Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

LI M U Trong cng cuc i mi khng ngng ca khoa hc k thut cng ngh, nhiu lnh vc v ang pht trin vt bc c bit l lnh vc cng ngh thng tin. Thnh cng ln nht c th k n l s ra i ca chic my tnh. My tnh c coi l mt phng tin tr gip c lc cho con ngi trong nhiu cng vic c bit l cng tc qun l. Mng my tnh c sinh t nhu cu mun chia s v dng chung d liu. My tnh c nhn l cng c tuyt vi gip to d liu, bng tnh, hnh nh, v nhiu dng thng tin khc, nhng khng cho php chia s d liu bn to nn. Nu khng c h thng mng, d liu phi c in ra giy th ngi khc mi c th hiu chnh v s dng c hoc ch c th sao chp ln a mm v mang n chp vo my ngi khc. Nu ngi khc thc hin thay i th khng th hp nht cc thay i . Phng thc lm vic nh vy c gi l lm vic c lp. Nu ngi lm vic mi trng c lp ni my tnh ca mnh vi my tnh ca nhiu ngi khc, th ta c th s dng trn cc my tnh khc v c my in. Mng my tnh c cc t chc s dng ch yu chia s, dng chung ti nguyn v cho php giao tip trc tuyn bao gm gi v nhn thng ip hay th in t, giao dich bun bn trn mng, tm kim thng tin trn mng. Mt s doanh nghip u t vo mng my tnh chun ho cc ng dng chng hn nh: chng trnh x l vn bn, bo m rng mi ngi s dng cng phin bn ca phn mm ng dng d dng hn cho cng vic. Cc doanh nghip v t chc cng nhn thy s thun li ca E_mail v cc chng trnh lp lch biu. Nh qun l c th s dng cc chng trnh tin ch giao tip, truyn thng nhanh chng v hiu qu vi rt nhiu ngi, cng nh t chc sp xp ton cng ty d dng. Chnh v nhng vai tr rt quan trng ca mng my tnh vi nhu cu ca cuc sng con ngi, bng nhng kin thc c hc trng em chn ti Tm hiu m hnh mng LAN. Nhng do thi gian v kin thc c hn nn bi vit cn hn ch, rt mong c s gp ca cc thy c gio v em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio tn tnh gip em hon thnh bi bo co ny.

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

Mc Lc
Mc Lc.......................................................................................................... 4 Chng 1 Mt s khi nim v mng my tnh..............................................6 1.1 Gii thiu s pht trin ca mng ........................................................6 1.2 Khi nim v mng my tnh .............................................................7 1.3 Ti sao phi dng mng .......................................................................7 1.4 Phn loi mng.....................................................................................8 1.4.1 Phn loi theo phm vi a l..........................................................8 1.4.2 Phn bit theo phng php chuyn mch ( truyn d liu ).........8 1.4.2.1 Mng chuyn mch knh ( circuit - switched network ) ..............8 1.4.2.2 Mng chuyn mch bn tin ( Message switched network)...........9 1.4.2.3 Mng chuyn mch gi................................................................9 Chng 2. Cc m hnh mng trong LAN......................................................10 2.1 Kin thc c bn v LAN.....................................................................10 2.2 Cc k thut mng cc b...................................................................11 2.2.1 Cu trc tp ca mng cc b....................................................11 2.2.1.1 Mng dng sao (Star topology)..................................................11 2.2.1.2 Mng dng tuyn (Bus topology) .............................................12 2.2.1.3 Mng dng vng (Ring topology)...............................................13 2.2.1.4 Mng dng kt hp..................................................................14 2.2.2 Cc phng php truy cp ng truyn .....................................14 2.2.2.1 Phng thc CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access Width Collision Detection)................................................................................14 2.2.2.2 Phng thc truyn th bi (Token Bus )...................................15 2.2.2.3 Phng thc truyn vng th bi (Token Ring)..........................17 2.2.2.4 Phng thc FDDI......................................................................19 2.2.3 H thng cp mng dng cho LAN................................................20 2.2.3.1 Cp xon....................................................................................20

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

2.2.3.2 Cp ng trc.....................................................................20 2.2.3.3 Cp si quang............................................................................21 2.2.4 Cc thit b dng kt ni mng LAN.........................................22 2.2.4.1 HUB-B tp trung.......................................................................22 2.2.4.2 Bridge........................................................................................23 2.2.4.3 Switch - B chuyn mch..........................................................26 2.2.4.4 Router - B nh tuyn...............................................................26 2.2.4.5 Repeater-B lp tn hiu............................................................29 2.2.4.6 Layer 3 Switch-B chyn mch c nh tuyn............................29 2.2.5 Cc k thut chuyn mch trong LAN..........................................30 2.2.5.1 Phn on mng trong LAN.......................................................30 2.2.5.1.1 Mc ch ca phn on mng...............................................30 2.2.5.1.2 Phn on mng bng Repeater............................................30 2.2.5.1.3 Phn on mng bng cu ni................................................31 2.2.5.1.4 Phn on mng bng router.................................................32 2.2.6.1.5 Phn on mng bng b chuyn mch.................................32 2.2.5.2 Cc ch chuyn mch trong LAN..........................................33 2.2.5.2.1 Chuyn mch lu v chuyn(Store and forward switching)....33 2.2.5.2.2 Chuyn mch ngay (Cut through switching)...........................34 Chng 3. Thit k mng LAN......................................................................34 3.1 M hnh c bn....................................................................................34 3.1.1 M hnh phn cp..........................................................................34 3.1.2 M hnh an ninh- an ton (Secure model).....................................36 3.2 Cc yu cu thit k ...........................................................................36 Cc bc thit k .....................................................................................36 3.3.1 Phn tch yu cu:.........................................................................36 3.3.2 La chn phn cng (thit b, cng ngh kt ni,...).....................37 3.3.2 La chn phn mm :...................................................................37

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

3.3.3 nh gi kh nng, gi thnh:......................................................37 Chng 4. Hoch nh v lp t.................................................................39 4.1 Xy dng mng LAN trong qui m 1 to nh......................................39 4.1.1 Trong h thng mng bao gm:....................................................39 4.1.2 Phn tch yu cu:.........................................................................39 4.2 Thit k h thng:...............................................................................41 4.2.1 H thng chuyn mch v nh tuyn trung tm ca LAN............41 4.2.2 H thng cp ................................................................................44 4.3 Card mng..........................................................................................44 4.3.1 Vai tr ca card mng...................................................................44 4.3.2 Cc cu trc ca card mng.........................................................45 4.4 Qun l v cp pht a ch IP.............................................................45 4.5 Xy dng h thng tng la kt ni mng vi Internet.....................46 KT LUN..................................................................................................... 47 Hng pht trin..........................................................................................48 Ti liu tham kho: ......................................................................................49

Chng 1 Mt s khi nim v mng my tnh 1.1 Gii thiu s pht trin ca mng Mng my tnh c pht sinh do nhu cu mun chia s v dng chung d liu. My tnh c nhn l mt cng c tuyt vi gip to d liu, bng tnh, hnh nh v nhiu dng thng tin khc nhau, nhng khng cho php bn nhanh chng chia s d liu bn to nn. Nu khng c h thng mng, d liu ch c th chp ra a mm mang n mt my khc.

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

T nm 1960 xut hin cc mng x l trong cc trm cui (terminal) th ng c ni vo mt my x l trung tm. My x l trung tm lm tt c mi vic, t qun l cc th tc nhp xut d liu, qun l s ng b ca cc trm cui ..... cho n vic x l cc ngt t cc trm cui.... nhn nhim v ca my x l trung tm, ngi ta thm vo cc tin x l ni thnh mng truyn tin, trong cc thit b tp trung v dn knh dng tp trung trn mt ng truyn cc tn hiu gi ti t trm cui. S khc nhau gia hai thit b ny l b dn knh c kh nng truyn song song cc thng tin do cc trm cui gi ti, cn b tp trung khng c kh nng nn phi dng b nh m lu tr tm thi cc thng tin. T u nhng nm 70 my tnh c ni vi nhau trc tip to thnh mt mng my tnh nhm chia s ti nguyn v tng tin cy. Cng trong nhng nm 70 bt u xut hin khi nim mng truyn thng, trong cc thnh phn chnh ca n l cc nt mng, c gi l cc b truyn mch dng hng thng tin n cc ch ca n. Cc nt mng c ni vi nhau bng ng truyn cn cc my tnh x l thng tin ca ngi s dng hoc cc trm cui c ni trc tip vo cc nt mng khi cn th trao i thng tin qua mng. Bn thn cc nt mng thng cng l cc my tnh nn c th ng thi ng c vai tr my ca ngi x dng. 1.2 Khi nim v mng my tnh Mng my tnh l mt tp hp cc my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi c kt ni vi nhau bng cp sao cho chng c th dng chung d liu. 1.3 Ti sao phi dng mng Cc t chc s dng mng ch yu chia s, dng chung ti nguyn v cho php giao tip trc tuyn. Ti nguyn gm c d liu, chng trnh ng dng v cc thit b ngoi vi nh a ngoi, my in, modem, cn iu khin.......Giao tip trc tuyn bao gm gi v nhn thng ip hoc th in t.

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

1.4 Phn loi mng 1.4.1 Phn loi theo phm vi a l Mng cc b LAN ( Local Area Network ) : l mng c lp t trong phm vi hp, khong cch gia cc nt mng nh hn 10 Km. Mng th MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network) : L mng c ci t trong phm vi mt th hoc mt trung tm kinh t - x hi c bn knh khong 100 Km tr li. Mng din rng WAN ( Wide Area Network ) : Phm vi ca mng c th vt qua bin gii quc gia v thm ch c chu lc. Mng ton cu GAN (Global Area Network ) : L mng c thit lp trn phm vi tri rng khp cc chu lc trn tri t. 1.4.2 Phn bit theo phng php chuyn mch ( truyn d liu ) 1.4.2.1 Mng chuyn mch knh ( circuit - switched network ) Trong trong trng hp ny khi c hai trm cn trao i thng tin vi nhau th gia chng s c thit lp mt knh (circuit) c nh v duy tr cho n khi mt trong hai bn ngt lin lc. Cc d liu ch c truyn theo con ng c nh.
Data1
S2

Data 2
S4

Data 3

S1

S6

S3

S5

Hnh 1. Mng chuyn mch knh Mng chuyn mch knh c tc truyn cao v an ton nhng hiu xut x dng ng truyn thp v c lc knh b b khng do c hai bn u ht thng tin cn truyn trong khi cc trm khc khng c php s dng knh truyn ny v phi tiu tn thi gian thit lp con ng (knh) c nh gia 2 trm. Mng in thoi l v d in hnh ca mng chuyn mch knh.

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

1.4.2.2 Mng chuyn mch bn tin ( Message switched network) Thng tin cn truyn c cu trc theo mt phn dng c bit gi l bn tin. Trn bn tin c ghi a ch ni nhn, cc nt mng cn c vo a ch ni nhn chuyn bn tin ti ch. Tu thuc vo iu khin v mng, cc thng tin khc nhau c th c gi i theo cc con ng khc nhau u im : -Hiu xut s dng ng truyn cao v khng b chim dng c quyn m c phn chia gia cc trm -Mi nt mng (hay nt chuyn mch bn tin) c th lu d thng bo cho n khi knh truyn ri mi gi thng bo i, do gim c tnh trng tc nghn mng. -C iu khin vic truyn tin bng cch sp xp u tin cho cc thng bo. -C th tng hiu xut s dng gii thng ca mng bng cch gn a ch qung b gi thng bo ng thi n nhiu ch. Nhc im : Phng php chuyn mch bn tin l khng hn ch kch thc ca cc thng bo, lm cho ph tn lu tr tm thi cao v nh hng n thi gian p ng v cht lng truyn i. Mng chuyn mch bn tin thch hp vi cc dch v thng tin kiu th in t hn l vi cc p dng c tnh thi gian thc v tn ti tr nht nh do lu tr v x l thng tin iu khin ti mi nt.

1.4.2.3 Mng chuyn mch gi Phng php ny mi thng bo c chia thnh nhiu phn nh hn gi l cc gi tin (pachet) c khun dng quy nh trc. Mi gi tin cng cha cc thng tin iu khin, trong c a ch ngun (ngi gi) v ch ( ngi nhn) ca gi tin. Cc gi tin v mt thng bo no c th c gi i qua mng n ch bng nhiu con ng khc nhau. Cn c vo s th t cc gi tin c ti to thnh thng tin ban u.

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

Phng php chuyn mach bn tin v phng php chuyn mch gi l gn ging nhau. im khc bit l cc gi tin c gii hn kch thc ti a sao cho cc nt mng c th x l ton b thng tin trong b nh m khng cn phi lu tr tm thi trn a. Nn mng chuyn mch gi truyn cc gi tin qua mng nhanh hn v hiu qu hn so vi chuyn mch bn tin.

Chng 2. Cc m hnh mng trong LAN 2.1 Kin thc c bn v LAN Mng cc b (LAN) l h truyn thng tc cao c thit k kt ni cc my tnh v cc thit b x l d liu khc cng hot ng vi nhau trong mt vc a l nh nh mt tng ca mt to nh, hoc trong mt to nh.Mt s mng LAN c th kt ni li vi nhau trong mt khu lm vic.

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Cc mng LAN tr nn thng dng v n cho php nhng ngi s dng dng chung nhng ti nguyn quan trng nh my in, a CD-ROM, cc phn mm ng dng v nhng thng tin cn thit khc. Trc khi pht trin cng ngh LAN cc my tnh hot ng c lp vi nhau,b hn ch bi s lng cc chng trnh tin ch, sau khi kt ni mng hiu qu ca chng tng ln gp i. 2.2 Cc k thut mng cc b 2.2.1 Cu trc tp ca mng cc b Cu trc tp (network topology) ca LAN l kin trc hnh hc th hin cch b tr cc ng cp, xp xp cc my tnh kt ni thnh mng hon chnh.Hu ht cc mng LAN ngy nay u c thit k hot ng da trn mt cu trc mng nh trc. in hnh v s dng nhiu nht l cu trc : dng sao, dng tuyn tnh, dng vng cng vi nhng cu trc kt hp ca chng. 2.2.1.1 Mng dng sao (Star topology) Mng sao bao gm mt b kt ni trung tm v cc nt. Cc nt ny l cc trm u cui, cc my tnh v cc thit b khc ca mng. B kt ni trung tm ca mng iu phi mi hot ng trong mng.

Hnh 2. Cu trc mng sao Mng dng sao cho php ni cc my tnh vo mt b tp trung bng cp, gii php ny cho php ni trc tip my tnh vi b tp trung khng cn thng qua trc bus, nn trnh c cc yu t gy ngng tr mng. M hnh kt ni dng sao ny tr ln ht sc ph bin. Vi vic s dng cc b tp trung hoc chuyn mch, cu trc sao c th c m rng bng cch t chc nhiu mc phn cp, do d dng trong vic qun l v vn hnh.

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u im : -Hot ng theo nguyn l ni song song nn nu c mt thit b no mt nt thng tin b hng th mng vn hot ng bnh thng. -Cu trc mng n gin v cc gii thut ton n nh. -Mng c th d dng m rng hoc thu hp. -D dng kim sot ni, khc phc s c. c bit do s dng kt ni im im nn tn dng c ti a tc ca ng truyn vt l.

Nhc im : -Kh nng m rng ca ton mng phc thuc vo kh nng ca trung tm. -Khi trung tm c s c th ton mng ngng hot ng. -Mng yu cu ni c lp ring r tng thit b cc nt thng tin n trung tm. - di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch (trong vng 100m vi cng ngh hin tai). 2.2.1.2 Mng dng tuyn (Bus topology) Thc hin theo cch b tr ngang hng, cc my tnh v cc thit b khc. Cc nt u c ni v vi nhau trn mt trc ng dy cp chnh chuyn ti tn hiu. Tt c cc nt u s dng chung ng dy cp chnh ny. hai u dy cp c bt bi mt thit b gi l terminator. Cc tn hiu v d liu khi truyn i u mang theo a ch ni n.

terminator

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Hnh 3. Cu trc mng hnh tuyn u im : -Loi cu trc mng ny dng dy cp t nht. -Lp t n gin v gi thnh r. Nhc im : -S n tc giao thng khi di chuyn d liu vi lu lng ln. -Khi c s c hng hc on no th rt kh pht hin, li trn ng dy cng lm cho ton b h thng ngng hot ng. Cu trc ny ngy nay t c s dng. 2.2.1.3 Mng dng vng (Ring topology) Mng dng ny b tr theo dng xoay vng, ng dy cp c thit k lm thnh mt vng trn khp kn, tn hiu chy quanh theo mt vng no . Cc nt truyn tn hiu cho nhau mi thi im ch c mt nt m thi. D liu truyn i phi c km theo a ch c th ca mi trm tip nhn. u im: -Mng dng vng c thun li c th m rng ra xa, tng n dy cn thit t hn so vi hai kiu trn. -Mi trm c th t c tc ti a khi truy nhp. Nhc im : ng dy phi khp kn, nu b ngt mt ni no th ton b h thng cng b ngng.

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Hnh 4. Cu hnh mng vng 2.2.1.4 Mng dng kt hp L mng kt hp dng sao v tuyn ( star/bus topology) : Cu hnh mng dng ny c b phn tch tn hiu (spitter) gi vai tr thit b trung tm, h thng dy cp mng c th chn hoc Ring Topology hoc Linear Bus Topology. u im ca cu hnh ny l mng c th gm nhiu nhm lm vic cch xa nhau, ARCNET l mng dng kt hp Star/Bus Topology. Cu hnh dng ny a li s uyn chuyn trong vic b tr ng dy tng thch d dng i vi bt k to nh no. Kt hp cu hnh sao v vng (Star/Ring Topology). Cu hnh dng kt hp Star/Ring Topology, c mt th bi lin lc c chuyn vng quanh mt ci b tp trung. 2.2.2 Cc phng php truy cp ng truyn Khi c ci t vo trong mng, cc trm ny tun theo quy tc nh trc c th s dng ng truyn, l phng thc truy nhp. Phng thc truy nhp c nh ngha l cc th tc u hng trm lm th no v lc no c th thm nhp vo ng dy cp gi hay nhn cc gi thng tin 2.2.2.1 Phng thc CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access Width Collision Detection) Phng thc ny thng dng cho mng c cu trc hnh tuyn, cc my trm cng chia s mt knh truyn chung, cc trm u c c hi thm nhp ng truyn nh nhau (Multiple Access). Tuy nhin ti mt thi im th ch c mt ng truyn d liu m thi. Trc khi truyn d liu, mi trm phi lng nghe ng truyn chc chn ng truyn ri ( Carrier Sense). Trong trng hp hai trm thc hin vic truyn d liu ng thi, xung t d liu s xy ra, cc trm tham ra phi pht hin c s xung t v thng bo vi cc trm khc gy ra xung t (Collision Detection), ng thi cc trm phi

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ngng thm nhp, chi i ln sau trong khong thi gian ngu nhin no ri mi tip tc truyn. Khi lu lng cc gi tin cn di chuyn trn mng qu cao, th vic xung t c th xy ra vi s lng ln hn dn n lm chm tc truyn tin ca h thng. 2.2.2.2 Phng thc truyn th bi (Token Bus ) Nguyn l hot ng ca phng php ny l : cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn ca cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu, mt th bi c lu chuyn trn vng trn logic thit lp bi cc trm . Khi mt trm nhn th bi th n c quyn s dng ng truyn trong mt thi gian xc nh. Trong thi gian n c th truyn mt hoc nhiu n v d liu. Khi ht d liu hoc ht thi gian cho php, trm phi chuyn th bi n trm tip theo trong vng logic. Nh vy, cng vic u tin l thit lp vng logic ( hay cn gi l vng o) bao gm cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu c xc nh v tr theo mt chui th t m trm cui cng ca chui s tip lin sau bi trm u tin. Mi trm c bit a ch ca cc trm k trc v sau n. Th t ca cc trm trn vng logic c th c lp vi th t vt l. Cc trm khng hoc cha c nhu cu truyn d liu th khng c a vo vng logic m chng ch c th nhn d liu.

bus

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ng truyn vt l vng logic Hnh 5. Cu trc mng vng logic Vic thit lp vng logic trong chng trnh l khng kh, nhng vic duy tr n theo trng thi thc t ca mng mi l kh. Ta phi thc hin cc bc sau: -B xung mt trm vo mng logic : Cc trm nm ngoi vng logic cn c xem xt nh k nu c nhu cu truyn d liu th b sung vo vng logic. -Loi b mt trm khi vng logic : Khi mt trm khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu cn loi n ra khi vng logic ti u ho vic iu khin truy nhp bng th bi. -Qun l li : Mt s li c th xy ra, chng hn trng a ch hoc t vng . -Khi to vng logic : Khi ci t mng hoc sau khi t vng cn phi khi to li vng. Cc gii thut cho cc chc nng trn c khuyn ngh nh sau: - thc hin b sung trm vo vng logic, mi trm c trch nhim nh k to c hi cho cc trm mi nhp, vo vng. Khi chuyn th bi i, trm s gi theo mt thng bo tm trm ng sau mi cc trm gi yu cu nhp vng. Nu trong mt thi gian xc nh trc m khng c yu cu no th trm s chuyn th n trm k sau n nh thng l. Nu c yu cu th trm gi th bi s ghi nhn trm yu cu tr thnh trm ng k sau n v chuyn th bi mi ny. Nu c hn mt trm yu cu nhp vng th trm gi th bi s phi la chn mt gii thut no .

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-Vic loi b trm ra khi vng logic n gin hn nhiu. Mt trm mun ra khi vng s i n khi nhn c th bi s gi thng bo ni trm ng sau ti trm k trc n yu cu trm ny ni trc tip vi trm k sau n. -Vic qun l li mt trm gi th bi phi gii quyt nhiu tnh hung bt ng. Chng hn, trm nhn c tn hiu cho thy c trm khc c th bi. Lp tc n phi chuyn sang trng thi nghe. Hoc sau khi kt thc truyn d liu, trm phi chuyn th bi n trm k sau n v tip tc nghe xem trm k sau c hot ng hay khng. Trng hp trm k sau n b h hng th phi tm cch vt qua nt hng , c gng tm c trm hot ng gi th bi ti. -Vic khi to vng logic c thc hin khi mt hoc nhiu trm pht hin bng bus khng hot ng trong mt thi gian vt qua mt gi tr ngng (time-out) cho trc - th bi b mt. C nhiu nguyn nhn, chng hn mng b mt ngun hoc trm gi th bi b hng. Lc trm pht hin s gi i thng bo yu cu th bi ti mt trm c ch nh trc c trch nhim sinh th bi mi v chuyn i theo vng logic. 2.2.2.3 Phng thc truyn vng th bi (Token Ring) Phng php ny cng da trn nguyn tc dng th by cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn. Nhng y th bi lu chuyn theo vng vt l ch khng cn lp vng logic nh i vi phng php Token Bus. Th bi l n v d liu c bit trong c mt bt c bit biu din trmg thi s dng ca n (bn hoc ri). Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i n khi nhn c mt th bi "ri". Khi trm s i bt trng thi ca th bi thnh "bt" v truyn mt n v d liu vi th bi i theo chiu ca vng. Lc ny khng cn th bi ri trn vng, do cc trm c d liu cn chuyn cng phi i. D liu n trm ch s c sao li, sau cng th bi i tip cng vi th bi v trm ngun. Trm ngun s xo b d liu v i bt trng thi tr v ri v cho lu chuyn tip trn vng cc trm khc c th nhn c quyn truyn d liu. Qu trnh m t trn c minh ho trong ( hnh 5).

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D
Busy token

Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN Tree

A
Ngun token

token

C
ch

A
Ngu n

token
dat a

C
ch

B D

dat a

A
Ngu n

to ke n

C
ch

Hnh 6. Hot ng ca phng php Token Ring S quay tr v ca ngun d liu v th bi nhm to mt c ch bo nhn t nhin : trm ch c th gi vo n v d liu (phn header) cc thng tin v kt qu tip nhn d liu ca mnh. Cc thng tn c th l : -Trm ch khng tn ti hoc khng hot ng. -L trm ch tn ti nhng khng c sao chp. -D liu c tip nhn. -C li xy ra. Phng php ny gii quyt hai vn c th dn n ph v h thng. Mt vic l mt th bi lm cho trn vng khng cn th bi lu chuyn na. Hai l mt th bi lu chuyn khng dng trn vng trn. C th c nhiu gii php khc nhau cho hai vn ny. Sau y l mt gii php c ngh : -i vi vn mt th bi, c th quy nh trc mt trm iu khin ch ng (active monitor). Trm ny s pht hin tnh trng mt th bi bng cch dng c ch ngng thi gian (time out) v phc hi bng cch pht i mt th bi ri mi. -i vi th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng, trm monitor s dng mt bt trn th bi (gi l monitor bt) nh du (t gi tr 1) khi gp mt th bi bn i qua n. Nu n gp li mt th bi bn vi bt nh du th c ngha l

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trm ngun khng nhn li c n v d liu ca mnh v th bi bn c quay vng mi. Lc , trm monitor s i bt trng thi ca th bi thnh ri v chuyn tip tren vng. Cc trm cn li trn vng s c vai tr b ng: chng theo di pht hin tnh trnh s c ca trm monitor ch ng v thay th vai tr . Cn c mt gii thut chn trm thay th cho trm monitor hng 2.2.2.4 Phng thc FDDI FDDI l k thut dng trong cc mng cu trc vng, di chuyn th bi tc cao bng phng tin cp si quang. FDDI s dng h thng chuyn th bi trong c ch vng kp. Lu thng trn mng FDDI bao gm hai lung ging nhau theo hai hng ngc nhau. FDDI thng c dng vi mng trc trn nhng mng LAN cng xut thp c th ni vo. Cc mng LAN hi tc truyn d liu cao di thng ln c th s dng FDDI.

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

Hnh 7. Cu trc mng dng vng ca FDDI 2.2.3 H thng cp mng dng cho LAN 2.2.3.1 Cp xon y l loi cp gm 2 ng dy bng ng c xon vo nhau lm gim nhiu in t gy ra bi mi trng xung quanh v gia chng vi nhau. Hin nay c 2 loi cp xon l cp c bc kim loi (STP-Shield Twisted Pair) v cp khng bc kim loi (UTP-Unshield Twisted Pair). Cp c bc kim loi (STP): Lp bc bn ngoi c tc dng chng nhiu in t, c loi c mt i dy xon vo nhau v c loi c nhiu i dy xon vo nhau. Cp khng bc kim loi (UTP) : tnh tng t nh STP nhng km hn v kh nng chng nhim t v suy hao v khng c v bc. STP v UTP c 2 loi (Category-Cat) thng dng: -Loi 1 v 2 (Cat1 & Cat2) : thng dng cho truyn thoi v nhng ng truyn tc thp (nh hn 4Mb/s). -Loi 3 (Cat3) : Tc truyn d liu khong 16Mb/s, n l chun hu ht cho cc mng in thoi. -Loi 4 (Cat4) : Thch hp cho ng truyn 20Mb/s. -Loi 5 (Cat5) : Thch hp cho ng truyn 100Mb/s. -Loi 6 (Cat6) : Thch hp cho ng truyn 300Mb/s. y l loi cp r , d lp t tuy nhin n d b nh hng ca mi trng. 2.2.3.2 Cp ng trc Cp ng trc c 2 ng dy dn v chng c cng 1 trc chung , 1 dy dn trung tm (thng l dy ng cng) ng dy cn li to thnh ng ng bao xung quanh dy dn trung tm ( dy dn ny c th l dy bn kim loi v v n c chc nng chng nhim t nn cn gi l lp bc kim). Gia 2 dy dn trn c 1 lp cch ly, v bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp. Cp ng trc c suy hao t hn so vi cc loi cp ng khc ( nh cp xon i) do t b nh hng ca mI trng. Cc mng cc b s dng cp ng

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

trc c th c kch thc trong phm vi vi ngn mt, cp ng trc c s dng nhiu trong cc mng dng ng thng. Hai loi cp thng c s dng l cp ng trc mng v cp ng trc dy. ng knh cp ng trc mng l 0,25 inch v dy l 0,5 inch. C hai loi cp u lm vic cng tc nhng cp ng trc mng c hao suy tn hiu ln hn. Hin nay c cp ng trc sau : -RG -58,50 m: dng cho mng Ethernet -RG - 59,75 m: dng cho truyn hnh cp Cc mng cc b s dng cp ng trc c di thng t 2,5 - 10Mbps, cp ng trc c suy hao t hn so vi cc loi cp ng khc v n c lp v bc bn ngoi, di thng thng ca mt on cp ni trong mng l 200m, thng s dng cho dng Bus. 2.2.3.3 Cp si quang Cp si quang bao gm mt dy dn trung tm (l mt hoc mt b si thu tinh c th truyn dn tn hiu quang) c bc mt lp v bc c tc dng phn x cc tn hiu tr li gim s mt mt tn hiu. Bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp. Cp si quang khng truyn dn c cc tin hiu in m ch truyn cc tn hiu quang v khi nhn chng s li chuyn i tr li thnh cc tn hiu in. Cp quang c ng knh t 8.3 - 100 micron, do ng knh li thu tinh c kch thc rt nh nn rt kh khn cho vic u ni, n cn cng ngh c bit vi k thut cao v chi ph cao. Di thng ca cp quang c th ln ti hng Gbps v cho php khong cch i cp kh xa do suy hao tn hiu trn cp rt thp. Ngoi ra v cp si quang khng dng tn hiu in t truyn d liu nn n hon ton khng b nh hng ca nhiu in t v tn hiu truyn khng b pht hin v thu trn bng cc thit b in t ca ngi khc. Nhc im ca cp quang l kh lp t v gi thanh cao, nhng nhn chung cp quang thch hp cho mi mng hin nay v sau ny.

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

Cc loi cp Chi tit Cp xon cp Cp ng trc Cp ng trc Cp quang mng dy Bng ng, 2 dy, ng knh 5mm 185m 30 c c Tt Trung bnh Trung bnh Khng tt Kh Thp Bng ng, 2 Thu tinh 2 dy, ng si knh 10mm 500m 1000m 100 c c Tt Trung bnh Kh Khng tt Kh Trung bnh 2 c c Tt Hon ton Kh Tt Trung bnh Cao

Chiu on ti a

Bng ng, co 4 cp dy (loi 3,4,5) di 100m

S u ni ti 2 a trn mt on Chy 10Mbps c Chy 100 c Mbps Chng nhiu Tt Bo mt tin cy Trung bnh Tt

Khc phc li Tt Qun l D dng

Chi ph cho Rt thp mt trm

2.2.4 Cc thit b dng kt ni mng LAN 2.2.4.1 HUB-B tp trung Hub l 1 trong nhng yu t quan trng nht ca LAN , y l im kt ni dy trung tm ca mng, tt c cc trm trn mng LAN c kt ni thng qua hub. Hub thng c dng ni mng, thng qua nhng u cm ca n ngi ta lin kt vi cc my tnh di dng hnh sao. Mt hub thng thng c nhiu cng ni vi ngi s dng gn my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi. Mi cng h tr 1 b kt ni dng cp dy xon 10BASET t mi trm ca mng.

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Khi tn hiu c truyn t mt trm ti hub, n c lp li trn khp cc cng khc ca hub. Cc hub thng minh c th nh dng, kim tra, cho php hoc khng cho php bi ngi iu hnh mng t trung tm qun l hub. Nu phn loi theo phn cng th c 3 loi hub: -Hub n (stand alone hub) -Hub modun (modular hub) Rt ph bin cho cc h thng mng v n c th d dng m rng v lun c chc nng qun l, modular c t 4 ti 14 khe cm, c th lp thm cc modun Ethernet 10BASET. -Hub phn tng (stackable hub) l l tng cho nhng c quan mun u t ti thiu ban u nhng li c k hoch pht trin sau ny. Phn loi theo kh nng c 2 loi: -Hub b ng (Passive hub) : hub b ng khng cha cc linh kin in t v cng khng s l cc tn hiu d liu, n c chc nng duy nht l t hp tn hiu t 1 s on cp mng. -Hub ch ng (Active hub): c cc linh kin in t c th khuych i v x l cc tn hiu in t truyn gia cc thit b mng. Qu trnh s l d liu c gi l ti sinh tn hiu, n lm cho tn hiu tr nn tt hn, t nhy cm vi li do vy khong cch gia cc thit b c th tng ln. u im ca hub ch ng cng ko theo gi thnh ca n cao hn so vi hub b ng. Cc mng Tokenring c xu hng dng hub ch ng. 2.2.4.2 Bridge Bridge l mt thit b c s l ding ni 2 mng ging hoc khc nhau, n c th dng c vi cc mng c cc giao thc khc nhau. Cu ni hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn khng nh b tip sc phi pht li tt c nhng g n nhn c th cu ni c cc gi tin ca tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI v s l chng trc khi quyt nh c chuyn i hay khng. Khi nhn c cc gi tin bridge chn lc v ch chuyn nhng gi tin m n thy cn thit. iu ny cho php bridge tr nn c ch khi ni mt vi mng vi nhau v cho php n hot ng mt cch mm do.

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

thc hin iu ny trong bridge mi u kt ni c 1 bng cc a ch cc trm c kt ni vo vi n, khi hot ng cu ni xem xt mi gi tin n nhn c bng cch c a ch ca ni gi v ni nhn v da trn bng a ch pha nhn c gi tin n quyt nh gi gi tin hay khng v b xung vo bng a ch. Khi c a ch ni gi bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu khng c th bridge t ng b xung bng a ch ( c ch c gi l t hc ca cu ni).

bridge A A B C B C

Hnh 8. hot ng ca cu ni Khi c a ch ni gi bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu c th bridge s cho rng l gi tin ni b thuc phn mng m gi tin n nn khng chuyn gi tin i, nu ngc li th bridge mi chuyn sang phi bn kia. y chng ta thy 1 trm khng cn thit chuyn thng tin trn ton mng m ch trn phn mng c trm nhn m thi.
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physic Datalink Physic Datalink Physic

24 | PDatalink age
Physic

Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

Hnh 9. Hot ng ca Bridge trong m hnh OSI trnh mt bridge ngi ta a ra 2 khi nim lc v vn chuyn. -Qu trnh x l mi gi tin c gi l qu trnh lc th hin trc tip kh nng hot ng ca bridge. -Tc chuyn vn c th hin s gi tin trn giy trong th hin kh nng ca bridge chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc. Hin nay c 2 loi bridge ang c s dng l bridge vn chuyn v bridge bin dch. Bridge vn chuyn dng ni 2 mng cc b cng s dng 1 giao thc truyn thng ca tng lin kt d liu, tuy nhin mi mng c th s dng loi dy ni khc nhau. Bridge vn chuyn khng c kh nng thay i cu trc cc gi tin m n nhn c, n ch quan tm ti vic xem xt v vn chuyn gi tin i. Bridge bin dch dng ni 2 mng cc b c giao thc khc nhau c kh nng chuyn 1 gi tin thuc mng ny sang mng khc trc khi chuyn qua.

Ngi ta s dng Bridge trong cc trng hp sau: -M rng mng hin ti khi t ti khong cch ti a do bridge sau khi s l gi tin pht li gi tin trn phn mng cn li nn tn hiu tt hn b tip sc. -Gim bt tc nghn mng khi c qu nhiu trm bng cch s dung bridge, khi chng ta chia mng thnh nhiu phn bng cc bridge, cc gi tin trong ni b trong phn mng s khng c php qua phn mng khc.

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ni cc mng c giao thc khc nhau. Mt vi bridge c kh nng la chn i tng vn chuyn. N c th ch vn chuyn cc gi tin ca nhng a ch xc nh. 2.2.4.3 Switch - B chuyn mch B chuyn mch l s tin ho ca cu, nhng c nhiu cng v dng cc mch tch hp nhanh gim tr ca vic chun khung d liu. Switch gia bng a ch MAC ca mi cng v thc hin giao thc Spanning-tree. Switch cng hot ng tng lin kt d liu v trong sut cc giao thc tng trn. 2.2.4.4 Router - B nh tuyn Router l 1 thit b hot ng trn tng mng, n c th tm c ng i tt nht cho cc gi tin qua nhiu kt ni i t trm gi thuc mng u n trm nhn thuc mng cui. Router c th c s dng trong vic ni nhiu mng vi nhau v cho php cc gi tin c th i theo nhiu ng khc nhau v ti ch. Khc vi bridge hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn bridge phi x l mi gi tin trn ng truyn th router c a ch ring bit v n ch tip nhn v x l cc gi tin gi n n m thi. Khi mt trm mun gi gi tin qua router th n phi gi gi tin vi a ch trc tip ca router (trong gi tin phi cha cc thng tin khc v ch n) v khi gi tin n router th router mi x l v gi tip. Khi x l 1 gi tin router phi tm c ng i ca gi tin qua mng. lm c iu router phi tm c ng i tt nht trong mng da trn cc thng tin m n c v mng, thng thng trn mi router c 1 bng ch ng (router table). Da trn d liu v router gn v cc mng trong lin mng, router tnh c bng ch ng ti u da trn 1 thut ton xc nh trc. Ngi ta phn chia router thnh 2 loi l router c ph thuc giao thc (The protocol dependent router) v router khng ph thuc giao thc (The protocol independent router) da vo phng thc s l cc gi tin router c ph thuc giao thc : ch thc hin tm ng v truyn gi tin t mng ny sang mng

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khc ch khng chuyn i phng cch ng gi ca gi tin cho nn c hai mng phi dng chung 1 giao thc truyn thng. Router khng ph thuc vo giao thc: c th lin kt cc mng dng giao thc truyn thng khc v c th chuyn i gi tin ca giao thc ny sang gi tin ca giao thc kia, n cng chp nhn kch thc cc gi tin khc nhau. ngn chn vic mt mt s liu router cn c th nhn bit ng no c th chuyn vn v ngng chuyn vn khi ng tc.

Applicatio n Presentati on Session Transport Network Datalink Physic Networ k Datalin k Physic Networ k Datalin k Physic

Applicatio n Presentati on Session Transport Network Datalink Physic

Hnh 10. Hot ng ca Router trong m hnh OSI Cc l do s dng router: Router c cc phn mm lc u vit hn l bridge do cc gi tin mun i qua router cn phi gi trc tip n n nn gim c s lng gi tin qua n. Router thng c s dng trong khi ni cc mng thng qua cc ng dy thu bao t tin do n khng truyn d ln ng truyn. -Router c th dng trong mt lin mng c nhiu vng, mi vng c giao thc ring bit. -Router c th xc nh c ng i an ton v tt nht trong mng nn an ton ca thng tin c bo m hn.

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

Trong mt mng phc hp khi cc gi tin lun chuyn cc ng c th gy nn tnh trng tc nghn ca mng th cc router c th c ci t cc phng th nhm trnh c tc nghn. Cc phng thc hot ng ca router : l phng thc m router c th ni vi cc router khc qua chia s thng tin v mng hin c. Cc chng trnh chy tren router lun xy dng bng chi tit ng qua vic trao i cc thng tin vi cc router khc. -Phng thc vector khong cch : Mi router lun lun truyn i thng tin v bng ch ng ca mnh trn mng, hng qua cc router khc s cp nht bng ch ng cho mnh. -Phng thc trng thi tnh : Router ch truyn cc thng bo khi c pht hin c s thay i trong mng v ch khi cc router khc cp nht li bng ch ng, thng tin truyn i khi thng l thng tin v ng truyn .
Network 2 Router 3 Network 3 Router 1 Network 1 Router 2
Network distance port nextRouter dury stare 1 0 3 good 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 router 2 good good

Network 4

4 0 3 Hnh 11. Bng nh tuyn ca Routerrouter 2 good

Mt s giao thc hot ng chnh ca router: RIP (Routing information protocol) c pht trin bi Xeronx Network System v s dng SPX/IPX v TCP/IP. RIP hot ng theo phng thc vct khong cch.

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

-NLSP (Netware Link Service Protocol) c pht trin bi Novell dng thay th RIP hot ng theo phng thc vecs t khong cch, mi router c bit cu trc ca mng v vic truyn cc bng ch ng. -OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) l mt phn ca TCP/IP vi phng thc trng thi tnh, trong xt ti u tin, gi dng truyn mt truyn thng. -IS - IS (Opent System Interconnection Intermediate System To Intermediate System) l mt phn ca TCP/IP vi phng thc trng thi tnh, trong xt ti u tin, gi dng truyn mt truyn thng. 2.2.4.5 Repeater-B lp tn hiu Repeater l mt loi thit b phn cng n gin nht trong cc thit b lin kt mng, n c hot ng trong tng vt l ca m hnh OSI. Khi repeater nhn c 1 tn hiu t 1 pha ca mng th n s pht tip vo pha kia ca mng. Repaeter khng c s l tn hiu m n ch loi b cc tn hiu mo nhiu, khuych i tn hiu b xuy hao (v pht vi khong cch xa) v khi phc li tn hiu ban u. Vic s dng repeater lm tng thm chiu di ca mng. Vic s dng repeater khng thay i ni dung cc tn hiu i qua nn n ch c dng ni hai mng c cng giao thc truyn thng (Ethernet hay token ring) v khng th ni 2 mng c giao thc truyn thng khc nhau. Thm na repeater khng lm thay i khi lng chuyn vn trn mng nn vic s dng khng tnh ton n trn mng ln s hn ch hiu nng ca mng. Khi la chn s dng repeater cn lu la chn loi c tc chuyn vn vi tc ca mng. 2.2.4.6 Layer 3 Switch-B chyn mch c nh tuyn Switch L3 c th chy giao thc c nh tuyn tng mng, tng 3 ca m hnh 7 tng OSI, Switch L3 c th c cc cng WAN ni cc LAN khong cch xa. Thc cht n c b sung thm tnh nng ca router.

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

2.2.5 Cc k thut chuyn mch trong LAN 2.2.5.1 Phn on mng trong LAN 2.2.5.1.1 Mc ch ca phn on mng Mc ch l phn chia bng thng hp l p ng nhu cu ca cc ng dng trong mng. ng thi tn dng hiu qu nht bng thng ang c. thc hin tt iu ny cn hiu r khi nim: Min sung t (collision domain) min qung b (broadcast domain) -Min xung t (cn c gi l min bng thng - bandwidth domain) Nh m t trong hot ng ca m hnh Ethernet, hin tng sung t xy ra khi hai trm trong cng mt phn on mng ng thi truyn khung. Min xung t c nh ngha l vng mng m trong cc khung c th gy xung t vi nhau. Cng nhiu trm trong cng mt min xung t th x lm tng xung t v lm gim tc truyn, v th m min xung t cn gi l min bng thng (cc trm trong cng min ny s chia s bng thng ca min). -Min qung b (boardcast domain): Min qung b c nh ngha l tp hp cc thit b m trong khi mt thit b pht i mt khung qung b (boardcast) th tt c cc thit b cn li u nhn c. Khi s dng cc thit b kt ni khc nhau, ta s phn chia mng thnh nhiu min xung t v min qung b khc nhau. 2.2.5.1.2 Phn on mng bng Repeater Thc cht repeater khng phn on mng m ch m rng on mng v mt vt l. Ni chnh xc repeater cho php m rng min xung t. H thng 10baset s dng hub nh l mt b repeater nhiu cng. Cc my trm cng ni vi mt hub s thuc cng 1 min xung t. Gi s 8 trm ni cng 1 hub 10baset tc 10Mb/s, v ti mt thi im ch c mt trm c truyn khung ln bng thng trung bnh mi trm c c l: 10Mb/s : 8 trm = 1,25Mbps/1trm

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Collision Domain Broadcast Domain

Hnh12 Min xung t v min qung b khi phn on mng bng Repeater Ch : khi s dng repeater m rng mng, th khong cch xa nht gia hai my trm s b hn ch. 2.2.5.1.3 Phn on mng bng cu ni Cu ni hot ng tng 2 ca m hnh OSI, c kh nng kim tra phn a ch MAC trong khung, v da vo a ch ngun, ch, n s a ra quyt nh y khung ny ti u. Quan trng l qua ta c th lin kt cc min xung t vi nhau trong cng mt min qung b m cc min xung t ny vn c lp vi nhau. Khc vi trng hp s dng repeater trn, bng thng lc ny ch b chia s trong tng min xung t, mi my trm c s dng nhiu bng thng hn. Li ch khc ca vic s dng cu l ta c 2 min xung t ring bit nn mi min c ring gi tr slottime do vy c th m rng ti a cho tng min. Tuy nhin vic s dng cu cng b gii hn bi qui tc 80/20. Theo qui tc ny, cu ch hot ng hiu qu khi c 20% ti ca phn on khi qua cu 80% l ti trong ni b phn on.

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= Min xung = min qung t b

Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

Hnh 13. Min xung t v qung b khi s dng bridge

Trng hp ngc li vi qui tc ny ,hai phn on kt ni bi cu c th xem nh cng 1 phn on, khng c li g v bng thng. 2.2.5.1.4 Phn on mng bng router Router hot ng tng 3 trong m hnh OSI, c kh nng kim tra header ca gi IP nn a ra quyt nh. n v d liu m b nh tuyn thao tc l cc gi IP (cc b chuyn mch v cu ni thao tc vi cc khung tin). B nh tuyn ng thi to ra min xung t v min qung b ring.

Min xung Min qung b t

Hnh 14 Phn on mng bng Router 2.2.6.1.5 Phn on mng bng b chuyn mch B chuyn mch l mt thit b phc tp nhiu cng cho php cu hnh theo nhiu cch khc nhau. C th cu hnh n tr thnh nhiu cu o nh sau:
BD 2 BD3

BD 1

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BD 3 BD 1

BD 2

Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

Hnh 15. Cu hnh b chuyn mch thnh nhiu cu o Bng tng kt thc hin phn on mng bng cc thit b kt ni khc nhau: Thit b Repeater Bridge Router Switch Min xung t Mt Nhiu Nhiu Nhiu Min qung b Mt Mt Nhiu Mt hoc nhiu

2.2.5.2 Cc ch chuyn mch trong LAN B chuyn mch cung cp kh nng tng t nh cu ni, nhng c kh nng thch ng tt hn trong trng hp phi m rng qui m, cng nh trong trng hp phi ci thin hiu sut vn hnh ca ton mng. B chuyn kt ni theo on mng hoc thit b thc hin chc nng ca n bng cch xy dng v duy tr mt c s d liu lu danh sch cc cng v phn on mng kt ni ti. Khi mt khung tin gi ti, b chuyn mch s kim tra a ch ch c trong khung tin, sau tm s cng tng ng trong c s d liu gi khung tin ti ng cng. Cch thc nhn v chuyn khung tin cho ta 2 ch chuyn mch: -Chuyn mch lu v chuyn(Store and forward switching) -Chuyn mch ngay(Cut through switching) 2.2.5.2.1 Chuyn mch lu v chuyn(Store and forward switching) Cc b chuyn mch lu v chuyn hot ng nh cu ni. Trc ht khi c khung tin gi ti, b chuyn mch s nhn ton b khung tin, kim tra tnh ton vn d liu ca khung tin, sau mi chuyn tip khung tin ti cng cn chuyn.

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Khung tin trc ht phi c lu li kim tra tnh ton vn do s c mt tr nht nh t khi d liu c nhn ti khi d liu c chuyn i. Vi ch chuyn mch ny, cc khung tin m bo tnh ton vn mi c chuyn mch, cc khung tin li s khng c chuyn. 2.2.5.2.2 Chuyn mch ngay (Cut through switching) Cc b chuyn mch ngay hot ng nhanh hn so vi cc b chuyn mch lu v chuyn. B chuyn mch c a ch ch phn u khung tin ri chuyn ngay khung tin ti cng tng ng m khng cn kim tra tnh ton vn. Cc b chuyn mch i mi c kh nng gim st cc cng ca n v quyt nh s s dng phng php no thch hp nht. Chng c th t ng chuyn t phng php chuyn ngay sang phng php lu v chuyn nu s li trn cng vt qua ngng xc nh

Chng 3. Thit k mng LAN 3.1 M hnh c bn 3.1.1 M hnh phn cp

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Tm hiu mng m hnh mng LAN

Acces s

Distribut ion

core

Hnh 16. M hnh phn cp Cu trc : Lp li (Core Layer): y l trc xng sng ca mng (backbone) thng dng cc b chuyn mch c tc cao ( high-speed switching), thng c cc c tnh nh tin cy cao, c cng sut d tha, c kh nng t khc phc li, c kh nng thch nghi cao, p ng nhanh, d qun l, c kh nng lc gi, hay lc cc tin trnh trong mng. Lp phn tn (Distribution Layer) : Lp phn tn l ranh gii gia lp truy nhp v lp li ca mng, lp phn tn thc hin cc chc nng nh m bo gi d liu n tng phn on mng, m bo an ninh - an ton, phn on mng theo nhm cng tc, chia min broadcast/multicast, nh tuyn gia cc LAN, chun mi trng truyn dn, nh tuyn gia cc min, to bin gii min gia cc min trong nh tuyn tnh v ng, thc hin cc b lc gi (theo a ch, theo s hiu cng,.....), thc hin cc c ch m bo cht lng dch v. Lp truy nhp (Access Layer) : Lp truy nhp cung cp cc kh nng truy nhp cho ngi s dng cc b hay t xa truy nhp vo mng. Thng c thc hin bng cc b chuyn mch (switch) trong mi trng campus, hay cng ngh WAN. nh gi m hnh : Gi thnh thp.

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D ci t. D m rng. D c lp li. 3.1.2 M hnh an ninh- an ton (Secure model) LAN c lp lm vng m gia mng cng tc vi mng bn ngoi ( LAN c lp c gi l khu phi qun s hay vng DMZ) Thit b nh tuyn trong c ci t b lc gi c t gia DMZ v mng cng tc. Thit b nh tuyn ngoi c ci b lc c t gia DMZ v mng ngoi. 3.2 Cc yu cu thit k Yu cu k thut. Yu cu v hiu nng. Yu cu v ng dng. Yu cu v qun l mng. Yu cu v an ninh-an ton mng. Yu cu rng buc v ti chnh, thi gian thc hin, yu cu v chnh tr ca d n, xc nh ngun nhn lc, xc nh cc ngun ti nguyn c v c th ti s dng. Cc bc thit k 3.3.1 Phn tch yu cu: -Xc nh mc tiu s dng LAN : Ai s dng LAN v yu cu v dung lng trao d liu, loi hnh dch v, thi gian p ng, Yu cu pht trin ca LAN trong tng lai; xc nh ch s hu v qun tr LAN. -Xc nh s lng nt mng hin thi v tng lai (rt ln trn 1000 nt, va trn 100 nt v nh di 10 nt). Trn c s s lng nt mng, chng ta c phng thc phn cp, chn k thut chuyn mch, v chn thit b chuyn mch.

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-Da vo m hnh phng ban phn on vt l m bo hai yu cu an ninh v m bo cht lng dch v. -Da vo m hnh tp la chn cng ngh i cp. -D bo cc yu cu m rng. 3.3.2 La chn phn cng (thit b, cng ngh kt ni,...) Da trn cc phn tch yu cu v kinh ph d kin cho vic trin khai, chng ta s la chn nh cung cp thit b tt nht nh l Cisco, Nortel, 3COM, Intel.... Cc cng ngh tin tin nht ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam ( kinh t v k thut) hin c trn th trng, v s c trong tng lai gn. Cc cng ngh c kh nng m rng. Phn cng chia lm ba phn : H tng kt ni (h thng cp), cc thit b kt ni (hub, switch, bridge, router), cc thit b x l (cc loi server, cc loi my in, cc thit b lu d,...). 3.3.2 La chn phn mm : -La chn h iu hnh Unix ( AIX,OSF, HP, Solaris,....), Linux , Windows da trn cc yu cu v x l s lng giao dch, p ng thi gian thc, kinh ph, an ninh an ton. -La chn cc cng c pht trin phn mm ng dng nh cc phn mm qun tr c s d liu (Oracle, Informix, SQL,...), cc phn mm portal nh Websphere,... -La chn cc phn mm mng nh th in t ( Sendmail, PostOffice, Netscape,...), Web server ( Apache, IIS,...). -La chn cc phn mm m bo an ninh an ton mng nh phn mm tng la (PIX, Checkpoint,...), phn mm phng chng vi rt (VirusWall,NAV,...), phn mm chng t nhp v phn mm qut l hng an ninh trn mng. -La chn cc phn mm qun l v qun tr mng. 3.3.3 nh gi kh nng, gi thnh: -Da vo thng tin c xc nh ca cc hng c uy tn trn th gii.

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-Thc hin th nghim v kim tra trong phng th nghim ca cc chuyn gia. -nh gi trn m hnh th nghim. Gi thnh thp m bo cc ch tiu k thut, cc yu cu ca ng dng, tnh kh nng m ca h thng.

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Chng 4. Hoch nh v lp t 4.1 Xy dng mng LAN trong qui m 1 to nh Xy dng mng LAN trong to nh iu hnh khng ln, phc v cho cng tc nghin cu v ging dy. 4.1.1 Trong h thng mng bao gm: H thng cc thit b chuyn mch (switch c chc nng nh tuyn L3 switch) cung cp nn tng mng cho cc my tnh c th trao i thng tin vi nhau. Do ton b phn mng xy dng tp trung trong 1 to nh nn h thng cp truyn dn s s dng bao gm cc cp ng tiu chun UTP CAT5 v cp quang a mode.Cng ngh mng cc b s dng l Ethernet/Fast ethernet/Gigabitethernet tng ng tc 10/100/100Mbps chy trn cp UTP hoc cp quang. Cc my ch dch v nh c s d liu qun l, ging dy, truyn thng... Cc my tnh phc v cho cc nghin cu khoa hc: cung cp cc thng tin v sinh vin, gio vin, cung cp cng c cho cc cn b ging dy. My tnh phc v ring cho cng tc qun l hnh chnh nhm thc hin mc tiu tin hc ho qun l hnh chnh. 4.1.2 Phn tch yu cu: Mng my tnh l mng LAN c bng thng rng khai thc hiu qu cc ng dng, c s d liu c trng ca t chc, p ng kh nng chy cc ng dng a phng tin (hnh nh, m thanh) phc v cho cng tc ging dy t xa. Mng c xy dng da trn nn tng cng ngh truyn dn tc cao Ethernet/Fast ethernet/Gigabitethernet, v h thng cp mng xon UTP CAT5 v cp quang a mode. Mng cn c n nh cao v kh nng d phng m bo cht lng cho vic truy cp v ng dng d liu quan trng cng nh o to trc tuyn. Mng c kh nng cung cp vic ging dy t xa trong phm vi t chc nn cc ng dng phi p ng thi gian thc.

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H thng cp mng cn c thit k m bo p ng cc yu cu v kt ni tc cao, kh nng d phng cng nh m rng. Mng cn m bo an ninh an ton cho ton b h thng trc cc truy nhp tri php t mng bn ngoi. LAN ny c cu thnh bi cc switch chuyn mch tc cao hn ch ti thiu xung t d liu truyn ti. Cc switch c kh nng to cc LAN o phn on mng thnh cc phn nh hn thnh tng phng tng ban. LAN o l cng ngh dng trong mng ni b cho php s dng cng mt nn tng mng bao gm nhiu switch c phn chia v mt logic theo cc cng ngh trn switch thnh cc phn on mng nh khc nhau v c lp hot ng. Vic phn mng LAN o cho php cc phng ban t chc c cc phn mng my tnh c lp tin cho vic pht trin cc ng dng ni b cng nh tng cng tnh bo mt gia cc phn mng my tnh ca cc phng ban khc nhau. Tuy nhin, LAN o cng cho php qun l tp trung ton b h thng mng my tnh nht l h thng my tnh my ch thay v pht trin rt nhiu phn mng mt cch ring r. iu ny to ra mi trng lm vic tp trung cho ngi qun tr cng nh ct gim cc chi ph do tp trung c cc thit b mng li v my ch dch v hot ng 24/24 vo mt s phng c iu kin h tng y (in ngun n nh, iu ho hot ng tt) thay v nm ri rc trn cc phng ban khc. Cng ngh mng LAN o gii quyt ng thi c hai bi ton v qun tr tp trung v ring r cho mng my tnh ca t chc. Mng m bo kh nng nh tuyn trao i thng tin gia cc phn mng LAN o khc nhau, cho php cc phn mng khc nhau c th kt ni n nhau thng qua mi trng mng dng chung. Tuy nhin, do phn cch cc mng LAN bng switch c tnh nng nh tuyn (hay cn gi l switch c chc nng layer3) nn cc gi tin boardcasting trn ton mng c hn ch t i v lm cho bng thng ca mng c s dng hiu qu hn so vi trng hp ton b mng ca trng xy dng thnh mt mng LAN khng phn cp. Ngoi ra, khi s dng chc nng nh tuyn cho php ngi qun tr mng c php nh ngha cc lut hn ch hay cho php cc phn mng c kt ni vi nhau bng cc b lc (access list) tng cng tnh bo mt cho cc phn mng quan trng cng nh kh nng qun tr h thng d dng hn.

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4.2 Thit k h thng: 4.2.1 H thng chuyn mch v nh tuyn trung tm ca LAN H thng chuyn mch chnh bao gm cc switch c kh nng s l tc cao c cu trc phn thnh 2 lp phn tn (distribution) v lp cung cp truy nhp (access) cho cc u cui my tnh. Switch phn tn l switch tc cao, bng thng ln c kh nng s l n hng trm triu bit/giy. Switch phn phi cn c chc nng nh tuyn cho cc phn mng LAN o khc nhau thit lp trn mng v tng cng bo mt cho cc phn mng ring r. Switch truy cp lm nhim v cung cp cng cho cc u cui my tnh v tch hp cng truy cp v tc cao. Cc kt ni gia switch truy cp v switch phn phi l cc kt ni truyn ti d liu qua li cho cc LAN o nn phi c tc cao 100/1000Mbps. Cc switch truy cp cung cp cc cng truy nhp cho my tnh mng c tc thp nn cn c cng 10/100Mbps. H thng switch phn phi theo cu hnh chun bao gm 2 switch c cu hnh mnh p ng yu cu chuyn mch d liu tc cao v tp trung lu lng n t cc access switch. Switch phn phi cng m nhn chc nng nh tuyn. Cu hnh 2 switch phn phi cho php mng li c d phng cao (d phng 1:1). Tuy nhin trong trng hp mng ban u khng ln v kinh ph hn ch vn c th trin khai vi 1 switch phn phi p ng nhng yu cu hot ng. T chc hon ton c kh nng nng cp ln 2 switch phn phi trong tng lai do thit k mng cp m bo yu cu trn. H thng switch truy cp cung cp cho cc my tnh ng kt ni vo mng d liu. Do phn ln cc giao tip mng cho my tnh u cui cng nh server hin ti c bng thng 10/100Mbps nn cc switch truy cp cng s dng cng ngh 10/100Basetx fastEthernet v p ng 1 mc tiu cung cp s lng cng truy cp ln cho php m rng s lng ngi truy cp mng trong tng lai. Cc switch truy cp s kt ni vi switch phn phi tp trung v thng qua switch phn phi vi lm tc v tp trung v lu chuyn qua li lu lng d liu s gip cho cc my nm trn cc switch khc nhau c th lin lc c vi nhau. Cc ng kt ni gia switch truy nhp v switch phn phi cn c gi l cc kt ni ln (up link) v s dng cng ngh fastethernet 100BaseTX c bng thng 100Mbps.Trong tng lai khi cn nng cp cc kt ni uplink th c th s dng thay th cng ngh 100BaseTX vi tc Gigabit.

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My ch c s d liu My ch qu ly

Mng my ch ni b Chc nng layer 3 Chc nng layer 2

Switch truy cp

My trm

My trm

My trm

My trm

My trm

My trm

My trm

My trm

My trm

Mng LAN mi trong to nh Kt ni 100Mbps Kt ni 10Mbps

Hnh 17 M hnh thit k Trong cu hnh v mng my tnh cc b to nh iu hnh c 1 switch phn phi c chc nng nh tuyn (Layer 3 switch). Switch c tc dng chuyn lu lng qua li gia cc switch truy cp v 1 nhim v rt quan trng l nh tuyn gia cc LAN o. Bt k 1 switch truy cp no c kt ni n switch phn phi bng ng kt ni uplink 100Mbps v kt ni ny m bo cung cp bng thng cho ton b my tnh kt ni n switch truy cp. Switch phn phi y l thit b c nhiu cng truy nhp 100Mbps. Cc switch truy nhp cung cp 24 cng 10/100Mbps m bo bng thng ny cho tng my trm. Ton b to nh s c 14 switch truy cp cung cp s cng ti a cho khong 300 my tnh. Nu

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s lng my tnh trong ton b ta nh pht trin ln, cc switch truy cp c th cm xp trng cung cp s lng cng truy cp nhiu hn hoc cc phng ban c th cm switch m rng cung cp thm s cng truy cp. Tuy nhin vic cm thm switch m rng cn tun th qui tc v vic xy dng mng trnh tnh trnh cm thit b mng (hub, switch) m rng trn lan v lm gim ng k tc truy cp cc my tnh ca phn mng xa khi tp trung nhiu lu lng ti nng vo 1 switch truy cp v lm qu ti bng thng uplink ln switch phn phi. Cc switch truy cp c chia thnh 2 nhm gi l closet vi mi nhm 7 switch c t ti 2 phng bao gm 1 phng thng tin v mt phng trung tm iu khin mng trong to nh. Trung tm iu hnh mng cng l ni t cc my ch ni b v switch phn phi. T cc phng ny c cc phin u cp UTP v cp c a n cc my tnh c t ri rc trn nhiu phng. Mi 1 nhm switch do cung cp truy cp cho c to nh. Thit k ny cho php cc switch truy cp cung cp c s cng cho cc thit b my tnh ca cc khoa, phng ban tho mn iu kin dy cp t mi my tnh ti switch khng vt qu 100m, y l gii hn di vt l s dng cp mng xon UTP CAT5 hoc CAT5 vi cng ngh 10/100 fastethernet. Mi 1 switch truy cp c 1 ng kt ni uplink ln switch. Mng my ch dch v ni b tch ri trong 1 phn mng LAN cho php bo mt tt hn v qun tr tp trung. Trong trng hp cc khoa, phng ban cn pht trin ng dng c th cho ni b khoa mnh cng c th t my ch tp trung ti trung tm iu hnh mng ti trung tm iu hnh mng v s dng cng ngh mng LAN o nh ngha my ch kt ni trong phn mng nh dnh cho khoa, phng, ban . m bo qun l thit b trung nhng vn mm do trong vic phn chia cp qun tr 1 cch tng i c lp v ring r. C th xy dng 1 phn mng tp trung my tnh ti khu my ch trung tm to iu kin cho cc cn b, gio vin c thit b my tnh thc hin truy cp mng ly thng tin trong trng hp cn thit. Khi mng pht trin, tng cng tin cy ca mng li v m rng nng lc mng, s s dng 2 switch phn phi v mi switch truy cp c kt

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ni n 2 switch phn phi bng hai ng uplink. Cc switch phn phi cng s c kt ni vi nhau theo 1 th tc cho php thay th ln nhau hot ng ca chc nng nh tuyn trn cc switch. 4.2.2 H thng cp H thng cp c chia thnh 2 phn. Mi phn ph trch cung cp truy nhp cho cc my tnh nm trong 1/2 to nh. Do cc switch trong 1 closet t cng vi switch phn phi ti trung tm iu hnh mng v cc switch trong closet cn li t trong 1 phng ti trung tm iu hnh mng nn cc cp ni uplink t cc switch trong closet th 2 sang switch phn phi s dng cc UTP 25 i. Cc cp uplink t cc switch trong closet 1 do nm cng vi switch phn phi s l cp nhy 4 i. Ti cc phng t cc thit b switch s c cc patch panel AMT vi 24 cng RJ-45/1 patch panel tp trung u ni cho cp mng. Cp UTP ni gia my tnh v switch truy cp l cp 4 i cho thng t cc patch panel AMT ti 1 trong 2 phng t thit b switch n cc outlet ring r t gn trn tng phng gn ni t cc my tnh ca ngi s dng. Do dy cp c 4 i nn c th s dng 2 dy tha lm dy d phng. 4.3 Card mng 4.3.1 Vai tr ca card mng Card ng vai tr ni kt vt l gia cc my tnh v cp mng nhng card mng c lp vo khe m rng bn trong my tnh v my phc v trn mng. Sau khi lp card mng, card c ni vi cng card to ni kt vt l tht s gia my tnh vi nhng my tnh cn li ca mng. Vai tr ca card mng l: -Chun b d liu cho cp mng -Gi d liu n my tnh khc -Kim sot lung d liu gia my tnh v h thng cp Card mng cng nhn d liu ca cp v chuyn dch thnh byte CPU my tnh c th hiu c. Card cha phn cng v phn sn (tc cc th tc phn mm ngn c lu tr trong b nh ch c) thc hin cc chc nng logical link control v media access control.

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4.3.2 Cc cu trc ca card mng Kin trc chun cng nghip ISA (Industry Standard Architecture): l kin trc dng trong my tnh IBM PC/XT, PC/AT v mi bn sao.ISA cho php gn thm nhiu b thch ng cho h thng bng cch chn cc card b sung cc khe m rng. Kin trc chun cng nghip m rng EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) l tiu chun bus do 1 tp on chnh hng cng nghip my tnh AST Research, INC ..Compaq, ... EISA cung cp mt ng truyn 32 bit v duy tr kh nng tng thch vi ISA trong khi cung cp nhng c tnh b xung do IBM a ra trong bus kin trc vi knh ca hng. Kin trc vi knh MCA (Micro Channel Architechture) IBM a ra tiu chun ny nm 1988. MCA khng tng thch v phng din in v vt l vi bus ISA. MCA khng hot ng nh bus ISA 16 bit hoc nh bus 32 bit v c th iu khin c lp bng b s l chnh a bus. B kt ni ngoi vi PCI (Peripear Component Interconnect) y l bus cc b 32 bit dng cho h my Pentium.Kin trc bus PCI hin nay p ng nhu cu tnh nng cm v chy. Mc tiu ca tnh nng ny l cho php thc hin cc thay i v cu hnh my m khng cn s can thip ca ngi s dng 4.4 Qun l v cp pht a ch IP Mng my tnh th vin l mng my tnh dng ring, do vy s c nh a ch IP trong di a ch IP dng ring qui nh ti RFC1918 (bao gm cc a ch t 10.0.0.0 n 10.255.255.255,172.16.0.0 n 172.31.255.255 v a ch 192.168.0.0 n 192.168.255.255). S lng my tnh cho 1 segment mng ng nht c tnh bng s lng my tnh d phng s c trong to nh (khong vi chc my). C th gn cho 2 segment my tnh bng cc lp class C a ch IP t class C 192.168.0.0 n 192.168.255.0 . H thng cc my ch s nm trong phn mng ring v c a ch IP gn cho phn lp a ch 172.18.0.0 c th truy cp vo Internet mt s cc my ch cn c chc nng che du a ch nh Firewall hay Proxy v cc my ch ny cn c a ch IP tht. Cc my tnh trong mng s dng a ch ca cc my ch khi kt ni vo Internet. Nu cc my ch cn cung cp thng tin cho ngi

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s dng dng Internet th cn phi nh a ch IP cho cc my ch ny l a ch do IANA cung cp. kt ni n cc phn mng my tnh ca trng v mng quc gia, cn tun th 1 qui nh nh a ch mt cch cht ch khi s dng trng vng a ch mng dng ring. C th s dng cc k thut chuyn i a ch NAT trnh xung t a ch khi kt ni 2 mng. d dng cho vic qun tr h thng cc thit b switch vi kh nng h tr DHCP v cng vi vic thit lp my ch DHCP, cc my tnh trm trong to nh s c cp pht a ch IP t ng v tin cy. 4.5 Xy dng h thng tng la kt ni mng vi Internet Mng my tnh cc b s c kt ni vi mng Internet thng qua Firewall. Firewall s lm nhim v ngn chn v bo mt cc my tnh thuc phn mng ni b vi mng Internet bn ngoi. Khi giao tip mng firewall s kt ni vi phn mng bn trong v 1 giao tip mng s kt ni vi phn mng Internet. cung cp Nh
Mng my ch ni b
Thit b Firewall My ch qu My ch c s d ly liu Switch truy cp Access server

B nh tuyn

Dch v Internet Phn mng truy nhp internet

My trm

My trm

My trm
My trm

My trm My trm

My trm

My trm

My trm

Mng LAN mi trong to nh

My trm

My trm

My trm Hnh 18 M hnh tng la kt ni mng LAN vi Internet

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KT LUN

Bo co trn y l mt s kin ca em v cc loi mng thng dng s dng trong vn phng, cng ty, hoc mt ta nh, mng s dng trong mt khu vc v mng trong thng mi in t. C th ni, l kt qu ca vic vn dng nhng kin thc c trang b nh trng vo i sng v cc lnh vc khc. Trong bo co ny, em t ra mt s khi nin c bn nhm hon thin hn cc khi nim v h thng mng thng dng nht. Em hy vng v tin tng rng l nhng khi nim ng n c th p dng cho tt c cc lnh vc khc trong h thng cng ngh thng tin ni chung v cc ngnh lin quan n mng my tnh ni ring. Trong sut qu trnh thc hin lm bo co, em nhn c s gip ch bo v hng dn tn tnh ca cc thy gio, thy gip em hon thnh tt bi bo co ny. XIN TRN THNH CM N.

Ngi thc hin n. V VN THOI

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Hng pht trin Nh trn ni mng my tnh kt ni qua ng in thoi tr nn thng dng vi tt c mi ngi trn th gii cng nh vit nam. Kt ni mng khng dy ang dn tr thnh mt su th hin i, thi thng bn cnh cc loi hnh kt ni mng tuyn thng dng dy cp. Cht lng tin cy, hot ng n nh, th tc ci t n gin, gi c phi chng l nhng yu t c trng chng t kt ni khng dy sn sng p ng mi nhu cu trao i thng tin khc nhau t sn sut, kinh doanh n nhu cu gii tr .v.v. .Thit lp mng khng dy khng tn km thi gian, cng sc v phc tp nh cc h thng mng truyn thng khc, i khi khng qu mt gi ng h lao ng l c th hnh thnh mt h thng mng khng dy. Thc t cho thy, a s cc s c, trc trc xy ra trong h thng mng khng dy l do phn mm iu khin thit b c li. u im ln nht ca mng khng dy l cho php ngi s dng c th truy cp vo bt k lc no v bt k ni u trn tri t. Chnh v l m mng khng dy s l t tng tip theo m em s nghin cu.

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Ti liu tham kho: Mng cn bn - NXB thng k - bin dch: VN - GUIDE Mng my tnh v cc h thng m - Nguyn Thc Hi http://quantrimang.com.vn/hoi-dap/cau-hoi/hoc-tap/Tim-hieu-va-thiet-kemang-lan-trong-mot-toa-nha-3283.aspx

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