos filosofan todo el tiempo, casi siempre sin saberlo. Así adop-
tan: el realismo, cuando dan por descontado que sus pacientes son reales;
el materialismo, cuando cortan por medio de la cirugía o recetan píldoras
en vez de hacer conjuros o rezar; el sistemismo, cuando conciben y tratan
el cuerpo humano como un sistema, no como un agregado de partes
desconectadas entre sí. La filosofía en la medicina es un vasto territorio
apenas explorado, casi desconocido por muchos médicos.
En este libro se analizan ideas médicas clave y, sin embargo, muy
discutidas. ¿Cómo puede ayudar o perjudicar la filosofía a la medicina?
¿Qué es la enfermedad: cosa o proceso, natural o social? ¿Por qué suelen
ser inciertos los diagnósticos médicos? ¿Tiene sentido hablar de probabi-
lidad en medicina? ¿A qué se debe el atraso de la psiquiatría? ¿Hay prue-
bas de eficacia de las medicinas tradicionales, como la china y la ayurvé-
dica? ¿Qué es la medicina: ciencia aplicada, técnica o arte? ¿Qué filosofía
moral debe guiar el ejercicio de la medicina?
A estos interrogantes y a otras cuestiones no menos controvertidas,
como el ensayo clínico aleatorio, la prevención en cuanto problema
médico-político, las medicinas alternativas y los delitos de la industria
farmacéutica, son algunos de los temas tratados con cuidado y
profundidad por el conocido físico, filósofo y epistemólogo Mario
Bunge. El texto, además, ha sido revisado por investigadores
biomédicos y profesionales.

Mario Bunge nació en Buenos Aires (1919) y es profesor de Filosofía en la

McGill University de Montreal (Canadá) desde 1967. Contrario a las
seudociencias, es contundente en sus críticas contra corrientes filosóficas
como el existencialismo, el posmodernismo, la hermenéutica y el femi-
nismo filosófico. Recibió en 1982 el Premio Príncipe de Asturias. Su
amplia bibliografía cubre aspectos fundamentales de la física, la filosofía
de las ciencias naturales y sociales, la semántica, la ontología y la ética.
Editorial Gedisa ha publicado en castellano sus obras capitales.