Sss +

L
I
V
E
S

i
n

p
o
o
r

c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
e

v
a
l
u
e
d

a
s

w
o
r
t
h

5

t
i
m
e
s

l
e
s
s

t
h
a
n

t
h
o
s
e

i
n

t
h
e

W
e
s
t
,

a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g

t
o

U
N

e
c
o
n
o
-
m
i
s
t
s

c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
n
g

t
h
e

p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e

c
o
s
t

t
o

t
h
e

w
o
r
l
d

o
f

g
l
o
b
a
l

w
a
r
m
i
n
g
.

T
h
e
i
r

c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s

a
r
e

i
n

u
n
p
u
b
-
l
i
s
h
e
d

o
f
f
c
i
a
l

d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s
,

s
e
e
n

b
y

t
h
e

I
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t

o
n

S
u
n
d
a
y
,

w
h
i
c
h

a
r
e

e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d

t
o

b
e

e
n
d
o
r
s
e
d

b
y

t
h
e

w
o
r
l
d
s

g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
s

t
h
i
s

w
e
e
k
.

T
h
e

d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s

a
r
e

d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d

t
o

g
u
i
d
e

p
o
l
i
c
y
m
a
k
e
r
s

i
n

d
e
c
i
d
i
n
g

h
o
w

t
o

r
e
s
p
o
n
d

t
o

p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
y

d
i
s
a
s
t
r
o
u
s

c
l
i
m
a
t
e

c
h
a
n
g
e
.

T
h
e

c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s

-

w
h
i
c
h

t
h
e

d
o
c
u
-
m
e
n
t
s

a
d
m
i
t

a
r
e

c
o
n
t
r
o
v
e
r
s
i
a
l

a
n
d

r
e
f
e
c
t

d
i
s
c
r
i
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n

a
g
a
i
n
s
t

t
h
e

l
e
s
s

w
e
l
l

o
f
f

a
r
e

b
o
u
n
d

t
o

c
r
e
a
t
e

a
n

i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

r
o
w

j
u
s
t

a
s

e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e

i
s

m
o
u
n
t
i
n
g

t
h
a
t

g
l
o
b
a
l

w
a
r
m
i
n
g

i
s

t
a
k
i
n
g

h
o
l
d
.

R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h

i
n

b
o
t
h

B
r
i
t
a
i
n

a
n
d

t
h
e

U
n
i
t
e
d

S
t
a
t
e
s

s
h
o
w
s

t
h
a
t

9
9
5

c
o
u
l
d

b
e

t
h
e

h
o
t
t
e
s
t
-
e
v
e
r

y
e
a
r

w
o
r
l
d
w
i
d
e
.

E
x
p
e
r
t
s

s
a
y

t
h
a
t

t
h
e

h
u
g
e

d
i
s
p
a
r
i
t
y

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

t
h
e

v
a
l
u
e

p
l
a
c
e
d

o
n

l
i
f
e

i
n

r
i
c
h

a
n
d

p
o
o
r

c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s

m
i
n
i
m
i
s
e
s

a
s
s
e
s
s
-
m
e
n
t
s

o
f

t
h
e

d
a
m
a
g
e

t
h
a
t

w
i
l
l

b
e

d
o
n
e

b
y

g
l
o
b
a
l

w
a
r
m
i
n
g

a
n
d

s
o

w
i
l
l

g
i
v
e

g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
s

a
n

e
x
c
u
s
e

t
o

a
v
o
i
d

t
a
k
i
n
g

a
c
t
i
o
n

t
o

c
o
m
b
a
t

i
t
.

S
i
r

C
r
i
s
p
i
n

T
i
c
k
e
l
l
,

t
h
e

P
r
i
m
e

M
i
n
i
s
-
t
e
r
s

c
h
i
e
f

a
d
v
i
s
o
r

o
n

t
h
e

e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,

d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
s

t
h
e

c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s

a
s

l
u
d
i
c
r
o
u
s

a
n
d

s
a
y
s

t
h
e
y

c
o
u
l
d

d
i
s
c
r
e
d
i
t

i
n
t
e
r
n
a
-
t
i
o
n
a
l

a
t
t
e
m
p
t
s

t
o

e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e

t
h
e

e
x
t
e
n
t

a
n
d

c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s

o
f

t
h
e

t
h
r
e
a
t
e
n
e
d

c
l
i
m
a
t
i
c

c
h
a
n
g
e
.

H
e

h
a
s

a
l
r
e
a
d
y

w
r
i
t
t
e
n

O
n
e

W
e
s
t
e
r
n

l
i
f
e

i
s

w
o
r
t
h

1
5

i
n

t
h
e
T
h
i
r
d

W
o
r
l
d
,

s
a
y
s

U
N

r
e
p
o
r
t
M
O
R
E

h
o
t

a
n
d

h
u
m
i
d

w
e
a
t
h
e
r
,

w
i
t
h

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

i
n
t
o

t
h
e

e
i
g
h
t
i
e
s
,

i
s

e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d

o
v
e
r

m
u
c
h

o
f

B
r
i
t
a
i
n

t
h
i
s

w
e
e
k
,

w
r
i
t
e
s

G
l
e
n
d
a

C
o
o
p
e
r
.
T
h
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

h
e
a
t

w
a
v
e

e
n
d
e
d

t
e
m
p
o
r
a
r
i
l
y

y
e
s
t
e
r
d
a
y

a
s

a

c
o
l
d

f
r
o
n
t

f
n
a
l
l
y

b
r
o
k
e

t
h
e

u
n
p
l
e
a
s
a
n
t
l
y

m
u
g
g
y

s
p
e
l
l

a
c
r
o
s
s

t
h
e

c
o
u
n
t
r
y
.

B
u
t

t
h
e

L
o
n
d
o
n

W
e
a
t
h
e
r

C
e
n
t
r
e

s
a
i
d

t
h
a
t

h
e
a
t

a
n
d

h
u
m
i
d
i
t
y

w
e
r
e

l
i
k
e
l
y

t
o

b
e

b
a
c
k

b
y

T
u
e
s
d
a
y

w
i
t
h

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

o
n
c
e

m
o
r
e

r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g

2
6

t
o

2
7

C
e
l
s
i
u
s

(
8
0
F
)
.

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

t
o
d
a
y

a
n
d

t
o
m
o
r
r
o
w
,

h
o
w
e
v
e
r
,

w
i
l
l

b
e

m
u
c
h

m
o
r
e

t
h
e

s
e
a
s
o
n
a
l

n
o
r
m
,

a
t

a
r
o
u
n
d

2
1
-
2
2
C

(
7
0
-
7
2
F
)

i
n

t
h
e

s
o
u
t
h
,

a
n
d

1
8
2
0
C

(
6
4
-
6
8
F
)

f
u
r
t
h
e
r

n
o
r
t
h
.
L
a
s
t

w
e
e
k

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

a
s

h
i
g
h

a
s

3
0
C

(
8
6
F
)

w
e
r
e

r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d

i
n

D
o
n
c
a
s
t
e
r

o
n

W
e
d
n
e
s
d
a
y

a
n
d

3
2
C

(
9
0
F
)

a
t

H
e
a
t
h
r
o
w

o
n

T
h
u
r
s
d
a
y
,

w
h
i
l
e

h
i
g
h

h
u
m
i
d
i
t
y

l
e
v
e
l
s

m
a
d
e

t
h
e

w
a
r
m

w
e
a
t
h
e
r

b
a
r
e
l
y

t
o
l
e
r
a
b
l
e

a
t

t
i
m
e
s
.

O
n

F
r
i
d
a
y
,

t
h
e

s
o
u
t
h

r
e
m
a
i
n
e
d

s
t
i
f
i
n
g
,

a
n
d

t
h
e

w
e
a
t
h
e
r

c
e
n
t
r
e

r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

o
f

2
9
C

(
8
4
F
)

o
n

i
t
s

r
o
o
f

i
n

c
e
n
t
r
a

L
o
n
d
o
n
,

3
0
C

a
t

G
a
t
w
i
c
k

A
i
r
p
o
r
t

a
n
d

3
1
C

8
t
:
F
)

a
t

S
o
u
t
h
e
n
d

-

c
o
m
p
a
r
a
b
l
e

t
o

A
t
h
e
n
s
,

I
s
t
a
n
b
u
I

a
n
d

A
n
o
t
h
e
r

h
e
a
t

w
a
v
e

o
n

i
t
s

w
a
y
B
y

G
e
o
f
f
r
e
y

L
e
a
n
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t

C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
t
o

p
r
o
t
e
s
t

t
o

l
e
a
d
e
r
s

o
f

t
h
e

I
n
t
e
r
g
o
v
-
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
a
l

P
a
n
e
l

o
n

C
l
i
m
a
t
e

C
h
a
n
g
e

(
I
P
P
C
)
,

t
h
e

o
f
f
c
i
a
l

b
o
d
y

s
e
t

u
p

b
y

w
o
r
l
d

g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
s

t
o

a
s
s
e
s
s

t
h
e

d
a
n
-
g
e
r
s

o
f

g
l
o
b
a
l

w
a
r
m
i
n
g
.

T
h
e

d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s

h
a
v
e

b
e
e
n

p
r
e
p
a
r
e
d

b
y

e
c
o
n
o
m
i
s
t
s

i
n

a
n

I
P
P
C

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

g
r
o
u
p

a
n
d

a
r
e

e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d

t
o

b
e

a
p
p
r
o
v
e
d

b
y

a

p
l
e
n
a
r
y

m
e
e
t
i
n
g

o
f

I
P
P
C

i
n

G
e
n
e
v
a

o
n

T
u
e
s
d
a
y
.

T
h
e
y

s
a
y

t
h
a
t
,

b
y

t
h
e

b
e
s
t

e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
s
,

a

d
o
u
b
l
i
n
g

o
f

t
h
e

t
h
a
t

t
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

c
u
t
t
i
n
g

e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

o
f

t
h
e

g
a
s

w
o
u
l
d

b
e

g
r
e
a
t
e
r
,

t
h
i
s

m
a
y

b
e

t
a
k
e
n

a
s

j
u
s
t
i
f
c
a
t
i
o
n

f
o
r

i
n
a
c
t
i
o
n
.
B
u
t

t
h
e
s
e

c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s

a
r
e

p
a
r
t
l
y

b
a
s
e
d

o
n

v
a
l
u
i
n
g

l
i
v
e
s

i
n

d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g

c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s

-

w
h
e
r
e

m
o
s
t

o
f

t
h
e

d
e
a
t
h
s
,

m
a
i
n
l
y

f
r
o
m

s
t
r
o
k
e
s

a
n
d

h
e
a
r
t

a
t
t
a
c
k
s

b
r
o
u
g
h
t

o
n

b
y

t
h
e

e
x
t
r
a

h
e
a
t
,

w
o
u
l
d

o
c
c
u
r

-

a
t

6
2
,
5
0
0

e
a
c
h
,

c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d

t
o

9
4
0
,
0
0
0

e
a
c
h

i
n

E
u
r
o
p
e

a
n
d

N
o
r
t
h

A
m
e
r
i
c
a
.
L
i
v
e
s

i
n

t
h
e

f
o
r
m
e
r

S
o
v
i
e
t

U
n
i
o
n

a
r
e

v
a
l
u
e
d

a
t

1
8
0
,
0
0
0

e
a
c
h
,

o
n
e

f
f
t
h

o
f

t
h
e

f
g
u
r
e

i
n

t
h
e

W
e
s
t
.

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s

w
h
i
c
h

v
a
l
u
e

a
l
l

l
i
v
e
s

e
q
u
a
l
l
y
,

a
n
d

i
n
c
l
u
d
e

o
t
h
e
r

f
a
c
t
o
r
s

m
i
s
s
i
n
g

f
r
o
m

t
h
e

o
f
f
c
i
a
l

a
s
-
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

p
r
o
d
u
c
e

e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
s

t
h
a
t

g
l
o
b
a
l

w
a
r
m
i
n
g

c
o
u
l
d

c
u
t

t
h
e

w
o
r
l
d
s

w
e
a
l
t
h

b
y

u
p

t
o

a

q
u
a
r
t
e
r

e
a
c
h

y
e
a
r

-

w
h
i
c
h

w
o
u
l
d

c
a
l
l

f
o
r

d
r
a
m
a
t
i
c

p
r
e
v
e
n
t
a
t
i
v
e

a
c
t
i
o
n
.

M
i
c
h
a
e
l

G
r
u
b
b
,

h
e
a
d

o
f

t
h
e

E
n
e
r
g
y

A
n
d

E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e

a
t

t
h
e

R
o
y
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

f
o
r

I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

A
f
f
a
i
r
s
,

w
h
o

h
a
s

m
a
d
e

a

s
p
e
c
i
a
l

s
t
u
d
y

o
f

t
h
e

c
o
s
t
s

o
f

g
l
o
b
a
l

w
a
r
m
i
n
g
,

d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
s

t
h
e

1
.
5

t
o

2

p
e
r

c
e
n
t

f
g
u
r
e

a
s

r
i
d
i
c
u
l
o
u
s
l
y

d
e
f
n
i
t
e

a
n
d

a
l
m
o
s
t

c
e
r
t
a
i
n
l
y

a

l
a
r
g
e

u
n
d
e
r
e
s
t
i
-
m
a
t
e
.

H
e

s
a
y
s

t
h
a
t

i
t

i
s

s
o

f
a
r

i
m
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e

t
o

m
a
k
e

a
n

a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e

a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
,

b
u
t

t
h
e

c
o
s
t

c
o
u
l
d

r
a
n
g
e

f
r
o
m

v
i
r
t
u
a
l
l
y

n
o
t
h
i
n
g

u
p

t
o

2
5

p
e
r

c
e
n
t

o
f

w
o
r
l
d

G
D
P
.

A
u
b
r
e
y

M
e
y
e
r
,

d
i
r
e
c
t
o
r

o
f

t
h
e

G
l
o
b
a
l

C
o
m
m
o
n
s

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
,

w
h
i
c
h

h
a
s

p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d

s
i
m
i
l
a
r

f
g
u
r
e
s
,

s
a
y
s
:

T
h
e

c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s

t
h
e

g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
s

a
r
e

b
e
i
n
g

a
s
k
e
d

t
o

e
n
d
o
r
s
e

a
r
e

p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
l
y

u
n
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e

a
n
d

c
o
u
l
d

p
r
o
v
i
d
e

a
n

e
x
c
u
s
e

f
o
r

t
h
e
m

t
o

d
o

n
o
t
h
i
n
g
.

B
y

p
l
a
c
i
n
g

s
u
c
h

a

l
o
w

v
a
l
u
e

o
n

t
h
e

l
i
v
e
s

o
f

m
o
s
t

o
f

t
h
e

w
o
r
l
d
s

p
e
o
p
l
e
,

t
h
e
y

s
e
e
m

t
o

e
n
d
o
r
s
e

t
h
e

e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s

o
f

g
e
n
o
c
i
d
e
.
S
o

f
a
r

t
h
i
s

y
e
a
r

w
o
r
l
d
w
i
d
e

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

h
a
v
e

e
q
u
a
l
l
e
d

t
h
o
s
e

i
n

t
h
e

f
r
s
t

p
a
r
t

o
f

1
9
9
0
,

t
h
e

h
o
t
t
e
s
t

y
e
a
r

o
n

r
e
c
o
r
d
,

s
u
g
-
g
e
s
t
i
n
g

t
h
a
t

g
l
o
b
a
l

w
a
r
m
i
n
g

i
s

r
e
s
u
m
i
n
g

a
f
t
e
r

a

b
r
i
e
f

l
u
l
l
.

T
h
e

l
u
l
l

w
a
s

c
a
u
s
e
d

b
y

t
h
e

h
u
g
e

v
o
l
c
a
n
i
c

e
r
u
p
t
i
o
n

o
f

M
o
u
n
t

P
i
n
a
t
u
b
o

i
n

t
h
e

P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
s

i
n

t
h
e

s
u
m
-
m
e
r

o
f

1
9
9
1
,

w
h
i
c
h

f
u
n
g

2
0

m
i
l
l
i
o
n

t
o
n
s

o
f

s
u
l
p
h
u
r

h
i
g
h

i
n
t
o

t
h
e

a
t
m
o
s
-
p
h
e
r
e
,

f
l
t
e
r
i
n
g

o
u
t

s
u
n
l
i
g
h
t
.

U
n
t
i
l

t
h
e

e
r
u
p
t
i
o
n

t
o
o
k

p
l
a
c
e

9
9

w
a
s

s
e
t

t
o

b
e

e
v
e
n

h
o
t
t
e
r

t
h
a
n

1
9
9
0

a
f
t
e
r

s
i
x

r
e
c
o
r
d
-
b
r
e
a
k
i
n
g

y
e
a
r
s

i
n

t
h
e

1
9
8
0
s
.
T
h
e

s
u
l
p
h
u
r

h
a
s

n
o
w

d
r
o
p
p
e
d

o
u
t

o
f

t
h
e

a
t
m
o
s
p
h
e
r
e

a
n
d

t
h
e

h
o
t

y
e
a
r
s

a
r
e

r
e
t
u
r
n
-
i
n
g
.

1
9
9
4

w
a
s

t
h
e

f
o
u
r
t
h

w
a
r
m
e
s
t

y
e
a
r

e
v
e
r

a
n
d

w
o
u
l
d

h
a
v
e

b
e
e
n

t
h
e

h
o
t
t
e
s
t

i
f

i
t

h
a
d

n
o
t

b
e
e
n

f
o
r

a
n

e
x
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y

c
o
l
d

J
a
n
u
a
r
y

a
n
d

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

w
o
r
l
d
w
i
d
e
.

N
o
w

9
9
5

i
s

b
i
d
d
i
n
g

f
o
r

t
h
e

r
e
c
o
r
d
.

H
o
n
g

K
o
n
g
.

B
u
t

s
o
u
t
h
e
r
n

S
p
a
i
n

p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d

t
h
e

h
o
t
t
e
s
t

s
p
o
t

i
n

E
u
r
o
p
e
,

w
i
t
h

S
e
v
i
l
l
e

r
e
c
o
r
d
i
n
g

4
4
C

(
l
H
F
)
.

T
h
e

r
e
c
e
n
t

h
i
g
h

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

a
n
d

h
u
m
i
d
i
t
y

a
r
e

t
h
o
u
g
h
t

t
o

h
a
v
e

k
i
l
l
e
d

m
o
r
e

t
h
a
n

8
0
0

p
e
o
p
l
e

i
n

A
m
e
r
i
c
a
s

M
i
d

W
e
s
t
,

w
h
i
l
e

S
h
a
n
g
h
a
i

i
s

e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
i
n
g

i
t
s

w
o
r
s
t

h
e
a
t

w
a
v
e

i
n

5
0

y
e
a
r
s
.

T
h
r
e
e

f
a
t
a
l

h
e
a
r
t

a
t
t
a
c
k
s

i
n

F
r
a
n
c
e

a
n
d

1
2

i
n

s
o
u
t
h
e
r
n

S
p
a
i
n

h
a
v
e

b
e
e
n

b
l
a
m
e
d

o
n

t
h
e

h
e
a
t
.

I
n

D
o
n
c
a
s
t
e
r
,

a
n

e
i
g
h
t
-
y
e
a
r
-
o
l
d

b
o
y

w
a
s

f
o
u
n
d

d
r
o
w
n
e
d

i
n

h
i
s

b
a
t
h

o
n

T
h
u
r
s
d
a
y

a
f
t
e
r

p
l
a
y
i
n
g

o
u
t

i
n

t
h
e

s
u
n

a
l
l

d
a
y
.

I
t

i
s

t
h
o
u
g
h
t

h
e

m
a
y

h
a
v
e

s
u
f
f
e
r
e
d

h
e
a
t
s
t
r
o
k
e

a
n
d

p
a
s
s
e
d

o
u
t
,

a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h

a

p
o
s
t
-
m
o
r
t
e
m

e
x
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n

p
r
o
v
e
d

i
n
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
v
e
.

A
n

i
n
q
u
e
s
t

w
i
l
l

b
e

h
e
l
d

n
e
x
t

w
e
e
k
.
A
T
H
E
N
S
:

F
i
r
e
s

t
h
a
t

b
u
r
n
e
d

m
o
r
e

t
h
a
n

2
0
0

h
o
m
e
s

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s

a
n
d

d
e
s
t
r
o
y
e
d

o
n
e

o
f

t
h
e

G
r
e
e
k

c
a
p
i
-
t
a
l
s

f
e
w

r
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
g

f
o
r
e
s
t
s

w
e
r
e

b
r
o
u
g
h
t

u
n
d
e
r

p
a
r
t
i
a
l

c
o
n
t
r
o
l

y
e
s
t
e
r
d
a
y
,

a
n
d

o
f
f
c
i
a
l
s

h
o
p
e
d

t
h
e
y

w
o
u
l
d

b
e

p
u
t

o
u
t

b
y

l
a
s
t

n
i
g
h
t
.

T
h
e

f
r
e
s
,

f
u
e
l
l
e
d

b
y

g
a
l
e

f
o
r
c
e

w
i
n
d
s
,

b
u
r
n
e
d

t
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
s

o
f

a
c
r
e
s

o
f

f
o
r
e
s
t

a
r
o
u
n
d

M
o
u
n
t

P
e
n
d
e
l
i
k
o
n
,

n
o
r
t
h
-
e
a
s
t

o
f

t
h
e

c
a
p
i
t
a
l
.
T
H
E

I
N
D
E
P
E
N
D
E
N
T

O
N

S
U
N
D
A
Y
J
u
l
y

2
3
r
d

1
9
9
5
Two Decades of Countering the Economics of Genocide with C&C
CRISIS FORUM Southampton University 14 11 08
2
Contraction & Convergence [C&C] is an International Framework for the control of
human source greenhouse gas emissions and countervailing Expansion & Divergence
or the de facto Economics of Genocide causing dangerous rates of climate change.
GCI has conducted a twenty year campaign to establish C&C. It is now accepted as the
basis of the global agreement needed to avoid rates of climate change accelerating to
the point after which climate change becomes runaway due to the self-generating and
further warming effects of positive feedbacks.
C&C simply assumed equal entitlements to future emissions globally subject to the over-
all limit that saves us and then created a model that would compute any rates of C&C.
However, between 1993 and 1995, GCI fought and won a battle against the economists in the
policy section of the UNs Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change who disagreed. Profes-
sors Nordhaus of the US and David Pearce of the UK led an effort refuting GCIs reasoning but
their arbitrary and discriminatory valuation methods, once exposed, were rejected.
Economists regard human-induced climate change as an increasingly dangerous externality.
However, pandering to this, as they have done, is the economics of genocide as it aggravates the
double-jeopardy trends of globally asymmetric development and climate damages in which the
global community is now increasingly trapped. This will not be corrected through any institution
or market unless a global framework for policies and measures is put in place to show that we are
committed to solving the problem faster than we are creating it. That framework is C&C, now the
most widely cited and arguably the most widely supported proposal in the debate.
Aubrey Meyer - Global Commons Institute
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
UNITED STATES
RUSSIAN
FED.
CHINA
INDIA
Gtc
3Gtc
6Gtc
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150
C
A
R
B
O
N

E
M
I
S
S
I
O
N
S

T
O
N
N
E
S

P
E
R

C
A
P
I
T
A
C
A
R
B
O
N

E
M
I
S
S
I
O
N
S

G
R
O
S
S
G
I
G
A
T
O
N
N
E
S

P
E
R

N
A
T
I
O
N
CONTRACTION
C
O
N
V
E
R
G
E
N
C
E
INDIA
CHINA
RF
USA
EU
EU
1
O
GLOBAL TEMPERATURE RISE already.
More than 1
O
more is extremely 'dangerous'.
280 CO2 parts per million 380 ppmv 450 ppmv 400 ppmv ?
CONCENTRATIONS
ONE
o
CELSIUS TEMPERATURE RISE
copyright GCI 2008
CONTENTS
IoS on IPCC Economists Unequal Life Values Cover
Fighting the Economics of Genocide 4 - 6
IPCC SAR WG3 Rejects Unequal Life Values 7 - 8
Indian Government Rejects Unequal Lives COP-1 9 -10
Indian Government Adopts C&C COP-1 11
Very Near Miss for C&C at COP-3 Kyoto 1997
RCEP Adopts and Advocates C&C; 2000 12 -13
Article on for FUTURE ENERGY 14 - 19
Sterns anti-C&C case gets [a] started 20
[b] more confused 22
[c] reversed 23
[d] resumed 24
GCI open letter to Mr. Stern about his U-Turns 25
IPCC Contraction:Concentrations 1994 - 2007 26 - 27
GCI on IPCC Revised Contraction Rates 28 - 29
Growing Support for C&C 30 - 35
DEFRA & APPGCC acknowledge C&C Integrity 36
Two Decades of Countering the Economics of Genocide with C&C
A collection of materials for the workshop organised by the
CRISIS FORUM at Southampton University 14 11 08
4
I08
I994
GCI ARCHIVE
1994
FEBRUARY ?8
3
William Nordhaus
Yale University
Yale University
Professor William D. Nordhaus
Department of Economics
P.O. Box 1972, Yale Station
New Haven, Connecticut 06511-1972
Fax: 203-432-5779
Phone: 203-432-3587
Email: NORDHAUS@ECON.YALE.EDU
February 28, 1994
Mr Richard Douthwaite
Global Commons Institute
Dear Mr. Douthwaite:
I was recently sent an article you wrote that commented on some
of my work (TWR, no. 40, p. 3). To begin with, you will be happy to
know that I actually am not part of the IPCC process, so whatever errors
I have broadcast will not be imposed by me. On a more serious note, I
believe that you have not seen the most recent work, which will be
published soon by MIT Press and which I include.
I believe the major difference of opinion between yourself and the
economic point of view is whether it is appropriate to balance
economic and ecological objectives. You say that the decisions have to
made on the basis of judgement alone, which suggests that you
recognize that there is no way to avoid making choices, at least
implicitly. The economic perspective in cost-benefit analysis attempts to
condense the complex set of impacts over space, time and sectors by
summarizing them in a scalar measure of value; others prefer to keep
the measures in the original and undigested vectors of impacts. The fact
that the scalar is in monetary units is not really crucial, it could be in
spotted-owl equivalents if you preferred. Perhaps what you really
object to is the test of whether your values about species diversity,
ecosystem preservation, and so forth are shared in the political and
economic market place. I wonder if, by insulting and denigrating those
who propose methods of constructing valuations of such things as
species diversity you are really trying to protect your own views from
careful scrutiny.
Sincerely yours
(Signed William Nordhaus)
cc: D Pearce
Starting in 1989, the frst ffteen years of GCI are documented in the
Archive stored at: - www.gci.org.uk/Archive/Mega_Doc_1989_2004.pdf
By 1990, GCI had established a presence at the UN climate change negotiations. Under the
banner of Equity and Survival, the simple message was equal rights to the commons. As of
1993 we began an engagement with the neo-classical economists who had arrived at the
UN. Their mission was to conduct a global cost-beneft analysis [G-CBA] of climate change
so the famous climate-change-question of William Nordhaus To Slow or not to Slow could
be answered. Professor Nordhaus already took the position that [1] all countries had or
aspired to have the economic structure of the USA [2] agriculture was 2-3% of US GDP [3]
if things got hotter due to global warming, they had air-conditioning and shopping malls.
As the IPCC prepared its Second Assessment Report [SAR] in 1993, Prof Nordhaus was
appointed to be the convening lead author of the impending G-CBA. GCI was asked to
contribute to the Equity and Social Considerations section of the SAR. However, GCI took
the view that Prof Nordhaus appointment was not suitable and so we informed as many
UN delegates to the negotiations as possible of his views and his impending appointment.
Within a month he was stood down and replaced by Prof David Pearce of UCL UK.
David Pearce immediately instituted
procedures to improve on Nord-
haus. These included the quickly
notorious differential monetary value
of lives to be lost due to climate
change. In essence these were pro-
portional to the income of the people
who were to lose their lives this way
- in a nutshell, ffteen dead Indians
equalled one dead Englishman.
During the fght that began over that
issue, Professor Nordhaus got wind
of why he had been stood down and
wrote the angry letter reproduced
alongside. In it he assumed [rightly]
that GCIs objections included the
Dollar as the numeraire or the unit-
of-measurement in the G-CBA, and
sarcastically offered the alternative
of spotted-owl-equivalents.
GCI responded simply by asking
why, if a
spotted owl
equalled a
spotted owl,
a human
didnt equal
a human?
No answer was offered.
Global Commons Institute [GCI] 1994 detailed submission to
Working Group Three of the Second Assessment Report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the
First Conference of the Parties [April 95 Berlin] to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is here:
www.gci.org.uk/papers/Nairobi3b.pdf the fnal essay follows.
5
22
CONCLUSION - Spotted Owls and Fighting the Economics of Genocide
These allocation exercises show the scale of worsening maldistribution of resources globally since
the war. The trend was increasingly inequitable and unsustainable. OECD countries - although they do not
yet admit to it officially - are now on the defensive about this state of affairs. Their principal tactic has
been to blame developing countries for future impacts, rather than accept responsibility for the past and
present impacts of the industrial countries. No-one is advocating hair-shirt politics. However, it is
unrealistic for the industrial countries to promote the future as an extension of the present unless this
includes a willingness to become accountable over the massive structural advantage which they have
developed globally whilst running up this global environmental debt on everyones account.
Overall, this is not a complicated debate. The resources in question are global common property
and vital to survival. The well-being of all people now and into the future depend on the integrity of these
resources being maintained. There is a simple choice to be made; - either we accept that everyone has an
equal right to be here and to share the benefits of these resources or we reject that everyone has equal
rights in this. This is choosing for equity and survival or for increasing inequity and loss of sustainability.
It is that simple.
As a matter of principle and of prudence, GCI accepts and affirms that everyone has an equal right
to be here. We base our modelling and analysis on that acceptance, and present our analysis as an
affirmation of that right. We note that rights to income should be accompanied by responsibilities for its
impacts, which effectively rewards efficiencies. Contrarily, the Global Cost/Benefit Analysts (now in the
IPCC Working Group Three (WG3)) do no affirm the equal right to be here. They appear not even to
accept it either. Certainly - at least by default - they are rejecting this right, as the analysis presented by
them so far, suggests that rights increase proportional to income. Advised by these very people, the World
Bank has openly promoted the idea that the right to emit carbon dioxide should be proportional to income
for example.
2
The policy measures for the mitigation of emissions proposed by many of these economists
preparing material for WG3
are based on this formula of rights-by-income. Mitigating emissions is

presented by these analysts as a cost, and the damages-avoided by mitigating emissions are presented by
them as the benefit.
As intended, all this sounds professional and innocent. But it is conceptually skewed, factually
inaccurate and politically devious. In reality it is a velvet glove for the iron fisted insistence on business-
as-usual. At worst it is the economics of genocide. Faced with this fist, we should recognise how its grip
is exerted; - the exercise fundamentally depends on the analysts converting all the costs and all the
benefits associated with climate changes to cash values. One immediate example of this is the need to
give cash values to the human lives which are going to be lost (a damage cost). In their analysis, if the
overall damage costs are calculated as high (and higher than the cost of mitigating emissions), this makes
the costs of mitigation bearable, and wins the case for mitigating the emissions. If, on the other hand, the
damage costs are low (and below the costs of mitigating emissions), the case has been made for business-
as-usual, and the damage costs (including the loss of life) become bearable. Clearly the damage cost (cash
valuation) that is put on a human life in this context is crucial.
The key question which now also arises is this: - are all human lives equally valuable or not?
Moreover, should economists employed by the nations responsible for causing the problems of climate
change, have the job of valuing the lives which are going to be lost? And even more to the point, should
they value the lives of the people who are not responsible for creating the climate changes, as less
valuable than the lives of those responsible? Surely we all have a fundamentally equal right to be here:
surely each person is equally valuable in this fundamental way? So far the global cost/benefit analysts say
no, this is not the case.
2
World Development Report 1992, page 165
measures such as carbon taxes, tradable-emissions-permits and joint-implementation

This is the fnal essay in GCIs submission invited by the IPCC to its
2nd Assessment. The charge of the Economics of Genocide is laid: -
6
23
Take for example the (UK-government-funded) Centre for the Social and Economic Research of
the Global Environment (C-SERGE) based in the UK. David Pearce is one of its directors and he is also
the IPCCs convening lead author on Social Costs. C-SERGE has already published a valuation of the
lives to be lost. In a recent research paper it stated that the cash value of a statistical life in the EC or the
USA is $1,500,000 per head, but in poor countries such as China, it is only $150,000.
4
[The disparate
figures are derived from peoples ability-to-pay for damage insurance]. In global cost/benefit analysis, this
means therefore these economists discard a real Chinese life ten times more easily than a real life in the
EC or the USA. This an example of how you keep the damage costs below the emissions mitigation costs.
You just quietly devalue the lives of the people who arent in the EC and the USA and hope nobody
questions business-as-usual with genocide written into the bottom-line. This approach is now formally
embedded in the text of IPCCs Second Assessment Report (SAR) in the section prepared by the Western
economists dominant in Working Group Three (WG3) on "Economic and other Cross-Cutting Issues".
This approach is one of the great scandals of our times. It has now been dubbed the Economics of
Genocide in some of the worlds major media and an international protest campaign over this has been
growing since it was launched by GCI in June 1994. (See overleaf)
The Godfather of these economists, William Nordhaus, has stated that the economic perspective
in global cost/benefit analysis attempts to condense the complex set of impacts over, space, time and
sectors by summarising them in a scalar measure of value . . . the fact that the scalar is in monetary units
is not really crucial: it could be in spotted-owl equivalents.
5
For GCI this is evidence of confusion in
the reasoning of these economists at this fundamental level. On the one hand they say that monetary units
are not crucial [spotted-owl equivalents will do just as well as money] and on the other hand they say that
monetary units are crucial [peoples varied ability-to-pay - in money - determines their rights and their
relative worth].
The question that haunts their confusion is this: why if one spotted owl equals one spotted owl,
doesnt one human equal one human? In the twisted logic of global cost/benefit analysis, it turns out that
people do not have an equal right to survive even though spotted owls do. This is another way of saying
that people do not have an equal right to be here in the first place; your rights are proportional to your
income. In terms of achieving sustainable development globally, this is nonsense. For practical as well as
ethical purposes, each human being is - and must be recognised as - the fundamentally equal unit for
measuring sustainability and this is the irreducible level of decision-taking.
At sub-global levels of economic debate, this kind of wrangle is of a familiar vintage. It is the
substance of the traditional left/right arguments where those without the money make equity-for-equitys
sake (principle) arguments, whilst those with the money make efficiency-for efficiencys sake
(practicality) arguments. Whatever the rights and wrongs of this approach, equity and efficiency are seen
as being traded off against each other between the left and the right. Much of the history of our political
economy is a story about this false dichotomy.
At a global level this kind of economic discrimination is simply suicidal. It is discriminatory on a
greater scale than before. But it is also dangerous and different in a manner which is without precedent.
First there is nowhere else to go. There isnt a global carpet under which the waste, the pollution and the
poor can be swept and then ignored. The causes and the influence of these things in the system needs to
fundamentally inform the analysis under-taken. This is true because large numbers of people are not going
to accept being made the discards of a sub-system which values itself 10:1 over everyone else, let alone a
system which hasnt demonstrated sustainable consumption patterns since industrialisation began.
The "Conference of the Parties to the Climate Convention" cannot succeed in its task if these
issues are not faced head on. The Economics of Genocide must be rejected now and for always.
4
Global Warming Damage Costs: Some Monetary Estimates by Samuel Fankhauser (with input from Pearce and Nordhaus). Working
Paper GEC 92-29 from C-SERGE, the UKs Centre for the Social and Economic Research of the Global Environment.
5
Prof William D Nordhaus in a letter to GCI dated 28 2 94.
7
IPCC WG3 SAR SOCIAL COSTS of CLIMATE CHANGE
Chapter 6 Summary for Policy Makers [publ. 1995].
7. The social costs of anthropogenic climate change: Damages of increased
greenhouse gas emissions The literature on the subject in this section is
controversial and mainly based on research done on developed countries,
often extrapolated to developing countries.
There is no consensus about how to value statistical lives or how to aggre-
gate statistical lives across countries.7 Monetary valuation should not ob-
scure the human consequences of anthropogenic climate change damages,
because the value of life has meaning beyond monetary valuation. It should
be noted that the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21 call for human beings to
remain at the centre of sustainable development.
The approach taken to this valuation might affect the scale of damage re-
duction strategies. It may be noted that, in virtually all of the literature dis-
cussed in this section, the developing country statistical lives have not been
equally valued at the developed country value, nor are other damages in
developing countries equally valued at the developed country value. Because national circumstances, includ-
ing opportunity costs, differ, economists sometimes evaluate certain kinds of impacts differently amongst
countries. The benefts of limiting greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing sinks are: (a) the climate change
damages avoided; and (b) the secondary benefts associated with the relevant policies. Secondary benefts
include reductions in other pollutants jointly produced with greenhouse gases and the conservation of bio-
logical diversity. Net climate change damages include both market and nonmarket impacts as far as they can
be quantifed at present and, in some cases, adaptation costs.
Damages are expressed in net terms to account for the fact that there are some benefcial impacts of global
warming as well, which are, however, dominated by the damage costs. Nonmarket impacts, such as human
health, risk of human mortality and damage to ecosystems, form an important component of available esti-
mates of the social costs of climate change. The literature on monetary valuation of such nonmarket effects
refects a number of divergent views and approaches. The estimates of nonmarket damages, however, are
highly speculative and not comprehensive. Nonmarket damage estimates are a source of major uncertainty in
assessing the implications of global climate change for human welfare. While some regard monetary valua-
tion of such impacts as essential to sound decision making, others reject monetary valuation of some im-
pacts, such as risk of human mortality, on ethical grounds. Additionally, there is a danger that entire unique
cultures may be obliterated. This is not something that can be considered in monetary terms, but becomes a
question of loss of human diversity, for which we have no indicators to measure economic value.
The assessed literature contains only a few estimates of the monetized damages associated with doubled
CO2 equivalent concentration scenarios. These estimates are aggregated to a global scale and illustrate the
potential impacts of climate change under selected scenarios. Aggregating individual monetized damages to
obtain total social welfare impacts implies diffcult decisions about equity amongst countries. Global esti-
mates are based upon an aggregation of monetary damages across countries (damages which are themselves
implicit aggregations across individuals) that refects intercountry differences in wealth and income - this
fundamentally infuences the monetary valuation of damages. Taking income differences as given implies
that an equivalent impact in two countries (such as an equal increase in human mortality) would receive very
different weights in the calculations of global damages.
To enable choices between different ways of promoting human welfare to be made on a consistent basis,
economists have for many years sought to express a wide range of human and environmental impacts in
terms of monetary equivalents, using various techniques. The most commonly used of those techniques is an
approach based on the observed willingness to pay for various nonmarket benefts.8 This is the approach that
has been taken in most of the assessed literature. Human life is an element outside the market and societies
may want to preserve it in an equal way.
8
An approach that includes equal valuation of impacts on human life wherever they occur may yield different
global aggregate estimates than those reported below. For example, equalizing the value of a statistical life at
a global average could leave total global damage unchanged but would increase markedly the share of these
damages borne by the developing world. Equalizing the value at the level typical in developed countries
would increase monetized damages several times, and would further increase the share of the developing
countries in the total damage estimate.
Other aggregation methods can be used to adjust for differences in the wealth or incomes of countries in
calculations of monetary damages. Because estimates of monetary damage tend to be a higher percentage of
national GDP for low income countries than for high income countries, aggregation schemes that adjust for
wealth or income effects are expected to yield higher estimates of global damages than those presented in
this report.
The assessed literature quantifying total damages from 2-3oC warming provides a wide range of point
estimates for damages, given the presumed change in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. The ag-
gregate estimates tend to be a few per cent of world GDP, with, in general, considerably higher estimates of
damage to developing countries as a share of their GDP. The aggregate estimates are subject to considerable
uncertainty, but the range of uncertainty cannot be gauged from the literature.
The range of estimates cannot be interpreted as a confdence interval, given the widely differing assump-
tions and methodologies in the studies. As noted above, aggregation is likely to mask even greater uncertain-
ties about damage components. Regional or sectoral approaches to estimating the consequences of climate
change include a much wider range of estimates of the net economic effects. For some areas, damages are
estimated to be signifcantly greater and could negatively affect economic development. For others, climate
change is estimated to increase economic production and present opportunities for economic development.
For countries generally having a diversifed, industrial economy and an educated and fexible labour force,
the limited set of published estimates of damages are of the order one to a few per cent of GDP. For coun-
tries generally having a specialized and natural resource based economy (e.g., heavily emphasizing agricul-
ture or forestry), and a poorly developed and land-tied labour force, estimates of damages from the few stud-
ies available are several times larger. Small islands and lowlying coastal areas are particularly vulnerable.
Damages from possible largescale catastrophes, such as major changes in ocean circulation, are not refected
in these estimates. There is little agreement across studies about the exact magnitude of each category of
damages or relative ranking of the damage categories.9 Climate changes of this magnitude are not expected
to be realized for several decades, and damages in the interim could be smaller. Damages over a longer pe-
riod of time might be greater.10
IPCC does not endorse any particular range of values for the marginal damage of CO2 emissions, but pub-
lished estimates range between $5 and $125 (1990 U.S.) per tonne of carbon emitted now. This range of
estimates does not represent the full range of uncertainty. The estimates are also based on models that re-
main simplistic and are limited representations of the actual climate processes in being and are based on
earlier IPCC scientifc reports. The wide range of damage estimates refects variations in model scenarios,
discount rates and other assumptions. It must be emphasized that the social cost estimates have a wide range
of uncertainty because of limited knowledge of impacts, uncertain future technological and socioeconomic
developments, and the possibility of catastrophic events or surprises.
9
2
This is the text of a letter re COP
from: - Kamal Nath Indian Environment Minister
and Head of Indian Delegation to COP to his
COP counterparts prior to COP .
24 03 1995
Dear
With the first "Conference of the Parties" to the Climate Change Convention
approaching, I would like to share a few thoughts with you on the critical issues which
remain unresolved. We in India are very concerned that there has been no significant
progress at all towards the stabilising (leave alone the reduction) of atmospheric
concentrations of greenhouse gases, despite the lofty commitments made at Rio. On the
contrary, decisive scientific evidence continues to disturb us with serious warnings about
where the global community is now headed.
The inconclusive discussions about Joint Implementation and Adequacy of
Commitments reveal increasing differences of opinion about the resolve of developed
countries to meet even their existing commitments under the Convention. In my
judgement, the present impasse became inevitable when the alleged cost- effectiveness of
Joint Implementation was sought to be based on absurd and discriminatory Global
Cost/Benefit Analysis (G-CBA) procedures propounded by economists in the work of
IPCC Working Group III. The scale of bias which underpins the technical assessment
intended to provide the basis for policy discussions at the CoP can be gauged from the
proposed unequally valued mortality costs associated with global climate changes, and the
avoidance of using the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) system of overall damage costs.
These are by no means the only issues about which we feel concerned, but they are
pertinently representative examples.
We unequivocally reject the theory that the monetary value of people's lives around
the world is different because the value imputed should be proportional to the disparate
income levels of the potential victims concerned. Developing countries have no - indeed
negative - responsibility for causing global climate change. Yet they are being blamed for
possible future impacts, although historical impacts by industrialised economies are being
regarded as water-under-the-bridge or "sunk costs" in the jargon of these biased
economists.
1st Conference of Parties [COP1] to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change [UNFCCC] was in Berlin in April 1995.
The Indian Government circulated the letter below to all other country
delegations. With all the international press coverage of the issue, it cre-
ated a furore from which the international community has yet to recover.
In his 2006 Nicholas Stern was to walk deeper into the same trap.
10
To compound the problem, global damage assessments are being expressed in US

dollar equivalent. Thus the monetary significance of damages to developing countries is
substantially under-represented. Damage to human beings, whether in developed or
developing countries, must be treated as equal, and cannot be translated in terms of the
existing currency exchange rate systems.
Faced with this, we feel that this level of misdirection must be purged from the
process. The distributional issue of unequal rights-by-income versus equal-rights-per-
capita must be resolved to enable fruitful discussions about possible protocols to the
Convention, proportionality of commitments and financial mechanisms.
This is of immediate concern to us with regard to the AOSIS proposal. We are
wholly sympathetic to it and we want to support it, along with all Parties to the
Convention as it is clearly aimed at the global common good. But there are attempts to
modify the AOSIS proposal to an extent where it contradicts the very essence of the Rio
consensus and nullifies the spirit in which developing countries entered into negotiations
to frame the Climate Change Convention. We strongly reject any suggestions of
encumbering developing countries with obligations under the Protocols, that they do not
have under the Convention.
The implications of faulty economic assumptions are manifold. When they are
corrected to reflect a true and just position, then, and only then would any talk of Joint
Implementation and Adequacy of Commitments become meaningful. It is impossible for
us to accept that which is not ethically justifiable, technically accurate or politically
conducive to the interests of poor people as well as the global common good.
I am sure you appreciate these issues which are causing India and several other
developing countries much concern. We do not want to be driven to a situation where
dialogue itself becomes directionless. The Rio process gave rise to several environmental
Conventions. If the logic now being propounded in relation to Climate Change, also
enters the interpretation of the other Conventions, the gains which accrued to developing
countries at the Earth Summit will have reversed all the gains of Rio - the chief one of
which was a universal recognition of the principle of equity, and the inalienable rights of
all human beings to the fruits of development and environmental space on an equitable
basis.
I have instructed the officials of the Indian delegation to the CoP to further
elaborate on these issues and discuss them with the officials of your delegation. I trust that
you too will instruct the officials of your delegation accordingly, and I look forward to
hearing from you on this.
With best wishes and regards
Yours sincerely
KAMAL NATH
Minister for Environment and Forests Government of India
II
I99S
GCI ARCHIVE
1995
APRIL
3
Kamal Nath
Indian Environment Minister
We face the actuality of scarce resources and the increasing
potential for conflict with each other over these scarce resources.
The social, financial and ecological inter-relationships of equity
should guide the route to global ecological recovery.
Policy Instruments such as Tradable Emissions Quotas, Carbon
Taxes and Joint Implementation may well serve to make matters
worse unless they are properly referenced to targets and timetables
for equitable emissions reductions overall. This means devising
and implementing a programme for convergence at equitable
and sustainable par values for consumption on a per capita basis
globally.
[Indian Environment Minsister]
JULY ?
1
Independent
One Western life is worth 15 in the
Third World, says UN report
Lives in poor countries should be valued as worth 15 times less
than those in the West, according to UN economists calculating
the possible cost to the world of global warming. Their
calculations are in unpublished ofcial documents, seen by the
Independent on Sunday, which are expected to be endorsed
by the worlds governments this week. The documents are
designed to guide policymakers in deciding how to respond to
potentially disastrous climate change.
The calculations which the documents admit are
controversial and reect discrimination against the less well
off are bound to create an internal row just as evidence is
mounting that global warming is taking hold. Research in both
Britain and the United States shows that 1995 could be the
hottest ever year worldwide.
As Kamal Nath did this he also introduced C&C to the COP1,
quoting verbatim from the GCI submission to IPCC SAR WG3: -
123
C&C AT THE CLIMAX OF THE KYOTO [COP3]
UN CLIMATE NEGOTIATION, 10 12 1997
For full transcript of fnal COP-3 Kyoto negotiation, see: -
http://www.gci.org.uk/temp/COP3_Transcript.pdf
THE AFRICA GROUP [Rungano Karimanzira]:
. . . . . we do support the amendment that is proposed by the
distinguished delegation from India, and just to emphasise the point of the issues that
still need a lot of clarifcation, would like to propose in that paragraph the inclusion, after
entitlements that is the proposal by the delegation of India, the following wording.
After entitlements, the global ceiling date and time for Contraction and Convergence of
global emissions because we do think that you cannot talk about trading if there are not
entitlements, also there is a question of Contraction and Convergence of global emissions
that comes into play when you talk about the issue of equity . . . . .
CHAIRMAN [Raul Estrada Oyuela]:
I thank you very much. May I ask again the distinguished delegate of
the USA if they have another suggestion to propose in connection with the proposals made
by the distinguished delegate of India . . . . . he does . . . .
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA [Jonathon Pershing]:
. . . . It does seem to us that the proposals by for example India
and perhaps by others who speak to Contraction and Convergence are elements
for the future, elements perhaps for a next agreement that we may ultimately all seek to
engage in . . . .
Three years later at COP3 in Kyoto, the campaign for C&C had matured
considerably but not conclusively [see http://www.gci.org.uk/brief-
ings/zew.pdf ]; the matter was kicked into touch with the explanation
that it would be dealt with later . . .
II
I99S
GCI ARCHIVE
1995
APRIL
3
Kamal Nath
globally.
JULY ?
1
Independent
II
I99S
GCI ARCHIVE
1995
APRIL
3
Kamal Nath
globally.
JULY ?
1
Independent
12
138 7
The Global Commons I nst it ut e [ GCI ] was founded in
1990. This was in response t o t he mainst reaming of
global climat e change as a polit ical issue. Realising t he
enormit y of t he climat e crisis, we devised a founding
st at ement on t he principle of Equit y and Survival. [ 1]
I n November 1990, t he Unit ed Nat ions began t o creat e
t he Framework on Climat e Convent ion [ UNFCCC] . GCI
cont ribut ed t o t his and in June 1992 t he Convent ion was
agreed at t he Eart h Summit in Rio. I t s obj ect ive was
dened as stabilizing the rising greenhouse gas [GHG]
concent rat ion of t he global at mosphere. I t s principles of
equit y and precaut ion were est ablished in int ernat ional
law. Climat e scient ist s had showed t hat a deep overall
contraction of GHG emissions from human sources is
prerequisit e t o achieving t he obj ect ive of t he UNFCCC.
I n 1995 negot iat ions t o achieve t his cont ract ion began
administ ered by t he specially creat ed UNFCCC secret ariat .
Bet ween 1992 and 1995 and at t he request of t he
I nt ergovernment al Panel on Climat e Change [ I PCC] ,
GCI cont ribut ed analysis highlight ing t he worsening
asymmet ry, or Expansion and Divergence [ E&D] of
global economic development . I t became clear t he global
maj orit y most damaged by climat e changes were already
impoverished by t he economic st ruct ures of t hose who
were also now causing the damaging GHG emissions. [2]
To creat e a sust ainable basis on which t o resolve t his
inequit y, GCI also developed t he Cont ract ion and
Convergence (C&C) model of fut ure emissions. I n 1995
t he model was int roduced by t he I ndian Government [ 3]
and it was subsequent ly adopt ed and t abled by t he Africa
Group of Nat ions in August 1997. [ 4]
Negot iat ions for t he Kyot o Prot ocol t o t he UNFCCC ran
from 1995 unt il 1997. I n December 1997 and short ly
before t hey wit hdrew from t hese negot iat ions, t he USA
st at ed, C&C cont ains element s for t he next agreement
t hat we may ult imat ely all seek t o engage in. [ 5]
Since t hen C&C has been widely referenced in t he
debat e about achieving t he obj ect ive of t he UNFCCC.
In 2000 C&C was the rst recommendation of the UK
Royal Commission on Environment al Pollut ion in it s
proposals t o government . [ 6] I n December 2003 C&C
was adopt ed by t he German Government s Advisory
Council on Global Change in it s recommendat ions. [ 7]
I n 2003 t he secret ariat of t he UNFCCC said t he obj ect ive
of t he UNFCCC, inevit ably requires Cont ract ion and
Convergence. [ 8] The Lat in America Division of t he
World Bank in Washingt on DC said, C&C leaves a
last ing, posit ive and visionary impression wit h us. I n
2004 t he Archbishop of Cant erbury t ook t he posit ion
t hat , C&C t hinking appears ut opian only if we refuse t o
cont emplat e t he alt ernat ives honest ly. [ 9] I n 2002, t he
UK Government accepted GCI authorship of the denition
st at ement of C&C, recognising t he need, t o prot ect t he
int egrit y of t he argument .
This st at ement follows and is available in t hirt een
languages. [10] It has been adopted by the House of
Commons Environment al Aundit Commit t ee and in part in
t he UNs fort hcoming Millennium Assessment . I n 2005,
t he UK Government will host t he next G-8 summit . The
Government has already commit t ed t his event t o dealing
st rat egically wit h t he problems of Africa and Climat e
Change. Numerous civil societ y and fait h groups are now
act ively lobbying t he Government t o have C&C adopt ed
as t he const it ut ional basis for avoiding dangerous fut ure
climat e change.
[ 1] ht t p: / / www.gci.org.uk/ signon/ OrigSt at ement 2.pdf
[ 2] ht t p: / / www.gci.org.uk/ art icles/ Nairob3b.pdf
[ 3] ht t p: / / www.gci.org.uk/ Archive/ MegaDoc_19.pdf [ page 116]
[ 4] ht t p: / / www.gci.org.uk/ nairobi/ AFRI CA_GROUP.pdf
[ 5] ht t p: / / www.gci.org.uk/ t emp/ COP3_Transcript .pdf
[ 6] ht t p: / / www.gci.org.uk/ Endorsement s/ RCEP_Chapt er_4.pdf
[ 7] ht t p: / / www.gci.org.uk/ Endorsement s/ WBGU_Summary.pdf
[ 8] ht t p: / / www.gci.org.uk/ slideshow/ C&C_UNFCCC.pdf
[ 9] ht t p: / / www.gci.org.uk/ speeches/ Williams.pdf
[ 10] ht t p: / / www.gci.org.uk/ t ranslat ions.ht ml
GCI BRI EFI NG: CONTRACTI ON & CONVERGENCE
The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (RCEP - 2000)
The Need for an International Agreement - Contraction & Convergence
3. The government should press for a future global climate agreement based on the Contraction & Conver-
gence approach, combined with international trading in emission permits. Together, these offer the best long-
term prospect of securing equity, economy and international consensus (4.69).
4.47 Continued, vigorous debate is needed, within and between nations, on the best basis for an agreement
to follow the Kyoto Protocol. Our view is that an effective, enduring and equitable climate protocol will eventu-
ally require emission quotas to be allocated to nations on a simple and equal per capita basis. There will have
to be a comprehensive system of monitoring emissions to ensure the quotas are complied with. Adjustment
factors could be used to compensate for differences in nations basic energy needs. Those countries which
regularly experience very low or high temperatures might, for instance, be entitled to an extra allocation per
capita for space heating or cooling.
4.48 A system of per capita quotas could not be expected to enter into force immediately. At the same time
as entitling developing nations to use substantially more fossil fuels than at present (which they might not be
able to afford), it would require developed nations to make drastic and immediate cuts in their use of fossil
fuels, causing serious damage to their economies.
4.49 A combination of two approaches could avoid this politically and diplomatically unacceptable situation,
while enabling a per capita basis to be adhered to. The frst approach is to require nations emission quotas
to follow a contraction and convergence trajectory. Over the coming decades each nations allocation would
gradually shift from its current level of emissions towards a level set on a uniform per capita basis. By this
means grandfather rights would gradually be removed: the quotas of developed nations would fall, year by
year, while those of the poorest developing nations would rise, until all nations had an entitlement to emit an
equal quantity of greenhouse gases per head (convergence). From then on, the quotas of all nations would
decline together at the same rate (contraction). The combined global total of emissions would follow a profle
through the 21st and 22nd centuries that kept the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases below a
specifed limit.
4.50 The upper limit on the concentration of greenhouse gases would be determined by international negotia-
tions, as would the date by which all nations would converge on a uniform per capita basis for their emission
quotas, and the intermediate steps towards that. It would probably also be necessary to set a cut-off date for
national populations: beyond that date, further changes in the size of a countrys population would not lead to
any increase or decrease in its emission quota.
4.51 In table 4.1 17 we have applied Contraction & Convergence approach to carbon dioxide emissions,
and calculated what the UKs emissions quotas would be in 2050 and 2100 for four alternative upper limits
on atmospheric concentration. We have assumed for this purpose that 2050 would be both the date by which
nations would converge on a uniform per capita emissions fgure and the cut-off date for national populations.
If 550 ppmv is selected as the upper limit, UK carbon dioxide emissions would have to be reduced by almost
60% from their current level by mid-century, and by almost 80% by 2100. Even stabilisation at a very high
level of 1,000 ppmv would require the UK to cut emissions by some 40% by 2050.
4.52 The UK-based Global Commons Institute has taken the lead in promoting Contraction & Convergence,
and has developed a computer model that specifes emission allocations under a range of scenarios. The con-
cept has been supported by several national governments and legislators. Some developed nations are very
wary of it because it implies drastic reductions in their emissions, but at least one minister in a European gov-
ernment has supported it. Commentators on climate diplomacy have identifed contraction & convergence as
a leading contender among the various proposals for allocating emission quotas to nations in the long term.
4.53 The other ingredient that would make an agreement based on per capita allocations of quotas more
feasible is fexibility of the kind already provided in outline in the Kyoto Protocol. Nations most anxious to emit
greenhouse gases in excess of their allocation over a given period will be able and willing to purchase unused
quota at prices that incline other countries to emit less than their quota, to the beneft of both parties. The
clean development mechanism, which allows developed nations to claim emission reductions by sponsoring
projects that reduce emissions in developing nations to levels lower than they would otherwise have been,
can also be seen as a form of trading.
4.54 In the longer term trading by companies in emission permits, drawn from national emission quotas de-
termined on the basis of a contraction and convergence agreement, could make a valuable contribution to re-
ducing the global costs of stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations while transferring resources from wealthy
nations to poorer ones. Trading needs to be transparent, monitored and regulated, and backed by penalties
on nations that emit more than they are entitled to. If it became merely a means of enabling wealthy nations
to buy up the emission entitlements of poor countries on the cheap, thereby evading taking any action at
home, trading would not serve the cause of climate protection. Nor would it if developing countries that had
sold quota heavily went on to emit in excess of their revised entitlements.
138 7
climat e change.
specifed limit.
138 7
climat e change.
specifed limit.
3 years later in 2000, the campaign had matured further with the
adoption of Contraction & Convergence by the UK Royal Commission on
Environmental Pollution as a principal recommendation to Government.
http://www.rcep.org.uk/pdf/chp4.pdf
This RCEP point is now in 2008,

the basis of the UK Climate Bill.

1

Secretary of State
Department for Energy and Climate Change
Whitehall Place

7
th
October 2008

From Lord Turner of Ecchinswell

Dear Ed,

Interim advice by the Committee on Climate Change

Hilary Benn asked me, if I were able, to set out the Climate Change Committees
recommendations for the UKs 2050 target before the publication of our first report. Thanks to
the hard work of the Committee and its Secretariat, I am in a position to do so. Our
recommendations are that:

The UK should aim to reduce Kyoto greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80%
below 1990 levels by 2050. This would be an appropriate UK contribution to a
global deal aiming to reduce Kyoto gas emissions to between 20-24 billion tonnes
by 2050 (between 50-60% below current levels).
The costs to the UK from this level of emissions reduction can be made affordable
we estimate between 1-2% of GDP in 2050 - with appropriate policies and
trajectories. Our estimates are the same order of magnitude as those provided by
the Stern Review and other estimates for global emissions reductions.
The 80% target should apply to the sum of all sectors of the UK economy,
including international aviation and shipping. To the extent that international
aviation and shipping emissions are not reduced by 80%, either these sectors
would have to purchase credits, or more effort would have to be made in other
sectors. We therefore recommend that the emissions reduction target for those
sectors covered by the Climate Change Bill should be at least 80%.

We summarise the analysis that underpins these conclusions in 6 sections:

1. What has changed since the UK adopted a 60% target

4

Accepting a significantly higher emissions level in 2050, say modest growth from todays
levels to around 48 billion tonnes, would, according to our central model estimates, lead
to a CO
2
eq concentration of over 650ppm by 2200. By 2100 it would result in a central
estimated temperature increase of nearly 2.8C. It would also increase the probability of
a 4C rise in 2100 to just under 10%.

4. Appropriate UK contributions to global emissions reductions

The appropriate UK share of a global emissions target involves ethical judgements and will be
the subject of international negotiations. A range of methodologies for allocating emissions
reductions between countries have therefore been proposed. Most of these methodologies base
emission reduction targets on per capita emissions, abatement costs or income. They differ in
relation to the time when different countries begin emissions reductions, the rate at which they
then reduce emissions, and the extent to which already industrialised countries should have to
compensate for historic emission levels.

It is not part of the Committees remit to propose a specific methodology for the purposes on
international negotiations. But we believe that it is difficult to imagine a global deal which allows
the developed countries to have emissions per capita in 2050 which are significantly above a
sustainable global average. In 2050 the global average, based on an estimated population of
9.2 billion, would be between 2.1 to 2.6 tonnes per capita, implying an 80% cut in UK Kyoto
GHG emissions from 1990 levels.

5. Costs of reducing emissions

Meeting an 80% target would be challenging but feasible based on a range of options for
reducing emissions including:

Energy efficiency improvement in buildings and industry (e.g. loft and cavity wall
insulation, use of more efficient appliances, turning appliances off and using less air
conditioning), which will be particularly important for reducing emissions in the period to
2020.
Decarbonisation of the power sector, starting now and continuing through the 2020s,
based on replacing existing conventional fossil fuel fired plant with renewable
technologies (e.g. wind, tidal), nuclear new build and CCS.
Transport sector decarbonisation, first through improving fuel efficiency of conventional
engines and increased use of sustainable first generation biofuels, with progressive
introduction of new technologies such as electric cars, plug in hybrids and hydrogen
vehicles, and second generation biofuels.
Heat sector decarbonisation through increased use of biomass in boilers and CHP, air
exchange and ground source heat pumps, and modern electric storage heating.
Decarbonisation of industry through the introduction of new technologies such as CCS in
cement, iron and steel.

6

appropriate adjustment might be in the context of the evolving international frameworks for
aviation and shipping.
We will further be recommending that the Committees annual reports of progress
against the budget should also report on the UKs trends in international aviation and
shipping emissions (e.g. based on bunker fuels and other appropriate methodologies),
their climate impact, the success of abatement efforts and appropriate policy levers.

Yours ever,

Adair Turner
Chair, Committee on Climate Change

1

Secretary of State
Department for Energy and Climate Change
Whitehall Place

7
th
October 2008

From Lord Turner of Ecchinswell

Dear Ed,

Interim advice by the Committee on Climate Change

Hilary Benn asked me, if I were able, to set out the Climate Change Committees
recommendations for the UKs 2050 target before the publication of our first report. Thanks to
the hard work of the Committee and its Secretariat, I am in a position to do so. Our
recommendations are that:

The UK should aim to reduce Kyoto greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80%
below 1990 levels by 2050. This would be an appropriate UK contribution to a
global deal aiming to reduce Kyoto gas emissions to between 20-24 billion tonnes
by 2050 (between 50-60% below current levels).
The costs to the UK from this level of emissions reduction can be made affordable
we estimate between 1-2% of GDP in 2050 - with appropriate policies and
trajectories. Our estimates are the same order of magnitude as those provided by
the Stern Review and other estimates for global emissions reductions.
The 80% target should apply to the sum of all sectors of the UK economy,
including international aviation and shipping. To the extent that international
aviation and shipping emissions are not reduced by 80%, either these sectors
would have to purchase credits, or more effort would have to be made in other
sectors. We therefore recommend that the emissions reduction target for those
sectors covered by the Climate Change Bill should be at least 80%.

We summarise the analysis that underpins these conclusions in 6 sections:

1. What has changed since the UK adopted a 60% target

4

Accepting a significantly higher emissions level in 2050, say modest growth from todays
levels to around 48 billion tonnes, would, according to our central model estimates, lead
to a CO
2
eq concentration of over 650ppm by 2200. By 2100 it would result in a central
estimated temperature increase of nearly 2.8C. It would also increase the probability of
a 4C rise in 2100 to just under 10%.

4. Appropriate UK contributions to global emissions reductions

The appropriate UK share of a global emissions target involves ethical judgements and will be
the subject of international negotiations. A range of methodologies for allocating emissions
reductions between countries have therefore been proposed. Most of these methodologies base
emission reduction targets on per capita emissions, abatement costs or income. They differ in
relation to the time when different countries begin emissions reductions, the rate at which they
then reduce emissions, and the extent to which already industrialised countries should have to
compensate for historic emission levels.

It is not part of the Committees remit to propose a specific methodology for the purposes on
international negotiations. But we believe that it is difficult to imagine a global deal which allows
the developed countries to have emissions per capita in 2050 which are significantly above a
sustainable global average. In 2050 the global average, based on an estimated population of
9.2 billion, would be between 2.1 to 2.6 tonnes per capita, implying an 80% cut in UK Kyoto
GHG emissions from 1990 levels.

5. Costs of reducing emissions

Meeting an 80% target would be challenging but feasible based on a range of options for
reducing emissions including:

Energy efficiency improvement in buildings and industry (e.g. loft and cavity wall
insulation, use of more efficient appliances, turning appliances off and using less air
conditioning), which will be particularly important for reducing emissions in the period to
2020.
Decarbonisation of the power sector, starting now and continuing through the 2020s,
based on replacing existing conventional fossil fuel fired plant with renewable
technologies (e.g. wind, tidal), nuclear new build and CCS.
Transport sector decarbonisation, first through improving fuel efficiency of conventional
engines and increased use of sustainable first generation biofuels, with progressive
introduction of new technologies such as electric cars, plug in hybrids and hydrogen
vehicles, and second generation biofuels.
Heat sector decarbonisation through increased use of biomass in boilers and CHP, air
exchange and ground source heat pumps, and modern electric storage heating.
Decarbonisation of industry through the introduction of new technologies such as CCS in
cement, iron and steel.

http://www.gci.org.uk/correspondence/Interim_report_letter_to_DECC_SofS.pdf
14
G
C
I

w
w
w
.
g
c
i
.
o
r
g
.
u
k
S
u
b
-
G
L
O
B
A
L
G U E S S W O R K
FRAMEWORK
s
p
a
c
e
t
i
m
e
G
L
O
B
A
L
I
N
C
O
M
E

G
R
O
S
S
$
K
$
2
0
K
1
9
5
5
1
9
9
0
b i l l i o n s U S $
I
M
P
A
C
T

G
R
O
S
S

C
O
2
0 6
1
9
5
5
1
9
9
0
b i l l i o n s t o n n e s c a r b o n
I
N
C
O
M
E

G
R
O
S
S

P
P
P
$
$
K
$
2
0
K
1
9
5
5
1
9
9
0
b i l l i o n s P P P $
I
N
C
O
M
E

P
P
P
$

P
E
R

C
A
P
I
T
A
$
K
$
1
0
K
1
9
5
5
1
9
9
0
P P P $
I
M
P
A
C
T

C
O
2
P
E
R

C
A
P
I
T
A

0 3
1
9
5
5
1
9
9
0
t o n n e s c a r b o n
I
N
C
O
M
E

P
E
R

C
A
P
I
T
A
$
K
$
1
0
K
1
9
5
5
1
9
9
0
U S $
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
Y

P
P
P
$
/
C
O
2
$
K
$
1
0
K
1
9
5
5
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
Y

U
S
$
/
C
O
2
$
K
$
1
0
K
1
9
5
5
(
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
)
-
2 0 2 4
1
9
5
5
1
9
9
0
B i l l i o n s
C
r
e
d
i
t
o
r
s
D
e
b
i
t
o
r
s
T
r
e
n
d
s

o
f

E
x
p
a
n
s
i
o
n

&

D
i
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
A short Essay on Expansion & Divergence and Contraction & Convergence
for FUTURE ENERGY MAGAZINE in United Arab Emirates [December 2008]
F
u
l
l

P
o
w
e
r

P
o
i
n
t

p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n

a
t
:

-

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
g
c
i
.
o
r
g
.
u
k
/
s
l
i
d
e
s
h
o
w
/
C
%
2
6
C
S
l
i
d
e
s
h
o
w
.
p
p
t
5
Contraction & Convergence or C&C is a strategic proposal to the United Nations to
achieve the objective of its Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
based on equalizing per capita emissions at sustainable values globally.
The UNFCCC was created in 1992 to avert the growing trends of damage attending
accelerating rates of global climate change. To this end, the objective of the UNFCCC
is to stabilise the rapidly rising content of heat-trapping or greenhouse gas (ghg)
[principally CO2] in the atmosphere before it reaches a level that triggers dangerous
runaway rates of global warming and climate change.
Burning fossil fuels releases CO2 to the global atmosphere where as natural sinks for
the gases increasingly fail, it remains indefnitely. To achieve the UNFCCC objective
and stabilize the atmosphere requires that we end our dependency on fossil fuels as
soon as possible.
The relationship between our emissions of ghg and the atmosphere is like the fow
of water from a tap to a bath where as stock they accumulate. The plug in the bath
is like the sinks where a fraction of the extra ghg are still to some extent reabsorbed,
however these sinks are becoming less active as the plug is increasingly blocked.
Technically, C&C accounts for the fow of human ghg emissions that are causing the
atmospheric concentrations of ghg to rise. In the analogy, it represents a globally
shared effort to turn the tap right off before the bath overfows. A big diffculty is that
all the time the effort is made to turn the tap off, the bath level will continue to rise.
To address this, the C&C model combines two simple functions. It quantifes the fu-
ture full-term event of global emissions reduction necessary against posed rates of
sink-failure, to keep within any given level of atmospheric concentration of green-
house gas level in the atmosphere [contraction], and it demonstrates under any rate
of contraction, all the rates that are possible to pre-distribute the international entitle-
ments to emit so they become equal per capita globally by an agreed date [conver-
gence].
Contraction and Convergence directly addresses the two major obstacles to real
progress as the international negotiations on climate change on the UNFCCC came
into force in 1995: - the double-jeopardy of asymmetric growth or expansion and
divergence in the past and the worsening climate damages we face in the future.
To date emissions have been a close proxy for wealth; in a phrase the more money
we earned the more fossil fuel was burned; the graphic alongside shows these data as
past trends of expansion and divergence since World War 2. Here however, popula-
tion was divided into creditors and debitors. For example for 1990, the global value
of US dollars earned per tonne of fossil fuel burned was $3,000. That year the IPCC
said that an immediate 60 - 80% cut in global emissions was need to stabilize the
atmosphere, so the $ per tonnes value was cut to $1,200 per 0.4 of a tonne. All coun-
tries per capita emissions were then assessed as either above or below that value re-
vealing that while one third of people globally were above that value, two thirds were
below. Then their incomes gross and per capita in US$ and in Purchasing Power Par-
ity [PPP] were summed and the procedure was repeated for all years 1955 to 1990.
Systemic trends of expansion of divergence were immediately apparent showing that
the global majority who had not caused the problem were on the receiving end of
structural arrangements made by the minority of people who had. So, while the post-
war Washington consensus may have been a structurally benefcial arrangement for
the West, despite the inequality of consumption patterns, emissions overall had trig-
gered a global problem of climate change. At the outset the US did not deny the prob-
lem, they said it was simple sophomore physics and just asking how much climate
change and how soon they simply demanded a global response.
16
G
C
I

w
w
w
.
g
c
i
.
o
r
g
.
u
k
S
u
b
-
G
L
O
B
A
L
G U E S S W O R K
FRAMEWORK
s
p
a
c
e
t
i
m
e
G
L
O
B
A
L
P
P
P

$
:
t
o
n
n
e

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

-
1
9
9
0
1
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
,
0
0
0
%
1
0
,
0
0
0
%
1
%
0
%
1
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
,
0
0
0
%
1
0
,
0
0
0
%
1
%
0
%
As the Cold war ended, expansion and divergence was not really understood or much
talked about. All were encouraged to see that the West had won the Cold War and
that the market-system was more prosperous because it was more effcient. How-
ever, as the global negotiations on climate change began and the trends of expansion
and divergence became apparent, the IMF and the World Bank realized that the issue
of Purchasing Power [Dis]-Parity [PPP] between the hard-currency countries of the
OECD and the soft-currency countries of the Developing World had to be recognized,
not least because the local-purchasing-value of the Chinese Renimbi for example
was fve times its international purchasing value when traded against the US dollar.
The IMF in fact used this as an argument as to why China didnt any longer qualify for
Overseas Development Assistance [ODA].
As economists made that argument, they also weighed in on how to assess climate
change with cost-beneft analysis and address it with market-mechanisms. They
weighed the costs of action to mitigate climate change versus the costs of adapting to
it. Asserting that all the assets at risk of damage were proportional to the incomes of
the people who owned them, they down-graded developing Country assets [including
lives lost in climate-mortality] 15:1 against the high income Developed Countries.
Predictably their bottom-line proved that it was cheaper to adapt than to mitigate.
This meant the majority of people on the planet who had not caused climate change
and were most vulnerable to it, were too poor to save from it.
The bathos of this discreditable effort was capped by the realization that the PPP
dollar earned per tonne of fossil fuel burned gave effciency values for Developing
Countries that were more effcient for them than the Industrial Country values. The
graphic alongside, shows data for all countries for the year 1990. PPP dollars income
per capita are shown alongside fossil fuel impact per capita from low values on the
left to high values on the right. They are clearly increasingly closely correlated as the
values rise. However, the effciency point is that from high values on the left to low
values on the right [the fags] the effciency value of the Developing Countries is
very signifcantly higher than it is in the Industrial Country group. In a phrase Devel-
oping Country may have been too poor to save, but in respect of economic perform-
ance on climate change, they were much more effcient. These are the very countries
who had argued in response to the call from the United States for a global response,
that a globally equitable response to global climate change was one based on equal-
izing per capita emissions at sustainable values globally. It was a proposition which
already intuited that the dichotomy between equity and effciency was false and
that in terms of the real conservation of energy needed to avoid dangerous rates of
climate change, the gap between equity and effciency does not widen, it closes. It
recognizes no-one is saved unless were all saved.
This is Contraction and Convergence, the model frst proposed to the UN by GCI at
the Second World Climate Conference in 1990. This was within 5 months of their
publication of the First Assessment Report [FAR] of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change [IPCC] who had said that a 60 to 80% cut in emissions was immedi-
ately necessary if the rise in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 was to be halted
at 353 parts per million by volume [ppmv], the value recorded for that year. Ahead of
any notions of trading mitigation off against adaptation, C&C is a model founded on
prevention. As the Kyoto Protocol comes into effect in 2008, the concentration of CO2
has now reached 387 ppmv, the idea of prevention is increasingly urgent. Moreover,
as sinks fail, the concentration of CO2 is rising faster than ever.
The Kyoto Protocol has not signifcantly addressed this. Unless we now become really
committed to achieving the objective of the UNFCCC as soon as possible with a full-
term C&C arrangement, the double-jeopardy of asymmetric development and climate
damages takes the Mutually Assured Destruction of the Cold War to the new and
more lethal Mutually Assisted Suicide of doing too little too late on climate change.
F
u
l
l

i
m
a
g
e

o
n
-
l
i
n
e
,

z
o
o
m
a
b
l
e

f
o
r

d
e
t
a
i
l
,

i
s

o
n
-
l
i
n
e

a
t
:

-

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
g
c
i
.
o
r
g
.
u
k
/
i
m
a
g
e
s
/
E
f
f
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
p
d
f
17
G
C
I

w
w
w
.
g
c
i
.
o
r
g
.
u
k
S
u
b
-
G
L
O
B
A
L
G U E S S W O R K
FRAMEWORK
s
p
a
c
e
t
i
m
e
G
L
O
B
A
L
P
P
P

$
:
t
o
n
n
e

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

-
1
9
9
0
1
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
,
0
0
0
%
1
0
,
0
0
0
%
1
%
0
%
1
0
%
1
0
0
%
1
,
0
0
0
%
1
0
,
0
0
0
%
1
%
0
%
As the Cold war ended, expansion and divergence was not really understood or much
talked about. All were encouraged to see that the West had won the Cold War and
that the market-system was more prosperous because it was more effcient. How-
ever, as the global negotiations on climate change began and the trends of expansion
and divergence became apparent, the IMF and the World Bank realized that the issue
of Purchasing Power [Dis]-Parity [PPP] between the hard-currency countries of the
OECD and the soft-currency countries of the Developing World had to be recognized,
not least because the local-purchasing-value of the Chinese Renimbi for example
was fve times its international purchasing value when traded against the US dollar.
The IMF in fact used this as an argument as to why China didnt any longer qualify for
Overseas Development Assistance [ODA].
As economists made that argument, they also weighed in on how to assess climate
change with cost-beneft analysis and address it with market-mechanisms. They
weighed the costs of action to mitigate climate change versus the costs of adapting to
it. Asserting that all the assets at risk of damage were proportional to the incomes of
the people who owned them, they down-graded developing Country assets [including
lives lost in climate-mortality] 15:1 against the high income Developed Countries.
Predictably their bottom-line proved that it was cheaper to adapt than to mitigate.
This meant the majority of people on the planet who had not caused climate change
and were most vulnerable to it, were too poor to save from it.
The bathos of this discreditable effort was capped by the realization that the PPP
dollar earned per tonne of fossil fuel burned gave effciency values for Developing
Countries that were more effcient for them than the Industrial Country values. The
graphic alongside, shows data for all countries for the year 1990. PPP dollars income
per capita are shown alongside fossil fuel impact per capita from low values on the
left to high values on the right. They are clearly increasingly closely correlated as the
values rise. However, the effciency point is that from high values on the left to low
values on the right [the fags] the effciency value of the Developing Countries is
very signifcantly higher than it is in the Industrial Country group. In a phrase Devel-
oping Country may have been too poor to save, but in respect of economic perform-
ance on climate change, they were much more effcient. These are the very countries
who had argued in response to the call from the United States for a global response,
that a globally equitable response to global climate change was one based on equal-
izing per capita emissions at sustainable values globally. It was a proposition which
already intuited that the dichotomy between equity and effciency was false and
that in terms of the real conservation of energy needed to avoid dangerous rates of
climate change, the gap between equity and effciency does not widen, it closes. It
recognizes no-one is saved unless were all saved.
This is Contraction and Convergence, the model frst proposed to the UN by GCI at
the Second World Climate Conference in 1990. This was within 5 months of their
publication of the First Assessment Report [FAR] of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change [IPCC] who had said that a 60 to 80% cut in emissions was immedi-
ately necessary if the rise in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 was to be halted
at 353 parts per million by volume [ppmv], the value recorded for that year. Ahead of
any notions of trading mitigation off against adaptation, C&C is a model founded on
prevention. As the Kyoto Protocol comes into effect in 2008, the concentration of CO2
has now reached 387 ppmv, the idea of prevention is increasingly urgent. Moreover,
as sinks fail, the concentration of CO2 is rising faster than ever.
The Kyoto Protocol has not signifcantly addressed this. Unless we now become really
committed to achieving the objective of the UNFCCC as soon as possible with a full-
term C&C arrangement, the double-jeopardy of asymmetric development and climate
damages takes the Mutually Assured Destruction of the Cold War to the new and
more lethal Mutually Assisted Suicide of doing too little too late on climate change.
18
4
0
0
6
0
0
8
0
0
9
0
0
C
3
G
r
o
s
s

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
I
n

G
i
g
a

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
G
t
c
2
G
t
c
4
G
t
c
6
G
t
c
8
G
t
c
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
G
r
o
s
s

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
I
n

G
i
g
a

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
C
3
1
8
0
0
1
8
5
0
1
9
0
0
1
9
5
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
5
0
2
1
0
0
2
1
5
0
2
2
0
0
U
S
A
E

E
u
r
o
p
e
W

E
u
r
o
p
e
C
a
n
a
d
a
O
c
e
a
n
i
a
C
h
i
n
a
I
n
d
i
a
W

A
s
i
a
C

A
s
i
a
E

A
s
i
a
C
&
S

A
m
e
r
i
c
a
A
f
r
i
c
a
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

b
y

2
0
4
0
t
o

E
q
u
a
l

P
e
r

C
a
p
i
t
a
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

E
n
t
i
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
I
n

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
G
t
c
2
G
t
c
4
G
t
c
6
G
t
c
8
G
t
c
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
G
r
o
s
s

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
I
n

G
i
g
a

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
C
3
1
8
0
0
1
8
5
0
1
9
0
0
1
9
5
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
5
0
2
1
0
0
2
1
5
0
2
2
0
0
U
S
A
E

E
u
r
o
p
e
W

E
u
r
o
p
e
C
a
n
a
d
a
O
c
e
a
n
i
a
C
h
i
n
a
I
n
d
i
a
W

A
s
i
a
C

A
s
i
a
E

A
s
i
a
C
&
S

A
m
e
r
i
c
a
A
f
r
i
c
a
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

b
y

2
0
4
0
t
o

E
q
u
a
l

P
e
r

C
a
p
i
t
a
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

E
n
t
i
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
I
n

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
4
0
0
6
0
0
8
0
0
G
r
o
s
s

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
I
n

G
i
g
a

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n

C
2

C
3
G
t
c
2
G
t
c
4
G
t
c
6
G
t
c
8
G
t
c
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
G
r
o
s
s

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
I
n

G
i
g
a

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
C
3
1
8
0
0
1
8
5
0
1
9
0
0
1
9
5
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
5
0
2
1
0
0
2
1
5
0
2
2
0
0
U
S
A
E

E
u
r
o
p
e
W

E
u
r
o
p
e
C
a
n
a
d
a
O
c
e
a
n
i
a
C
h
i
n
a
I
n
d
i
a
W

A
s
i
a
C

A
s
i
a
E

A
s
i
a
C
&
S

A
m
e
r
i
c
a
A
f
r
i
c
a
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

b
y

2
0
4
0
t
o

E
q
u
a
l

P
e
r

C
a
p
i
t
a
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

E
n
t
i
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
I
n

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
4
0
0
6
0
0
8
0
0
C
1
G
r
o
s
s

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
I
n

G
i
g
a

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
C
3
C
2
E
G
t
c
2
G
t
c
4
G
t
c
6
G
t
c
8
G
t
c
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
G
r
o
s
s

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
I
n

G
i
g
a

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
C
3
1
8
0
0
1
8
5
0
1
9
0
0
1
9
5
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
5
0
2
1
0
0
2
1
5
0
2
2
0
0
U
S
A
E

E
u
r
o
p
e
W

E
u
r
o
p
e
C
a
n
a
d
a
O
c
e
a
n
i
a
C
h
i
n
a
I
n
d
i
a
W

A
s
i
a
C

A
s
i
a
E

A
s
i
a
C
&
S

A
m
e
r
i
c
a
A
f
r
i
c
a
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

b
y

2
0
4
0
t
o

E
q
u
a
l

P
e
r

C
a
p
i
t
a
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

E
n
t
i
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
I
n

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
RISK LEVEL Contracton & Concentratons
C1 Acceptable C2 Dangerous C3 Impossible

C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
n

&

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
e
d

C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
o
n
s
G
t
c
2
G
t
c
4
G
t
c
6
G
t
c
8
G
t
c
1
8
0
0
1
8
5
0
1
9
0
0
1
9
5
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
5
0
2
1
0
0
2
1
5
0
2
2
0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

b
y

2
0
4
0
t
o

E
q
u
a
l

P
e
r

C
a
p
i
t
a
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

E
n
t
i
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
I
n

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
G
r
o
s
s

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
I
n

G
i
g
a

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
C
3
C
2
U
S
A
E

E
u
r
o
p
e
W

E
u
r
o
p
e
C
a
n
a
d
a
O
c
e
a
n
i
a
C
h
i
n
a
I
n
d
i
a
W

A
s
i
a
C

A
s
i
a
E

A
s
i
a
C
&
S

A
m
e
r
i
c
a
A
f
r
i
c
a
G
t
c
2
G
t
c
4
G
t
c
6
G
t
c
8
G
t
c
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
G
r
o
s
s

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
I
n

G
i
g
a

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
C
3
1
8
0
0
1
8
5
0
1
9
0
0
1
9
5
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
5
0
2
1
0
0
2
1
5
0
2
2
0
0
U
S
A
E

E
u
r
o
p
e
W

E
u
r
o
p
e
C
a
n
a
d
a
O
c
e
a
n
i
a
C
h
i
n
a
I
n
d
i
a
W

A
s
i
a
C

A
s
i
a
E

A
s
i
a
C
&
S

A
m
e
r
i
c
a
A
f
r
i
c
a
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

b
y

2
0
4
0
t
o

E
q
u
a
l

P
e
r

C
a
p
i
t
a
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

E
n
t
i
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
I
n

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
G
t
c
2
G
t
c
4
G
t
c
6
G
t
c
8
G
t
c
1
8
0
0
1
8
5
0
1
9
0
0
1
9
5
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
5
0
2
1
0
0
2
1
5
0
2
2
0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
U
S
A
E

E
u
r
o
p
e
W

E
u
r
o
p
e
C
a
n
a
d
a
O
c
e
a
n
i
a
C
h
i
n
a
I
n
d
i
a
W

A
s
i
a
C

A
s
i
a
E

A
s
i
a
C
&
S

A
m
e
r
i
c
a
A
f
r
i
c
a
G
r
o
s
s

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
I
n

G
i
g
a

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
C
1
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

b
y

2
0
2
0
t
o

E
q
u
a
l

P
e
r

C
a
p
i
t
a
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

E
n
t
i
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
I
n

T
o
n
n
e
s

C
a
r
b
o
n
C
2
C
3
RISK LEVEL Contracton & Accelerated Convergence
C1 [2020] C2 [2040] C3 [2040]

C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
n

&

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
e
d

C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
A

d
e
t
a
i
l
e
d

a
n
i
m
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

t
h
i
s

a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s

i
s

o
n
-
l
i
n
e

a
t

h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
g
c
i
.
o
r
g
.
u
k
/
A
n
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
/
B
E
N
N
_
C
&
C
_
A
n
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
.
e
x
e
9
With full participation, a full-term global emissions contraction event in the future is
required to stabilize the rising concentrations in the atmosphere. As the graphics on
the left show, it is no longer reliable assume that the sinks for the CO2 will continue
to remove on average 50% of any years emissions. If they continue to fail at rates
that are suggested by recent data, the atmosphere may over time come to retain
100% of emissions or more. This means that a contraction event that is too slow, will
fail to prevent concentrations, temperature and damages rising out of control. Con-
traction needs to be fast enough to do enough soon enough to avoid this.
With risk classifed as C1 Acceptable, C2 Dangerous and C3 Impossible, three sce-
narios of contraction-concentrations futures are shown. Within the contraction rate
chosen, the examples also show convergence to equal per capita emissions entitle-
ments globally by 2020 for C1 and 2040 for C2 and C3. By making future emissions
entitlements proportional to populations, rather than income, convergence progres-
sively assigns the bulk of the future rights-to-emit to developing countries where
per capita emissions have consistently been below the per capita average globally.
As this transfers the bulk of the tradable equity share to Developing Countries, this
gives negotiators a device with which to correct for the historic inequity.
As a strategic framework that corrects the double-jeopardy, C&C is in principle the
only numerate way of projecting our energy future, transparently and globally. It
focuses political leaders and their negotiators at the UN on the two key questions: -
what is the overall concentration limit that we must not exceed? And how do we share
and use resources globally under that limit? C&C integrates the scientifc and constitu-
tional requirements of the UNFCCC with the political and economic challenges of mak-
ing sustainable development inclusive and just in a proportionate and market-friendly
way. Developing Countries have the opportunity to seize the moment with C&C as it
demonstrates how we can and must now organise to solve the climate problem faster
than we are causing it while achieving international reconciliation with each other
within this global limit. The whole renewable agenda is fundamentally dependent on
this integrated strategy. Without it, asymmetric growth and damages will deepen and
compromise economic development everywhere and overwhelm us as rates of climate
changes become self-accelerating and runaway. Doing too little too late creates a
default where an economics of triage and conficts will emerge as systems fail and
vulnerable communities become discards.
This C&C argument has been developed for twenty years with considerable success.
Emerging over many years within the political debate, C&C is now seen as pragmatic
and the favoured option. Unlike other proposals, it in the words of Professor Ross
Garnaut, adds up to its stated outcome. Proposals that dont should be rejected im-
mediately. Indeed some have said that, anyone who thinks it Utopian, simply hasnt
looked honestly at the alternatives.
As it puts people frst, C&C is certainly the most widely cited approach in the litera-
ture and arguably the most widely supported. However, now is the critical period in
the political calendar of climate negotiations to transform this support into acceptance
at the UN by the end of 2009. This is the date by when the so-called post-Kyoto glo-
bal climate deal must be agreed. Our common destiny hinges on this.
Considerable support for C&C is here: -
http://www.gci.org.uk/Endorsements/UNEPFI5f.pdf
http://www.gci.org.uk/Support/support.pdf

20
Until pressured by Cambridge University Press
during 2007/8, Nicholas Stern failed to properly
acknowledge the Contraction and Convergence
proposals from GCI and the source for these [see
below], though these proposals were formally sub-
mitted to his enquiry - See briefng Treasury website at:
www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/5/0/GCI_Briefng_C&C.pdf
On page 47 and onwards, Nicholas Stern renames C&C
as contract and converge and attacks [sourceless] it as
an assertion and not an argument [concluding that] it is
unlikely to get support.
Later in the report he compares C&C [GCI via Hohne - who
does acknowledge GCI, though stern removed this] to four
other references provided by Hohne.
This year [08] he changed his assertions to saying;
the pragmatic principle of equity would require an equalisa-
tion of per capita emissions by then [2050] whilst also in-
forming the press, we badly underestimated the degree of
damages and the risks of climate change. All of the links in
the chain are on average worse than we thought a couple of
years ago.
Then he changed again saying C&C was like rights-to-kill;
NICHOLAS STERN THE ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE [2006]
PART I: Climate Change Our Approach
2A Ethical Frameworks and Intertemporal Equity/Climate change p 47
The notions of the right to climate protection or climate security of future generations
and of shared responsibilities in a common world can be combined to assert that, collec-
tively, we have the right only to emit some very small amount of GHGs, equal for all, and
that no-one has the right to emit beyond that level without incurring the duty to compen-
sate. We are therefore obliged to pay for the right to emit above that common level.
This can be seen as one argument in favour of the contract and converge proposition,
whereby large emitters should contract emissions and all individuals in the world should
either converge to a common (low) level or pay for the excess (and those below that
level could sell rights).
There are problems with this approach, however. One is that this right, while it might
seem natural to some, is essentially asserted. It is not clear why a common humanity in
a shared world automatically implies that there are equal rights to emit GHGs (however
low). Equality of rights, for example to basic education and health, or to common treat-
ment in voting, can be related to notions of capabilities, empowerment, or the ability to
participate in a society.
Further, they have very powerful consequences in terms of law, policy and structures of
society. How does the right to emit stand in relation to these rights? Rights are of great
importance in ethics but they should be argued rather than merely asserted.
More pragmatically, as we shall examine in Part VI of this report, action on climate
change requires international agreement and this is not a proposition likely to gain the
approval necessary for it to be widely adopted.
Key Elements of a Global Deal on Climate Change
1
KEY ELEMENTS OF A GLOBAL
DEAL ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Nicholas Stern
Lord Stern of Brentford
IG Patel Professor of Economics and Government, LSE
Chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment
Acknowledgements
Analytical input for Key Elements of a Global Deal on Climate Change was provided by
individuals associated with the following organisations: HSBC, IDEACarbon, Lehman Brothers,
the London School of Economics and Political Science, McKinsey & Company, and the Judge
Business School, University of Cambridge.
Special thanks to Claire Abeill (HSBC Holdings plc.), Eric Beinhocker (McKinsey Global
Institute), Nick Butler (Judge Business School, University of Cambridge), Sam Fankhauser
(IDEACarbon), John Llewellyn (Lehman Brothers), Jeremy Oppenheim (McKinsey & Company),
and Francis Sullivan (HSBC Holdings plc). We are very grateful for comments received from
colleagues and friends.
Views are not necessarily of those of either the individuals who provided input or their
organisations.
U
1
Nicholas Stern
Acknowledgements
organisations.
Nicholas Sterns
Great U-Turn on C&C
No [2006] [2008] "Yes
2006
2008
C&C is an assertion without support. The simplicity of C&C is pragmatic.
21
U
1
Nicholas Stern
Acknowledgements
organisations.
Nicholas Sterns
Great U-Turn on C&C
No [2006] [2008] "Yes
2006
2008
C&C is an assertion without support. The simplicity of C&C is pragmatic.
22
The C&C Briefng submitted to the Stern Review, appears at the end of this document [pp
21-24]. At the time, it and related submissions were not acknowledged. When I enquired if
they had been received I was told there was no record.
The briefng was fnally put on the treasury website after I had to re-deliver it by hand asking
for a signed receipt: -
http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/5/0/GCI_Briefng_C&C.pdf
C&C An assertion . . . unlikely to get support.
The Stern Report summarily ignored this C&C contribution, the detailed references and
the provenance.
A vernacular C&C argument [contract and converge unsourced] was introduced [on page
47 of his report] and attacked for being merely an assertion and unlikely to get support.
C&C - Too Diffcult to get Your Head Around
Soon after the launch of the Report, Stern explained it differently to an audience at
LSE, where he was taking up tenure.
A student asked him, when is the political tipping point in favour of Contraction and Con-
vergence? To the astonishment of many, Stern said it was too diffcult to get your head
around.
Now the last question was about the political tipping point coupled with the idea of Con-
traction and Convergence (C&C). For those of you who dont know the jargon, you may
not know what political tipping point means. Its actually quite a deep concept.
But on Contraction and Convergence it means that if you go into carbon-trading and
different nations have different allowances for emissions, the idea of Contraction and
Convergence (C&C) is that you give everybody the same kind of emissions allowance per
capita, regardless of how much they were emitting. So those poor people who emit less
can sell some of their allowance to rich countries that emit more. And thats the story of
Contraction and Convergence and it does have obviously strong ethical attraction to it. It
is based on a proposition on rights which is a bit tricky to get your head around
- we all have the same rights to emit to some level or other. Thats a diffcult
one to understand. I mean you could argue that we have no right to emit. Or
you could argue that have some right to emit; you sort get into quite diffcult
conceptual territory. But the motivation behind the question . . . . that the story of trad-
ing . . . [which requires emissions rights by defnition . . . . ] But whether you translate
your equity concerns specifcally just that one way through, Contraction and Conver-
gence (C&C) seems to me to be an open question and how you implement it is open to
question.
This reply again was C&C rejectionist reasoning and was reiterated in the UNDPs Human
Development Report which confusingly also claimed to be supporting C&C [see pp 12-15]
Margins of Error on curing, The greatest market failure in history.
The Stern Review didnt question this to any conclusion. It merely and memorably
rehearsed the difference between two and three repeats of the total industrial revo-
lutionary emissions output [213,000,000,000 tonnes carbon times 2 or times 3]
as a margin of error on atmospheric ghg concentrations in addressing the cure for,
the greatest market failure in history.
During the course of the years from then until now Nicholas Stern has: -
[1] co-signed a statement with 15 Nobel Laureates endorsing: - The Principle of
carbon justice, i.e. striving for a long-term convergence to equal-per-capita emis-
sions rights accomplished through a medium-term multi-stage approach account-
ing for differentiated national capacities.
http://lists.topica.com/lists/GCN@igc.topica.com/read/message.html?mid=1721226171&sort=d&start=636
23
C&C A spectacularly weak form of justice.
[2] shared a platform with UN veteran Nitin Desai at the Helsinki Process conference
on the 11th of December 2007,. There he denounced C&C as, a spectacularly weak
form of justice. [Um so beeindruckter war ich, mit welcher Klarheit er eine unbequeme
Wahrheit aussprach: Die von in ihren Reden Merkel implizierte Formel von Contraction
and Convergence, das Konvergieren der Pro-Kopf-Emissionsrechte der Lnder in einigen
Dekaden (oft wird 2050 genannt), ist kein grozgiges Angebot des Nordens an die Ent-
wicklungslnder. Es ist in der Tat eine spektakulr schwache Form von Gerechtigkeit (a
spectacularly weak form of equity).
Stern Reverses Position on C&C, A pragmatic principle of equity.
On 5th April 2008, Mr. Stern completely reversed his view on C&C. At the Progressive
Heads of Government Conference he affrmed in favour of C&C as pragmatic principle: -
A pragmatic principle of equity would require an equalisation of per
capita emissions by then.
His actual statement read as follows and it was posted on the Downing Street website: -
An international agreement is essential. It must be based on the criteria of effec-
tiveness, effciency and equity. Effectiveness demands a long-term global goal cap-
ping global emissions and providing a long-term
trajectory for investment in low carbon technolo-
gies. This should be at least a halving of global
emissions by 2050. A pragmatic principle of
equity would require an equalisation of per
capita emissions by then.
This new pro C&C position was immediately endorsed
by the Head of UNDP Kemal Dervis,
. . . . there is an emerging proposal here
which I think is important and helpful, and that is a broad long-term commitment
to equal per capita emissions. [vide King and Gore and WBGU]
April 2008 Stern Publishes for C&C in Key Elements of a Global Deal
The above paper was presented by Stern at the LSE on 30th April 2008. Its declared
purpose is:
to support the negotiations of a post-2012 global treaty
which needs to be agreed by 2009 and translated into na-
tional policy and action plans between 2010-2012. It aims
to put forward a coherent set of underlying principles that
are consistent with the latest scientifc evidence, and which
explicitly defne options and suggest which are more likely
to be suitable.
The underlying principles for the global treaty are stated as:
Effectiveness it must lead to cuts in greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions on the scale required to keep the risks
from climate change at acceptable levels;
Effciency it must be implemented in the most cost-ef-
fective way, with mitigation being undertaken where it is cheapest; and
Equity it must take account of the fact that it is poor countries that are often
hit earliest and hardest, while rich countries have a particular responsibility for
past emissions.

1
Nicholas Stern
Acknowledgements
organisations.
24
The Reuters report on the LSE launch succinctly summarises Sterns spoken presenta-
tion of the Key Elements paper:
Rich countries must commit to cutting carbon emissions by 80 percent by 2050 and devel-
oping nations must agree that by 2020 they too will set their own targets.
The only way the world could defeat the climate crisis was by ensuring that global carbon
emissions peaked within 15 years, were then halved from 1990 levels to 20 billion tonnes a
year by 2050, and cut to 10 billion thereafter.
The emission target was based on the goal of halting the temperature rise to two degrees
Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
That in turn meant achieving global average carbon emissions of just two tonnes per head
-- 20 billion tonnes divided by the anticipated world population of nine billion people -- from
the current average of seven tonnes per head.
Everything fows from the fgures. That is the simplicity of the argument. If you buy into
stabilisation at 500 parts per million (atmospheric carbon -- equivalent to two degrees rise)
the rest is arithmetic.
May 08 Stern Publishes his Ely Memorial Lecture in the American Economic
Review where he says Contract & Converge is like Rights to Kill.
An 80 percent reduction of fows by rich countries by 2050, in the context of a 50
percent reduction overall, is not a target for which rich countries should congratulate
themselves warmly as demonstrating a splendidly powerful commitment to equity.
And the contract-and-converge argument for some common fow level, or for us-
ing such a level as the eventual basis of trading, on the asserted grounds that there
are equal rights to emit or pollute, does not seem to me to have special claim on
our attention. [Asserting equal rights to pollute or emit seems to me to have a very
shady ethical grounding. Emissions deeply damage and sometimes kill others. Do we
have a right to do so?] Rather, the target of equalizing by 2050 (allowing for trade)
may be seen as being a fairly pragmatic one, on which it might be possible to get
agreement, and one that, while only weakly equitable, is a lot less inequitable than
some other possibilities, such as less stringent targets for rich countries.
Friday October 24 2008

Nicholas Stern proposes a global cut in emissions of 50% by 2050, with
an 80% cut in the emissions of the developed countries by then. While
the principle of the contraction and convergence to world per-capita aver-
age of emissions is welcome, proposing it at a rate that is too slow is not.
The coupled climate modelling in the fourth and latest IPCC assessment
shows that a global cut in emissions of nearly 100% is needed by around
2060 to offset the accelerated rate at which emissions are now accumu-
lating in the atmosphere. We need emissions contraction and conver-
gence globally, but at roughly twice the rate he argues if we are to avoid
greenhouse gas concentrations causing a major climate disaster.
Aubrey Meyer
Global Commons Institute
guardian.co.uk
25
07 11 2008
Dear Mr. Stern
Thank you for your letter of the 12th of August.
1. The treasury website appears now to have been corrected on the source of C&C in line with the 5th edi-
tion of the CUP report which has also been so corrected: - Source: Contraction and Convergence TM (C&C) is
the science-based, global climate-policy framework proposed to the UN .since 1990 by the Global Commons
Institute (GCl). This is the reference supplied to and at last quoted in your review: -
www.gci,org.uk/briefngs/ICE.pdf
www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/Chapter_2_Technical_Annex.pdf
2. Thank you too for the link to your Ely lecture. Here again however, the reference is as contract-and-con-
verge, rather that Contraction and Convergence, and it is not attributed to GCI. Instead you raise a critique
of some notion of C&C that includes assertions about equal rights to pollute [see below] which amount to
rights to kill. These are entirely your assertions and certainly not GCIs. The reference for C&C now given
in the CUP edition and on the Treasury website and in the Garnaut Report www.gci,org.uk/briefngs/ICE.pdf
make no such assertions about equal rights, and your comments are wholly incorrect for asserting this.
It is also quite improper to construct the notion that contract-and-converge [which you now in the CUP and
Treasury-based Report do attribute to GCI as Contraction and Convergence] perhaps represents rights to
kill. In the light of now attributing C&C to GCI elsewhere, this peculiar remark appears to go in the direction
of libel. I have used C&C to fght the economics of genocide since 1990. So I would be grateful if you would
read GCIs C&C reference now cited and respond to this request that you withdraw these comments and
confrm that point to me in writing.
On whatever basis you care to nominate, rights are by defnition being created in a global carbon market,
as you cannot trade what you do not own. C&C presents this dilemma as a framework-based market the
frst issue for which is a decision regarding a global contraction rate that is fast enough to avoid the death
rates associated with a contraction rate that is too slow.
This modelling was done for Minister Hilary Benn based, at his request, on coupled-modelling of contraction
rates as published in IPCC AR4 and this link too is in the C&C reference you cite, as: -
www.gci.org.uk/Animations/BENN_C&C_Animation.exe
I am surprised to see that you have not paid attention to this and particularly the IPCC modelling. Contrac-
tion rates needed for given concentration outcomes are signifcantly faster than you are suggesting. This is
the over-sight that is going to result in the [with-or-without] rights-to-kill death-rates that will accompany
the scenario that your Ely fgures portray - as shown below.
In the context of the Climate Bill which clearly indicates its source origin in the RCEP 2000, the attention ac-
corded to the Stern Review is judged in light of GCIs track record that led from 1990 to 2000, during which
time we have used C&C to fght against the Economics of Genocide. You only entered the debate with your re-
port in 2006. Since then you have made two signifcant re-positionings you acknowledged within a year that: -
[1] the issue was much more serious than your frst report had indicated
[2] C&C or the equalization of per capita emissions globally was in fact the pragmatic course.
Then in your Ely Lecture you make these absurd remarks: -An 80 percent reduction of fows by rich coun-
tries by 2050, in the context of a 50 percent reduction overall, is not a target for which rich countries should
congratulate themselves warmly as demonstrating a splendidly powerful commitment to equity. And the
contract-and-converge argument for some common fow level, or for using such a level as the eventual ba-
sis of trading, on the asserted grounds that there are equal rights to emit or pollute, does not seem to me
to have special claim on our attention. [Asserting equal rights to pollute or emit seems to me to have a very
shady ethical grounding. Emissions deeply damage and sometimes kill others. Do we have a right to do
so?] Rather, the target of equalizing by 2050 (allowing for trade) may be seen as being a fairly pragmatic
one, on which it might be possible to get agreement, and one that, while only weakly equitable, is a lot less
inequitable than some other possibilities, such as less stringent targets for rich countries.
This says therefore that you still appear to believe that you are actually arguing against C&C while you are
actually arguing for it, but at rates that are too slow. Please will you confrm which is the case and whatever
it is, come up with some more consistent reasoning than has been the case to date.
With kind regards
Aubrey Meyer
GCI
26

From 1994 through to 2007, the IPCC published the same set of
contraction profles for future CO2 emissions linked to the same
reference set of paths to atmospheric CO2 concentration for: -
Also, quietly tucked away in Chapter 10 of the
Fourth Assessment [AR4] was a bombshell:
this was the revised contraction profles for
coupled emissions. For the same set of con-
centration outcomes [450, 550, 750 and 1000
ppmv] the contraction profles were recalcu-
lated and shrunk to embrace some of the posi-
tive feedbacks that had previously been omit-
ted from the uncoupled climate models.
2001
2007
350, 450, 550,
650 & 750 pm.
Except that
while in 1994
the 350 ppm
was included,
it was dropped
from 1995
onwards and
replaced by
a contraction
profle and con-
centration path
for 1000 ppmv,
due to pressure
from industry.
Also in 2007 AR4 Tucked Away in Chapter 10
COUPLED EMISSIONS Faster Contraction Rates Required
1995
1994
2007
As shown along-
side, the coupled
contraction events
were all shrunk
by about 30% to
achieve the same
concentration
outcome.
For example the
450 ppmv had
become associat-
ed with the safe
maximum 2 de-
gree Celsius glo-
bal temperature
rise. The Hadley
coupled model run
to achieve this
showed the need
to zero emissions
globally by +/-
2060. This, zero
emissions by 2060
as opposed to the previously held rate, weight and date with the
uncoupled models post 2100, was the bombshell.
GCI animated these revisions for Hilary Benn Minister at DEFRA: -
http://www.gci.org.uk/Animations/BENN_C&C_Animation.exe
27

From 1994 through to 2007, the IPCC published the same set of
contraction profles for future CO2 emissions linked to the same
reference set of paths to atmospheric CO2 concentration for: -
Also, quietly tucked away in Chapter 10 of the
Fourth Assessment [AR4] was a bombshell:
this was the revised contraction profles for
coupled emissions. For the same set of con-
centration outcomes [450, 550, 750 and 1000
ppmv] the contraction profles were recalcu-
lated and shrunk to embrace some of the posi-
tive feedbacks that had previously been omit-
ted from the uncoupled climate models.
2001
2007
350, 450, 550,
650 & 750 pm.
Except that
while in 1994
the 350 ppm
was included,
it was dropped
from 1995
onwards and
replaced by
a contraction
profle and con-
centration path
for 1000 ppmv,
due to pressure
from industry.
Also in 2007 AR4 Tucked Away in Chapter 10
COUPLED EMISSIONS Faster Contraction Rates Required
1995
1994
2007
As shown along-
side, the coupled
contraction events
were all shrunk
by about 30% to
achieve the same
concentration
outcome.
For example the
450 ppmv had
become associat-
ed with the safe
maximum 2 de-
gree Celsius glo-
bal temperature
rise. The Hadley
coupled model run
to achieve this
showed the need
to zero emissions
globally by +/-
2060. This, zero
emissions by 2060
as opposed to the previously held rate, weight and date with the
uncoupled models post 2100, was the bombshell.
GCI animated these revisions for Hilary Benn Minister at DEFRA: -
28
128
This animation of C&C and risk is brilliant. The Kyoto Protocol is having negligible effect.
If successful, Kyoto will result in a slowdown in the rise of global temperatures by 0.02C to
0.28C. That isnt going to help a great deal and we must decide what comes after Kyoto. It has
to have the US, India and China on board. The best hope is a system called contraction and
convergence, which works on the premise that everyone on the planet has the right to produce
the same amount of greenhouse gas. A level is set for the planet and it is divided by the
number of people, so that each country knows how much it can emit per head of population.
The overall level is then brought down by agreement.
Bill McGuire
Director
Benfield Hazard Centre, UCL
Even if we do not know the speed or severity of feedback effects, we must consider the
probabilities of disastrous acceleration in climate change within very short timescales. Risk
assessment is the core activity of the insurance industry, the biggest industry in the
world. Assessment of risk must fully include feedback effects. Insurers are the leading experts
in risk and risk modeling. C&C demonstrates how this can be done. C&C already has a high
profle with insurers. Governments need to listen to the insurance industry and make C&C central
to government policy around the world. From a risk management point of view, C&C produces an
important assessment of the risks we face from human-induced runaway climate change and how
to frame a response at the policy level.
Prof David Crichton,
Benfield Hazard Centre UCL
C&C is so open and transparent. Within the insurance sector it is recognised by CEOs who know
they need a long-term global framework within which they can assess their risk. Without C&C
theyre stuck with a guesswork approach. A stable insurance industry is essential for a stable
economy and a stable fnancial sector. Insurance needs a long term global framework so it can
plan for the future. C&C will help bring this about. It needs to be adopted at the highest level, from
the UN down through every business sector.
Dr JULIAN SALT
Director of Climate Solutions
Aubrey Meyers insight into the problem of mitigation of climate change bears the true
hallmark of genius: it is simple and robust. His Contraction and Convergence model
provides a transparent framework that incorporates the clear objective of a safe global level
of greenhouse gases, and allocates the responsibility for achieving this internationally with the
irresistible logic of equal shares. At the same time, the model recognises the practical need for
an adjustment period to permit nations to conform to the new logic and prepare for a climate-
friendly economy. It is no doctrinaire solution, but a brilliantly pragmatic and elegant solution.
Dr Andrew Dlugolecki
Advisory Board Director, Carbon Disclosure Project
Adviser on Climate Change to UNEP Finance Sector Initiative
and really scary.
Bill McGuire
Benfeld Hazard Centre
This animation is online at:
www.gci.org.uk/Animations/BENN_C&C_Animation.exe
29
31
Some C&C GCI Links
Publications
http://www.gci.org.uk/briefngs/zew.pdf [Springer Verlag]
http://www.gci.org.uk/briefngs/UNFCCC&C_A_Brief_History_to1998.pdf [GLOBE]
http://www.gci.org.uk/Book/Surviving_Climate_Change.pdf [PLUTO]
http://www.schumacher.org.uk/schumacher_b5_climate_change.htm [Schumacher]
Briefngs
http://www.gci.org.uk/briefngs/ICE.pdf
http://www.gci.org.uk/Endorsements/UNEPFI5f.pdf
http://www.gci.org.uk/briefngs/CPI.pdf
www.gci.org.uk/briefngs/RSA_Occasional_Paper.pdf
Articles/Interviews
http://www.gci.org.uk/articles/LEXUS.pdf
http://www.gci.org.uk/articles/React.pdf
http://www.gci.org.uk/articles/New_Scientist_Interview.pdf
http://www.gci.org.uk/articles/Green_Futures_CandC.pdf
http://www.gci.org.uk/articles/BMJ_Stott.pdf
http://www.gci.org.uk/articles/Actuary_McGuire.pdf
http://www.gci.org.uk/articles/British_Medical_Journal_22_December_2007.pdf
http://www.gci.org.uk/articles/Argus_C&C_Interview.pdf
COP-3 1997 UNFCCC [Transcript] - C&C nearly agreed in 1997
http://www.gci.org.uk/temp/COP3_Transcript.pdf
http://www.gci.org.uk/briefngs/AFRICA_GROUP.pdf
The UNFCCC administration has said since 2003, Contraction and Convergence is inevitably
required to achieve the objective of the convention: -
http://www.gci.org.uk/UNFCCC/C&C_Janos_Pasztor_UNFCCC.pdf
A C&C Booklet 13 languages from COP-11 12/2005: -
http://www.gci.org.uk/briefngs/MONTREAL.pdf
Archives covering twenty year history of this campaign: -
http://www.gci.org.uk/Archive/Mega_Doc_1989_2004.pdf
http://www.gci.org.uk/Archive/All_2000_2007_reduced_fle_size.pdf
The C&C framework is supported by manifesto commitments from the Welsh Nationalists,
the Scottish Nationalists, the Liberal Democrats, the Greens and the Respect Party.
www.gci.org.uk/presentations/RSA_C&C_G-8_Quotes.pdf
Many individual UK Labour Party MPs advocate C&C, some Conservative MPs do too.
http://edmi.parliament.uk/EDMi/EDMDetails.aspx?EDMID=29500&SESSION=875
An issue to some is that C&C merely describes generically an outcome of many future as-
pirational phases of the Kyoto Protocol. This is what the corporations collectively call an
inadequate patchwork, see slides 20/1 here: -
http://www.gci.org.uk/presentations/RSA_C&C_G-8_Quotes.pdf
To cure this very randomness, C&C formally means the structure a of full-term, concentration-
target-based framework endowed by GCI from the outset, as accepted for example by DEFRA:
http://www.gci.org.uk/correspondence/Meacher_15_11_02.pdf
and in 2004 by the House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee and result: -
http://www.gci.org.uk/correspondence/EAC_response_GCI_300904.pdf
House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee and result 2004: -
http://www.gci.org.uk/correspondence/EAC_response_GCI_300904.pdf
http://www.gci.org.uk/briefngs/EAC_Final_C&C.pdf
C&C briefng to All-Party enquiry into climate-consensus and result May 2006: -
http://www.gci.org.uk/briefngs/APGCCC_Evidence_single_A4_pages.pdf
http://www.gci.org.uk/briefngs/Consensus_Report.pdf
The UK House of Commons All Party Parliamentary Group on Climate Change [APPGCC] adopted
C&C. A DVD commissioned by the Group presenting Contraction & Convergence was distributed
to all UK MPs and Peers. Eminent spokespersons interviewed on the DVD.
http://www.gci.org.uk/images/Contraction_and_Convergence_Challen_et_al.mpg
APPGCC Tribute here: -
http://www.martin-caton.co.uk/news?PageId=4ec8ff91-07dd-e3d4-5d47-57362266c35c
C&C Promotional material is here: -
http://www.gci.org.uk/Movies/Contraction_and_Convergence_Promo.mpg
Key C&C Animation with coupled models/sink-failure here: -
Meyer CV here: -
http://www.gci.org.uk/AubreyMeyer/CV_Aubrey_Meyer_1.pdf
30
2
/
2
0
0
8

T
H
E

G
L
O
B
A
L

C
O
M
M
O
N
S

I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
E
L
o
:
q

L
e
o
:
e

l
e

e
:
o

o
e

U
F
C
C
C

:
e
q
o
l
i
~
l
i
o
:
,

0
C

j
:
e
s
e
:
l
e
o

~

j
:
o
j
o
s
~

o
:

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

\
e

~

i
:

l
i
s

:
o
o
:

:
o
w

l
e

:
o
o
e

L
e
v
e

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

l
i
:
i
:
q

o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

s
o
u
o

L
e

:
e
q
o
l
i
~
l
e
o

o
:

l
e

L
~
s
i
s

o
e

j
:
e
c
~
u
l
i
o
:
~
:
y

j
:
i
:
c
i
j

S
u
q
q
e
s
l
i
o
:
s

o
:

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

:
e
o
u
c
l
i
o
:
s

~
:
e

w
e
:
o
w
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

s
o
u
o

L
e

~
c
i
e
v
e
o

~
l

:
e
o
i
u
:

l
e
:
:

l
o

s
~
l
i
s
e
q
i
l
i
:
~
c
y
r
A
U
l

e
s
T
r
A
d
A

C
H
A
I
r
m
A
N
k
y
o
T
o

p
r
o
T
o
C
o
l

N
e
G
o
T
I
A
T
I
o
N
s
/
c
i
e
v
i
:
q

l
e

q
o
~
e

c
i
:
~
l
e

l
:
e
~
l
y

s
l
~
L
i
i
.
e

0
0

c
o
:
c
e
:
l
:
~
l
i
o
:
s
{

i
:
e
v
i
l
~
L
y

:
e
q
u
i
:
e
s

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

J
o
k
e
W
A
l
l
e
r

H
U
N
T
e
r

-

U
N
F
C
C
C

e
x
e
C
U
T
I
v
e
s
e
C
r
e
T
A
r
y
S
u
c
c
e
s
s

i
:

l
e

C
i
:
~
l
e

C
~
:
q
e

:
e
q
o
l
i
~
l
i
o
:
s

:
e
q
u
i
:
e
s

~

o
e
~

L
e
l
w
e
e
:

l
0
u
~
o
,

l
e

U
S
/
,

C
i
:
~
,

:
o
i
~

~
:
o

l
e

E
U
i
s

i
s

j
o
s
s
i
L
e

~
:
o
u
:
o

l
e

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e

o
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e
e

U
S

i
:
s
i
s
l
e
:
c
e

o
:

:
o
i
~

~
:
o

C
i
:
~

~
c
c
e
j
l
i
:
q

l
~
:
q
e
l
s

w
~
s

:
o
l

~
w
~
y
s

:
e
:
e
y

~

:
e
q
o
l
i
~
l
i
:
q

l
~
c
l
i
c
e

i
o
e
~

o

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

e
q
u
i
l
y

i
:

l
e

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
:
~
y
s
i
s

o
e

0
o
L
~

C
o
:
:
o
:
s

:
s
l
i
l
u
l
e

w
~
s

s
e
:
i
o
u
s
y

o
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
o

i
:

~
o
u
:

c
~
j
i
l
~
s

i
:

l
e

:
i
o
:
i
:
e
l
i
e
s

~
:
o

l
e

D
y
:
o
~
q
e

R
e
s
o
u
l
i
o
:

o
e

U
S

S
e
:
~
l
e

L
e
o
:
e

y
o
l
o

~
:
o

l
e

'
/

O

v
o
l
e

w
~
s

~

s
l
~
l
e
:
e
:
l

l
~
l

s
u
c

~

o
e
~

w
i
l
:
o
i
~

~
:
o

C
i
:
~

:
e
~
:
l

j
:
o
q
:
e
s
s
T
o
m
s
p
e
N
C
e
r

-

F
o
r
m
e
r

p
r
e
s
I
d
e
N
T

G
l
o
b
e

I
N
T
e
r
N
A
T
I
o
N
A
l
E
q
u
i
l
y

q
u
i
o
e
s

l
e

:
o
u
l
e

l
o

q
o
L
~

e
c
o
o
q
i
c
~

:
e
c
o
v
e
:
y

T
:
~
o
~
L
e

E
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

0
u
o
l
~
s

w
i

:
~
e

:
~
l
l
e
:
s

w
o
:
s
e

u
:
e
s
s

s
e
l

~
s

l
~
:
q
e
l
s

~
:
o

l
i
:
e
l
~
L
e
s

o
:

e
q
u
i
l
~
L
e

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

:
e
o
u
c
l
i
o
:
s

o
v
e
:
~
i
s

:
e
~
:
s

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
l

s
u
s
l
~
i
:
~
L
e

j
~
:
i
l
y

v
~
u
e
s

o
:

c
o
:
s
u
:
j
l
i
o
:

o
:

~

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

L
~
s
i
s

q
o
L
~
I
N
d
I
A
N

G
o
v
e
r
N
m
e
N
T

-

C
o
p

1

1
9
9
5
e
:

w
e

~
s
e

o
j
i
:
i
o
:
s

o

j
e
o
j
:
o
:

~

c
i
:
c
e
s
,

:
~
:
y

j
e
o
j
e
,

i
:

j
~
:
l
i
c
u
~
:

l
e

s
c
i
e
:
l
i
s
l
s
,

l
i
:
e

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

c
o
:
l
:
o

s
l
~
:
o
~
:
o

s
o
u
o

L
e

o
:
:
u
~
l
e
o

o
:

~

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

L
~
s
i
s

/
c
c
o
:
o
i
:
q

l
o

l
e

U
~
:
l
e
:
,

e
v
e
:
y
L
o
o
y

i
s

L
o
:
:

e
q
u
~
,

~
:
o

~
s

i
:
~
i
e
:
~
L
e

:
i
q
l
s

l
o

e
:
|
o
y

:
o
o
e
:
:

l
e
c
:
o
o
q
i
c
~

c
i
v
i
i
.
~
l
i
o
:
C
H
I
N
A
s
T
A
T
e

C
o
U
N
s
e
l
l
o
r
d
r
s
o
N
G
J
I
A
N

-

C
o
p

3

1
9
9
7
\
e

s
u
j
j
o
:
l

:
o
i
~

~
:
o

j
:
o
j
o
s
e

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

o
o
L
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

Y
o
u

c
~
:
:
o
l

l
~

~
L
o
u
l

l
:
~
o
i
:
q

i
e
:
e

~
:
e

:
o
l

e
:
l
i
l
e
:
e
:
l
s
,

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

c
o
:
e
s

i
:
l
o

j
~
y

w
e
:

w
e

l
~

~
L
o
u
l

i
s
s
u
e
s

o

e
q
u
i
l
y
T
H
e

A
F
r
I
C
A

G
r
o
U
p
k
y
o
T
o

-

C
o
p

3

1
9
9
7
l

o
o
e
s

s
e
e
:

l
o

u
s

l
~
l

l
e

j
:
o
j
o
s
~
s

L
y

:
o
i
~

~
:
o

o
l
e
:
s

w
o

s
j
e
~

l
o

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
:
e

e
e
:
e
:
l
s

o
:

l
u
l
u
:
e
,

e
e
:
e
:
l
s

j
e
:
~
j
s

o
:

~

:
e
x
l

~
q
:
e
e
:
e
:
l

w
e

:
~
y

u
l
i
:
~
l
e
y

~

s
e
e

l
o

e
:
q
~
q
e

i
:
U
N
I
T
e
d
s
T
A
T
e
s
o
F

A
m
e
r
I
C
A

-

C
o
p

3

1
9
9
7
/

s
e
l

o

c
o
:
:
o
:

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e
s

:
u
s
l

L
e

L
~
s
e
o

o
:

~

w
o
:
o
w
i
o
e

L
i
:
o
i
:
q

i
:
i
l

o
:

q
o
L
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

c
o
:
s
i
s
l
e
:
l

w
i
l

~

:
~
x
i
:
u
:

~
l
:
o
s
j
e
:
i
c

c
o
:
c
e
:
l
:
~
l
i
o
:

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:
{

w
i
l

j
:
o
q
:
e
s
s
i
v
e

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

l
o
w
~
:
o
s

~
:

e
q
u
i
l
~
L
e

o
i
s
l
:
i
L
u
l
i
o
:

o

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

:
i
q
l
s

o
:

~

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

L
~
s
i
s

L
y

~
:

~
q
:
e
e
o

o
~
l
e

w
i
l

~
c
:
o
s
s
L
o
~
:
o

:
e
o
u
c
l
i
o
:
s

i
:

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

:
i
q
l
s

l
e
:
e
~
l
e
:
e
U
r
o
p
e
A
N
p
A
r
l
I
A
m
e
N
T
r
e
s
o
l
U
T
I
o
N

1
9
9
8
P
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

C
0
2

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

:
e
e
l

i
:

l
e

:
i
o
o
:

l
:
~

~
:
~
y
s
i
s

l
e

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

i
:

e
:
e
:
q
i
:
q

e
c
o
:
o
:
i
e
s

w
i

:
e
e
l

l
o
s
e

o

i
:
o
u
s
l
:
i
~
i
s
e
o

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

c
~
:
:
o
l

i
:
~
q
i
:
e

l
e

e
:
e
:
q
i
:
q

e
c
o
:
o
:
i
e
s

w
i

o
:
e

o
~
y

L
e

j
e
:
:
i
l
l
e
o

l
o

e
:
i
l

:
o
:
e

C
0
2

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

l
~
:

w
e

i
:

l
e

i
:
o
u
s
l
:
i
~
i
s
e
o

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

\
i
l
i
s

j
:
o
j
o
s
~
,

e
:
e
:
q
i
:
q

:
~
l
i
o
:
s

w
i
l

:
~
j
i
o
y

e
x
j
~
:
o
i
:
q

e
c
o
:
o
:
i
e
s

c
o
u
o

L
e

o
:

L
o
~
:
o

l
e

q
o
L
~
i
:
~
l
e

:
e
q
o
l
i
~
l
i
o
:
s

s
c
e
o
u
e
o

o
:

2
O
O
'

A
N
G
e
l
A
m
e
r
k
e
l

-

p
r
e
s
I
d
e
N
T

o
F

G
e
r
m
A
N
y

2
0
0
8
e

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~
i
:
~
l
e

:
e
q
i
:
e

s
o
u
o

L
e

L
~
s
e
o

o
:

e
q
i
l
i
:
~
l
e

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e
s

o

e
q
u
i
l
y
,

s
u
c

~
s

o
:
q
l
e
:
:

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

o

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

e
v
e
s

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

i
:

l
e

v
~
:
i
o
u
s

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s
N
I
C
H
o
l
A
s
s
A
r
k
o
z
y

-

p
r
e
s
I
d
e
N
T

o
F

F
r
A
N
C
e

2
0
0
8
/
l
l
e
:
j
l
s

l
o

o
e
:
y

C
&
C
s

j
u
:
e

o
q
i
c

e
c
o
o
q
i
c
~
,

j
o
i
l
i
c
~
,

s
o
c
i
~

~
:
o

u
:
~
:

~
:
e

u
l
i
:
~
l
e
u
l
i
~
l
u
:
e

w
o
:
l

L
e

o
o
e
o

/
c
c
e
j
l
~
:
c
e

o

C
&
C

L
:
i
:
q
s

:
o
l

i
:
j
:
i
s
o
:
:
e
:
l
,

L
u
l

:
e
w

u
:
o
u
:
o

:
e
e
o
o
:
,

J
u
s
l
i
c
e

w
i
l
o
u
l

R
e
l
:
i
L
u
l
i
o
:
,

~
s

s
o
:

M
~
:
o
e
~

o
:
c
e

o
e
:
~
:
o
e
o
d
A
v
e

H
A
m
p
T
o
N

-

C
A
r
b
o
N

C
o
A
C
H
C
&
C

S
U
P
P
O
R
T
1
0
2
5
2
0
0
8

T
H
E

G
L
O
B
A
L

C
O
M
M
O
N
S

I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
E
S
w
e
o
e
:

s
l
:
i
v
e
s

o
:

q
o
L
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
i
:
q

l
o

e
q
u
~

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

o
:

~

k
j
e
l
l
l
A
r
s
s
o
N

-

e
N
v
I
r
o
N
m
e
N
T
m
I
N
I
s
T
e
r

2
0
0
0
E
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

s
o
u
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e

l
o
w
~
:
o
s

e
q
u
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

j
e
:

i
:
~
L
i
l
~
:
l

3
r
d

N
A
T
I
o
N
A
l

C
l
I
m
A
T
e

C
o
m
m
U
N
I
C
A
T
I
o
N

2
0
0
1
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

s
e
c
u
:
e
s

~

:
e
q
i
:
e

w
e
:
e

~

:
~
l
i
o
:
s

|
o
i
:

e
o
:
l
s

l
o

j
:
o
l
e
c
l

o
u
:

q
o
L
~

c
o
:
:
o
:
s

w
i
l
o
u
l

l
e

:
i
s
~
l

~
:
y

c
o
u
:
l
:
y

i
s

o
e
j
:
i
v
e
o

o

i
l
s

~
i
:

s
~
:
e

o
e

c
o
:
:
o
:

e
:
v
i
:
o
:
:
e
:
l
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

s
j
~
c
e
s
v
e
N
d

A
U
k
e
N

-

d
A
N
I
s
H
e
N
v
I
r
o
N
m
e
N
T
m
I
N
I
s
T
e
r

1
9
9
9
\
e

~
:
e

c
o
:
s
c
i
o
u
s

l
~
l

i
:

l
e

e
:
o
,

w
e

w
i
~
v
e

i
:
e
v
i
l
~
L
y

l
o

e
v
o
v
e

l
o
w
~
:
o
s

~

:
o
:
e

e
q
u
i
l
~
L
e

j
~
:
l
i
l
i
o
:

L
e
l
w
e
e
:

l
o
:
l

~
:
o

l
e

S
o
u
l
e

c
~
j
~
c
i
l
y

o

o
u
:

c
o
:
:
o
:

~
l
:
o
s
j
e
:
e

l
o

s
u
j
j
o
:
l

q
:
e
e
:
o
u
s
e

q
~
s
e
s

L
y

~

q
:
~
o
u
~

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

o
e
v
e
s

o

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

o
:

~

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

L
~
s
i
s
o
l
I
v
I
e
r
d
e
l
o
U
z
e

-

b
e
l
G
I
A
N
e
N
v
I
r
o
N
m
e
N
T
m
I
N
I
s
T
e
r

2
0
0
0

w
e

~
q
:
e
e

l
o

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

~
o
w
~
:
c
e
s

o
:

~

L
y

2
O
3
O

s
o

l
~
l

q
o
L
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

s
l
~
y

L
e
o
w

/
5
O

j
j
:

2
o

q
o
L
~

l
e
:
j
e
:
~
l
u
:
e

:
i
s
e
{

l
e
:

~
s
s
i
q
:
e
o

~
:
o
u
:
l
s

o
:

/
:
:
e
x

0
:
e

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

w
o
u
o

L
e

o
:
~
s
l
i
c
~
y

:
e
o
u
c
e
o
o
w
e
v
e
:
,

L
e
c
~
u
s
e

~

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

w
o
u
~
v
e

~
s
s
i
q
:
e
o

~
:
o
u
:
l
s
,

:
~
x
i
:
u
:

u
s
e

o
o
L
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

l
:
~
o
i
:
q

w
o
u
o

s
l
:
o
:
q
y

:
e
o
u
c
e

l
e

c
o
s
l

o

c
o
:
j
i
~
:
c
e
:

s
u
c

~

s
c
e
:
~
:
i
o

:
o
u
s
l
:
i
~

C
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

w
o
u
~
v
e

l
o

o
o

:
o
:
e
,

L
u
l

i
l

w
o
u
o

L
e

c
e
~
j
e
:

~
:
o

e
~
s
i
e
:
j
A
N
P
r
o
N
k

C
o
P
6

2
0
0
0

-

d
U
T
C
H
e
N
v
I
r
o
N
m
e
N
T
m
I
N
I
s
T
e
r
\
e

o
o

:
o
l

L
e
i
e
v
e

l
~
l

l
e

e
l
o
s

o

o
e
:
o
c
:
~
c
y

c
~
:

s
u
j
j
o
:
l

~
:
y

:
o
:
:

o
l
e
:

l
~
:

e
q
u
~

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

:
i
q
l
s

l
o

q
o
L
~

e
:
v
i
:
o
:
:
e
:
l
~

:
e
s
o
u
:
c
e
s
P
r
I
m
e
m
I
N
I
s
T
e
r

I
N
d
I
A

-

C
o
P

8

2
0
0
2
T
o

o
:
e
s
l
~
u
:
l
e
:

o
~
:
~
q
e

o
e
e
j
e
:

c
u
l
s

i
:

q
:
e
e
:
o
u
s
e

q
~
s

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

l
~
:

~
s

j
:
e
s
e
:
l
y

c
o
:
l
~
i
:
e
o

i
:

l
y
o
l
o

P
:
o
l
o
c
o

~
:
e

u
:
q
e
:
l
y

:
e
q
u
i
:
e
o

~
:
o

l
e
s
e

:
u
s
l

L
e

o
:
q
~
:
i
s
e
o

~
s

u
:
i
v
e
:
s
~

e
q
u
~

e
:
l
i
l
e
:
e
:
l
s

~
s

e
:
q
:
~
v
e
o

i
:

l
e

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e
s

o
e

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

F
:
~
:
e
w
o
:
k
e
N
y
A

G
o
v
e
r
N
m
e
N
T

-

C
o
P

1
1

2
0
0
5
C
o
:
e
:
e
:
c
e

:
e
c
o
q
:
i
s
e
s

l
e

u
:
q
e
:
l

:
e
e
o

o
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

l
o

:
i
l
i
q
~
l
e

c
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

q
i
v
e
:

l
e

j
o
l
e
:
l
i
~
y

o
i
s
~
s
l
:
o
u
s

c
o
:
s
e
q
u
e
:
c
e
s

o
:

l
e

j
~
:
e
l
\
e

j
e
o
q
e

l
o

~
c
i
e
v
e

~

o
w

c
~
:
L
o
:

e
:
i
l
l
i
:
q

s
o
c
i
e
l
y

~
:
o

c
o
:
:
i
l

l
e

S
P

l
o

s
u
j
j
o
:
l
i
:
q

l
e

~
o
o
j
l
i
o
:

o
e

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~
:
e
c
o
q
:
i
s
e
o

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e

o
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e
A
l
e
x
s
A
l
m
o
N
d

-

l
e
A
d
e
r
s
C
o
T
T
I
s
H

N
A
T
I
o
N
A
l
P
A
r
T
y
L
i
L
e
:
~

D
e
:
o
c
:
~
l
s

~
:
q
u
e

o
:

l
e

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e

o

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

w
i
l
o
:
q
l
e
:
:

q
o
~

e
q
u
~
i
s
i
:
q

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

q
o
L
~

C
H
r
I
s

H
U
H
N
e

-

l
I
b
e
r
A
l

d
e
m
o
C
r
A
T
s

u
:
q
e

l
e

U

0
o
v
e
:
:
:
e
:
l

l
o

j
:
o
v
i
o
e

e
~
o
e
:
s
i
j

o
:

c
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

L
y

c
o
:
:
i
l
l
i
:
q

i
l
s
e

l
o

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
s

l
:
~
:
e
w
o
:

w
i
l
i
:

w
i
c
u
l
u
:
e

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~

~
q
:
e
e
:
e
:
l
s

l
o

l
~
c
e

c
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

~
:
e

:
e
q
o
l
i
~
l
e
o

c
o
:
:
:

l
~
l

l
e

j
~
:
l
y

~
s
o

s
u
j
j
o
:
l
s

l
i
s

j
e
o
q
e
s
I
m
o
N

T
H
o
m
A
s

-

P
o
l
I
C
y
d
I
r
e
C
T
o
r
P
l
A
I
d

C
y
m
r
U
y
o
l
o

P
:
o
l
o
c
o

s
~
y
s

:
o
l
i
:
q

~
L
o
u
l

l
u
l
u
:
e

L
e
y
o
:
o

2
O
1
2

T
o

~
o
o
:
e
s
s

l
~
l

l
i
:
e
s
c
~
e

l
e

0
:
e
e
:

P
~
:
l
y

~
o
v
o
c
~
l
e
s

l
e

~
o
o
j
l
i
o
:

L
y

l
e

U
F
C
C
C

o
:
~
:
e
w
o
:

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

C
&
C
l

~
s

l
e
y

i
:
q
:
e
o
i
e
:
l

i
:

l
e

q
o
L
~

j
o
i
l
i
c
~

s
o
u
l
i
o
:

l
o

l
e

j
:
o
L
e
:

o
i
:
~
l
e

C
~
:
q
e

:
i
l
i
q
~
l
i
o
:
,

~
:
o

u
:
q
e
s

l
e

U

~
:
o

o
l
e
:

q
o
v
e
:
:
:
e
:
l
s

u
s
e

i
l

~
s

l
e

L
~
s
i
s

o
:

:
e
q
o
l
i
~
l
i
o
:
s

i
:

l
e

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~
o
:
~
G
r
e
e
N
P
A
r
T
y
r
e
A
l
P
r
o
G
r
e
s
s

-

C
l
I
m
A
T
e
P
o
l
I
C
y
s
T
A
T
e
m
e
N
T
2
o
2
0
0
8

T
H
E

G
L
O
B
A
L

C
O
M
M
O
N
S

I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
E
T
o

:
~
e

j
:
o
v
i
s
i
o
:

o
:

l
e

~
o
o
j
l
i
o
:

o

~

j
o
i
c
y

o

c
o
:
L
~
l
i
:
q

c
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

i
:

~
c
c
o
:
o
~
:
c
e

w
i
l
e

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e
s

o
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
:
o

o
:

c
o
:
:
e
c
l
e
o

j
u
:
j
o
s
e
s
C
o
l
I
N

C
H
A
l
l
e
N

-

C
H
A
I
r

A
l
l
-
p
A
r
T
y

G
r
o
U
p

C
l
I
m
A
T
e

C
H
A
N
G
e
/
:
y

:
~
:
e
w
o
:
i
c

i
:
v
o
v
e
s

:
~
o
i
c
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

:
e
o
u
c
l
i
o
:
s

w
o
u
o

i
:

j
:
~
c
l
i
c
e

:
e
s
e
:
L
e

l
e

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

~
o
v
o
c
~
l
e
o

L
y

l
e

0
o
L
~

C
o
:
:
o
:
s

:
s
l
i
l
u
l
e
:
o
e
e
o
,

i
:

l
e
:
:
s

o

o
o
:
e
s
l
i
c

j
o
i
c
y

~
i
:
s
,

l
e

U

0
o
v
e
:
:
:
e
:
l

~
s

~
:
e
~
o
y

i
:
j
i
c
i
l
y

~
c
c
e
j
l
e
o

l
i
s

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

i
:

~
o
o
j
l
i
:
q

l
e

o
O
%

c
~
:
L
o
:

:
e
o
u
c
l
i
o
:

l
~
:
q
e
l

o
:

2
O
5
O
,

~
:
o

i
l

i
s

l
e
:
e
o
:
e

i
:
c
o
:
s
i
s
l
e
:
l

:
o
l

l
o

~
o
o
j
l

s
u
c

~
:

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~

\
e

o
o

:
o
l

s
e
e

~
:
y

c
:
e
o
i
L
e

~
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
v
e

~
:
o

:
o
:
e

w
~
s

s
u
q
q
e
s
l
e
o

i
:

e
v
i
o
e
:
c
e

l
o

o
u
:

i
:
q
u
i
:
y

\
e

l
e
:
e
o
:
e

:
e
c
o
:
:
e
:
o

l
~
l

l
e

U

0
o
v
e
:
:
:
e
:
l

s
o
u
o
:
:
~
y

~
o
o
j
l

~
:
o

j
:
o
:
o
l
e

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
s

l
e

L
~
s
i
s

o
:

u
l
u
:
e

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~

~
q
:
e
e
:
e
:
l
s

l
o

:
e
o
u
c
e

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s
e
N
v
I
r
o
N
m
e
N
T
A
l

A
U
d
I
T

C
o
m
m
I
T
T
e
e

H
o
U
s
e

o
F

C
o
m
m
o
N
s
e

0
o
v
e
:
:
:
e
:
l

s
o
u
o

j
:
e
s
s

o
:

~

u
l
u
:
e

q
o
L
~
i
:
~
l
e

~
q
:
e
e
:
e
:
l

L
~
s
e
o

o
:

l
e

0
o
L
~

C
o
:
:
o
:
s

:
s
l
i
l
u
l
e
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

~
s

l
e

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~
:
~
:
e
w
o
:

w
i
l
i
:

w
i
c
u
l
u
:
e

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~

~
q
:
e
e
:
e
:
l
s

l
o

l
~
c
e

c
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

~
:
e

:
e
q
o
l
i
~
l
e
o
e
s
e

o
e
:

l
e

L
e
s
l

o
:
q
l
e
:
:

j
:
o
s
j
e
c
l

o

s
e
c
u
:
i
:
q

e
q
u
i
l
y
,

e
c
o
:
o
:
y

~
:
o

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~

c
o
:
s
e
:
s
u
s
r
o
y
A
l

C
o
m
m
I
s
s
I
o
N

o
N
e
N
v
I
r
o
N
m
e
N
T
A
l
p
o
l
l
U
T
I
o
N
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

j
s

q
:
e
~
l
l

i
s

i
:
c
u
s
i
v
e

~
:
o

:
~
e
s

c
e
~
:

w
~
l

:
e
e
o
s

l
o

L
e

~
c
i
e
v
e
o

\
i
l
o
u
l

s
u
c

~

s
~
:
e
o

:
o
o
e
,

l
e
:
e

w
i

:
o
l

L
e

l
e

:
e
c
e
s
s
~
:
y

:
e
~
l
i
o
:
s
i
j
s

l
~
l

c
:
e
~
l
e

l
e

:
e
w

~
:
o

e
x
c
i
l
i
:
q

j
o
s
s
i
L
i
i
l
i
e
s

~
:
o

l
e

l
:
u
s
l

o
:

s
~
:
e
o

~
c
l
i
o
:
C
H
r
I
s
m
o
T
T
e
r
s
H
e
A
d

-

d
I
s
T
I
N
G
U
I
s
H
e
d

A
d
v
I
s
o
r
e
N
e
r
G
y

&

e
N
v
I
r
o
N
m
e
N
T
b
r
I
T
I
s
H
p
e
T
r
o
l
e
U
m

p
l
C
:
o
s
l

~
:
y

c
o
:
c
e
i
v
~
L
o
:
q
l
e
:
:

s
o
u
l
i
o
:

l
o

l
e

c
i
:
~
l
e

j
:
o
L
e
:

w
i

e
:
L
o
o
y

~

i
q

o
e
q
:
e
e

o

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

/
l
:
o
s
j
e
:
i
c

c
o
:
c
e
:
l
:
~
l
i
o
:
s

o
0
s

c
~
:
:
o
l

s
l
~
L
i
i
.
e

u
:
e
s
s

l
o
l
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
,

~
:
o

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

c
~
:
:
o
l

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l

u
:
e
s
s

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
J
o
H
N

A
s
H
T
o
N

-

U
k

C
l
I
m
A
T
e

A
m
b
A
s
s
A
d
o
r
p
e
w
r
e
p
o
r
T
e

s
o
u
l
i
o
:

l
o

c
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

:
e
q
u
i
:
e
s

~

q
o
L
~
y

e
q
u
i
l
~
L
e

:
o
o
e

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

:
e
o
u
c
l
i
o
:
s
e

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

:
o
o
e

c
~
o
:

~
:
e
~
o
y

~
:
q
e

j
o
u
l
i
:
q

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

l
o

c
u
l

l
e
i
:

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s
,

w
e

:
e
w
y

i
:
o
u
s
l
:
i
~
i
s
i
:
q

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

i
:
c
:
e
~
s
e

l
e
i
:
s
,

u
j

l
o

l
e

j
o
i
:
l

l
~
l

w
e

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e

~
l

~

s
u
s
l
~
i
:
~
L
e
v
e
~
l
,

o
j
e
,

w
i

L
e

l
e

e
l
o
s

l
~
l

w
i

q
u
i
o
e

c
i
l
i
e
s

~
:
o
u
:
o

l
e

w
o
:
k
e
N
l
I
v
I
N
G
s
T
o
N
e

-

m
A
y
o
r

o
F
l
o
N
d
o
N

~
o
:
i
:
e

0
C
s

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

:
o
o
e

~
:
o

l
e
i
:

:
o
w

:
e
~
:
y

l
w
e
:
l
y

y
e
~
:

c
:
u
s
~
o
e

L
y

l
o

q
e
l

i
l

e
s
l
~
L
i
s
e
o

~
s

l
e

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~

L
~
s
i
s

o

j
o
i
c
y

l
o

:
e
e
l

l
e

o
L
|
e
c
l
i
v
e

o
e

U
i
:
~
l
e

T
:
e
~
l
y
e
i
:

j
:
e
s
e
:
l
~
l
i
o
:

o

i
l

i
s

~

o
~
u
:
l
i
:
q
~
:
o

~
c
l

l
o

o
w
N
I
C
k
b
U
T
l
e
r

-

d
I
r
e
C
T
o
r

C
A
m
b
r
I
d
G
e
e
N
e
r
G
y
s
T
U
d
I
e
s

s
u
j
j
o
:
l

l
e

c
o
:
c
e
j
l

o

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
s

o
o
e
s

l
e

E
:
v
i
:
o
:
:
e
:
l

/
q
e
:
c
y
s
I
r
J
o
H
N

H
A
r
m
A
N

-

C
H
A
I
r
m
A
N

U
k
e
N
v
I
r
o
N
m
e
N
T

A
G
e
N
C
y
e
:
e

i
s

~
:

e
:
e
:
q
i
:
q

j
:
o
j
o
s
~
e
:
e

l
~
l

i
s

i
:
j
o
:
l
~
:
l

~
:
o

~

L
:
o
~
o

o
:
q
l
e
:
:

c
o
:
:
i
l
:
e
:
l

l
o

e
q
u
~

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s
s

~

l
o
u
q

j
:
o
j
o
s
~

w
e

l
~
e

i
l

~
s

j
~
:
l

o
e

j
:
o
q
:
e
s
s
i
v
e

~
q
e
:
o
~

l
o

:
o
v
e

l
o

l
~
l

i
l

w
i

L
e

i
:

L
:
i
:
q
i
:
q

l
e

w
o
:
o

l
o
q
e
l
e
:

~
s

i
l

L
:
i
:
q
s

l
e

o
e
v
e
o
j
i
:
q

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

~
s

j
~
:
l

o
i
s

e
o
:
l

w
i
l

~
:

e
l
i
c
~

~
:
o

j
o
i
l
i
c
~

c
o
:
:
i
l
:
e
:
l
,

:
o
l

i
:
:
e
o
i
~
l
e
,

L
u
l

l
o
w
~
:
o
s

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

i
:

l
e
:
:
s

o

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s
k
e
m
A
l
d
e
r
v
I
s

-

C
H
I
e
F

A
d
m
I
N
I
s
T
r
A
T
o
r

U
N
d
p
2
2
0
0
8

T
H
E

G
L
O
B
A
L

C
O
M
M
O
N
S

I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
E
D
u
s
i
:
e
s
s

~
:
o

q
o
v
e
:
:
:
e
:
l

c
~
:
:
o
l

s
o
v
e

l
e

j
:
o
L
e
:

~
o
:
e

S
o
u
l
i
o
:
s

:
u
s
l

L
e

q
o
L
~

~
:
o

j
~
:
l
i
c
i
j
~
l
i
o
:

o

:
~
|
o
:

e
:
i
l
l
e
:
s

i
s

e
s
s
e
:
l
i
~

C
o
:
j
~
:
i
e
s

c
~
:
:
o
l

o
e
l
e
:
:
i
:
e

l
e

s
c
~
e

o

:
e
e
o
e
o

i
:
v
e
s
l
:
e
:
l

w
i
l
o
u
l

~

s
l
~
L
i
i
.
~
l
i
o
:

l
:
e
s
o
:

q
:
e
e
:
o
u
s
e

q
~
s

c
o
:
c
e
:
l
:
~
l
i
o
:
s
e

s
o
:
l
l
e
:
:

j
~
l
c
w
o
:
y
o
l
o

P
:
o
l
o
c
o

i
s

:
o
l

c
o
s
l
e
c
l
i
v
e

/

q
o
L
~
o
:
q

l
e
:
:
,

:
~
:
e
l
L
~
s
e
o

j
o
i
c
y

:
~
:
e
w
o
:

i
:

~

:
e
w

j
~
:
l
:
e
:
s
i
j

w
i
l
i
:
~
,

:
o
i
~
,

D
:
~
.
i
,

S
o
u
l
:
i
c
~

~
:
o

M
e
x
i
c
o

i
s

:
e
e
o
e
o

E
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

:
i
q
l
s

w
i
l

c
o
:
:
o
:

:
e
l
:
i
c
s

l
~
l

c
~
:

L
e

~
o
|
u
s
l
e
o

o
v
e
:

l
i
:
e

l
o

:
e
e
c
l

e
v
o
v
i
:
q

o
e
v
e
o
j
:
e
:
l
s

w
i

e
:
s
u
:
e

l
~
l

~

l
:
u
y

q
o
L
~

s
o
u
l
i
o
:

l
o

l
e

j
:
o
L
e
:

i
s

~
c
i
e
v
e
o
G
8

C
l
I
m
A
T
e

C
H
A
N
G
e

2
0
0
5

B
U
s
I
N
e
s
s
l
e
A
d
e
r
s
o
:
:
u
~
l
i
o
:

l
~
l

l
~
e
s

l
e

:
i
q
l
s
L
~
s
e
o

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

l
o

i
l
s

o
q
i
c
~

c
o
:
c
u
s
i
o
:

i
s

l
~
l

o

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e
0
C
{

I
p
C
C
W
G
3

T
H
I
r
d

A
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
N
T
r
e
p
o
r
T
e

q
o
L
~
:
~
:
e
w
o
:

o
e
v
e
o
j
s

s
o

l
~
l

C
0
2

c
o
:
c
e
:
l
:
~
l
i
o
:

i
:

l
e

~
l
:
o
s
j
e
:
e

i
s

o

~
l

o
:

L
e
o
w

/
O
O

j
j
:
v
i
s

o
:
q
l
e
:
:

c
i
:
~
l
e

o
L
|
e
c
l
i
v
e

i
s

:
e
l

L
y

e
:
s
u
:
i
:
q

l
~
l

s
o
:
l
l
e
:
:

l
~
:
q
e
l
s

~
:
e

i
:
e
o

l
o

~
:
o

c
o
:
s
i
s
l
e
:
l

w
i
l

i
l
,

w
i
l

~

q
:
~
o
u
~

l
:
~
:
s
i
l
i
o
:

l
o
w
~
:
o
s

~

s
y
s
l
e
:

o

e
q
u
~

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

:
i
q
l
s

l
o

u
s
e

l
e

~
L
s
o
:
j
l
i
v
e

c
~
j
~
c
i
l
y

o
e

~
l
:
o
s
j
e
:
e

s
T
e
p
H
e
N
B
y
e
r
s

-

m
p

I
N
T
e
r
N
A
T
I
o
N
A
l

C
l
I
m
A
T
e

T
A
s
k

F
o
r
C
e
e

D
y
e
:
s

:
e
j
o
:
l

:
e
e
:
s

l
o

~

:
e
w

L
~
s
i
s

o

e
q
u
i
l
y

~
:
o

c
o
:
:
o
:
,

L
u
l

o
i
e
:
e
:
l
i
~
l
e
o
,

:
e
s
j
o
:
s
i
L
i
i
l
i
e
s

\
e

:
e
e
o

e
:
v
i
:
o
:
:
e
:
l
~

e
q
u
i
l
y

w
i
l

~

c
~
j

~
:
o

l
:
~
o
e

j
:
o
q
:
~
:
:
e

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

i
s

l
e

:
~
:
e

l
~
l

w
e

:
u
s
l

q
i
v
e

l
o

i
l

\
e

:
u
s
l

i
:
~
l

L
~
l
l
e

w
i
l
e

L
~
l
l
e

~
q
~
i
:
s
l

j
o
v
e
:
l
y
U
k

A
l
l
-
p
A
r
T
y
p
A
r
l
I
A
m
e
N
T
A
r
y

G
r
o
U
p

C
l
I
m
A
T
e

C
H
A
N
G
e
P
o
i
c
y
:
~
e
:
s

:
e
e
o

c
o
:
s
e
:
s
u
s

o
:

~

q
o
L
~
:
~
:
e
w
o
:
o
:

c
i
:
~
l
e

s
l
~
L
i
i
l
y

L
~
s
e
o

o
:

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e
s

o

j
:
e
c
~
u
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

e
q
u
i
l
y

s
u
c

~
s

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e
U
N
e
p

F
I
N
A
N
C
I
A
l

I
N
I
T
I
A
T
I
v
e
T
e
:
e

i
s

:
o

o
l
e
:

:
e
l
o
o

o

:
~
l
i
o
:
~
y

~
:
o

e
l
i
c
~
y

q
u
i
o
i
:
q

q
o
L
~

:
e
o
u
c
l
i
o
:
s

i
:

q
:
e
e
:
o
u
s
e

q
~
s

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s
r
o
y
A
l

I
N
s
T
I
T
U
T
e

o
F
B
r
I
T
I
s
H

A
r
C
H
I
T
e
C
T
s

2
0
0
6
e

U
/

c
o
:
:
i
l
s

i
l
s
e

l
o

c
~
:
j
~
i
q
:
i
:
q

o
:

l
e

:
o
s
l

e
e
c
l
i
v
e

o
u
l
c
o
:
e

j
o
s
s
i
L
e

~
l

C
0
P
1
5

l
:
o
u
q

~
o
v
o
c
~
c
y

o

~
:

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

i
:
i
l
~
l
i
o
:

~
q
:
e
e
:
e
:
l

L
~
s
e
o

o
:

l
e

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e

o

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e
I
N
T
e
r
N
A
T
I
o
N
A
l

U
N
I
o
N

A
r
C
H
I
T
e
C
T
s

T
U
r
I
N

C
o
N
F
e
r
e
N
C
e

2
0
0
8
T
e
:
e

i
s

~

o
e
s
j
e
:
~
l
e

:
e
e
o

l
o

c
:
e
~
l
e

~
:

e
e
c
l
i
v
e

j
o
i
c
y

o
:

j
:
e
s
e
:
v
i
:
q

e
~
y

e
c
o
s
y
s
l
e
:
s

L
y

j
:
o
v
i
o
i
:
q

i
:
c
e
:
l
i
v
e
s

~
:
o

l
e

:
e
s
o
u
:
c
e
s

l
o

o
o

s
o
e

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

j
:
o
:
o
l
e
o

L
y

U

i
s

~

w
e
o
u
q
l

l
:
o
u
q

~
:
o

j
o
l
e
:
l
i
~
y

j
o
w
e
:

~
j
j
:
o
~
c
i
c
s
o

~
o
o
:
e
s
s
e
s

~
i
:

o
i
s
l
:
i
L
u
l
i
o
:
p
e
T
e
r

H
e
A
d

-

d
I
r
e
C
T
o
r

A
r
U
p
e

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

i
s

q
e
:
e
:
~
y

:
e
e
:
:
e
o

l
o

~
s

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e
o
L
~

C
o
:
:
o
:
s

:
s
l
i
l
u
l
e

2
O
O
O
l

~
:
o

~
s

q
u
:
e
o

i
:

l
e

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~

o
e
L
~
l
e

o
:

s
o
:
e

l
i
:
e
~
s

L
e
e
:

j
:
o
:
o
l
e
o

L
y

:
o
i
~

~
:
o

~
s

L
e
e
:

o
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
o

~
v
o
u
:
~
L
y

i
:

0
e
:
:
~
:
y

~
:
o

l
e

U
:
i
l
e
o

i
:
q
o
o
:

0
e
:
:
~
:

/
o
v
i
s
o
:
y

C
o
u
:
c
i

o
:

0
o
L
~
~
:
q
e

2
O
O
3
,

U

R
o
y
~

C
o
:
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

o
:

E
:
v
i
:
o
:
:
e
:
l
~

P
o
u
l
i
o
:

2
O
O
O
l

R
e
c
e
:
l

:
e
j
o
:
l
s

~
v
e

s
o
w
:

i
:
c
:
e
~
s
i
:
q

s
u
j
j
o
:
l

o
:

l
i
s

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~
y
.

s
e
e
,

o
:

e
x
~
:
j
e
,

S
l
e
:
:

2
O
O
8
l

~
:
o

l
e

C
o
:
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

o
:

0
:
o
w
l

~
:
o

D
e
v
e
o
j
:
e
:
l

2
O
O
8
l
r
o
s
s

G
A
r
N
A
U
T

-

A
U
s
T
r
A
l
I
A
N

G
o
v
e
r
N
m
e
N
T
e
C
o
N
o
m
I
s
T
/
:

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~

~
q
:
e
e
:
e
:
l

i
s

e
s
s
e
:
l
i
~
l

:
u
s
l

L
e

L
~
s
e
o

o
:

l
e

c
:
i
l
e
:
i
~

o
e
c
l
i
v
e
:
e
s
s
,

e
c
i
e
:
c
y

~
:
o

e
q
u
i
l
y
e
c
l
i
v
e
:
e
s
s

o
e
:
~
:
o
s

~

o
:
q
l
e
:
:

q
o
L
~

q
o
~

c
~
j
j
i
:
q

q
o
L
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

~
:
o

j
:
o
v
i
o
i
:
q

~

o
:
q
l
e
:
:

l
:
~
|
e
c
l
o
:
y

o
:

i
:
v
e
s
l
:
e
:
l

i
:

o
w

c
~
:
L
o
:

l
e
c
:
o
o
q
i
e
s
i
s

s
o
u
o

L
e

~
l

e
~
s
l

~

v
i
:
q

o
o
L
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

L
y

2
O
5
O

/

j
:
~
q
:
~
l
i
c

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e

o

e
q
u
i
l
y

w
o
u
o

:
e
q
u
i
:
e

~
:

e
q
u
~
i
s
~
l
i
o
:

o

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

L
y

l
e
:
i
s

w
i

:
e
q
u
i
:
e

o
e
v
e
o
j
e
o

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

l
o

c
u
l

L
y

~
:
o
u
:
o

8
O
%

N
I
C
H
o
l
A
s
s
T
e
r
N

-

U
k

G
o
v
e
r
N
m
e
N
T
e
C
o
N
o
m
I
s
T
32
2
8
2
0
0
8

T
H
E

G
L
O
B
A
L

C
O
M
M
O
N
S

I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
E
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

o
q
i
c

i
s

c
o
:
j
e
i
:
q
l

i
s

~

o
:
:
u
o
:

u
l
u
:
e

q
o
L
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

l
~
l

c
o
u
o
,

w
i
l
o
u
l

e
x
~
q
q
e
:
~
l
i
o
:
,

s
~
v
e

l
e

w
o
:

S
o
:
e

e
:
v
i
:
o
:
:
e
:
l

q
:
o
u
j
s

s
u
c

~
s

0
:
e
e
:
j
e
~
c
e

s
e
e

l
o
:
:
u
~

~
s

~

o
e
~
o
e
:
o
e
y

~
:
e

j
:
o
o
u
:
o
y

w
:
o
:
q
\
o
l
e

o
:

e
w

S
l
~
l
e
s
:
~
:

L
e
s
l

c
i
:
~
l
e

:
~
:
e
w
o
:
R
e
s
u
l
s

J
~
:
u
~
:
y

2
O
O
8

2
%

~
:
e

s
~
y
i
:
q

y
o
l
o

P
:
o
l
o
c
o

8
1
%

~
:
e

s
~
y
i
:
q

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

1
2
%

~
:
e

s
~
y
i
:
q

y
o
l
o
2

5
%

~
:
e

s
~
y
i
:
q

0
:
e
e
:
o
u
s
e

D
e
v
e
o
j
:
e
:
l

R
i
q
l
s

:
~
:
e
w
o
:

i
:
v
o
v
i
:
q

l
e
c
:
o
o
q
y

l
o
q
e
l
e
:

w
i
l

s
o
c
i
~
,

j
o
i
l
i
c
~

~
:
o

e
c
o
:
o
:
i
c

c
~
:
q
e

w
i
l

q
u
~
:
l
i
~
L
e

l
~
:
q
e
l
s

i
s

l
e

o
:
y

w
~
y

o
:
w
~
:
o
i
s

i
s

w
y

w
e

s
u
j
j
o
:
l

l
e

w
e
:
o
w
:

c
o
:
c
e
j
l

o
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e
C
&
C
l

~
s

j
:
o
j
o
s
e
o

L
y

l
e

0
o
L
~

C
o
:
:
o
:
s

:
s
l
i
l
u
l
e

~
s

l
e

L
~
s
i
s

o
:

l
e

~
q
:
e
e
:
e
:
l
l

s
~
l
i
s
e
s

o
e
v
e
o
j
i
:
q

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

o
e
:
~
:
o
s

o
:

e
q
u
i
l
y

~
:
o

U
S

o
e
:
~
:
o
s

l
~
l

:
~
|
o
:

o
e
v
e
o
j
i
:
q

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

s
u
c

~
s

C
i
:
~

~
:
o

:
o
i
~

L
e

i
:
v
o
v
e
o

i
:

~
:
y

l
~
:
q
e
l
s
s
C
I
e
N
T
I
s
T
s
F
o
r

G
l
o
b
A
l
r
e
s
p
o
N
s
I
b
I
l
I
T
y
e

\
D
0
U

:
e
c
o
:
:
e
:
o
s

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

:
i
q
l
s

L
e

~
o
c
~
l
e
o

~
c
c
o
:
o
i
:
q

l
o

l
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
j
j
:
o
~
c
G
e
r
m
A
N

A
d
v
I
s
o
r
y

C
o
U
N
C
I
l

:
o
l
e

w
~
l

y
o
u

s
~
y

~
L
o
u
l

/
u
L
:
e
y

M
e
y
e
:
s

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

j
:
o
j
o
s
~

~
:
o

~
q
:
e
e

l
~
l

i
:

l
l

~
q
~
i
:
s
l

c
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

C
&
C

:
~
e
s

~
:

i
:
j
o
:
l
~
:
l

c
o
:
l
:
i
L
u
l
i
o
:

l
o

l
e

o
e
L
~
l
e

o
:

o
w

w
e

~
c
i
e
v
e

o
:
q
l
e
:
:

c
i
:
~
l
e

s
l
~
L
i
i
l
y

l
~
i
:
q

~
c
c
o
u
:
l

o
e

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e
s

o

e
q
u
i
l
y

~
:
o

s
u
s
l
~
i
:
~
L
i
i
l
y
T
o
N
y
b
l
A
I
r

-

U
K
p
r
I
m
e
m
I
N
I
s
T
e
r
e

C
u
:
c
e
s

c
~
:

q
i
v
e

l
e
i
:

L
~
c
i
:
q

l
o

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

j
u
L
i
c
y

~
:
o

u
:
~
:
i
:
o
u
s
y

L
e
c
~
u
s
e

~
l

i
l
s

c
o
:
e
,

i
l

i
s

|
u
s
l
l

~
j
j
e
~
:
s

U
l
o
j
i
~
:

o
:
y

i

w
e

:
e
u
s
e

l
o

c
o
:
l
e
:
j
~
l
e

l
e

~
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
v
e
s

o
:
e
s
l
d
r
r
o
w
A
N
w
I
l
l
I
A
m
s

-

A
r
C
H
b
I
s
H
o
p

o
F

C
A
N
T
e
r
b
U
r
y
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

i
s

y

l
o

i
:
j
o
s
e

:
~
s
s
i
v
e

e
c
o
:
o
:
i
c

c
o
s
l
s
e

c
~
s
e

o
:

L
e
i
:
q

j
:
e
j
~
:
e
o

l
o

s
j
e
:
o

u
q
e

:
e
s
o
u
:
c
e
s

l
o

i
:
i
l

i
l

i
s

c
e
~
:

~
s

l
e

c
o
s
l

w
i

L
e

:
e
j
~
i
o

:
~
:
y

l
i
:
e
s

o
v
e
:

L
y

l
e

~
v
o
i
o
~
:
c
e

o

o
i
s
~
s
l
e
:
e

o
e
v
e
o
j
e
o

w
o
:
o

o
o
e
s

:
o
l

~
v
e

l
e

:
o
:
~

:
i
q
l

l
o

i
:
c
:
e
~
s
e

l
e

:
i
s
o
o
o
i
:
q

i
:

D
~
:
q
~
o
e
s

L
o
:
q

l
e
:
:

l
e

o
:
y

s
o
u
:
o

s
l
:
~
l
e
q
y

i
s

l
~
l

o

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

c
u
l
l
i
:
q

q
:
e
e
:
o
u
s
e

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

l
o

l
e

j
o
i
:
l

w
e
:
e

l
e
y

~
:
e

s
~
:
e
o

e
q
u
~
y
,

w
o
:
o
w
i
o
e
,

o
:

~

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

L
~
s
i
s

l
o
r
d

A
d
A
I
r

T
U
r
N
e
r

-

C
H
A
I
r
m
A
N

o
F

C
l
I
m
A
T
e

C
o
m
m
I
T
T
e
e
\
e

L
e
i
e
v
e

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

i
s

l
e

L
e
s
l

w
~
y

o
:
w
~
:
o

L
e
c
~
u
s
e

i
l

:
e
c
o
q
:
i
s
e
s

l
~
l

q
:
o
w
l

i
:

e
:
e
:
q
y

u
s
e

i
:

o
e
v
e
o
j
i
:
q

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

w
i
~
j
j
e
:
E
v
e
:

i

w
e

c
o
u
o

~
c
i
e
v
e

~

:
e
v
e
:
s
e

i
:

l
:
e
:
o
s

o

e
:
e
:
q
y

u
s
e

i
:

o
e
v
e
o
j
e
o

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s
,

l
e
:
e

i
s

:
o
l

y
e
l

~
:
y
w
e
:
e

e
:
o
u
q
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
v
e

~
:
o

:
e
:
e
w
~
L
e

e
:
e
:
q
y

~
v
~
i
~
L
e

l
o

q
e
l

u
s

o
o
s
s
i
u
e
~
s
l

e
:
o
u
q

F
o
:

l
e
o
e
v
e
o
j
i
:
q

w
o
:
o

l
e

s
i
l
u
~
l
i
o
:

i
s

e
v
e
:

:
o
:
e

u
:
q
e
:
l

L
e
c
~
u
s
e

l
~
l

i
s

w
e
:
e
:
o
s
l

e
:
e
:
q
y

i
:
l
e
:
s
i
v
e

i
:
o
u
s
l
:
i
~

~
:
o

:
~
:
u
~
c
l
i
:
q

~
c
l
i
v
i
l
y

i
s

e
~
o
i
:
q
T
I
m
s
m
I
T

-

C
e
o

T
H
e
e
d
e
N
p
r
o
j
e
C
T
/
:

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

:
e
c
e
i
v
i
:
q

s
i
q
:
i
c
~
:
l

~
l
l
e
:
l
i
o
:

i
s

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e
,

l
e

s
c
i
e
:
c
e
L
~
s
e
o

q
o
L
~
i
:
~
l
e
j
o
i
c
y

:
~
:
e
w
o
:

j
:
o
j
o
s
e
o

L
y

l
e

0
o
L
~

C
o
:
:
o
:
s

:
s
l
i
l
u
l
e

w
i
l
e

o
L
|
e
c
l
i
v
e

o

:
e
~
i
.
i
:
q

s
~
e

~
:
o

s
l
~
L
e

q
:
e
e
:
o
u
s
e

q
~
s

c
o
:
c
e
:
l
:
~
l
i
o
:
s

i
:

l
e

~
l
:
o
s
j
e
:
e
l

~
j
j
i
e
s

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e
s

o

j
:
e
c
~
u
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

e
q
u
i
l
y
,

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e
s

i
o
e
:
l
i
e
o

~
s

i
:
j
o
:
l
~
:
l

i
:

l
e

U
F
C
C
C

L
u
l

:
o
l

o
e
:
e
o
,

l
o

j
:
o
v
i
o
e

l
o
:
:
~

c
~
c
u
~
l
i
:
q

L
~
s
i
s

o
e

C
&
C

:
~
:
e
w
o
:
b
o
b
w
A
T
s
o
N

-

F
o
r
m
e
r

C
H
A
I
r
m
A
N

I
p
C
C
C
2
'
2
0
0
8

T
H
E

G
L
O
B
A
L

C
O
M
M
O
N
S

I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
E
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
:
o

i
l
s

:
e
c
~
:
i
s
:

o
:

:
~
:
c
i
:
q

s
u
s
l
~
i
:
~
L
e

o
e
v
e
o
j
:
e
:
l

i
s

l
e

o
:
y

j
:
o
j
o
s
~

s
o

~
:

w
i
c

i
s

q
o
L
~
,

e
q
u
i
l
~
L
e

~
:
o

q
:
o
w
l
o
:
i
e
:
l
e
o
C
o
N
G
r
e
s
s
m
A
N
J
o
H
N
p
o
r
T
e
r

C
H
A
I
r
,

G
l
o
b
e

U
s
A
e

i
o
e
~

o
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

i
s

o
e
s
l
i
:
e
o

l
o

L
e

o
:
e

o
e

:
o
s
l

i
:
j
o
:
l
~
:
l

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e
s

q
o
v
e
:
:
i
:
q

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~

:
e
~
l
i
o
:
s

i
:

l
e

2
1
s
l

c
e
:
l
u
:
y
l

i
s

~

j
o
w
e
:

e
l
i
c

l
~
l

i
:
c
o
:
j
o
:
~
l
e
s

q
o
L
~

|
u
s
l
i
c
e

~
:
o

s
u
s
l
~
i
:
~
L
i
i
l
y

~
:
o

l
e
:
e
L
y

L
:
i
o
q
e
s

l
e

o
o
:
i
:
~
:
l

c
o
:
c
e
:
:
s

o
~
s
l

c
e
:
l
u
:
y

~
:
o

l
i
s

o
:
e
l

i
s

l
e

o
:
y

w
~
y

l
o

~
c
c
o
:
:
o
o
~
l
e

l
e

i
:
l
e
:
e
s
l
s
,

e
l
i
c
~

~
:
o

e
c
o
:
o
:
i
c
,

o

o
e
v
e
o
j
i
:
q

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

~
:
o

:
i
c

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

i
:

l
e

s
l
:
u
q
q
e

l
o

:
o

~

s
o
u
l
i
o
:

l
o

l
e

:
o
s
l

i
:
j
o
:
l
~
:
l

e
:
v
i
:
o
:
:
e
:
l
~

j
:
o
L
e
:

~
c
i
:
q

l
e

w
o
:
d
r

C
l
I
v
e

H
A
m
I
l
T
o
N

-

T
H
e

A
U
s
T
r
A
l
I
A

I
N
s
T
I
T
U
T
e
e

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

j
:
e
s
e
:
l
s

~

:
e
w

e
c
o
:
o
:
i
c

o
e
v
e
o
j
:
e
:
l

j
~
:
~
o
i
q
:

o
:

l
e

l
w
e
:
l
y

:
s
l

c
e
:
l
u
:
y

~
:
o

L
e
y
o
:
o
m
r
s
.
r
U
N
G
A
N
o
K
A
r
I
m
A
N
z
I
r
A

-

C
H
A
I
r
,

A
F
r
I
C
A

G
r
o
U
p
e

:
o
s
l

:
e
~
i
s
l
i
c

w
~
y

l
o

L
:
i
:
q

~
L
o
u
l

l
e

:
e
q
u
i
:
e
o

:
e
o
u
c
l
i
o
:

i
:

q
q

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

w
i
c

w
i
~
v
e

l
e

c
o
:
L
i
:
e
o

e
e
c
l

o

:
e
o
u
c
i
:
q

l
e

o
~
:
~
q
e

i
:
j
o
s
e
o

o
:

l
e

i
:
s
u
:
~
:
c
e

i
:
o
u
s
l
:
y

~
:
o

e
:
c
o
u
:
~
q
i
:
q

l
e

l
:
~
:
s
i
l
i
o
:

l
o

:
e
:
e
w
~
L
e

e
:
e
:
q
y
l

i
s

l
~
l

j
:
o
j
o
s
e
o

i
:

l
e

c
o
:
c
e
j
l

o

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e
U
K

C
H
A
r
T
e
r
e
d

I
N
s
U
r
A
N
C
e

I
N
s
T
I
T
U
T
e
/
:
y

j
o
i
l
i
c
~

s
o
u
l
i
o
:

l
o

c
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

w
i

:
e
e
o

l
o

L
e

L
~
s
e
o

o
:

:
e
o
u
c
l
i
o
:
s

i
:

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s
,

o
l
e
:
w
i
s
e

:
o
w
:

~
s

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

/
s

l
e

c
i
:
~
l
e

i
s

o
w
:
e
o

L
y

:
o

o
:
e

~
:
o

:
e
e
o
e
o

L
y

e
v
e
:
y
o
:
e
,

w
e

w
i
s
o

~
v
e

l
o

:
o
v
e

l
o
w
~
:
o
s

e
q
u
~
y

s
~
:
i
:
q

l
e

~
l
:
o
s
j
e
:
e
,

:
o
w
:

~
s

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

C
o
e
c
l
i
v
e

s
u
:
v
i
v
~

o
e
j
e
:
o
s

o
:

~
o
o
:
e
s
s
i
:
q

L
o
l

w
o
r
l
d
d
I
s
A
s
T
e
r
s
r
e
p
o
r
T

2
0
0
0

I
N
T
e
r
N
A
T
I
o
N
A
l
r
e
d

C
r
o
s
s
/
C
r
e
s
C
e
N
T
e

v
i
s
i
o
:

o
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

c
o
:
L
i
:
e
s

e
c
o
o
q
y

~
:
o

e
q
u
i
l
y

:
o
s
l

e
e
q
~
:
l
H
e
I
N
r
I
C
H
b
o
e
l
l

F
o
U
N
d
A
T
I
o
N
e

~
s
s
i
o
u
o
u
s

c
~
:
j
~
i
q
:
i
:
q

o
v
e
:

l
~
s
l

o
e
c
~
o
e

L
y

l
e

0
o
L
~

C
o
:
:
o
:
s

:
s
l
i
l
u
l
e

L
~
s
e
o

o
:

i
l
s

i
o
e
~

o
c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e

u
:
o
e
:

w
i
c
e

:
i
c

:
~
l
i
o
:
s

u
:
o
e
:
l
~
e

l
o

:
e
o
u
c
e

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

e
v
e
:

~
s

o
e
v
e
o
j
i
:
q

:
~
l
i
o
:
s

~
:
e

j
e
:
:
i
l
l
e
o

l
o

q
:
o
w

l
e
i
:

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

u
:
l
i

s
u
c

l
i
:
e

~
s

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e

~
l

l
e

s
~
:
e

e
v
e
~
s

q
i
v
e
:

l
i
s

i
:
o

o

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

s
o
:
e

:
e
~

c
:
e
o
i
L
i
i
l
y

S
o
,

l
o
o
,

~
s

l
e

:
e
~
o
i
:
e
s
s

o

o
e
v
e
o
j
i
:
q

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

s
u
c

~
s

C
i
:
~
,

D
:
~
.
i
:
o
o
:
e
s
i
~

~
:
o

/
:
q
e
:
l
i
:
~

l
o

~
c
c
e
j
l

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

l
~
:
q
e
l
s

o
:

l
e
i
:

o
w
:

c
o
u
:
l
i
e
s

:
o
l

e
~
s
l

L
e
c
~
u
s
e

l
e
y

~
:
e

~
:
e
~
o
y

L
e
q
i
:
:
i
:
q

l
o

e
e
e

i
:
j
~
c
l
s

o
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e
e

:
e
~

s
l
:
e
:
q
l
i
s

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

i
s

l
~
l

i
l

i
s

L
~
s
e
o

u
j
o
:

~

l
:
~
o
i
:
q

s
y
s
l
e
:
,

w
i
l

:
i
c

:
~
l
i
o
:
s

:
e
e
o
i
:
q

l
o

j
u
:
c
~
s
e

~
o
o
i
l
i
o
:
~

c
~
:
L
o
:

c
:
e
o
i
l
s

:
o
:

j
o
o
:
e
:

:
~
l
i
o
:
s
J
o
N
A
T
H
o
N
p
o
r
r
I
T
T

-

F
o
r
U
m
F
o
r
T
H
e

F
U
T
U
r
e
e
:
e

~
:
e

~

:
u
:
L
e
:

o

:
e
~
s
u
:
e
s

v
~
:
y
i
:
q

s
c
~
e
l

l
~
l

c
~
:

L
e

u
s
e
o

l
o

:
e
o
u
c
e

l
e

~
:
o
u
:
l

o

C
0
2

l
~
l

i
s

L
e
i
:
q

e
:
i
l
l
e
o
,

l
e
s
e

i
:
c
u
o
e
.

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

c
o
:
c
e
i
v
e
o

L
y

l
e

0
o
L
~

C
o
:
:
o
:
s

:
s
l
i
l
u
l
e

0
C
l

i
:

l
e

e
~
:
y

1
'
'
O
s

c
o
:
s
i
s
l
s

o

:
e
o
u
c
i
:
q

o
v
e
:
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

o
0
s

l
o

~

s
~
e
v
e
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:
,

w
e
:
e

l
e

q
o
L
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

~
:
e

:
e
o
u
c
e
o

L
e
c
~
u
s
e

e
v
e
:
y

c
o
u
:
l
:
y

L
:
i
:
q
s

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

l
o

~

e
v
e
i
c

i
s

e
q
u
~
o
:

~

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s
,

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

b
m
A

2
0
0
8

-

H
o
w

C
A
N
T
H
e
I
m
p
A
C
T

o
F
C
l
I
m
A
T
e
C
H
A
N
G
e

b
e

r
e
d
U
C
e
d
?
C

~
o
v
o
c
~
l
e
s

~

q
o
L
~
:
~
:
e
w
o
:
o
:

~
c
l
i
o
:

w
i
l
c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e
~
v
o
u
:
e
o

o
j
l
i
o
:
,

~
:
o

s
e
e
e

:
e
~
:
s

l
o

i
:
u
e
:
c
e

e
y

o
e
c
i
s
i
o
:

:
~
e
:
s
C
l
I
m
A
T
e
A
N
d

H
e
A
l
T
H

C
o
U
N
C
I
l
3
O
2
0
0
8

T
H
E

G
L
O
B
A
L

C
O
M
M
O
N
S

I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
E
/
o
:
i
:
~
l
i
o
:

i
s

:
e
q
u
e
:
l
y

e
x
j
:
e
s
s
e
o
,

:
e
q
~
:
o
i
:
q

l
e

e
e
q
~
:
c
e

~
:
o

s
i
:
j
o
q
i
c

o

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
:
o

i
l

~
s

L
e
e
:

w
i
o
e
y

s
u
j
j
o
:
l
e
o

L
y

j
o
i
c
y

:
~
e
:
s

~
s

~

L
~
s
i
s

l
~
l

s
o
u
o

u
:
o
e
:
i
e

l
e

:
e
x
l

s
l
~
q
e

o

j
o
i
c
y

o
:
:
u
~
l
i
o
:
s
I
r
J
o
H
N

H
o
U
G
H
T
o
N

-

F
o
r
m
e
r

C
H
A
I
r

I
p
C
C
w
o
r
k
I
N
G

G
r
o
U
p
o
N
e
M
~
:
y

q
o
v
e
:
:
:
e
:
l
s

~
:
o
u
:
o

l
e

w
o
:
~
v
e

~
c
c
e
j
l
e
o

l
e

c
o
:
c
e
j
l

o

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
s

l
e

o
:
y

e
q
u
i
l
~
L
e

:
e
s
j
o
:
s
e

:
e
c
~
:
i
s
:

l
o

l
e

l
:
e
~
l

o
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e
G
r
A
C
e

A
k
U
m
U

-

d
I
r
e
C
T
o
r
,

C
l
I
m
A
T
e

N
e
T
w
o
r
k

A
F
r
I
C
A
:

l
e

e
:
o
,

l
e
y

w
i

:
e
e
o

l
o

q
i
v
e

:
u
c

w
e
i
q
l

l
o

e
q
u
~

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

:
i
q
l
s

o

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s
e
y

w
i

:
e
e
o

l
o

~
o
w

o
:
q

j
e
:
i
o
o
s

o
:

~
o
|
u
s
l
:
e
:
l

l
o
w
~
:
o
s

s
u
c

j
o
s
i
l
i
o
:
s
w
i
l
i
:

l
e

o
v
e
:
:
i
o
i
:
q

:
e
q
u
i
:
e
:
e
:
l

l
o

s
l
~
y

w
i
l
i
:

~
:

e
:
v
i
:
o
:
:
e
:
l
~
y

:
e
s
j
o
:
s
i
L
e

q
o
L
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

L
u
o
q
e
l

0
:
e

j
o
s
s
i
L
e

w
~
y

o

L
:
i
:
q
i
:
q

l
e
s
e

l
w
o

e
e
:
e
:
l
s

l
o
q
e
l
e
:

w
o
u
o

L
e

l
c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
j
j
:
o
~
c
~
l

~
s

L
e
e
:

o
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
o

~
v
o
u
:
~
L
y

i
:

0
e
:
:
~
:
y

~
:
o

:
o
i
~
r
o
s
s

G
A
r
N
A
U
l
T

-

C
l
I
m
A
T
e
s
T
r
A
T
e
G
I
s
T

A
U
s
T
r
A
l
I
A
N

G
o
v
e
r
m
e
N
T

:
o
l

o
:
y

s
u
j
j
o
:
l

l
e

C
&
C

c
o
:
c
e
j
l
,

:
o

i
l

i
:
c
o
:
c
e
i
v
~
L
e

l
~
l

w
e

w
i

~
v
e
:
l

c
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
l
~
s
l
:
o
j
e

w
i
l
o
u
l

~

:
e
q
i
:
e

L
u
i
l

o
:

s
o
:
e

v
~
:
i
~
l
i
o
:

o
i
s

~
j
j
:
o
~
c
:

l
e

o
e
L
~
l
e

~
L
o
u
l

c
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e
,

~
:

i
:
j
:
e
s
s
i
o
:

~
s

L
e
e
:

c
:
e
~
l
e
o

l
~
l

l
e

j
:
o
L
e
:

i
s

l
o
o

o
~
u
:
l
i
:
q

~
:
o

c
o
:
j
e
x

l
o

j
:
e
v
e
:
l

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

j
:
o
v
i
o
e
s

~

w
~
y

o
:
w
~
:
o

l
~
l

i
s

L
o
l
~
i
:

~
:
o

e
~
s
i
L
J
o
H
N
r
I
T
C
H

-

w
o
r
l
d

N
U
C
l
e
A
r

A
s
s
o
C
I
A
T
I
o
N
l

i
s

~
L
s
o
u
l
e
y

:
e
:
~
:
~
L
e

l
~
l

l
e

i
o
e
~

o

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
s

l
~
e
:

s
u
c
:
:

o

w
o
:
o
w
i
o
e

i
:

s
u
c

~

s
o
:
l

s
j
~
c
e

o

l
i
:
e
T
e
s
s
A

T
e
N
N
A
N
T

-

C
H
A
I
r

A
s
s
o
C
I
A
T
I
o
N
F
o
r

s
U
s
T
A
I
N
A
b
l
e

&

r
e
s
p
o
N
s
I
b
l
e

I
N
v
e
s
T
m
e
N
T
I
N

A
s
I
A
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

i
s

~
:

e
x
l
e
:
:
e
y

j
o
w
e
:

i
o
e
~

~
:
o

w
e

~
:
e

:
o
v
i
:
q

:
e
:
o
:
s
e
e
s
s
y

l
o
w
~
:
o
s

i
l
m
I
C
H
A
e
l
m
e
A
C
H
e
r

-

F
o
r
m
e
r

U
k
e
N
v
I
r
o
N
m
e
N
T
m
I
N
I
s
T
e
r

~
:

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

:
e
c
e
i
v
i
:
q

s
i
q
:
i
c
~
:
l

~
l
l
e
:
l
i
o
:

i
s

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

C
&
C
{

~

s
c
i
e
:
c
e
L
~
s
e
o

q
o
L
~
:
~
:
e
w
o
:
e
:
e
L
y

l
o
l
~
o
L
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

~
:
e

:
e
o
u
c
e
o

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:
l

l
o

:
e
e
l

~

s
j
e
c
i
c

~
q
:
e
e
o

l
~
:
q
e
l
,

~
:
o

l
e

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

o

i
:
o
u
s
l
:
i
~
i
.
e
o

~
:
o

l
e

o
e
v
e
o
j
i
:
q

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e

o
v
e
:

~

s
u
i
l
~
L
o
:
q

l
i
:
e

j
e
:
i
o
o
,

w
i
l
e

:
~
l
e

~
:
o

:
~
q
:
i
l
u
o
e

o

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

L
e
i
:
q

o
e
l
e
:
:
i
:
e
o

l
:
o
u
q
e

U
F
C
C
C

:
e
q
o
l
i
~
l
i
:
q

j
:
o
c
e
s
s
l

~
j
j
i
e
s

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e
s

o

j
:
e
c
~
u
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

e
q
u
i
l
y
,

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e
s

i
o
e
:
l
i
e
o

~
s

i
:
j
o
:
l
~
:
l

i
:

l
e

U
F
C
C
C

L
u
l

:
o
l

o
e
:
e
o
w
o
r
l
d
b
A
N
k

o
N

C
o
N
T
r
A
C
T
I
o
N

&

C
o
N
v
e
r
G
e
N
C
e
/

L
:
i
i
~
:
l
,

i
:
~
q
i
:
~
l
i
v
e

~
:
o

s
i
:
j
e

:
e
~
:
s

o

:
e
~
c
i
:
q

~

|
u
s
l

q
o
L
~

~
q
:
e
e
:
e
:
l

o
:

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

:
e
o
u
c
l
i
o
:
s

i
s

c
~
e
o

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

C
&
C
l
l

w
~
s

:
s
l

j
:
o
j
o
s
e
o

L
y

l
e

0
o
L
~

C
o
:
:
o
:
s

:
s
l
i
l
u
l
e

0
C
l

i
:

1
'
'
O

R
e
c
o
q
:
i
l
i
o
:

o

i
l
s

u
:
i
q
u
e

q
u
~
i
l
i
e
s

~
s

~

:
~
:
e
w
o
:
o
:

c
o
:
L
~
l
i
:
q

c
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

~
s

q
:
o
w
:

~
l

~
:

~
s
l
o
:
i
s
i
:
q

:
~
l
e

s
i
:
c
e

l
~
l

o
~
l
e
m
A
y
e
r

H
I
l
l
m
A
N

-

A
U
T
H
o
r

o
F

H
o
w

w
e

C
A
N
s
A
v
e
T
H
e
p
l
A
N
e
T
:

l
i
q
l

o
o
:
q
l
e
:
:

j
e
:
s
j
e
c
l
i
v
e

l
w
o

L
~
s
i
c

:
e
q
u
i
:
e
:
e
:
l
s

:
u
s
l

L
e

:
e
l
.

S
l
~
L
i
i
s
~
l
i
o
:

o

q
:
e
e
:
o
u
s
e

q
~
s
e
s

i
:

l
e

~
l
:
o
s
j
e
:
e

~
l

~

e
v
e

i
:

~
c
c
o
:
o
~
:
c
e

w
i
l
e

o
v
e
:
~

o
L
|
e
c
l
i
v
e

o
e

C
i
:
~
l
e

C
~
:
q
e

C
o
:
v
e
:
l
i
o
:
~
i
:

o
i
s
l
:
i
L
u
l
i
o
:

o

:
i
q
l
s

~
:
o

o
L
i
q
~
l
i
o
:
s
,

L
y

e
s
l
~
L
i
s
i
:
q

l
e

c
o
:
c
e
j
l

o

j
e
:
c
~
j
i
l
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

:
i
q
l
s

o
:

~

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s
,

~
s

j
:
o
j
o
s
e
o

i
:

l
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

s
c
e
:
e
d
A
v
I
d

H
A
l
l
m
A
N

-

w
o
r
l
d

C
o
U
N
C
I
l

o
F

C
H
U
r
C
H
e
s
3
1
2
0
0
8

T
H
E

G
L
O
B
A
L

C
O
M
M
O
N
S

I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
E
e

S
c
i
e
:
l
i
c

C
~
s
e

o
:

S
e
l
l
i
:
q

~

L
o
:
q
T
e
:
:

E
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

R
e
o
u
c
l
i
o
:

T
~
:
q
e
l
:
~
:
e
w
o
:
i
s

s
l
u
o
y

L
u
i
o
s

o
:

l
e

R
C
E
P

w
o
:
i
c

u
s
e
s

~

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

:
e
l
o
o
o
o
q
y

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

i
s

~
:

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~

j
o
i
c
y

:
~
:
e
w
o
:
o
:

o
e
~
i
:
q

w
i
l
o
L
~
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

o
e
v
e
o
j
e
o

L
y

l
e

L
o
:
o
o
:
L
~
s
e
o

0
o
L
~

C
o
:
:
o
:
s

:
s
l
i
l
u
l
e
d
e
F
r
A

o
N

C
&
C
U

L
u
i
o
i
:
q

i
:
o
u
s
l
:
y

e
~
o
e
:
s

w
:
o
l
e

l
o

M
:

D
~
i
:

s
~
y
i
:
q

l
i
s

:
~
:
e
w
o
:
L
~
s
e
o

:
~
:
e
l

i
s

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e
\
e

i
q
i
q
l

l
e

j
o
i
:
l

:
~
o
e

L
y

l
e

C
o
:
j
o
:
~
l
e

L
e
~
o
e
:
s

0
:
o
u
j

o
:

C
i
:
~
l
e

C
~
:
q
e

l
~
l

q
e
l
l
i
:
q

l
e

:
i
q
l

q
o
L
~
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

:
~
:
e
w
o
:

i
:

j
~
c
e

i
s

l
e

:
o
s
l

u
:
q
e
:
l

~
c
l
i
o
:
e

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

F
:
~
:
e
w
o
:
,

~
c
c
e
j
l
e
o

L
y

l
e

U

~
:
o

L
y

l
e

R
o
y
~

C
o
:
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

o
:

E
:
v
i
:
o
:
:
e
:
l
~

P
o
u
l
i
o
:

~
:
o
:
q
s
l

o
l
e
:
s
l

c
o
u
o

w
e

j
:
o
v
i
o
e

~

~
i
:

s
l
:
u
c
l
u
:
e

o
:

l
e

e
:
q
~
q
e
:
e
:
l

o

:
~
l
i
o
:
s
C
I
B
s
e
A
N
d

I
C
e

o
N

C
&
C
e
~
o
i
:
q

:
o
o
e

~
o
v
o
c
~
l
i
:
q

e
q
u
~

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

:
i
q
l
s

q
o
L
~
y

i
s

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e
,

l
o

w
i
c

e
q
u
i
l
y

:
~
:
e
w
o
:
s

~
:
o

j
:
o
j
o
s
~
s

o
w
e

l
e
i
:

e
x
i
s
l
e
:
c
e
C
H
r
I
s
T
I
A
N

A
I
d
T
e
~
:
u
:
o

w
:
o
l
e

l
o

M
:

D
~
i
:

s
~
y
i
:
q

l
i
s

:
~
:
e
w
o
:
L
~
s
e
o

:
~
:
e
l

i
s

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e
e

C
&
C

:
~
:
e
w
o
:

i
s

q
o
L
~
o
:
q
l
e
:
:
,

e
e
c
l
i
v
e
,

~
:
o
,

i
:
j
o
:
l
~
:
l
y
,

e
q
u
i
l
~
L
e
,

w
i
l
o
u
l

w
i
c

i
l

w
o
u
o

s
l
~
:
o

:
o

c
~
:
c
e

o

L
e
i
:
q

~
q
:
e
e
o

F
:
o
:

l
e

o
u
l
s
e
l

o
e
v
e
o
j
i
:
q

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

~
v
e

~

q
u
~
:
~
:
l
e
e

o

e
q
u
i
l
~
L
e

~
o
c
~
l
i
o
:
s

~
:
o

~
s
s
u
:
~
:
c
e

~
s

l
o

w
e
:

l
i
s

w
o
u
~
j
j
e
:
T
e
A
r
F
U
N
d

o
N

C
&
C
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

C
&
C
l

j
:
o
v
i
o
e
s

~

s
i
:
j
:
~
:
e
w
o
:
o
:

q
o
L
~
y

~
o
c
~
l
i
:
q

l
e

:
i
q
l

l
o

e
:
i
l

c
~
:
L
o
:

i
:

~

w
~
y

l
~
l

i
s

c
o
:
s
i
s
l
e
:
l

w
i
l
e

j
y
s
i
c
~

c
o
:
s
l
:
~
i
:
l
s

o
e

L
i
o
s
j
e
:
e
e

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

:
e
s
l
s

o
:

l
w
o

s
i
:
j
e

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e
s

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:
.

:
e
o
u
c
i
:
q

u
:
~
:
i
l
y
s

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

l
o

~

:
~
l
e

l
~
l

l
e

L
i
o
s
j
e
:
e

c
~
:

~
L
s
o
:
L

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e
.

o
i
s
l
:
i
L
u
l
i
:
q

l
o
l
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

s
o

l
~
l

e
~
c

j
e
:
s
o
:

u
l
i
:
~
l
e
y

q
e
l
s

l
e

s
~
:
e

j
o
:
l
i
o
:

o
o
L
~

L
u
o
q
e
l
e

e
x
l
e
:
s
i
o
:

o

C
&
C

l
o

~

o
e
:
~
:
o
s

o
:

l
e

L
i
o
s
j
e
:
e

i
s

:
e
e
:
:
e
o

l
o

~
s

S
:
i
:

&

S
~
:
e
J
o
N
A
T
H
o
N
l
o
H

G
F
N

-

W
W
F

o
N

C
&
C
T
o

:
i
:
i
:
i
s
e

l
e

o
~
:
q
e
:

o
o
L
~

l
e
:
j
e
:
~
l
u
:
e

:
i
s
e
s

e
x
c
e
e
o
i
:
q

2
'
C
,

~

e
v
e

c
o
:
s
i
o
e
:
e
o

o
~
:
q
e
:
o
u
s
,

~

c
o
:
c
e
:
l
:
~
l
i
o
:

o

:
o

:
o
:
e

l
~
:

/
O
O
j
j
:

o

C
0
2

i
:

l
e

~
l
:
o
s
j
e
:
e

i
s

:
e
c
o
:
:
e
:
o
e
o

D
y
e
:
s

R
e
j
o
:
l
{

~
:
o

l
e

E
U
s

L
u
:
o
e
:

o

:
e
s
j
o
:
s
i
L
i
i
l
y

l
o

:
e
e
l

l
i
s

s
c
i
e
:
c
e
L
~
s
e
o

c
~
j

s
o
u
o

L
e

~
j
j
o
:
l
i
o
:
e
o

o
:

l
e

L
~
s
i
s

o

e
q
u
~
o
L
~

:
i
q
l
s

l
o

c
~
:
L
o
:

c
o
:
s
u
:
j
l
i
o
:
G
r
e
e
N
p
e
A
C
e

o
N
B
y
e
r
s
r
e
p
o
r
T
/

:
e
c
o
:
:
e
:
o
~
l
i
o
:

i
:

l
e

D
y
e
:
s

:
e
j
o
:
l

i
s

l
o

L
u
i
o

o
:

l
e

q
o
L
~
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

:
~
:
e
w
o
:

L
o
l
e

U

F
:
~
:
e
w
o
:

c
o
:
v
e
:
l
i
o
:

o
:

c
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e
l

:
e
e
:
s

l
o

~

:
e
w

L
~
s
i
s

o

e
q
u
i
l
y

~
:
o

c
o
:
:
o
:
,

L
u
l

o
i
e
:
e
:
l
i
~
l
e
o
,

:
e
s
j
o
:
s
i
L
i
i
l
i
e
s

\
e

:
e
e
o

e
:
v
i
:
o
:
:
e
:
l
~

e
q
u
i
l
y

w
i
l

~

c
~
j

~
:
o

l
:
~
o
e

j
:
o
q
:
~
:
:
e

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

i
s

l
e

:
~
:
e

l
~
l

w
e

:
u
s
l

q
i
v
e

l
o

i
l

\
e

:
u
s
l

i
:
~
l

L
~
l
l
e

w
i
l
e

L
~
l
l
e

~
q
~
i
:
s
l

j
o
v
e
:
l
y
C
o
l
I
N

C
H
A
l
l
e
N
m
p

-

B
y
e
r
s
r
e
p
o
r
T
I
s

C
&
C
~
:
s

v
e
:
y

:
u
c
o
:

j
~
s
s
i
:
q

o
:

l
e

v
e
:
y

:
i
c
e

~
:
i
:
~
l
i
o
:

o

C
&
C

~
:
o

:
i
s

0
:
e

o
e

l
i
:
q
s

w
e

w
i

L
e

o
o
i
:
q

~
l

i
:

:
y

:
e
w
o
:
:
e
o

q
:
o
u
j

e
:
e

~
l

\
i
c
l
o
:
i
~

U
:
i
v
e
:
s
i
l
y

i
:

\
e
i
:
q
l
o
:

i
s

L
u
:
o
e
:

s
~
:
i
:
q

i
s
s
u
e
s
,
s
o

l
e

:
e
w

w
o
:

o
:

C
&
C

i
:

l
e

U

i
s

o

i
:
l
e
:
e
s
l

l
o

:
e
m
A
r
T
I
N
m
A
N
N
I
N
G

-

I
p
C
C

T
e
C
H
N
I
C
A
l
s
U
p
p
o
r
T

U
N
I
T
W
G
1
T
e

i
o
e
~

o

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

i
s

j
~
:
l
i
c
u
~
:
y

j
e
:
s
u
~
s
i
v
e

~
s

i
l

~
o
o
:
e
s
s
e
s

l
w
o

e
y

l
:
e
~
l
s

l
o

u
:
~
:
i
l
y
,
c
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

~
:
o

u
:
e
q
u
~

o
e
v
e
o
j
:
e
:
l
,

i
:

o
:
e

:
~
:
e
w
o
:
l
o
C
A
l

G
o
v
e
r
N
m
e
N
T

I
N
F
o
r
m
A
T
I
o
N

U
N
I
T

U
K
34
3
2
2
0
0
8

T
H
E

G
L
O
B
A
L

C
O
M
M
O
N
S

I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
E
e

c
o
:
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

:
i
q
~
v
e

~
o
o
e
o

l
~
l

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

i
s

c
o
:
j
:
e
e
:
s
i
v
e
,

s
c
i
e
:
l
i
c
~
y

L
~
s
e
o

~
:
o

e
q
u
i
l
~
L
e
,

u
:
e

l
y
o
l
o

P
:
o
l
o
c
o
,

~
:
o

l
~
l

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

:
e
e
l
s

e
v
e
:
y

s
i
:
q
e

o
L
|
e
c
l
i
o
:

:
~
i
s
e
o

L
y

l
e

U
:
i
l
e
o

S
l
~
l
e
s

l
o

y
o
l
o

l
o
r
d
b
I
s
H
o
p

o
F

H
e
r
e
F
o
r
d
/
u
L
:
e
y

M
e
y
e
:

~
s

o
o
:
e

~
:

~
:
~
.
i
:
q

|
o
L

~
:
o

~
s

s
o
w
:

e
x
l
:
~
o
:
o
i
:
~
:
y

j
e
:
s
i
s
l
e
:
c
e

~
:
o

i
:
q
e
:
u
i
l
y

i
:

w
o
:
i
:
q

o
u
l

~

s
c
e
:
e

o
i
s

i
:
o
,

~
:
o

v
e
:
y

:
u
c

~
o
:
i
:
e

i
:

o
:

i
l

/
L
o
v
e

~
~
i
o

o
u
l

~

i
:
o

o

i
:
l
e
e
c
l
u
~

~
:
o

e
q
~
:
~
:
e
w
o
:
i
c

i
s

w
~
l

y
o
u

:
e
e
o

i

y
o
u
:
e

q
o
i
:
q

l
o

s
e

q
o
L
~

~
:
:
~
:
q
e
:
e
:
l
s

i
:

j
~
c
e
,

~
:
o

l
e
s
e

q
o
L
~

~
:
:
~
:
q
e
:
e
:
l
s

s
o
u

L
e
i
e
v
e

L
e

y

:
e
e
c
l
e
o

i
:

l
e

D
i
~
l

i
s

:
o
w

L
e
o
:
e

U

P
~
:
i
~
:
e
:
l

l
o

:
e
q
u
~
l
e

C
i
:
~
l
e

C
~
:
q
e
s
I
r

C
r
I
s
p
I
N

T
I
C
k
e
l
l

-

d
I
r
e
C
T
o
r

o
F
T
H
e
p
o
l
I
C
y

F
o
r
e
s
I
G
H
T
p
r
o
G
r
A
m
m
e
J
A
m
e
s
m
A
r
T
I
N

I
N
s
T
I
T
U
T
e
o
x
F
o
r
d
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

i
:
c
u
o
e
s

l
e

i
o
e
:
l
i
c
~
l
i
o
:

o
x
e
o

e
v
e
o
:

s
l
~
L
i
i
s
~
l
i
o
:

o

q
:
e
e
:
o
u
s
e

q
~
s

c
o
:
c
e
:
l
:
~
l
i
o
:
s
,

~
:
o

c
o
:
j
:
e
e
:
s
i
v
e

q
o
L
~

j
~
:
l
i
c
i
j
~
l
i
o
:

/
:
y

:
~
:
e
w
o
:
~
l

i
:
c
o
:
j
o
:
~
l
e
s

o
:
q

l
e
:
:

l
~
:
q
e
l
s

c
~
:

o
e
:

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

q
:
e
~
l
e
:

c
e
:
l
~
i
:
l
y

~
L
o
u
l

l
e
i
:

:
~
l
i
o
:
~

l
~
:
q
e
l
s

~
:
o

j
:
o
v
i
o
e

~

c
e
~
:

s
i
q
:
~

l
o

~
o
w

L
u
s
i
:
e
s
s

l
o

j
~
:

~
e
~
o

~
:
o

j

o
:
i
v
e

i
:
v
e
s
l
:
e
:
l

i
:

:
e
w

~
:
o

L
e
l
l
e
:

l
e
c
:
o
o
q
i
e
s
N
U
m
b
e
r

1
0

d
o
w
N
I
N
G
s
T
r
e
e
T
w
e
b
s
I
T
e
T
o

:
~
e

s
e
:
s
e

o

o
u
:

o
w
:

~
c
l
i
o
:
s

w
e

:
e
e
o

l
o

~
v
e

~
:

o
v
e
:
~

o
i
:
e
c
l
i
o
:
,

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

j
:
o
v
i
o
e
s

l
~
l

o
i
:
e
c
l
i
o
:
s
U
N
A
N
d
p
r
A
s
A
d

-

p
r
e
s
I
d
e
N
T

o
F
r
I
b
A
L
o
:
q
l
e
:
:

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

o

j
e
:

c
~
j
i
l
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

:
~
l
e
s

i
s

~
:

i
:
j
o
:
l
~
:
l

j
:
i
:
c
i
j
e

l
~
l

s
o
u
o

L
e

s
e
:
i
o
u
s
y

c
o
:
s
i
o
e
:
e
o

i
:

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

:
e
q
o
l
i
~
l
i
o
:
s

p
r
I
m
e
m
I
N
I
s
T
e
r

G
o
r
d
o
N
b
r
o
w
N
A
N
d

I
N
d
I
A
N

G
o
v
e
r
N
m
e
N
T

o
N

C
&
C
/
:
y

:
~
:
e
w
o
:
i
c

i
:
v
o
v
e
s

:
~
o
i
c
~

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

:
e
o
u
c
l
i
o
:
s

w
o
u
o

i
:

j
:
~
c
l
i
c
e

:
e
s
e
:
L
e

l
e

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

~
o
v
o
c
~
l
e
o

L
y

l
e

0
o
L
~

C
o
:
:
o
:
s

:
s
l
i
l
u
l
e
:
o
e
e
o
,

i
:

l
e
:
:
s

o

o
o
:
e
s
l
i
c

j
o
i
c
y

~
i
:
s
,

l
e

U

0
o
v
e
:
:
:
e
:
l

~
s

~
:
e
~
o
y

i
:
j
i
c
i
l
y

~
c
c
e
j
l
e
o

l
i
s

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

i
:

~
o
o
j
l
i
:
q

l
e

o
O
%

c
~
:
L
o
:

:
e
o
u
c
l
i
o
:

l
~
:
q
e
l

o
:

2
O
5
O
,

~
:
o

i
l

i
s

l
e
:
e
o
:
e

i
:
c
o
:
s
i
s
l
e
:
l

:
o
l

l
o

~
o
o
j
l

s
u
c

~
:

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~

\
e

o
o

:
o
l

s
e
e

~
:
y

c
:
e
o
i
L
e

~
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
v
e

~
:
o

:
o
:
e

w
~
s

s
u
q
q
e
s
l
e
o

i
:

e
v
i
o
e
:
c
e

l
o

o
u
:

i
:
q
u
i
:
y

\
e

l
e
:
e
o
:
e

:
e
c
o
:
:
e
:
o

l
~
l

l
e

U

0
o
v
e
:
:
:
e
:
l

s
o
u
o
:
:
~
y

~
o
o
j
l

~
:
o

j
:
o
:
o
l
e

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
s

l
e

L
~
s
i
s

o
:

u
l
u
:
e

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~

~
q
:
e
e
:
e
:
l
s

l
o

:
e
o
u
c
e

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s
e
N
v
I
r
o
N
m
e
N
T
A
l

A
U
d
I
T

C
o
m
m
I
T
T
e
e
,

T
H
e

I
N
T
e
r
N
A
T
I
o
N
A
l

C
H
A
l
l
e
N
G
e

o
F

C
l
I
m
A
T
e

C
H
A
N
G
e
M
y

c
o
e
~
q
u
e
s

~
:
o

~
l

l
e

R
o
y
~

C
o
:
:
i
s
s
i
o
:

o
:

E
:
v
i
:
o
:
:
e
:
l
~

P
o
u
l
i
o
:

w
o
u
e

l
o

e
x
j
:
e
s
s

o
u
:

l
~
:
s

l
o

y
o
u

~
:
o

0
C
o
:

y
o
u
:

:
e
:
~
:
~
L
e

j
i
o
:
e
e
:
i
:
q

w
o
:

i
:

e
s
l
~
L
i
s
i
:
q

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

~
s

i
l

i
s

l
e

L
~
s
i
s

u
j
o
:

w
i
c

s
o

:
u
c

o
u
:

o
w
:

w
o
:
~
s

L
e
e
:

e
s
l
~
L
i
s
e
o

s
I
r

T
o
m

b
l
U
N
d
e
l
l

-

C
H
A
I
r
m
A
N
,
r
C
e
p
C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

i
s

l
e

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

w
i
l
e

:
o
s
l

:
e
:
i
l
s
l

i
s

l
e

L
u
.
.

j
:
~
s
e

:
o
w

o
:

l
e

:
e
q
o
l
i
~
l
o
:
i
j
s
s
I
r
d
A
v
I
d
k
I
N
G

-

T
H
e

H
o
T

T
o
p
I
C
0
:
e

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

o
:

l
e

l
~
L
e

i
s

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

:
i
c

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
:
q

l
e
i
:

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

q
u
i
c
y
,

w
e

o
e
v
e
o
j
i
:
q

c
o
u
:
l
:
i
e
s

~
:
e

q
i
v
e
:

s
o
:
e

:
o
o
:

l
o

q
:
o
w

o
:

c
o
:
o
i
l
i
o
:

l
e
y

:
~
e

c
u
l
s

~
l
e
:
T
H
e

A
G
e
r
e
p
o
r
T
I
N
G

o
N
T
H
e

G
8

2
0
0
8

I
N

T
o
y
A
k
o
J
A
p
A
N
e

D
:
i
l
i
s

q
o
v
e
:
:
:
e
:
l

~
s

:
o
o
e
i
:
q

u
:
o
e
:

w
~
y

i
:

l
e

:
o
s
l

~
v
o
u
:
e
o

:
e
l
o
o

c
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

~
:
o

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

L
u
l

l
e
:
e

i
s

:
o

o
i
j
o
:
~
l
i
c

~
q
:
e
e
:
e
:
l

l
~
l

l
i
s

i
s

l
e

L
e
s
l

w
~
y

l
o

j
:
o
c
e
e
o
T
H
e

G
U
A
r
d
I
A
N
r
e
p
o
r
T
I
N
G

o
N
T
H
e

G
8

2
0
0
8

3
3
2
0
0
8

T
H
E

G
L
O
B
A
L

C
O
M
M
O
N
S

I
N
S
T
I
T
U
T
E
C
&
C

:
e
j
:
e
s
e
:
l
s

~

~
:

q
:
e
~
l
e
:

o
e
j
~
:
l
u
:
e

:
o
:

L
u
s
i
:
e
s
s

~
s

u
s
u
~
~
:

o
o
e
s

y
o
l
o
l

i
s

s
l
:
o
:
q

:
e
o
i
c
i
:
e

o
:

~

o
i
:
e

:
~
~
i
s
e
,

~
:
o

~
s

w
i
l

s
l
:
o
:
q

:
e
o
i
c
i
:
e

l
e
:
e

~
:
e

j
o
l
e
:
l
i
~

s
i
o
e

e
e
c
l
s

0
:
e

i
s

l
~
l

l
e

s
c
e
:
e

:
i
q
l

e
v
e
:
l
u
~
y

o
o

~
w
~
y

w
i
l

w
o
:
o

j
o
v
e
:
l
y

~
:
o

l
e

:
o
:
l
s
o
u
l

o
i
v
i
o
e
o
l

~

~
s
j
e
c
l
s

o
e

j
:
o
j
o
s
~
o
u
o

o
i
s
j
e
~
s
e

l
e

c
o
:
s
e
:
v
~
l
i
v
e
s
,

o
:

L
y

i
:
c
u
o
i
:
q

e
v
e
:
y

u
:
~
:

L
e
i
:
q

i
:

e
x
i
s
l
e
:
c
e

u
:
o
e
:

i
l
s

u
:
L
:
e
~

i
l

o
L
i
l
e
:
~
l
e
s

c
o
:
c
e
:
:

~
L
o
u
l

:
e
e

:
i
o
e
:
s

i
:

l
e

o
e
v
e
o
j
i
:
q

w
o
:
o

l
~
l

e
x
i
s
l
s

u
:
o
e
:

y
o
l
o
T
I
m

F
l
A
N
N
e
r
y

-

A
U
T
H
o
r

o
F

T
H
e
w
e
A
T
H
e
r
m
A
k
e
r
s

\
e
:

w
~
s

R
D
/

P
:
e
s
i
o
e
:
l

w
e

o
o
e
o

~
l

y
o
l
o

~
:
o

s
~
v
i
:
q

o
O
%

L
y

2
O
5
O

o
o
e
o

~

:
e
~
s
o
:
~
L
e

s
l
~
:
l

D
u
l

l
e

l
i
:
q

l
~
l

~
l
l
:
~
c
l
e
o

~
L
o
u
l

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

o
:

C
&
C

w
~
s

l
~
l

i
l

o
o
e
o

~
l

l
e

q
o
L
~

o
i
:
e
:
s
i
o
:

~
:
o

w
~
l

i
s

~

~
i
:

s
~
:
e

c
~
:
L
o
:

e
:
i
s
s
i
o
:
s

o
:

y
o
u
:

c
o
u
:
l
:
y

C
&
C

q
i
v
e
s

~

:
~
:
e
w
o
:

w
i
l
i
:

w
i
c

l
o

~
o
o
:
e
s
s

l
~
l

\
e
:
e

c
o
:
o
:
l
~
L
e

s
u
j
j
o
:
l
i
:
q

C
&
C

~
:
o

/
u
L
:
e
y

M
e
y
e
:
J
A
C
k
P
r
I
N
G
l
e

-

F
o
r
m
e
r

P
r
e
s
I
d
e
N
T

o
F
r
I
b
A
T
u
:
o
~
:
e
:
l
~

~
l
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

o

C
o
:
l
:
~
c
l
i
o
:

&

C
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

l
o

:
e

i
s

l
~
l

i
l
o
q
i
c
~
y

L
~
s
e
o
s

:
o
l

L
~
s
e
o

o
:

e
s
s
e
:
l
i
~
y

:
~
:
e
l

i
s
s
u
e
s

~
:
o

~
:
L
i
l
:
~
:
y

o
e
c
i
s
i
o
:
s

~
L
o
u
l

o
w

:
~
:
y

l
o
:
s

o

C
0
2

j
e
:
:
i
l
s

~
:
e

q
o
i
:
q

l
o

L
e

~
o
w
e
o
l

~
s
o

o
o
e
s
:
~
v
e

l
e

:
i
s

i
:

:
y

v
i
e
w

o

o
:
e

o
e

:
e
~

i
s
s
u
e
s

w
i
l

l
:
~
o
i
:
q

l
~
l

s
o
:
e

o
e

j
o
o
:
e
:

:
~
l
i
o
:
s

~
:
o

j
o
o
:
e
:

j
e
o
j
e
s

o
e

w
o
:
o

w
i

:
o
:
l
q
~
q
e

l
e
i
:

u
l
u
:
e

o
:

~

u
l
u
:
e
s

:
~
:
e
l

o

l
:
~
o
i
:
q

j
e
:
:
i
l
s
P
r
o
F
P
A
U
l
J
o
w
I
T
T

-

P
r
e
s
I
d
e
N
T
e
l
e
C
T

I
C
e
\
e

:
e
e
o

l
o

q
o

l
o

l
e

U
:
i
l
e
o

~
l
i
o
:
s

~
:
o

:
e
e
o

l
o

s
~
y

L
o
l

l
o

o
u
:

o
w
:

c
i
l
i
.
e
:
s
,

o
u
:

o
w
:

c
o
:
:
u
:
i
l
i
e
s

~
:
o

q
o
L
~

c
o
:
:
u
:
i
l
i
e
s

l
:
o
u
q
e

U
:
i
l
e
o

~
l
i
o
:
s
,

C
&
C

i
s

l
e

o
:
y

:
e
~

w
~
y

o
:
w
~
:
o

l
o

e
:
s
u
:
e

~

e
~
u
l
u
:
e
A
N
G
e
l
A
m
A
w
l
e

-

C
e
o
P
U
b
l
I
C

H
e
A
l
T
H

A
s
s
o
C
I
A
T
I
o
N
C
&
C

i
s

~
:

e
x
c
e
e
:
l

v
i
:
l
u
o
u
s

c
y
c
e

j
o
i
c
y

l
o
o
e
:
e

~
:
e

:
~
:
y

L
e
:
e
l
s

l
o

o
u
:

w
e
L
e
i
:
q

o

~
o
o
j
l
i
:
q

i
l

/
:
l
i
c
u
~
l
i
:
q

l
e
s
e

L
e
:
e
l
s
,

e
~

~
:
o

o
l
e
:

j
:
o
e
s
s
i
o
:
~

q
:
o
u
j
s

w
i
e
:

l
o
j
e

~
:
o

i
:
s
j
i
:
~
l
i
o
:

:
e
c
e
s
s
~
:
y

l
o

c
o
u
:
l
e
:

q
o
L
~

w
~
:
:
i
:
q
,

~
:
o

s
o

~
c
l

i
:

~
c
c
o
:
o
~
:
c
e

w
i
l

o
u
:

o
L
i
q
~
l
i
o
:
s

r
o
b
I
N
s
T
o
T
T

-

C
H
A
I
r

C
l
I
m
A
T
e
A
N
d

H
e
A
l
T
H

C
o
U
N
C
I
l
e

C
&
C

:
~
:
e
w
o
:

i
s

v
e
:
y

j
o
w
e
:

~
s

i
l

~
o
o
:
e
s
s
e
s

l
w
o

:
~
i
:

i
s
s
u
e
s
,

o
:
e

i
s

l
e

s
c
i
e
:
l
i
c

L
~
s
i
s

~
:
o

l
e

:
i
q
o
u
:
,

~
:
o

l
e

o
l
e
:

i
s

o
u
:

i
:
l
u
i
l
i
v
e

e
e
i
:
q

~
L
o
u
l

l
e

:
o
:
~

:
e
e
o
s

o

o
u
:

c
o
:
:
u
:
i
l
y

S
c
i
e
:
l
i
c
~
y

~
:
o

i
:

l
e
:
:
s

o

e
q
u
i
l
y

i
l

q
i
v
e
s

u
s

l
~
:
q
e
l
s
,

l
i
:
e
s
c
~
e

~
:
o

~

l
:
~
:
s
j
~
:
e
:
l

~
i
:
:
e
s
s

l
~
l

l
:
o
u
q
e

c
o
:
v
e
:
q
e
:
c
e

e
:
~
L
e
s

u
s

l
o

e
~
v
e

o
u
:

c
o
:
e
:

s
o
:
e
l
i
:
q

L
e
l
l
e
:

l
~
:

w
e

~
v
e

:
o
w
l
o
r
N
A
w
A
l
k
e
r

-

C
A
b
e

C
o
m
m
I
s
s
I
o
N
e
r
\
e

c
~
:

e
:
j
o
w
e
:

l
e

U

l
o

o
e
i
v
e
:

C
&
C

~
s

~

q
o
L
~

j
o
i
c
y

/
s

c
i
:
~
l
e

c
~
:
q
e

i
s

l
e

q
:
e
~
l
e
s
l

l
:
e
~
l

l
o

:
~
:
i
:
o
,

w
~
l

L
e
l
l
e
:

v
e
i
c
e

l
:
o
u
q
i
c

l
o

q
e
l

l
e

U

j
u
i
:
q

l
o
q
e
l
e
:

~
q
~
i
:

\
e

:
e
e
o

l
o

q
e
l

o
u
:

o
w
:

j
o
i
l
i
c
i
~
:
s

l
o

j
:
e
s
s

o
u
:

o
w
:

q
o
v
e
:
:
:
e
:
l
s

l
o

o
o

l
i
s

\
e

:
e
e
o

l
o

q
e
l

o
u
:

o
w
:

q
o
v
e
:
:
:
e
:
l

l
o

j
:
e
s
s

E
u
:
o
j
e

l
o

o
o

l
i
s

\
e

:
e
e
o

l
o

u
s
e

o
u
:

o
:
:
i
o
~
L
e

c
o
u
l

~
s

E
u
:
o
j
e

l
o

q
e
l

i
l

o
e
i
v
e
:
e
o

L
y

l
e

U
e

q
:
e
~
l

l
i
:
q

~
L
o
u
l

C
&
C

i
s

l
~
l

i
l

o
e
:
s

l
e

j
:
o
s
j
e
c
l

l
~
l

i

y
o
u
:
e

c
e
v
e
:

~
:
o

i

y
o
u

:
e
~
y

q
e
l

l
o

i
l
,

y
o
u

c
~
:

:
~
e

l
i
s

w
o
:
o
:

y
o
u
,

:
o
l

|
u
s
l

o
:

l
e

w
o
:
o
,

L
u
l

o
:

y
o
u

i
:
o
i
v
i
o
u
~
y

~
:
o

~
s

~

c
o
u
:
l
:
y
J
o
N
s
N
o
w

-

C
H
A
N
N
e
l

F
o
U
r

T
V

N
e
w
s
T
e

L
e
:
e
l
s

o
e

C
&
C

~
j
j
:
o
~
c

i
:

l
:
e
e

w
o
:
o
s

~
:
e

s
i
:
j
i
c
i
l
y
,

e
c
o
:
o
:
i
c
s

~
:
o

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~

\
i
l

~

s
i
:
j
e

i
:
l
e
:
:
~
l
i
o
:
~

s
l
:
u
c
l
u
:
e
,

C
&
C

:
~
e
s

e
c
o
:
o
:
i
c
s

i
c

i
:

w
i
c

i
s

~
L
s
o
u
l
e
u
:
o
~
:
e
:
l
~

l
o

q
e
l
l
i
:
q

l
e

L
i
q
q
e
s
l

i
:
:
~
s
l
:
u
c
l
u
:
~
~
:
q
e

i
:

u
:
~
:

i
s
l
o
:
y
P
r
o
F
e
s
s
o
r
m
I
C
H
A
e
l
m
A
I
N
e
l
l
I

-

d
I
r
e
C
T
o
r
Z
/
y
e
N
5
o/ 2008 THE GLOBAL COMMONS INSTITUTE
=^h:mXZaaZcXnBg#=Vb^Y@VgoV^
P:esioe:l o le s~:ic RejuLic o /q~:isl~:
=^h:mXZaaZcXn9g#;V`]gjYY^c6]bZY
Cie /ovise: o le 0ove:::e:l Te Peojes RejuLic o D~:q~oes
=^h:mXZaaZcXnAndcX]]Zc?^\b^N#I]^caZn
P:i:e Mi:isle: o le i:qoo: o Dul~:
=^h:mXZaaZcXn9g#BVcbd]VcH^c\]
P:i:e Mi:isle: o le RejuLic o :oi~
=^h:mXZaaZcXnBg#BVjbddc6WYja<Vnddb
P:esioe:l o le RejuLic o M~oives
I]ZGi#=dcWaZ<^g^_VEgVhVY@d^gVaV
P:i:e Mi:isle: o le Feoe:~ De:oc:~lic RejuLic o ej~
=^h:mXZaaZcXnHnZYNdjhj[GVoV<âVc^
P:i:e Mi:isle: o le s~:ic RejuLic o P~isl~:
=^h:mXZaaZcXnBg#BV]^cYVGV_VeV`hV
P:esioe:l o le De:oc:~lic Soci~isl RejuLic o S:i L~:~
FIFTeeNTH SUmmIT
Soul /si~: /ssoci~lio: o: Reqio:~ Cooje:~lio: S//RCl
Coo:Lo, S:i L~:~ /uqusl Zo, ZOO8
I]Z=ZVYhd[HiViZdg<dkZgcbZciV[gbZYi]ViZkZgnXîôZcd[i]^heaVcZibjhi]VkZVcZfjVah]VgZ
d[i]ZeaVcZiVgnVibdhe]Zg^XheVXZ#>ci]^hXdciZmi!i]ZnZcYdghZYi]ZXdckZg\ZcXZd[eZgXVeîV
Zb^hh^dchd[YZkZade^c\VcYYZkZadeZYXdjcig^ZhdcVcZfjîVWaZWVh^h[dgiVXà^c\Xa^bViZX]Vc\Z#
36
2
4
2
M
a
r
t
i
n

N
o
m
i
n
a
t
e
s

M
e
y
e
r

f
o
r

2
0
0
8

N
o
b
e
l

P
e
a
c
e

P
r
i
z
e

G
o
w
e
r

M
P
,

M
a
r
t
i
n

C
a
t
o
n
,

t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r

w
i
t
h

s
i
x

o
t
h
e
r

M
e
m
b
e
r
s

o
f

P
a
r
l
i
a
m
e
n
t

f
r
o
m

a
c
r
o
s
s

t
h
e

H
o
u
s
e
,

h
a
s

n
o
m
i
n
a
t
e
d

A
u
b
r
e
y

M
e
y
e
r

f
o
r

t
h
e

2
0
0
8

N
o
b
e
l

P
e
a
c
e

P
r
i
z
e
.

M
a
r
t
i
n

e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
,

A
u
b
r
e
y

M
e
y
e
r

m
a
y

n
o
t

y
e
t

b
e

a

h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d

n
a
m
e
,

h
e
r
e

i
n

B
r
i
t
a
i
n
,

o
r

i
n
d
e
e
d
,

i
n

m
a
n
y

o
t
h
e
r

p
a
r
t
s

o
f

t
h
e

w
o
r
l
d
.

Y
e
t

h
i
s

w
o
r
k

i
s

a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
l
y

c
e
n
t
r
a
l

t
o

t
h
e

g
l
o
b
a
l

f
g
h
t

a
g
a
i
n
s
t

c
l
i
m
a
t
e

c
h
a
n
g
e
.

T
h
e

N
o
b
e
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

r
e
c
o
g
n
i
s
e
d

h
o
w

i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t

t
h
e

c
l
i
m
a
t
e

c
h
a
n
g
e

c
h
a
l
-
l
e
n
g
e

i
s

t
o

t
h
e

f
u
t
u
r
e

o
f

o
u
r

p
l
a
n
e
t

l
a
s
t

y
e
a
r
,

w
h
e
n

i
t

a
w
a
r
d
e
d

t
h
e

p
r
i
z
e

j
o
i
n
t
l
y

t
o

A
l

G
o
r
e

a
n
d

t
h
e

I
n
t
e
r
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
a
l

P
a
n
e
l

o
n

C
l
i
m
a
t
e

C
h
a
n
g
e

f
o
r

r
a
i
s
i
n
g

a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s

a
b
o
u
t

t
h
i
s

e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l

t
h
r
e
a
t
.

W
e

b
e
l
i
e
v
e

t
h
a
t

i
t

w
o
u
l
d
,

n
o
w
,

b
e

r
i
g
h
t

t
o

r
e
c
o
g
n
i
s
e

t
h
e

m
a
n

w
h
o

h
a
s

d
o
n
e

m
o
s
t

t
o

p
r
o
v
i
d
e

a
n

i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

t
o

a
v
e
r
t
i
n
g

t
h
e

d
i
s
a
s
t
e
r

o
f

g
l
o
b
a
l

w
a
r
m
i
n
g
.

A
u
b
r
e
y

M
e
y
e
r

r
e
a
l
i
s
e
d

t
h
a
t

w
e

n
e
e
d

a

c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e

c
l
i
m
a
t
e

c
h
a
n
g
e

f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k

i
f

w
e

a
r
e

t
o

p
r
o
t
e
c
t

o
u
r

p
l
a
n
e
t
.

H
e

f
o
u
n
d
e
d

t
h
e

G
l
o
b
a
l

C
o
m
-
m
o
n
s

I
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
v
e

i
n

1
9
9
0

t
h
a
t

d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d

j
u
s
t

s
u
c
h

a

f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k

k
n
o
w
n

a
s

c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

a
n
d

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
T
h
i
s

i
s

t
h
e

l
o
g
i
c
a
l

w
a
y

f
o
r
w
a
r
d
.

T
h
e

h
u
m
a
n

r
a
c
e

r
e
d
u
c
e
s

i
t
s

c
a
r
b
o
n

f
o
o
t
-
p
r
i
n
t

t
o
w
a
r
d
s

z
e
r
o

a
t

t
h
e

s
a
m
e

t
i
m
e

a
s

g
r
e
e
n
h
o
u
s
e

g
a
s

e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

o
n

a

p
e
r

c
a
p
i
t
a

b
a
s
i
s

i
n

d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d

a
n
d

d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g

n
a
t
i
o
n
s

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
.

I
f

h
i
s

i
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
v
e

w
a
s

r
e
c
o
g
n
i
s
e
d

n
o
w

t
h
e
n

i
t

w
o
u
l
d

s
e
n
d

e
x
a
c
t
l
y

t
h
e

r
i
g
h
t

m
e
s
s
a
g
e

t
o

w
o
r
l
d

l
e
a
d
e
r
s

a
s

w
e

c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r

w
h
a
t

c
o
m
e
s

a
f
t
e
r

t
h
e

e
n
d

o
f

t
h
e

K
y
o
t
o

r
o
u
n
d

i
n

2
0
1
2
.

M
a
r
t
i
n
s

f
e
l
l
o
w

n
o
m
i
n
a
t
o
r
s

o
f

A
u
b
r
e
y

M
e
y
e
r

a
r
e
:

-

C
o
l
i
n

C
h
a
l
l
e
n

M
P

(
L
a
b
o
u
r
)
,
P
e
t
e
r

A
i
n
s
w
o
r
t
h

M

P

(
C
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
v
e
)
,
C
h
r
i
s

H
u
h
n
e

M
P

(
L
i
b
e
r
a
l

D
e
m
o
c
r
a
t
)
,
M
i
c
h
a
e
l

M
e
a
c
h
e
r

M
P

(
L
a
b
o
u
r
)
,
J
o
a
n

W
a
l
l
e
y

M
P

(
L
a
b
o
u
r
)

a
n
d

T
i
m

Y
e
o

M
P

(
C
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
v
e
)
H
E
L
L
O

I
m

M
a
r
t
i
n

C
a
t
o
n
,

t
h
e

M
e
m
b
e
r

o
f

P
a
r
l
i
a
m
e
n
t

f
o
r

G
o
w
e
r
.

W
e
l
c
o
m
e

t
o

m
y

w
e
b
s
i
t
e
.

I

h
o
p
e

t
h
i
s

w
i
l
l

t
e
l
l

y
o
u

s
o
m
e
t
h
i
n
g

a
b
o
u
t

m
e
,

G
o
w
e
r

a
n
d

m
y

w
o
r
k

i
n

W
e
s
t
m
i
n
s
t
e
r

a
n
d

t
h
e

c
o
n
s
t
i
t
-
u
e
n
c
y

a
n
d

i
s
s
u
e
s

t
h
a
t

I

a
m

g
i
v
i
n
g

p
r
i
o
r
i
t
y

t
o

a
t

p
r
e
s
e
n
t
.
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
a
r
t
i
n
-
c
a
t
o
n
.
c
o
.
u
k
/
n
e
w
s
?
P
a
g
e
I
d
=
4
e
c
8
f
f
9
1
-
0
7
d
d
-
e
3
d
4
-
5
d
4
7
-
5
7
3
6
2
2
6
6
c
3
5
c

Sss +

Cargado por

Información del documento

Título original

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Sss +

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

L

are based on this formula of rights-by-income. Mitigating emissions is

measures such as carbon taxes, tradable-emissions-permits and joint-implementation

To compound the problem, global damage assessments are being expressed in US

This RCEP point is now in 2008,

Key Elements of a Global Deal on Climate Change

Friday October 24 2008

También podría gustarte