Interview Questions

ASP.
NET Interview Questions
1. Describe the role of inetinfo.exe, aspnet_isapi.dll and aspnet_wp.exe in the page loading process ?
Ans : inetinfo.exe is the Microsoft IIS server running, handling ASP.NET requests among other things. When an
ASP.NET request is received (usually a file with .aspx extension), the ISAPI filter aspnet_isapi.dll takes care of
it by passing the request to the actual worker process aspnet_wp.exe.
2. What’s the difference between Response.Write() and Response.Output.Write()?

Ans : Response.Output.Write() allows you to write formatted output.
3. What methods are fired during the page load?

Ans : Init() - when the page is instantiated
Load() - when the page is loaded into server memory
PreRender() - the brief moment before the page is displayed to the user as HTML
Unload() - when page finishes loading.
4. When during the page processing cycle is ViewState available?

Ans : After the Init() and before the Page_Load(), or OnLoad() for a control.
5. What namespace does the Web page belong in the .NET Framework class hierarchy?
Ans : System.Web.UI.Page
6. Where do you store the information about the user’s locale?

Ans : System.Web.UI.Page.Culture
7. What’s the difference between Codebehind="MyCode.aspx.cs" and Src="MyCode.aspx.cs"?

Ans : CodeBehind is relevant to Visual Studio.NET only. Visual Studio uses the Codebehind attribute to
distinguish the page source or programming logic from the design. Also the src attribute will make the page
compile on every request. That is the page will not be compiled in advance and stored in the bin as a dll
instead it will be compiled at run time.
8. What’s a bubbled event?

Ans : When you have a complex control, like DataGrid, writing an event processing routine for each object
(cell, button, row, etc.) is quite tedious. The controls can bubble up their event handlers, allowing the main
DataGrid event handler to take care of its constituents.
9. Suppose you want a certain ASP.NET function executed on MouseOver for a certain button. Where do you
add an event handler?
Ans : Add an OnMouseOver attribute to the button. Example:
btnSubmit.Attributes.Add("onmouseover","someClientCodeHere();");
10. What data types do the RangeValidator control support?

Ans : Integer, String, and Date.
11. Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code?

Ans : Server-side code executes on the server. Client-side code executes in the client's browser.
12. What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?

Ans : The answer is server-side code since code-behind is executed on the server. However, during the code-
behind's execution on the server, it can render client-side code such as JavaScript to be processed in the
clients browser. But just to be clear, code-behind executes on the server, thus making it server-side code.
13. Should user input data validation occur server-side or client-side? Why?
Ans : All user input data validation should occur on the server at a minimum. Additionally, client-side
validation can be performed where deemed appropriate and feasable to provide a richer, more responsive
experience for the user.
14. What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Why would I choose one over the
other?
Ans : Server.Transfer transfers page processing from one page directly to the next page without making a
round-trip back to the client's browser. This provides a faster response with a little less overhead on the
server. Server.Transfer does not update the clients url history list or current url. Response.Redirect is used to
redirect the user's browser to another page or site. This perform as a trip back to the client where the client's
browser is redirected to the new page. The user's browser history list is updated to reflect the new address.
15. Can you explain the difference between an ADO.NET Dataset and an ADO Recordset?
Valid answers are:
· A DataSet can represent an entire relational database in memory, complete with tables, relations, and views.
· A DataSet is designed to work without any continuing connection to the original data source.
· Data in a DataSet is bulk-loaded, rather than being loaded on demand.
· There's no concept of cursor types in a DataSet.
· DataSets have no current record pointer You can use For Each loops to move through the data.
· You can store many edits in a DataSet, and write them to the original data source in a single operation.
· Though the DataSet is universal, other objects in ADO.NET come in different versions for different data
sources.
16. What is the Global.asax used for?

Ans : The Global.asax (including the Global.asax.cs file) is used to implement application and session level
events.
17. What are the Application_Start and Session_Start subroutines used for?
Ans : This is where you can set the specific variables for the Application and Session objects.
18. Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you might use it?
Ans : When you want to inherit (use the functionality of) another class. Example: With a base class named
Employee, a Manager class could be derived from the Employee base class.
19. Whats an assembly?

Ans : Assemblies are the building blocks of the .NET framework.
20. Describe the difference between inline and code behind.

Ans : Inline code written along side the html in a page. Code-behind is code written in a separate file and
referenced by the .aspx page.
21. Explain what a diffgram is, and a good use for one?
Ans : The DiffGram is one of the two XML formats that you can use to render DataSet object contents to XML.
A good use is reading database data to an XML file to be sent to a Web Service.
22. Whats MSIL, and why should my developers need an appreciation of it if at all?
Ans : MSIL is the Microsoft Intermediate Language. All .NET compatible languages will get converted to MSIL.
MSIL also allows the .NET Framework to JIT compile the assembly on the installed computer.
23. Which method do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your generated dataset with data?
Ans : The Fill() method.
24. Can you edit data in the Repeater control?

Ans : No, it just reads the information from its data source.
25. Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater control?
Ans : ItemTemplate.
26. How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?
Ans : Use the AlternatingItemTemplate.
27. What property must you set, and what method must you call in your code, in order to bind the data from
a data source to the Repeater control?
Ans : You must set the DataSource property and call the DataBind method.
28. What base class do all Web Forms inherit from?

Ans : The Page class.
29. Name two properties common in every validation control?

Ans : ControlToValidate property and Text property.
30. Which property on a Combo Box do you set with a column name, prior to setting the DataSource, to
display data in the combo box?
Ans : DataTextField property.
31. Which control would you use if you needed to make sure the values in two different controls matched?
Ans : CompareValidator control.
32. How many classes can a single .NET DLL contain?

Ans : It can contain many classes.
33. What is ViewState?

Ans : ViewState allows the state of objects (serializable) to be stored in a hidden field on the page. ViewState
is transported to the client and back to the server, and is not stored on the server or any other external
source. ViewState is used to retain the state of server-side objects between post backs.
34. What is the lifespan for items stored in ViewState?

Ans : Item stored in ViewState exist for the life of the current page. This includes postbacks (to the same
page).
35. What does the "EnableViewState" property do? Why would I want it on or off?
Ans : It allows the page to save the users input on a form across postbacks. It saves the server-side values
for a given control into ViewState, which is stored as a hidden value on the page before sending the page to
the clients browser. When the page is posted back to the server the server control is recreated with the state
stored in viewstate.
36. What are the different types of Session state management options available with ASP.NET?
Ans : ASP.NET provides In-Process and Out-of-Process state management. In-Process stores the session in
memory on the web server. This requires the a "sticky-server" (or no load-balancing) so that the user is
always reconnected to the same web server. Out-of-Process Session state management stores data in an
external data source. The external data source may be either a SQL Server or a State Server service. Out-of-
Process state management requires that all objects stored in session are serializable.
37. What is CLS (Common Language Specification)?

Ans : It provides the set of specification which has to be adhered by any new language writer / Compiler writer
for .NET Framework. This ensures Interoperability. For example: Within a ASP.NET application written in
C#.NET language, we can refer to any DLL written in any other language supported by .NET Framework. As of
now .NET Supports around 32 languages.
38. What is CTS (Common Type System)?

Ans : It defines about how Objects should be declared, defined and used within .NET. CLS is the subset of CTS.
39. What is Boxing and UnBoxing?

Ans : Boxing is implicit conversion of ValueTypes to Reference Types (Object). UnBoxing is explicit conversion
of Reference Types (Object) to its equivalent ValueTypes. It requires type-casting.
40. What is the difference between Value Types and Reference Types?
Ans : Value Types uses Stack to store the data where as the later uses the Heap to store the data.
41. What are the different types of assemblies available and their purpose?
Ans : Private, Public/shared and Satellite Assemblies.
Private Assemblies : Assembly used within an application is known as private assemblies.
Public/shared Assemblies : Assembly which can be shared across application is known as shared assemblies.
Strong Name has to be created to create a shared assembly. This can be done using SN.EXE. The same has to
be registered using GACUtil.exe (Global Assembly Cache).
Satellite Assemblies : These assemblies contain resource files pertaining to a locale (Culture+Language).
These assemblies are used in deploying an Global application for different languages.
42. What is view state and use of it? The current property settings of an ASP.NET page and those of any
ASP.NET server controls contained within the page. ASP.NET can detect when a form is requested for the first
time versus when the form is posted (sent to the server), which allows you to program accordingly.
43. What are user controls and custom controls?
Custom controls: A control authored by a user or a third-party software vendor that does not belong to the
.NET Framework class library. This is a generic term that includes user controls. A custom server control is
used in Web Forms (ASP.NET pages). A custom client control is used in Windows Forms applications.
User Controls: In ASP.NET: A user-authored server control that enables an ASP.NET page to be re-used as a
server control. An ASP.NET user control is authored declaratively and persisted as a text file with an .ascx
extension. The ASP.NET page framework compiles a user control on the fly to a class that derives from the
System.Web.UI.UserControl class.
44. What are the validation controls? A set of server controls included with ASP.NET that test user input in
HTML and Web server controls for programmer-defined requirements. Validation controls perform input
checking in server code. If the user is working with a browser that supports DHTML, the validation controls
can also perform validation using client script.
45. What's the difference between Response.Write() andResponse.Output.Write()?
The latter one allows you to write formatted output.
46. What methods are fired during the page load? Init()
When the page is instantiated, Load() - when the page is loaded into server memory,PreRender () - the brief
moment before the page is displayed to the user as HTML, Unload() - when page finishes loading.
47. Where does the Web page belong in the .NET Framework class hierarchy?
System.Web.UI.Page
48. Where do you store the information about the user's locale?
System.Web.UI.Page.Culture
49. What's the difference between Codebehind="MyCode.aspx.cs" and Src="MyCode.aspx.cs"? CodeBehind is

relevant to Visual Studio.NET only.
50. What's a bubbled event? When you have a complex control, likeDataGrid, writing an event processing
routine for each object (cell, button,row, etc.) is quite tedious. The controls can bubble up their eventhandlers,
allowing the main DataGrid event handler to take care of its constituents. Suppose you want a certain ASP.NET
function executed on MouseOver over a certain button.
51. Where do you add an event handler? It's the Attributesproperty, the Add function inside that property. e.g.
btnSubmit.Attributes.Add("onMouseOver","someClientCode();")
52. What data type does the RangeValidator control support?

Integer,String and Date.
53. What are the different types of caching?

Caching is a technique widely used in computing to increase performance by keeping frequently accessed or
expensive data in memory. In context of web application, caching is used to retain the pages or data across
HTTP requests and reuse them without the expense of recreating them. ASP.NET has 3 kinds of caching
strategies Output Caching, Fragment Caching, Data Caching.
Output Caching: Caches the dynamic output generated by a request. Some times it is useful to cache the
output of a website even for a minute, which will result in a better performance. For caching the whole page
the page should have OutputCache directive.<%@ OutputCache Duration="60" VaryByParam="state" %>
Fragment Caching: Caches the portion of the page generated by the request. Some times it is not practical to
cache the entire page, in such cases we can cache a portion of page<%@ OutputCache Duration="120"
VaryByParam="CategoryID;SelectedID"%>
Data Caching: Caches the objects programmatically. For data caching asp.net provides a cache object for
eg: cache["States"] = dsStates;
54. What do you mean by authentication and authorization? Authentication is the process of validating a user
on the credentials (username and password) and authorization performs after authentication. After
Authentication a user will be verified for performing the various tasks, Its access is limited it is known as
authorization.
55. What are different types of directives in .NET?

@Page: Defines page-specific attributes used by the ASP.NET page parser and compiler. Can be included
only in .aspx files <%@ Page AspCompat="TRUE" language="C#" %>
@Control:Defines control-specific attributes used by the ASP.NET page parser and compiler. Can be
included only in .ascx files. <%@ Control Language="VB" EnableViewState="false" %>
@Import: Explicitly imports a namespace into a page or user control. The Import directive cannot have
more than one namespace attribute. To import multiple namespaces, use multiple @Import directives.
<% @ Import Namespace="System.web" %>
@Implements: Indicates that the current page or user control implements the specified .NET framework
interface.<%@ Implements Interface="System.Web.UI.IPostBackEventHandler" %>
@Register: Associates aliases with namespaces and class names for concise notation in custom server control
syntax.<%@ Register Tagprefix="Acme" Tagname="AdRotator" Src="AdRotator.ascx" %>
@Assembly: Links an assembly to the current page during compilation, making all the assembly's
classes and interfaces available for use on the page. <%@ Assembly Name="MyAssembly" %>
<%@Assembly Src="MySource.vb" %>
@OutputCache: Declaratively controls the output caching policies of an ASP.NET page or a user control
contained in a page<%@ OutputCache Duration="#ofseconds" Location="Any | Client | Downstream | Server
| None" Shared="True | False" VaryByControl="controlname" VaryByCustom="browser | customstring"
VaryByHeader="headers" VaryByParam="parametername" %>
@Reference: Declaratively indicates that another user control or page source file should be
dynamically compiled and linked against the page in which this directive is declared.
56. How do I debug an ASP.NET application that wasn't written with Visual Studio.NET and that doesn't use
code-behind?
Start the DbgClr debugger that comes with the .NET Framework SDK, open the file containing the code you
want to debug, and set your breakpoints. Start the ASP.NET application. Go back to DbgClr, choose Debug
Processes from the Tools menu, and select aspnet_wp.exe from the list of processes. (If aspnet_wp.exe
doesn't appear in the list,check the "Show system processes" box.) Click the Attach button to attach to
aspnet_wp.exe and begin debugging.
Be sure to enable debugging in the ASPX file before debugging it with DbgClr. You can enable tell ASP.NET to
build debug executables by placing a
<%@ Page Debug="true" %> statement at the top of an ASPX file or a <COMPILATION debug="true"
/>statement in a Web.config file.
57. Can a user browsing my Web site read my Web.config or Global.asax files? No. The
<HTTPHANDLERS>section of Machine.config, which holds the master configuration settings for ASP.NET,
contains entries that map ASAX files, CONFIG files, and selected other file types to an HTTP handler named
HttpForbiddenHandler, which fails attempts to retrieve the associated file. You can modify it by editing
Machine.config or including an section in a local Web.config file.
58. What's the difference between Page.RegisterClientScriptBlock and Page.RegisterStartupScript?

RegisterClientScriptBlock is for returning blocks of client-side script containing functions. RegisterStartupScript
is for returning blocks of client-script not packaged in functions-in other words, code that's to execute when
the page is loaded. The latter positions script blocks near the end of the document so elements on the
page that the script interacts are loaded before the script runs.<%@ Reference Control="MyControl.ascx" %>
59. Is it necessary to lock application state before accessing it?

Only if you're performing a multistep update and want the update to be treated as an atomic operation.
Here's an example:
Application.Lock ();
Application["ItemsSold"] = (int) Application["ItemsSold"] + 1;
Application["ItemsLeft"] = (int) Application["ItemsLeft"] - 1;
Application.UnLock ();
By locking application state before updating it and unlocking it afterwards, you ensure that another request
being processed on another thread doesn't read application state at exactly the wrong time and see an
inconsistent view of it. If I update session state, should I lock it, too? Are concurrent accesses by multiple
requests executing on multiple threads a concern with session state? Concurrent accesses aren't an issue with
session state, for two reasons. One, it's unlikely that two requests from the same user will overlap. Two, if they
do overlap, ASP.NET locks down session state during request processing so that two threads can't touch it at
once. Session state is locked down when the HttpApplication instance that's processing the request fires an
AcquireRequestState event and unlocked when it fires a ReleaseRequestState event.
Do ASP.NET forms authentication cookies provide any protection against replay attacks? Do they, for example,
include the client's IP address or anything else that would distinguish the real client from an attacker?
No. If an authentication cookie is stolen, it can be used by an attacker. It's up to you to prevent this from
happening by using an encrypted communications channel (HTTPS). Authentication cookies issued as session
cookies, do, however,include a time-out valid that limits their lifetime. So a stolen session cookie can only
be used in replay attacks as long as the ticket inside the cookie is valid. The default time-out interval is 30
minutes.You can change that by modifying the timeout attribute accompanying the <forms> element in
Machine.config or a local Web.config file. Persistent authentication cookies do not time-out and therefore are a
more serious security threat if stolen.
60. How do I send e-mail from an ASP.NET application?
MailMessage message = new MailMessage ();

message.From = <email>;
message.To = <email>;
message.Subject = "Scheduled Power Outage";
message.Body = "Our servers will be down tonight.";
SmtpMail.SmtpServer = "localhost";
SmtpMail.Send (message);
MailMessage and SmtpMail are classes defined in the .NET Framework Class Library's System.Web.Mail
namespace. Due to a security change made to ASP.NET just before it shipped, you need to set SmtpMail's
SmtpServer property to "localhost" even though "localhost" is the default. In addition, you must use the IIS
configuration applet to enable localhost (127.0.0.1) to relay messages through the local SMTP service.
61. What are VSDISCO files? VSDISCO files are DISCO files that support dynamic discovery of Web services. If
you place the following VSDISCO file in a directory on your Web server, for example, it returns references to
all ASMX and DISCO files in the host directory and any subdirectories not noted in <exclude> elements:
<?xml version="1.0" ?>

<dynamicDiscovery
xmlns="urn:schemas-dynamicdiscovery:disco.2000-03-17">
<exclude path="_vti_cnf" />
<exclude path="_vti_pvt" />
<exclude path="_vti_log" />
<exclude path="_vti_script" />
<exclude path="_vti_txt" />
</dynamicDiscovery>
62. How does dynamic discovery work? ASP.NET maps the file name extension VSDISCO to an HTTP handler
that scans the host directory and subdirectories for ASMX and DISCO files and returns a dynamically
generated DISCO document. A client who requests a VSDISCO file gets back what appears to be a static
DISCO document.
Note that VSDISCO files are disabled in the release version of ASP.NET. You can reenable them by
uncommenting the line in the <httpHandlers> section of Machine.config that maps *.vsdisco to
System.Web.Services.Discovery.DiscoveryRequestHandler and granting the ASPNET user account permission
to read the IIS metabase. However, Microsoft is actively discouraging the use of VSDISCO files because they
could represent a threat to Web server security.
63. Is it possible to prevent a browser from caching an ASPX page? Just call SetNoStore on the
HttpCachePolicy object exposed through the Response object's Cache property, as demonstrated here:
<%@ Page Language="C#" %>

<html>
<body>
<%
Response.Cache.SetNoStore ();
Response.Write (DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString ());
%>
</body>
</html>
SetNoStore works by returning a Cache-Control: private, no-store header in the HTTP response. In this
example, it prevents caching of a Web page that shows the current time.
64. What does AspCompat="true" mean and when should I use it?
AspCompat is an aid in migrating ASP pages to ASPX pages. It defaults to false but should be set to true in any
ASPX file that creates apartment-threaded COM objects--that is, COM objects registered
ThreadingModel=Apartment. That includes all COM objects written with Visual Basic 6.0. AspCompat should
also be set to true (regardless of threading model) if the page creates COM objects that access intrinsic ASP
objects such as Request and Response. The following directive sets AspCompat to true:
<%@ Page AspCompat="true" %>
Setting AspCompat to true does two things. First, it makes intrinsic ASP objects available to the COM
components by placing unmanaged wrappers around the equivalent ASP.NET objects. Second, it improves the
performance of calls that the page places to apartment- threaded COM objects by ensuring that the page
(actually, the thread that processes the request for the page) and the COM objects it creates share an
apartment. AspCompat="true" forces ASP.NET request threads into single-threaded apartments (STAs). If
those threads create COM objects marked ThreadingModel=Apartment, then the objects are created in the
same STAs as the threads that created them. Without AspCompat="true," request threads run in a
multithreaded apartment (MTA) and each call to an STA-based COM object incurs a performance hit when it's
marshaled across apartment boundaries.Do not set AspCompat to true if your page uses no COM objects or if
it uses COM objects that don't access ASP intrinsic objects and that are registered ThreadingModel=Free or
ThreadingModel=Both.
65. Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code?

Server side scripting means that all the script will be executed by the server and interpreted as needed. ASP
doesn't have some of the functionality like sockets, uploading, etc. For these you have to make a custom
components usually in VB or VC++. Client side scripting means that the script will be executed immediately in
the browser such as form field validation, clock, email validation, etc. Client side scripting is usually done in
VBScript or JavaScript. Download time, browser compatibility, and visible code - since JavaScript and VBScript
code is included in the HTML page, then anyone can see the code by viewing the page source. Also a possible
security hazards for the client computer.
66. What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?C#
67. Should validation (did the user enter a real date) occur server-side or client-side? Why?
Client-side validation because there is no need to request a server side date when you could obtain a date
from the client machine.
68. What are ASP.NET Web Forms? How is this technology different than what is available though ASP?
Web Forms are the heart and soul of ASP.NET. Web Forms are the User Interface (UI) elements that give your
Web applications their look and feel. Web Forms are similar to Windows Forms in that they provide properties,
methods, and events for the controls that are placed onto them. However, these UI elements render
themselves in the appropriate markup language required by the request, e.g. HTML. If you use Microsoft
Visual Studio .NET, you will also get the familiar drag-and-drop interface used to create your UI for your Web
application.
other?
In earlier versions of IIS, if we wanted to send a user to a new Web page, the only option we had was
Response.Redirect. While this method does accomplish our goal, it has several important drawbacks. The
biggest problem is that this method causes each page to be treated as a separate transaction. Besides making
it difficult to maintain your transactional integrity, Response.Redirect introduces some additional headaches.
First, it prevents good encapsulation of code. Second, you lose access to all of the properties in the Request
object. Sure, there are workarounds, but they're difficult. Finally, Response.Redirect necessitates a round trip
to the client, which, on high-volume sites, causes scalability problems.
As you might suspect, Server.Transfer fixes all of these problems. It does this by performing the transfer on
the server without requiring a roundtrip to the client.
70. How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control? AlternatingItemTemplate Like the
ItemTemplate element, but rendered for every other row (alternating items) in the Repeater control. You can
specify a different appearance for the AlternatingItemTemplate element by setting its style properties.
ItemTemplate
72. What event handlers can I include in Global.asax?

Application_Start,Application_End, Application_AcquireRequestState, Application_AuthenticateRequest,
Application_AuthorizeRequest, Application_BeginRequest, Application_Disposed, Application_EndRequest,
Application_Error, Application_PostRequestHandlerExecute, Application_PreRequestHandlerExecute,
Application_PreSendRequestContent, Application_PreSendRequestHeaders, Application_ReleaseRequestState,
Application_ResolveRequestCache, Application_UpdateRequestCache, Session_Start,Session_End
You can optionally include "On" in any of method names. For example, you can name a BeginRequest event
handler.Application_BeginRequest or Application_OnBeginRequest.You can also include event handlers in
Global.asax for events fired by custom HTTP modules.Note that not all of the event handlers make sense for
Web Services (they're designed for ASP.NET applications in general, whereas .NET XML Web Services are
specialized instances of an ASP.NET app). For example, the Application_AuthenticateRequest and
Application_AuthorizeRequest events are designed to be used with ASP.NET Forms authentication.
73. What is different b/w webconfig.xml & Machineconfig.xml

Web.config & machine.config both are configuration files.Web.config contains settings specific to an application
where as machine.config contains settings to a computer. The Configuration system first searches settings in
machine.config file & then looks in application configuration files.Web.config, can appear in multiple directories
on an ASP.NET Web application server. Each Web.config file applies configuration settings to its own directory
and all child directories below it. There is only Machine.config file on a web server.
If I'm developing an application that must accomodate multiple security levels though secure login and my
ASP.NET web appplication is spanned across three web-servers (using round-robbin load balancing) what
would be the best approach to maintain login-in state for the users?
Use the state server or store the state in the database. This can be easily done through simple setting change
in the web.config.
<SESSIONSTATE
StateConnectionString="tcpip=127.0.0.1:42424"
sqlConnectionString="data source=127.0.0.1; user id=sa; password="
cookieless="false"
timeout="30"
/>
You can specify mode as “stateserver” or “sqlserver”.
Where would you use an iHTTPModule, and what are the limitations of any approach you might take in
implementing one
"One of ASP.NET's most useful features is the extensibility of the HTTP pipeline, the path that data takes
between client and server. You can use them to extend your ASP.NET applications by adding pre- and post-
processing to each HTTP request coming into your application. For example, if you wanted custom
authentication facilities for your application, the best technique would be to intercept the request when it
comes in and process the request in a custom HTTP module.
74. How do you turn off cookies for one page in your site?
Since no Page Level directive is present, I am afraid that cant be done.
75. How do you create a permanent cookie?

Permanent cookies are available until a specified expiration date, and are stored on the hard disk.So Set the
'Expires' property any value greater than DataTime.MinValue with respect to the current datetime. If u want
the cookie which never expires set its Expires property equal to DateTime.maxValue.
76. Which method do you use to redirect the user to another page without performing a round trip to the
client?
Server.Transfer and Server.Execute
77. What property do you have to set to tell the grid which page to go to when using the Pager object?
CurrentPageIndex
78. Should validation (did the user enter a real date) occur server-side or client-side? Why? It should occur
both at client-side and Server side.By using expression validator control with the specified expression ie.. the
regular expression provides the facility of only validatating the date specified is in the correct format or not.
But for checking the date where it is the real data or not should be done at the server side, by getting the
system date ranges and checking the date whether it is in between that range or not.
79. What does the "EnableViewState" property do? Why would I want it on or off? Enable ViewState turns on
the automatic state management feature that enables server controls to re-populate their values on a round
trip without requiring you to write any code. This feature is not free however, since the state of a control is
passed to and from the server in a hidden form field. You should be aware of when ViewState is helping you
and when it is not. For example, if you are binding a control to data on every round trip, then you do not need
the control to maintain it's view state, since you will wipe out any re-populated data in any case. ViewState is
enabled for all server controls by default. To disable it, set the EnableViewState property of the control to false.
other? Server.Transfer() : client is shown as it is on the requesting page only, but the all the content is of the
requested page. Data can be persist accros the pages using Context.Item collection, which is one of the best
way to transfer data from one page to another keeping the page state alive.
Response.Dedirect() :client know the physical location (page name and query string as well). Context.Items
loses the persisitance when nevigate to destination page. In earlier versions of IIS, if we wanted to send a
user to a new Web page, the only option we had was Response.Redirect. While this method does accomplish
our goal, it has several important drawbacks. The biggest problem is that this method causes each page to be
treated as a separate transaction. Besides making it difficult to maintain your transactional integrity,
Response.Redirect introduces some additional headaches. First, it prevents good encapsulation of code.
Second, you lose access to all of the properties in the Request object. Sure, there are workarounds, but
they're difficult. Finally, Response.Redirect necessitates a round trip to the client, which, on high-volume sites,
causes scalability problems. As you might suspect, Server.Transfer fixes all of these problems. It does this by
performing the transfer on the server without requiring a roundtrip to the client.
81. Can you give an example of when it would be appropriate to use a web service as opposed to a non-
serviced .NET component?
• Communicating through a Firewall When building a distributed application with 100s/1000s of users
spread over multiple locations, there is always the problem of communicating between client and
server because of firewalls and proxy servers. Exposing your middle tier components as Web Services
and invoking the directly from a Windows UI is a very valid option.
• Application Integration When integrating applications written in various languages and running on
disparate systems. Or even applications running on the same platform that have been written by
separate vendors.
• Business-to-Business Integration This is an enabler for B2B intergtation which allows one to expose
vital business processes to authorized supplier and customers. An example would be exposing
electronic ordering and invoicing, allowing customers to send you purchase orders and suppliers to
send you invoices electronically.
• Software Reuse This takes place at multiple levels. Code Reuse at the Source code level or binary
componet-based resuse. The limiting factor here is that you can reuse the code but not the data
behind it. Webservice overcome this limitation. A scenario could be when you are building an app that
aggregates the functionality of serveral other Applicatons. Each of these functions could be performed
by individual apps, but there is value in perhaps combining the the multiple apps to present a unifiend
view in a Portal or Intranet.
• When not to use Web Services: Single machine Applicatons When the apps are running on the same
machine and need to communicate with each other use a native API. You also have the options of
using component technologies such as COM or .NET Componets as there is very little overhead.
• Homogeneous Applications on a LAN If you have Win32 or Winforms apps that want to communicate
to their server counterpart. It is much more efficient to use DCOM in the case of Win32 apps and .NET
Remoting in the case of .NET Apps
82. Can you give an example of what might be best suited to place in the Application_Start and Session_Start
subroutines?
The Application_Start event is guaranteed to occur only once throughout the lifetime of the application. It's a
good place to initialize global variables. For example, you might want to retrieve a list of products from a
database table and place the list in application state or the Cache object. SessionStateModule exposes both
Session_Start and Session_End events.
83. What are the advantages and disadvantages of viewstate?

The primary advantages of the ViewState feature in ASP.NET are:
1. Simplicity. There is no need to write possibly complex code to store form data between page submissions.
2. Flexibility. It is possible to enable, configure, and disable ViewState on a control-by-control basis, choosing
to persist the values of some fields but not others.
There are, however a few disadvantages that are worth pointing out:
1. Does not track across pages. ViewState information does not automatically transfer from page to page. With
the session
approach, values can be stored in the session and accessed from other pages. This is not possible with
ViewState, so storing
data into the session must be done explicitly.
2. ViewState is not suitable for transferring data for back-end systems. That is, data still has to be transferred
to the back
end using some form of data object.
84. Describe session handling in a webfarm, how does it work and what are the limits? ASP.NET Session
supports storing of session data in 3 ways, i] in In-Process ( in the same memory that ASP.NET uses) , ii] out-
of-process using Windows NT Service )in separate memory from ASP.NET ) or iii] in SQL Server (persistent
storage). Both the Windows Service and SQL Server solution support a webfarm scenario where all the web-
servers can be configured to share common session state store.
1. Windows Service : We can start this service by Start | Control Panel | Administrative Tools | Services | . In
that we service names ASP.NET State Service. We can start or stop service by manually or configure to start
automatically. Then we have to configure our web.config file
<CONFIGURATION><configuration>
<system.web>
<SessionState
mode = “StateServer”
stateConnectionString = “tcpip=127.0.0.1:42424”
stateNetworkTimeout = “10”
sqlConnectionString=”data source = 127.0.0.1; uid=sa;pwd=”
cookieless =”Flase”
timeout= “20” />
</system.web>
</configuration> </SYSTEM.WEB>
</CONFIGURATION>
Here ASP.Net Session is directed to use Windows Service for state management on local server (address :
127.0.0.1 is TCP/IP loop-back address). The default port is 42424. we can configure to any port but for that
we have to manually edit the registry.
Follow these simple steps
- In a webfarm make sure you have the same config file in all your web servers.
- Also make sure your objects are serializable.
- For session state to be maintained across different web servers in the webfarm, the application path of the
web-site in the IIS Metabase should be identical in all the web-servers in the webfarm.
You have to use the ItemTemplate to Display data. Syntax is as follows,
< ItemTemplate >
< div class =”rItem” >
< img src=”images/<%# Container.DataItem(“ImageURL”)%>” hspace=”10” />
< b > <% # Container.DataItem(“Title”)%>
< /div >
< ItemTemplate >
How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?

Using the AlternatintItemTemplate
86. What property must you set, and what method must you call in your code, in order to bind the data from
some data source to the Repeater control? Set the DataMember property to the name of the table to bind to.
(If this property is not set, by default the first table in the dataset is used.) DataBind method, use this method
to bind data from a source to a server control. This method is commonly used after retrieving a data set
through a database query.
87. What method do you use to explicitly kill a user’s session?

You can dump (Kill) the session yourself by calling the method Session.Abandon.ASP.NET automatically deletes
a user's Session object, dumping its contents, after it has been idle for a configurable timeout interval. This
interval, in minutes, is set in the <SESSIONSTATE>section of the web.config file. The default is 20 minutes.
Use Cookie.Discard property, Gets or sets the discard flag set by the server. When true, this property instructs
the client application not to save the Cookie on the user's hard disk when a session ends.
89. Which two properties are on every validation control?

We have two common properties for every validation controls
1. Control to Validate,
2. Error Message.
90. What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns manually?
< asp:DataGrid id="dgCart" AutoGenerateColumns="False" CellPadding="4" Width="448px" runat="server" >

< Columns >
< asp:ButtonColumn HeaderText="SELECT" Text="SELECT" CommandName
="select" >< /asp:ButtonColumn >

< asp:BoundColumn DataField="ProductId" HeaderText="Product ID" > < /asp:BoundColumn >
< asp:BoundColumn DataField="ProductName" HeaderText="Product Name" >< /asp:BoundColumn >
< asp:BoundColumn DataField="UnitPrice" HeaderText="UnitPrice" > </asp:BoundColumn >
< /Columns >
< /asp:DataGrid >
91. How do you create a permanent cookie? Permanent cookies are the ones that are most useful. Permanent
cookies are available until a specified expiration date, and are stored on the hard disk. The location of cookies
differs with each browser, but this doesn’t matter, as this is all handled by your browser and the server. If you
want to create a permanent cookie called Name with a value of Nigel, which expires in one month, you’d use
the following code Response.Cookies ("Name") = "Nigel" Response.Cookies ("Name"). Expires = DateAdd
("m", 1, Now ())
92. What tag do you use to add a hyperlink column to the DataGrid?
< asp:HyperLinkColumn > </ asp:HyperLinkColumn>
client?
Server.transfer
94. What is the transport protocol you use to call a Web service SOAP ?
HTTP Protocol
95. Explain role based security ? Role Based Security lets you identify groups of users to allow or deny based
on their role in the organization.In Windows NT and Windows XP, roles map to names used to identify user
groups. Windows defines several built-in groups, including Administrators, Users, and Guests.To allow or deny
access to certain groups of users, add the <ROLES>element to the authorization list in your Web application's
Web.config file.e.g.
<AUTHORIZATION>< authorization >

< allow roles="Domain Name\Administrators" / > < !-- Allow Administrators in domain. -- >
< deny users="*" / > < !-- Deny anyone else. -- >
< /authorization >
96. How do you register JavaScript for webcontrols ?

You can register javascript for controls using <CONTROL -name>Attribtues.Add(scriptname,scripttext)
method.
97. When do you set "<IDENTITY impersonate="true" />" ?

Identity is a webconfig declaration under System.web, which helps to control the application Identity of the
web applicaton. Which can be at any level(Machine,Site,application,subdirectory,or page), attribute
impersonate with "true" as value specifies that client impersonation is used.
98. What are different templates available in Repeater,DataList and Datagrid ? Templates enable one to apply
complicated formatting to each of the items displayed by a control.Repeater control supports five types of
templates.HeaderTemplate controls how the header of the repeater control is formatted.ItemTemplate controls
the formatting of each item displayed.AlternatingItemTemplate controls how alternate items are formatted
and the SeparatorTemplate displays a separator between each item displyed.FooterTemplate is used for
controlling how the footer of the repeater control is formatted.The DataList and Datagrid supports two
templates in addition to the above five.SelectedItem Template controls how a selected item is formatted and
EditItemTemplate controls how an item selected for editing is formatted.
99. What is ViewState ? and how it is managed ?

ASP.NET ViewState is a new kind of state service that developers can use to track UI state on a per-user
basis. Internally it uses an an old Web programming trick-roundtripping state in a hidden form field and bakes
it right into the page-processing framework.It needs less code to write and maintain state in your Web-based
forms.
100. What is web.config file ? Web.config file is the configuration file for the Asp.net web application. There is
one web.config file for one asp.net application which configures the particular application. Web.config file is
written in XML with specific tags having specific meanings.It includes databa which includes
connections,Session States,Error Handling,Security etc. For example :
< configuration >

< appSettings >
< add key="ConnectionString"
value="server=localhost;uid=sa;pwd=;database=MyDB" / >
< /appSettings >
< /configuration >
101. What is advantage of viewstate and what are benefits?
When a form is submitted in classic ASP, all form values are cleared. Suppose you have submitted a form with
a lot of information and the server comes back with an error. You will have to go back to the form and correct
the information. You click the back button, and what happens.......ALL form values are CLEARED, and you will
have to start all over again! The site did not maintain your ViewState.With ASP .NET, the form reappears in
the browser window together with all form values.This is because ASP .NET maintains your ViewState. The
ViewState indicates the status of the page when submitted to the server.
102. What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns manually? Set
AutoGenerateColumns Property to false on the datagrid tag and then use Column tag and an ASP:databound
tag
< asp:DataGrid runat="server" id="ManualColumnBinding" AutoGenerateColumns="False" >

< Columns >
< asp:BoundColumn HeaderText="Column1" DataField="Column1"/ >
< asp:BoundColumn HeaderText="Column2" DataField="Column2"/ >
< /Columns >
< /asp:DataGrid >
<asp:DataGrid id=ManualColumnBinding runat="server" AutoGenerateColumns="False">
<COLUMNS> <asp:BoundColumn HeaderText="Column2" DataField="Column2"></asp:BoundColumn>
</asp:DataGrid>
display data in the combo box? DataTextField and DataValueField
CompareValidator is used to ensure that two fields are identical.
105. What is validationsummary server control?where it is used?.

The ValidationSummary control allows you to summarize the error messages from all validation controls on a
Web page in a single location. The summary can be displayed as a list, a bulleted list, or a single paragraph,
based on the value of the DisplayMode property. The error message displayed in the ValidationSummary
control for each validation control on the page is specified by the ErrorMessage property of each validation
control. If the ErrorMessage property of the validation control is not set, no error message is displayed in the
ValidationSummary control for that validation control. You can also specify a custom title in the heading section
of the ValidationSummary control by setting the HeaderText property. You can control whether the
ValidationSummary control is displayed or hidden by setting the ShowSummary property. The summary can
also be displayed in a message box by setting the ShowMessageBox property to true.
106. What is the sequence of operation takes place when a page is loaded?
BeginTranaction - only if the request is transacted
Init - every time a page is processed
LoadViewState - Only on postback
ProcessPostData1 - Only on postback
Load - every time
ProcessData2 - Only on Postback
RaiseChangedEvent - Only on Postback
RaisePostBackEvent - Only on Postback
PreRender - everytime
BuildTraceTree - only if tracing is enabled
SaveViewState - every time
Render - Everytime
End Transaction - only if the request is transacted
Trace.EndRequest - only when tracing is enabled
UnloadRecursive - Every request
107. Difference between asp and asp.net?.

"ASP (Active Server Pages) and ASP.NET are both server side technologies for building web sites and web
applications, ASP.NET is Managed compiled code - asp is interpreted. and ASP.net is fully Object oriented.
ASP.NET has been entirely re-architected to provide a highly productive programming experience based on the
.NET Framework, and a robust infrastructure for building reliable and scalable web
applications."
108. Name the validation control available in asp.net?.
RequiredField, RangeValidator,RegularExpression,Custom validator,compare Validator
109. What are the various ways of securing a web site that could prevent from hacking etc .. ?
1) Authentication/Authorization
2) Encryption/Decryption
3) Maintaining web servers outside the corporate firewall. etc.,
110. What is the difference between in-proc and out-of-proc?

An inproc is one which runs in the same process area as that of the client giving the advantage of speed but
the disadvantage of stability becoz if it crashes it takes the client application also with it.Outproc is one which
works outside the clients memory thus giving stability to the client, but we have to compromise a bit on speed.
111. When you’re running a component within ASP.NET, what process is it running within on Windows XP?
Windows 2000? Windows 2003? On Windows 2003 (IIS 6.0) running in native mode, the component is running
within the w3wp.exe process associated with the application pool which has been configured for the web
application containing the component.
On Windows 2003 in IIS 5.0 emulation mode, 2000, or XP, it's running within the IIS helper process whose
name I do not remember, it being quite a while since I last used IIS 5.0.
112. What does aspnet_regiis -i do ? Aspnet_regiis.exe is The ASP.NET IIS Registration tool allows an
administrator or installation program to easily update the script maps for an ASP.NET application to point to
the ASP.NET ISAPI version associated with the tool. The tool can also be used to display the status of all
installed versions of ASP. NET, register the ASP.NET version coupled with the tool, create client-script
directories, and perform other configuration operations.
When multiple versions of the .NET Framework are executing side-by-side on a single computer, the ASP.NET
ISAPI version mapped to an ASP.NET application determines which version of the common language runtime is
used for the application.
The tool can be launched with a set of optional parameters. Option "i" Installs the version of ASP.NET
associated with Aspnet_regiis.exe and updates the script maps at the IIS metabase root and below. Note that
only applications that are currently mapped to an earlier version of ASP.NET are affected
113. What is a PostBack?

The process in which a Web page sends data back to the same page on the server.
114. What is ViewState? How is it encoded? Is it encrypted? Who uses ViewState? ViewState is the mechanism
ASP.NET uses to keep track of server control state values that don't otherwise post back as part of the HTTP
form. ViewState Maintains the UI State of a Page
ViewState is base64-encoded. It is not encrypted but it can be encrypted by setting
EnableViewStatMAC="true" & setting the machineKey validation type to 3DES. If you want to NOT maintain
the ViewState, include the directive < %@ Page EnableViewState="false" % > at the top of an .aspx page or
add the attribute EnableViewState="false" to any control.
115. What is the < machinekey > element and what two ASP.NET technologies is it used for? Configures keys
to use for encryption and decryption of forms authentication cookie data and view state data, and for
verification of out-of-process session state identification.There fore 2 ASP.Net technique in which it is used are
Encryption/Decryption & Verification
116. What three Session State providers are available in ASP.NET 1.1? What are the pros and cons of each?
ASP.NET provides three distinct ways to store session data for your application: in-process session state, out-
of-process session state as a Windows service, and out-of-process session state in a SQL Server database.
Each has it advantages.
1.In-process session-state mode

Limitations:
* When using the in-process session-state mode, session-state data is lost if aspnet_wp.exe or the application
domain restarts.
* If you enable Web garden mode in the < processModel > element of the application's Web.config file, do not
use in-process session-state mode. Otherwise, random data loss can occur.
Advantage:
* in-process session state is by far the fastest solution. If you are storing only small amounts of volatile data
in session state, it is recommended that you use the in-process provider.
2. The State Server simply stores session state in memory when in out-of-proc mode. In this mode the worker
process talks directly to the State Server
3. SQL mode, session states are stored in a SQL Server database and the worker process talks directly to SQL.
The ASP.NET worker processes are then able to take advantage of this simple storage service by serializing and
saving (using .NET serialization services) all objects within a client's Session collection at the end of each Web
request
Both these out-of-process solutions are useful primarily if you scale your application across multiple
processors or multiple computers, or where data cannot be lost if a server or process is restarted.
117. What is the difference between HTTP-Post and HTTP-Get?

As their names imply, both HTTP GET and HTTP POST use HTTP as their underlying protocol. Both of these
methods encode request parameters as name/value pairs in the HTTP request.
The GET method creates a query string and appends it to the script's URL on the server that handles the
request.
The POST method creates a name/value pairs that are passed in the body of the HTTP request message.
118. Name and describe some HTTP Status Codes and what they express to the requesting client. When users
try to access content on a server that is running Internet Information Services (IIS) through HTTP or File
Transfer Protocol (FTP), IIS returns a numeric code that indicates the status of the request. This status code is
recorded in the IIS log, and it may also be displayed in the Web browser or FTP client. The status code can
indicate whether a particular request is successful or unsuccessful and can also reveal the exact reason why a
request is unsuccessful. There are 5 groups ranging from 1xx - 5xx of http status codes exists.
101 - Switching protocols.
200 - OK. The client request has succeeded
302 - Object moved.
400 - Bad request.
50013 - Web server is too busy.
119. Explain < @OutputCache% > and the usage of VaryByParam, VaryByHeader. OutputCache is used to
control the caching policies of an ASP.NET page or user control. To cache a page @OutputCache directive
should be defined as follows < %@ OutputCache Duration="100" VaryByParam="none" %>
VaryByParam: A semicolon-separated list of strings used to vary the output cache. By default, these strings
correspond to a query string value sent with GET method attributes, or a parameter sent using the POST
method. When this attribute is set to multiple parameters, the output cache contains a different version of the
requested document for each specified parameter. Possible values include none, *, and any valid query string
or POST parameter name.
VaryByHeader: A semicolon-separated list of HTTP headers used to vary the output cache. When this attribute
is set to multiple headers, the output cache contains a different version of the requested document for each
specified header.
120. What is the difference between repeater over datalist and datagrid?The Repeater class is not derived from
the WebControl class, like the DataGrid and DataList. Therefore, the Repeater lacks the stylistic properties
common to both the DataGrid and DataList. What this boils down to is that if you want to format the data
displayed in the Repeater, you must do so in the HTML markup. The Repeater control provides the maximum
amount of flexibility over the HTML produced. Whereas the DataGrid wraps the DataSource contents in an
HTML < table >, and the DataList wraps the contents in either an HTML < table > or < span > tags
(depending on the DataList's RepeatLayout property), the Repeater adds absolutely no HTML content other
than what you explicitly specify in the templates. While using Repeater control, If we wanted to display the
employee names in a bold font we'd have to alter the "ItemTemplate" to include an HTML bold tag, Whereas
with the DataGrid or DataList, we could have made the text appear in a bold font by setting the control's
ItemStyle-Font-Bold property to True. The Repeater's lack of stylistic properties can drastically add to the
development time metric. For example, imagine that you decide to use the Repeater to display data that needs
to be bold, centered, and displayed in a particular font-face with a particular background color. While all this
can be specified using a few HTML tags, these tags will quickly clutter the Repeater's templates. Such clutter
makes it much harder to change the look at a later date. Along with its increased development time, the
Repeater also lacks any built-in functionality to assist in supporting paging, editing, or editing of data. Due to
this lack of feature-support, the Repeater scores poorly on the usability scale.
However, The Repeater's performance is slightly better than that of the DataList's, and is more noticeably
better than that of the DataGrid's. Following figure shows the number of requests per second the Repeater
could handle versus the DataGrid and DataList
121. Can we handle the error and redirect to some pages using web.config?
Yes, we can do this, but to handle errors, we must know the error codes; only then we can take the user to a
proper error message page, else it may confuse the user.
CustomErrors Configuration section in web.config file:
The default configuration is:
< customErrors mode="RemoteOnly" defaultRedirect="Customerror.aspx" >
< error statusCode="404" redirect="Notfound.aspx" / >
< /customErrors >
If mode is set to Off, custom error messages will be disabled. Users will receive detailed exception error
messages.
If mode is set to On, custom error messages will be enabled.
If mode is set to RemoteOnly, then users will receive custom errors, but users accessing the site locally will
receive detailed error messages.
Add an < error > tag for each error you want to handle. The error tag will redirect the user to the
Notfound.aspx page when the site returns the 404 (Page not found) error.
[Example]
There is a page MainForm.aspx
Private Sub Page_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load

'Put user code to initialize the page here
Dim str As System.Text.StringBuilder
str.Append("hi") ' Error Line as str is not instantiated
Response.Write(str.ToString)
End Sub
[Web.Config]
< customErrors mode="On" defaultRedirect="Error.aspx"/ >

' a simple redirect will take the user to Error.aspx [user defined] error file.
< customErrors mode="RemoteOnly" defaultRedirect="Customerror.aspx" >

< error statusCode="404" redirect="Notfound.aspx" / >
< /customErrors >
'This will take the user to NotFound.aspx defined in IIS.
122. How do you implement Paging in .Net?
The DataGrid provides the means to display a group of records from the data source (for example, the first
10), and then navigate to the "page" containing the next 10 records, and so on through the data.
Using Ado.Net we can explicit control over the number of records returned from the data source, as well as
how much data is to be cached locally in the DataSet.
1.Using DataAdapter.fill method give the value of 'Maxrecords' parameter (Note: - Don't use it because query
will return all records but fill the dataset based on value of 'maxrecords' parameter).
2.For SQL server database, combines a WHERE clause and a ORDER BY clause with TOP predicate.
3.If Data does not change often just cache records locally in DataSet and just take some records from the
DataSet to display.
123. What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Server.Transfer() : client is
shown as it is on the requesting page only, but the all the content is of the requested page. Data can be persist
across the pages using Context.Item collection, which is one of the best way to transfer data from one page to
another keeping the page state alive.
Response.Dedirect() :client knows the physical location (page name and query string as well). Context.Items
loses the persistence when navigate to destination page. In earlier versions of IIS, if we wanted to send a user
to a new Web page, the only option we had was Response.Redirect. While this method does accomplish our
goal, it has several important drawbacks. The biggest problem is that this method causes each page to be
they're difficult. Finally, Response.Redirect necessitates a round trip to the client, which, on high-volume sites,
causes scalability problems. As you might suspect, Server.Transfer fixes all of these problems. It does this by
performing the transfer on the server without requiring a roundtrip to the client.
Response.Redirect sends a response to the client browser instructing it to request the second page. This
requires a round-trip to the client, and the client initiates the Request for the second page. Server.Transfer
transfers the process to the second page without making a round-trip to the client. It also transfers the
HttpContext to the second page, enabling the second page access to all the values in the HttpContext of the
first page.
124. Can you create an app domain?
Yes, We can create user app domain by calling on of the following overload static methods of the
System.AppDomain class
1. Public static AppDomain CreateDomain(String friendlyName)
2. Public static AppDomain CreateDomain(String friendlyName, Evidence securityInfo)
3. Public static AppDomain CreateDomain(String friendlyName, Evidence securityInfo, AppDomainSetup info)
4. Public static AppDomain CreateDomain(String friendlyName, Evidence securityInfo, String appBasePath,
String appRelativeSearchPath, bool shadowCopyFiles)
125. What are the various security methods which IIS Provides apart from .NET ?
The various security methods which IIS provides are
a) Authentication Modes
b) IP Address and Domain Name Restriction
c) DNS Lookups DNS Lookups
d) The Network ID and Subnet Mask
e) SSL
126. What is Web Gardening? How would using it affect a design?
The Web Garden Model: The Web garden model is configurable through the section of the machine.config file.
Notice that the section is the only configuration section that cannot be placed in an application-specific
web.config file. This means that the Web garden mode applies to all applications running on the machine.
However, by using the node in the machine.config source, you can adapt machine-wide settings on a per-
application basis.
Two attributes in the section affect the Web garden model. They are webGarden and cpuMask. The webGarden
attribute takes a Boolean value that indicates whether or not multiple worker processes (one per each
affinitized CPU) have to be used. The attribute is set to false by default. The cpuMask attribute stores a
DWORD value whose binary representation provides a bit mask for the CPUs that are eligible to run the
ASP.NET worker process. The default value is -1 (0xFFFFFF), which means that all available CPUs can be used.
The contents of the cpuMask attribute is ignored when the webGarden attribute is false. The cpuMask attribute
also sets an upper bound to the number of copies of aspnet_wp.exe that are running.
Web gardening enables multiple worker processes to run at the same time. However, you should note that all
processes will have their own copy of application state, in-process session state, ASP.NET cache, static data,
and all that is needed to run applications. When the Web garden mode is enabled, the ASP.NET ISAPI launches
as many worker processes as there are CPUs, each a full clone of the next (and each affinitized with the
corresponding CPU). To balance the workload, incoming requests are partitioned among running processes in a
round-robin manner. Worker processes get recycled as in the single processor case. Note that ASP.NET inherits
any CPU usage restriction from the operating system and doesn't include any custom semantics for doing this.
All in all, the Web garden model is not necessarily a big win for all applications. The more stateful applications
are, the more they risk to pay in terms of real performance. Working data is stored in blocks of shared
memory so that any changes entered by a process are immediately visible to others. However, for the time it
takes to service a request, working data is copied in the context of the process. Each worker process,
therefore, will handle its own copy of working data, and the more stateful the application, the higher the cost
in performance. In this context, careful and savvy application benchmarking is an absolute must.
Changes made to the section of the configuration file are effective only after IIS is restarted. In IIS 6, Web
gardening parameters are stored in the IIS metabase; the webGarden and cpuMask attributes are ignored.
127. What is view state?.where it stored?.can we disable it?

The web is state-less protocol, so the page gets instantiated, executed, rendered and then disposed on every
round trip to the server. The developers code to add "statefulness" to the page by using Server-side storage
for the state or posting the page to itself. When require to persist and read the data in control on webform,
developer had to read the values and store them in hidden variable (in the form), which were then used to
restore the values. With advent of .NET framework, ASP.NET came up with ViewState mechanism, which tracks
the data values of server controls on ASP.NET webform. In effect,ViewState can be viewed as "hidden variable
managed by ASP.NET framework!". When ASP.NET page is executed, data values from all server controls on
page are collected and encoded as single string, which then assigned to page's hidden atrribute "< input
type=hidden >", that is part of page sent to the client.
ViewState value is temporarily saved in the client's browser.ViewState can be disabled for a single control, for
an entire page orfor an entire web application. The syntax is:
Disable ViewState for control (Datagrid in this example)

< asp:datagrid EnableViewState="false" ... / >
Disable ViewState for a page, using Page directive

< %@ Page EnableViewState="False" ... % >
Disable ViewState for application through entry in web.config

< Pages EnableViewState="false" ... / >
Web Service Questions
01. What is the transport protocol you use to call a Web service?
Ans : SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is the preferred protocol.
02. True or False: A Web service can only be written in .NET?

Ans : False
03. What does WSDL stand for?

Ans : Web Services Description Language.
04. Where on the Internet would you look for Web services?
Ans : http://www.uddi.org/
05. True or False: To test a Web service you must create a Windows application or Web application to consume
this service?
Ans : False, the web service comes with a test page and it provides HTTP-GET method to test.
06. Can you give an example of when it would be appropriate to use a web service as opposed to non-serviced
.NET component
Web service is one of main component in Service Oriented Architecture. You could use web services when your
clients and servers are running on different networks and also different platforms. This provides a loosely
coupled system. And also if the client is behind the firewall it would be easy to use web service since it runs on
port 80 (by default) instead of having some thing else in Service Oriented Architecture applications. What is
the standard you use to wrap up a call to a Web service
"SOAP."
07. What is the transport protocol you use to call a Web service SOAP.
HTTP with SOAP
08. What does WSDL stand for? "WSDL stands for Web Services Dsescription Langauge. There is WSDL.exe
that creates a .wsdl Files which defines how an XML Web service behaves and instructs clients as to how to
interact with the service.
eg: wsdl http://LocalHost/WebServiceName.asmx"
09. Where on the Internet would you look for Web Services?
http://www.uddi.org/
10. What does WSDL stand for?

Web Services Description Language
11. True or False: To test a Web service you must create a windows application or Web application to consume
this service?
False.
12. What are the various ways of accessing a web service ?

1.Asynchronous Call
Application can make a call to the Webservice and then continue todo whatever it wants to do.When the
service is ready it will notify the application. Application can use BEGIN and END method to make
asynchronous call to the webmethod. We can use either a WaitHandle or a Delegate object when making
asynchronous call.
The WaitHandle class share resources between several objects. It provides several methods which will wait for
the resources to become available
The easiest and most powerful way to implement an asynchronous call is using a delegate object. A delegate
object wraps up a callback function. The idea is to pass a method in the invocation of the web method. When
the webmethod has finished it will call this callback function to process the result
2.Synchronous Call
Application has to wait until execution has completed.
13. What are VSDISCO files? VSDISCO files are DISCO files that support dynamic discovery of Web services. If
you place the following VSDISCO file in a directory on your Web server, for example, it returns references to
all ASMX and DISCO files in the host directory and any subdirectories not noted in <EXCLUDE>elements:
<DYNAMICDISCOVERY
xmlns="urn:schemas-dynamicdiscovery:disco.2000-03-17">
<EXCLUDE path="_vti_cnf" />
<EXCLUDE path="_vti_pvt" />
<EXCLUDE path="_vti_log" />
<EXCLUDE path="_vti_script" />
<EXCLUDE path="_vti_txt" />
</DYNAMICDISCOVERY>
14. How does dynamic discovery work? ASP.NET maps the file name extension VSDISCO to an HTTP handler
that scans the host directory and subdirectories for ASMX and DISCO files and returns a dynamically generated
DISCO document. A client who requests a VSDISCO file gets back what appears to be a static DISCO
document.
Note that VSDISCO files are disabled in the release version of ASP.NET. You can reenable them by
uncommenting the line in the <HTTPHANDLERS>section of Machine.config that maps *.vsdisco to
System.Web.Services.Discovery.DiscoveryRequestHandler and granting the ASPNET user account permission
to read the IIS metabase. However, Microsoft is actively discouraging the use of VSDISCO files because they
could represent a threat to Web server security.
15. Is it possible to prevent a browser from caching an ASPX page?

Just call SetNoStore on the HttpCachePolicy object exposed through the Response object's Cache property, as
demonstrated here:
<%@ Page Language="C#" %>
<%
Response.Cache.SetNoStore ();
Response.Write (DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString ());
%>
SetNoStore works by returning a Cache-Control: private, no-store header in the HTTP response. In this
example, it prevents caching of a Web page that shows the current time.
16. What does AspCompat="true" mean and when should I use it?
AspCompat is an aid in migrating ASP pages to ASPX pages. It defaults to false but should be set to true in any
ASPX file that creates apartment-threaded COM objects--that is, COM objects registered
ThreadingModel=Apartment. That includes all COM objects written with Visual Basic 6.0. AspCompat should
also be set to true (regardless of threading model) if the page creates COM objects that access intrinsic ASP
objects such as Request and Response. The following directive sets AspCompat to true:
<%@ Page AspCompat="true" %>
Setting AspCompat to true does two things. First, it makes intrinsic ASP objects available to the COM
components by placing unmanaged wrappers around the equivalent ASP.NET objects. Second, it improves the
performance of calls that the page places to apartment- threaded COM objects by ensuring that the page
(actually, the thread that processes the request for the page) and the COM objects it creates share an
apartment. AspCompat="true" forces ASP.NET request threads into single-threaded apartments (STAs). If
those threads create COM objects marked ThreadingModel=Apartment, then the objects are created in the
same STAs as the threads that created them. Without AspCompat="true," request threads run in a
multithreaded apartment (MTA) and each call to an STA-based COM object incurs a performance hit when it's
marshaled across apartment boundaries.
Do not set AspCompat to true if your page uses no COM objects or if it uses COM objects that don't access ASP
intrinsic objects and that are registered ThreadingModel=Free or ThreadingModel=Both.
17. Can two different programming languages be mixed in a single ASMX file?
No.
18. What namespaces are imported by default in ASMX files?

The following namespaces are imported by default. Other namespaces must be imported manually.· System,
System.Collections,System.ComponentModel,System.Data,
System.Diagnostics,System.Web,System.Web.Services
How do I provide information to the Web Service when the information is required as a SOAP Header?
The key here is the Web Service proxy you created using wsdl.exe or through Visual Studio .NET's Add Web
Reference menu option. If you happen to download a WSDL file for a Web Service that requires a SOAP header,
.NET will create a SoapHeader class in the proxy source file. Using the previous example:
public class Service1 : System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHttpClientProtocol
{
public AuthToken AuthTokenValue;
[System.Xml.Serialization.XmlRootAttribute(Namespace="http://tempuri.org/", IsNullable=false)]
public class AuthToken : SoapHeader { public string Token; }}
In this case, when you create an instance of the proxy in your main application file, you'll also create an
instance of the AuthToken class and assign the string:
Service1 objSvc = new Service1();
processingobjSvc.AuthTokenValue = new AuthToken();
objSvc.AuthTokenValue.Token = <ACTUAL token value>;
Web Servicestring strResult = objSvc.MyBillableWebMethod();
19. What is WSDL?

WSDL is the Web Service Description Language, and it is implemented as a specific XML vocabulary. While it's
very much more complex than what can be described here, there are two important aspects to WSDL with
which you should be aware. First, WSDL provides instructions to consumers of Web Services to describe the
layout and contents of the SOAP packets the Web Service intends to issue. It's an interface description
document, of sorts. And second, it isn't intended that you read and interpret the WSDL. Rather, WSDL should
be processed by machine, typically to generate proxy source code (.NET) or create dynamic proxies on the fly
(the SOAP Toolkit or Web Service Behavior).
20. What is a Windows Service and how does its lifecycle differ from a "standard" EXE?
Windows service is a application that runs in the background. It is equivalent to a NT service.
The executable created is not a Windows application, and hence you can't just click and run it . it needs to be
installed as a service, VB.Net has a facility where we can add an installer to our program and then use a utility
to install the service. Where as this is not the case with standard exe
21. How can a win service developed in .NET be installed or used in Win98?Windows service cannot be
installed on Win9x machines even though the .NET framework runs on machine.
22. Can you debug a Windows Service? How ?

Yes we can debug a Windows Service.
Attach the WinDbg debugger to a service after the service starts
This method is similar to the method that you can use to attach a debugger to a process and then debug a
process.
Use the process ID of the process that hosts the service that you want to debug
1 To determine the process ID (PID) of the process that hosts the service that you want to debug, use one of
the following methods.
• Method 1: Use the Task Manager
a. Right-click the taskbar, and then click Task Manager. The Windows Task Manager dialog box appears.
b. Click the Processes tab of the Windows Task Manager dialog box.
c. Under Image Name, click the image name of the process that hosts the service that you want to debug.
Note the process ID of this process as specified by the value of the corresponding PID field.
• Method 2: Use the Task List Utility (tlist.exe)
a. Click Start, and then click Run. The Run dialog box appears.
b. In the Open box, type cmd, and then click OK.
c. At the command prompt, change the directory path to reflect the location of the tlist.exe file on your
computer.
Note The tlist.exe file is typically located in the following directory: C:\Program Files\Debugging Tools for
Windows
d. At the command prompt, type tlist to list the image names and the process IDs of all processes that are
currently running on your computer.
Note Make a note of the process ID of the process that hosts the service that you want to debug.
2 At a command prompt, change the directory path to reflect the location of the windbg.exe file on your
computer.
Note If a command prompt is not open, follow steps a and b of Method 1. The windbg.exe file is typically
located in the following directory: C:\Program Files\Debugging Tools for Windows.
3 At the command prompt, type windbg –p ProcessID to attach the WinDbg debugger to the process that hosts
the service that you want to debug.
Note ProcessID is a placeholder for the process ID of the process that hosts the service that you want to
debug.
Use the image name of the process that hosts the service that you want to debug
You can use this method only if there is exactly one running instance of the process that hosts the service that
you want to run. To do this, follow these steps:
1 Click Start, and then click Run. The Run dialog box appears.
2 In the Open box, type cmd, and then click OK to open a command prompt.
3 At the command prompt, change the directory path to reflect the location of the windbg.exe file on your
computer.
Note The windbg.exe file is typically located in the following directory: C:\Program Files\Debugging Tools for
Windows.
4 At the command prompt, type windbg –pn ImageName to attach the WinDbg debugger to the process that
hosts the service that you want to debug.
NoteImageName is a placeholder for the image name of the process that hosts the service that you want to
debug. The "-pn" command-line option specifies that the ImageName command-line argument is the image
name of a process.
back to the top
Start the WinDbg debugger and attach to the process that hosts the service that you want to debug
1 Start Windows Explorer.

2 Locate the windbg.exe file on your computer.
Note The windbg.exe file is typically located in the following directory: C:\Program Files\Debugging Tools for
Windows
3 Run the windbg.exe file to start the WinDbg debugger.
4 On the File menu, click Attach to a Process to display the Attach to Process dialog box.
5 Click to select the node that corresponds to the process that hosts the service that you want to debug, and
then click OK.
6 In the dialog box that appears, click Yes to save base workspace information. Notice that you can now debug
the disassembled code of your service.
Configure a service to start with the WinDbg debugger attached
You can use this method to debug services if you want to troubleshoot service-startup-related problems.
1 Configure the "Image File Execution" options. To do this, use one of the following methods:
• Method 1: Use the Global Flags Editor (gflags.exe)
a. Start Windows Explorer.
b. Locate the gflags.exe file on your computer.
Note The gflags.exe file is typically located in the following directory: C:\Program Files\Debugging Tools for
Windows.
c. Run the gflags.exe file to start the Global Flags Editor.
d. In the Image File Name text box, type the image name of the process that hosts the service that you want
to debug. For example, if you want to debug a service that is hosted by a process that has MyService.exe as
the image name, type MyService.exe.
e. Under Destination, click to select the Image File Options option.
f. Under Image Debugger Options, click to select the Debugger check box.
g. In the Debugger text box, type the full path of the debugger that you want to use. For example, if you
want to use the WinDbg debugger to debug a service, you can type a full path that is similar to the following:
C:\Program Files\Debugging Tools for Windows\windbg.exe
h. Click Apply, and then click OK to quit the Global Flags Editor.
• Method 2: Use Registry Editor
a. Click Start, and then click Run. The Run dialog box appears.
b. In the Open box, type regedit, and then click OK to start Registry Editor.
c. Warning If you use Registry Editor incorrectly, you may cause serious problems that may require you to
reinstall your operating system. Microsoft cannot guarantee that you can solve problems that result from using
Registry Editor incorrectly. Use Registry Editor at your own risk.
In Registry Editor, locate, and then right-click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options
d. Point to New, and then click Key. In the left pane of Registry Editor, notice that New Key #1 (the name of a
new registry subkey) is selected for editing.
e. Type ImageName to replace New Key #1, and then press ENTER.
Note ImageName is a placeholder for the image name of the process that hosts the service that you want to
debug. For example, if you want to debug a service that is hosted by a process that has MyService.exe as the
image name, type MyService.exe.
f. Right-click the registry subkey that you created in step e.
g. Point to New, and then click String Value. In the right pane of Registry Editor, notice that New Value #1,
the name of a new registry entry, is selected for editing.
h. Replace New Value #1 with Debugger, and then press ENTER.
i. Right-click the Debugger registry entry that you created in step h, and then click Modify. The Edit String
dialog box appears.
j. In the Value data text box, type DebuggerPath, and then click OK.
Note DebuggerPath is a placeholder for the full path of the debugger that you want to use. For example, if
you want to use the WinDbg debugger to debug a service, you can type a full path that is similar to the
following: C:\Program Files\Debugging Tools for Windows\windbg.exe
2 For the debugger window to appear on your desktop, and to interact with the debugger, make your service
interactive. If you do not make your service interactive, the debugger will start but you cannot see it and you
cannot issue commands. To make your service interactive, use one of the following methods:
• Method 1: Use the Services console
a. Click Start, and then point to Programs.
b. On the Programs menu, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Services. The Services console
appears.
c. In the right pane of the Services console, right-click ServiceName, and then click Properties.
Note ServiceName is a placeholder for the name of the service that you want to debug.
d. On the Log On tab, click to select the Allow service to interact with desktop check box under Local System
account, and then click OK.
• Method 2: Use Registry Editor
a. In Registry Editor, locate, and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\ServiceName
Note Replace ServiceName with the name of the service that you want to debug. For example, if you want to
debug a service named MyService, locate and then click the following registry key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\MyService
b. Under the Name field in the right pane of Registry Editor, right-click Type, and then click Modify. The Edit
DWORD Value dialog box appears.
c. Change the text in the Value data text box to the result of the binary OR operation with the binary value of
the current text and the binary value, 0x00000100, as the two operands. The binary value, 0x00000100,
corresponds to the SERVICE_INTERACTIVE_PROCESS constant that is defined in the WinNT.h header file on
your computer. This constant specifies that a service is interactive in nature.
3 When a service starts, the service communicates to the Service Control Manager how long the service must
have to start (the time-out period for the service). If the Service Control Manager does not receive a "service
started" notice from the service within this time-out period, the Service Control Manager terminates the
process that hosts the service. This time-out period is typically less than 30 seconds. If you do not adjust this
time-out period, the Service Control Manager ends the process and the attached debugger while you are trying
to debug. To adjust this time-out period, follow these steps:
a. In Registry Editor, locate, and then right-click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control
b. Point to New, and then click DWORD Value. In the right pane of Registry Editor, notice that New Value #1
(the name of a new registry entry) is selected for editing.
c. Type ServicesPipeTimeout to replace New Value #1, and then press ENTER.
d. Right-click the ServicesPipeTimeout registry entry that you created in step c, and then click Modify. The Edit
DWORD Value dialog box appears.
e. In the Value data text box, type TimeoutPeriod, and then click OK
Note TimeoutPeriod is a placeholder for the value of the time-out period (in milliseconds) that you want to set
for the service. For example, if you want to set the time-out period to 24 hours (86400000 milliseconds), type
86400000.
f. Restart the computer. You must restart the computer for Service Control Manager to apply this change.
4 Start your Windows service. To do this, follow these steps:
a. Click Start, and then point to Programs.
b. On the Programs menu, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Services. The Services console
appears.
c. In the right pane of the Services console, right-click ServiceName, and then click Start.
Note ServiceName is a placeholder for the name of the service that you want to debug.
C# Interview Questions
01. Does C# support multiple-inheritance?

Ans : No.
02. Who is a protected class-level variable available to?

Ans : It is available to any sub-class (a class inheriting this class).
03. Are private class-level variables inherited?

Ans : Yes, but they are not accessible. Although they are not visible or accessible via the class interface, they
are inherited.
04. Describe the accessibility modifier “protected internal”.

Ans : It is available to classes that are within the same assembly and derived from the specified base class.
05. What’s the top .NET class that everything is derived from?
Ans : System.Object.
06. What does the term immutable mean?

Ans : The data value may not be changed. Note: The variable value may be changed, but the original
immutable data value was discarded and a new data value was created in memory.
07. What’s the difference between System.String and System.Text.StringBuilder classes?

Ans : System.String is immutable. System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of having a mutable
string where a variety of operations can be performed.
08. What’s the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over System.String?

Ans : StringBuilder is more efficient in cases where there is a large amount of string manipulation. Strings are
immutable, so each time a string is changed, a new instance in memory is created.
09. Can you store multiple data types in System.Array?

Ans : No.
10. What’s the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and System.Array.Clone()?

Ans : The Clone() method returns a new array (a shallow copy) object containing all the elements in the
original array. The CopyTo() method copies the elements into another existing array. Both perform a shallow
copy. A shallow copy means the contents (each array element) contains references to the same object as the
elements in the original array. A deep copy (which neither of these methods performs) would create a new
instance of each element's object, resulting in a different, yet identacle object.
11. How can you sort the elements of the array in descending order?
Ans : By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods.
12. What’s the .NET collection class that allows an element to be accessed using a unique key?
Ans : HashTable.
13. What class is underneath the SortedList class?

Ans : A sorted HashTable.
14. Will the finally block get executed if an exception has not occurred?
Ans : Yes.
15. What’s the C# syntax to catch any possible exception?

Ans : A catch block that catches the exception of type System.Exception. You can also omit the parameter
data type in this case and just write catch {}.
16. Can multiple catch blocks be executed for a single try statement?
Ans : No. Once the proper catch block processed, control is transferred to the finally block (if there are any).
17. Explain the three services model commonly know as a three-tier application.
Ans : Presentation (UI), Business (logic and underlying code) and Data (from storage or other sources).
Class Questions:
01. What is the syntax to inherit from a class in C#?

Ans : Place a colon and then the name of the base class.
Example: class MyNewClass : MyBaseClass
02. Can you prevent your class from being inherited by another class?
Ans : Yes. The keyword “sealed” will prevent the class from being inherited.
03. Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent the method from being over-ridden?
Ans : Yes. Just leave the class public and make the method sealed.
04. What’s an abstract class?

Ans : A class that cannot be instantiated. An abstract class is a class that must be inherited and have the
methods overridden. An abstract class is essentially a blueprint for a class without any implementation.
05. When do you absolutely have to declare a class as abstract?

1. When the class itself is inherited from an abstract class, but not all base abstract methods have been
overridden.
2. When at least one of the methods in the class is abstract.
06. What is an interface class?

Ans : Interfaces, like classes, define a set of properties, methods, and events. But unlike classes, interfaces do
not provide implementation. They are implemented by classes, and defined as separate entities from classes.
07. Why can’t you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface?
Ans : They all must be public, and are therefore public by default.
08. Can you inherit multiple interfaces?

Ans : Yes. .NET does support multiple interfaces.
09. What happens if you inherit multiple interfaces and they have conflicting method names?
Ans : It’s up to you to implement the method inside your own class, so implementation is left entirely up to
you. This might cause a problem on a higher-level scale if similarly named methods from different interfaces
expect different data, but as far as compiler cares you’re okay.
To Do: Investigate
10. What’s the difference between an interface and abstract class?

Ans : In an interface class, all methods are abstract - there is no implementation. In an abstract class some
methods can be concrete. In an interface class, no accessibility modifiers are allowed. An abstract class may
have accessibility modifiers.
11. What is the difference between a Struct and a Class?

Structs are value-type variables and are thus saved on the stack, additional overhead but faster retrieval.
Another difference is that structs cannot inherit.
Method and Property Questions:
01. What’s the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into the set method/property of a class?
Ans : Value. The data type of the value parameter is defined by whatever data type the property is declared
as.
02. What does the keyword “virtual” declare for a method or property?
Ans : The method or property can be overridden.
03. How is method overriding different from method overloading?

Ans : When overriding a method, you change the behavior of the method for the derived class. Overloading a
method simply involves having another method with the same name within the class.
04. Can you declare an override method to be static if the original method is not static?
Ans : No. The signature of the virtual method must remain the same. (Note: Only the keyword virtual is
changed to keyword override)
05. What are the different ways a method can be overloaded?

Ans : Different parameter data types, different number of parameters, different order of parameters.
06. If a base class has a number of overloaded constructors, and an inheriting class has a number of
overloaded constructors; can you enforce a call from an inherited constructor to a specific base constructor?
Ans : Yes, just place a colon, and then keyword base (parameter list to invoke the appropriate constructor) in
the overloaded constructor definition inside the inherited class.
Events and Delegates:
01. What’s a delegate?

Ans : A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method.
02. What’s a multicast delegate?
Ans : A delegate that has multiple handlers assigned to it. Each assigned handler (method) is called.
XML Documentation Questions:
01. Is XML case-sensitive?

Ans : Yes.
02. What’s the difference between // comments, /* */ comments and /// comments?
Ans : Single-line comments, multi-line comments, and XML documentation comments.
03. How do you generate documentation from the C# file commented properly with a command-line compiler?
Ans : Compile it with the /doc switch.
Debugging and Testing Questions:
01. What debugging tools come with the .NET SDK?

Ans : 1. CorDBG – command-line debugger. To use CorDbg, you must compile the original C# file using the
/debug switch.
2. DbgCLR – graphic debugger. Visual Studio .NET uses the DbgCLR.
02. What does assert() method do?

Ans : In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter, and shows the error dialog if
the condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true.
03. What’s the difference between the Debug class and Trace class?
Ans : Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use Trace class for both debug and
release builds.
04. Why are there five tracing levels in System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher?

Ans : The tracing dumps can be quite verbose. For applications that are constantly running you run the risk of
overloading the machine and the hard drive. Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing you to fine-tune
the tracing activities.
05. Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected?

Ans : To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor.
06. How do you debug an ASP.NET Web application?

Ans : Attach the aspnet_wp.exe process to the DbgClr debugger.
07. What are three test cases you should go through in unit testing?
Ans : 1. Positive test cases (correct data, correct output).
2.Negative test cases (broken or missing data, proper handling).
3. Exception test cases (exceptions are thrown and caught properly).
08. Can you change the value of a variable while debugging a C# application?
Ans : Yes. If you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window.
ADO.NET and Database Questions:
01. What is the role of the DataReader class in ADO.NET connections?

Ans : It returns a read-only, forward-only rowset from the data source. A DataReader provides fast access
when a forward-only sequential read is needed.
02. What are advantages and disadvantages of Microsoft-provided data provider classes in ADO.NET?
Ans : SQLServer.NET data provider is high-speed and robust, but requires SQL Server license purchased from
Microsoft. OLE-DB.NET is universal for accessing other sources, like Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access and
Informix. OLE-DB.NET is a .NET layer on top of the OLE layer, so it’s not as fastest and efficient as
SqlServer.NET.
03. What is the wildcard character in SQL?

Ans : Let’s say you want to query database with LIKE for all employees whose name starts with La. The
wildcard character is %, the proper query with LIKE would involve ‘La%’.
04. Explain ACID rule of thumb for transactions.

Ans : A transaction must be:
1. Atomic - it is one unit of work and does not dependent on previous and following transactions.
2. Consistent - data is either committed or roll back, no “in-between” case where something has been
updated and something hasn’t.
3. Isolated - no transaction sees the intermediate results of the current transaction).
4. Durable - the values persist if the data had been committed even if the system crashes right after.
05. What connections does Microsoft SQL Server support?

Ans : Windows Authentication (via Active Directory) and SQL Server authentication (via Microsoft SQL Server
username and password).
06. Between Windows Authentication and SQL Server Authentication, which one is trusted and which one is
untrusted?
Ans : Windows Authentication is trusted because the username and password are checked with the Active
Directory, the SQL Server authentication is untrusted, since SQL Server is the only verifier participating in the
transaction.
07. What does the Initial Catalog parameter define in the connection string?
Ans : The database name to connect to.
08. What does the Dispose method do with the connection object?
Ans : Deletes it from the memory.
To Do: answer better. The current answer is not entirely correct.
09. What is a pre-requisite for connection pooling?

Ans : Multiple processes must agree that they will share the same connection, where every parameter is the
same, including the security settings. The connection string must be identical.
10. Explain what a diffgram is and its usage ? A DiffGram is an XML format that is used to identify current and
original versions of data elements. The DataSet uses the DiffGram format to load and persist its contents, and
to serialize its contents for transport across a network connection. When a DataSet is written as a DiffGram, it
populates the DiffGram with all the necessary information to accurately recreate the contents, though not the
schema, of the DataSet, including column values from both the Original and Current row versions, row error
information, and row order.
When sending and retrieving a DataSet from an XML Web service, the DiffGram format is implicitly used.
Additionally, when loading the contents of a DataSet from XML using the ReadXml method, or when writing the
contents of a DataSet in XML using the WriteXml method, you can select that the contents be read or written
as a DiffGram.
The DiffGram format is divided into three sections: the current data, the original (or "before") data, and an
errors section, as shown in the following example.
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<diffgr:diffgram
xmlns:msdata="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xml-msdata"
xmlns:diffgr="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xml-diffgram-v1"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<DataInstance>
</DataInstance>
<diffgr:before>
</diffgr:before>
<diffgr:errors>
</diffgr:errors>
</diffgr:diffgram>
The DiffGram format consists of the following blocks of data:
<DataInstance>
The name of this element, DataInstance, is used for explanation purposes in this documentation. A
DataInstance element represents a DataSet or a row of a DataTable. Instead of DataInstance, the element
would contain the name of the DataSet or DataTable. This block of the DiffGram format contains the current
data, whether it has been modified or not. An element, or row, that has been modified is identified with the
diffgr:hasChanges annotation.
<diffgr:before>
This block of the DiffGram format contains the original version of a row. Elements in this block are matched to
elements in the DataInstance block using the diffgr:id annotation.
<diffgr:errors>
This block of the DiffGram format contains error information for a particular row in the DataInstance block.
Elements in this block are matched to elements in the DataInstance block using the diffgr:id annotation.
Which method do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your generated dataset with data? You have
to use the Fill method of the DataAdapter control and pass the dataset object as an argument to load the
generated data.
11. Can you edit data in the Repeater control?

NO.
12. Which are the different IsolationLevels ?

Following are the various IsolationLevels:
• Serialized Data read by a current transaction cannot be changed by another transaction until the
current transaction finishes. No new data can be inserted that would affect the current transaction.
This is the safest isolation level and is the default.
• Repeatable Read Data read by a current transaction cannot be changed by another transaction until
the current transaction finishes. Any type of new data can be inserted during a transaction.
• Read Committed A transaction cannot read data that is being modified by another transaction that
has not committed. This is the default isolation level in Microsoft® SQL Server.
• Read Uncommitted A transaction can read any data, even if it is being modified by another
transaction. This is the least safe isolation level but allows the highest concurrency.
• Any Any isolation level is supported. This setting is most commonly used by downstream
components to avoid conflicts. This setting is useful because any downstream component must be
configured with an isolation level that is equal to or less than the isolation level of its immediate
upstream component. Therefore, a downstream component that has its isolation level configured as
Any always uses the same isolation level that its immediate upstream component uses. If the root
object in a transaction has its isolation level configured to Any, its isolation level becomes Serialized.
13. How xml files and be read and write using dataset?.
DataSet exposes method like ReadXml and WriteXml to read and write xml
14. What are the different rowversions available?

There are four types of Rowversions.
Current:
The current values for the row. This row version does not exist for rows with a RowState of Deleted.
Default : The row the default version for the current DataRowState. For a DataRowState value of Added,
Modified or Current, the default version is Current. For a DataRowState of Deleted, the version is Original. For
a DataRowState value of Detached, the version is Proposed.
Original:
The row contains its original values.
Proposed:
The proposed values for the row. This row version exists during an edit operation on a row, or for a row that is
not part of a DataRowCollection
15. Explain acid properties?. The term ACID conveys the role transactions play in mission-critical applications.
Coined by transaction processing pioneers, ACID stands for atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability.
These properties ensure predictable behavior, reinforcing the role of transactions as all-or-none propositions
designed to reduce the management load when there are many variables.
Atomicity
A transaction is a unit of work in which a series of operations occur between the BEGIN TRANSACTION and
END TRANSACTION statements of an application. A transaction executes exactly once and is atomic — all the
work is done or none of it is.
Operations associated with a transaction usually share a common intent and are interdependent. By
performing only a subset of these operations, the system could compromise the overall intent of the
transaction. Atomicity eliminates the chance of processing a subset of operations.
Consistency
A transaction is a unit of integrity because it preserves the consistency of data, transforming one consistent
state of data into another consistent state of data.
Consistency requires that data bound by a transaction be semantically preserved. Some of the responsibility
for maintaining consistency falls to the application developer who must make sure that all known integrity
constraints are enforced by the application. For example, in developing an application that transfers money,
you should avoid arbitrarily moving decimal points during the transfer.
Isolation
A transaction is a unit of isolation — allowing concurrent transactions to behave as though each were the only
transaction running in the system.
Isolation requires that each transaction appear to be the only transaction manipulating the data store, even
though other transactions may be running at the same time. A transaction should never see the intermediate
stages of another transaction.
Transactions attain the highest level of isolation when they are serializable. At this level, the results obtained
from a set of concurrent transactions are identical to the results obtained by running each transaction serially.
Because a high degree of isolation can limit the number of concurrent transactions, some applications reduce
the isolation level in exchange for better throughput.
Durability
A transaction is also a unit of recovery. If a transaction succeeds, the system guarantees that its updates will
persist, even if the computer crashes immediately after the commit. Specialized logging allows the system's
restart procedure to complete unfinished operations, making the transaction durable.
16. Whate are different types of Commands available with DataAdapter ?

The SqlDataAdapter has SelectCommand, InsertCommand, DeleteCommand and UpdateCommand
17. What is a Dataset? Datasets are the result of bringing together ADO and XML. A dataset contains one or
more data of tabular XML, known as DataTables, these data can be treated separately, or can have
relationships defined between them. Indeed these relationships give you ADO data SHAPING without needing
to master the SHAPE language, which many people are not comfortable with.
The dataset is a disconnected in-memory cache database. The dataset object model looks like this:
Dataset
DataTableCollection
DataTable
DataView
DataRowCollection
DataRow
DataColumnCollection
DataColumn
ChildRelations
ParentRelations
Constraints
PrimaryKey
DataRelationCollection
Let’s take a look at each of these:
DataTableCollection: As we say that a DataSet is an in-memory database. So it has this collection, which holds
data from multiple tables in a single DataSet object.
DataTable: In the DataTableCollection, we have DataTable objects, which represents the individual tables of the
dataset.
DataView: The way we have views in database, same way we can have DataViews. We can use these
DataViews to do Sort, filter data.
DataRowCollection: Similar to DataTableCollection, to represent each row in each Table we have

DataRowCollection.
DataRow: To represent each and every row of the DataRowCollection, we have DataRows.
DataColumnCollection: Similar to DataTableCollection, to represent each column in each Table we have

DataColumnCollection.
DataColumn: To represent each and every Column of the DataColumnCollection, we have DataColumn.
PrimaryKey: Dataset defines Primary key for the table and the primary key validation will take place without
going to the database.
Constraints: We can define various constraints on the Tables, and can use
Dataset.Tables(0).enforceConstraints. This will execute all the constraints, whenever we enter data in
DataTable.
DataRelationCollection: as we know that we can have more than 1 table in the dataset, we can also define
relationship between these tables using this collection and maintain a parent-child relationship.
18. Explain the ADO . Net Architecture ( .Net Data Provider)

ADO.Net is the data access model for .Net –based applications. It can be used to access relational database
systems such as SQL SERVER 2000, Oracle, and many other data sources for which there is an OLD DB or
ODBC provider. To a certain extent, ADO.NET represents the latest evolution of ADO technology. However,
ADO.NET introduces some major changes and innovations that are aimed at the loosely coupled and inherently
disconnected – nature of web applications.
A .Net Framework data provider is used to connecting to a database, executing commands, and retrieving
results. Those results are either processed directly, or placed in an ADO.NET DataSet in order to be exposed to
the user in an ad-hoc manner, combined with data from multiple sources, or remoted between tiers. The .NET
Framework data provider is designed to be lightweight, creating a minimal layer between the data source and
your code, increasing performance without sacrificing functionality.
Following are the 4 core objects of .Net Framework Data provider:
• Connection: Establishes a connection to a specific data source

• Command: Executes a command against a data source. Exposes Parameters and can execute within
the scope of a Transaction from a Connection.
• DataReader: Reads a forward-only, read-only stream of data from a data source.
• DataAdapter: Populates a DataSet and resolves updates with the data source.
The .NET Framework includes the .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server (for Microsoft SQL Server
version 7.0 or later), the .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB, and the .NET Framework Data Provider
for ODBC.
The .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server: The .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server uses
its own protocol to communicate with SQL Server. It is lightweight and performs well because it is optimized to
access a SQL Server directly without adding an OLE DB or Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) layer. The
following illustration contrasts the .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server with the .NET Framework
Data Provider for OLE DB. The .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB communicates to an OLE DB data
source through both the OLE DB Service component, which provides connection pooling and transaction
services, and the OLE DB Provider for the data source
The .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB: The .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB uses native
OLE DB through COM interoperability to enable data access. The .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB
supports both local and distributed transactions. For distributed transactions, the .NET Framework Data
Provider for OLE DB, by default, automatically enlists in a transaction and obtains transaction details from
Windows 2000 Component Services.
The .NET Framework Data Provider for ODBC: The .NET Framework Data Provider for ODBC uses native ODBC
Driver Manager (DM) through COM interoperability to enable data access. The ODBC data provider supports
both local and distributed transactions. For distributed transactions, the ODBC da
ta provider, by default, automatically enlists in a transaction and obtains transaction details from Windows
2000 Component Services.
The .NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle: The .NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle enables data
access to Oracle data sources through Oracle client connectivity software. The data provider supports Oracle
client software version 8.1.7 and later. The data provider supports both local and distributed transactions (the
data provider automatically enlists in existing distributed transactions, but does not currently support the
EnlistDistributedTransaction method).
The .NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle requires that Oracle client software (version 8.1.7 or later) be
installed on the system before you can use it to connect to an Oracle data source.
.NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle classes are located in the System.Data.OracleClient namespace and
are contained in the System.Data.OracleClient.dll assembly. You will need to reference both the
System.Data.dll and the System.Data.OracleClient.dll when compiling an application that uses the data
provider.
Choosing a .NET Framework Data Provider
.NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server: Recommended for middle-tier applications using Microsoft SQL
Server 7.0 or later. Recommended for single-tier applications using Microsoft Data Engine (MSDE) or Microsoft
SQL Server 7.0 or later.
Recommended over use of the OLE DB Provider for SQL Server (SQLOLEDB) with the .NET Framework Data
Provider for OLE DB. For Microsoft SQL Server version 6.5 and earlier, you must use the OLE DB Provider for
SQL Server with the .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB.
.NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB: Recommended for middle-tier applications using Microsoft SQL
Server 6.5 or earlier, or any OLE DB provider. For Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 or later, the .NET Framework Data
Provider for SQL Server is recommended. Recommended for single-tier applications using Microsoft Access
databases. Use of a Microsoft Access database for a middle-tier application is not recommended.
.NET Framework Data Provider for ODBC: Recommended for middle-tier applications using ODBC data sources.
Recommended for single-tier applications using ODBC data sources.
.NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle: Recommended for middle-tier applications using Oracle data
sources. Recommended for single-tier applications using Oracle data sources. Supports Oracle client software
version 8.1.7 and later. The .NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle classes are located in the
System.Data.OracleClient namespace and are contained in the System.Data.OracleClient.dll assembly. You
need to reference both the System.Data.dll and the System.Data.OracleClient.dll when compiling an
application that uses the data provider.
19. Can you explain the difference between an ADO.NET Dataset and an ADO Recordset? Let’s take a look at
the differences between ADO Recordset and ADO.Net DataSet:
1. Table Collection: ADO Recordset provides the ability to navigate through a single table of information. That
table would have been formed with a join of multiple tables and returning columns from multiple tables.
ADO.NET DataSet is capable of holding instances of multiple tables. It has got a Table Collection, which holds
multiple tables in it. If the tables are having a relation, then it can be manipulated on a Parent-Child
relationship. It has the ability to support multiple tables with keys, constraints and interconnected
relationships. With this ability the DataSet can be considered as a small, in-memory relational database cache.
2. Navigation: Navigation in ADO Recordset is based on the cursor mode. Even though it is specified to be a
client-side Recordset, still the navigation pointer will move from one location to another on cursor model only.
ADO.NET DataSet is an entirely offline, in-memory, and cache of data. All of its data is available all the time. At
any time, we can retrieve any row or column, constraints or relation simply by accessing it either ordinarily or
by retrieving it from a name-based collection.
3. Connectivity Model: The ADO Recordset was originally designed without the ability to operate in a
disconnected environment. ADO.NET DataSet is specifically designed to be a disconnected in-memory
database. ADO.NET DataSet follows a pure disconnected connectivity model and this gives it much more
scalability and versatility in the amount of things it can do and how easily it can do that.
4. Marshalling and Serialization: In COM, through Marshalling, we can pass data from 1 COM component to
another component at any time. Marshalling involves copying and processing data so that a complex type can
appear to the receiving component the same as it appeared to the sending component. Marshalling is an
expensive operation. ADO.NET Dataset and DataTable components support Remoting in the form of XML
serialization. Rather than doing expensive Marshalling, it uses XML and sent data across boundaries.
5. Firewalls and DCOM and Remoting: Those who have worked with DCOM know that how difficult it is to
marshal a DCOM component across a router. People generally came up with workarounds to solve this issue.
ADO.NET DataSet uses Remoting, through which a DataSet / DataTable component can be serialized into XML,
sent across the wire to a new AppDomain, and then Desterilized back to a fully functional DataSet. As the
DataSet is completely disconnected, and it has no dependency, we lose absolutely nothing by serializing and
transferring it through Remoting.
20. How do you handle data concurrency in .NET ? One of the key features of the ADO.NET DataSet is that it
can be a self-contained and disconnected data store. It can contain the schema and data from several rowsets
in DataTable objects as well as information about how to relate the DataTable objects-all in memory. The
DataSet neither knows nor cares where the data came from, nor does it need a link to an underlying data
source. Because it is data source agnostic you can pass the DataSet around networks or even serialize it to
XML and pass it across the Internet without losing any of its features. However, in a disconnected model,
concurrency obviously becomes a much bigger problem than it is in a connected model.
In this column, I'll explore how ADO.NET is equipped to detect and handle concurrency violations. I'll begin by
discussing scenarios in which concurrency violations can occur using the ADO.NET disconnected model. Then I
will walk through an ASP.NET application that handles concurrency violations by giving the user the choice to
overwrite the changes or to refresh the out-of-sync data and begin editing again. Because part of managing an
optimistic concurrency model can involve keeping a timestamp (rowversion) or another type of flag that
indicates when a row was last updated, I will show how to implement this type of flag and how to maintain its
value after each database update.
Is Your Glass Half Full?

There are three common techniques for managing what happens when users try to modify the same data at
the same time: pessimistic, optimistic, and last-in wins. They each handle concurrency issues differently.
The pessimistic approach says: "Nobody can cause a concurrency violation with my data if I do not let them
get at the data while I have it." This tactic prevents concurrency in the first place but it limits scalability
because it prevents all concurrent access. Pessimistic concurrency generally locks a row from the time it is
retrieved until the time updates are flushed to the database. Since this requires a connection to remain open
during the entire process, pessimistic concurrency cannot successfully be implemented in a disconnected
model like the ADO.NET DataSet, which opens a connection only long enough to populate the DataSet then
releases and closes, so a database lock cannot be held.
Another technique for dealing with concurrency is the last-in wins approach. This model is pretty
straightforward and easy to implement-whatever data modification was made last is what gets written to the
database. To implement this technique you only need to put the primary key fields of the row in the UPDATE
statement's WHERE clause. No matter what is changed, the UPDATE statement will overwrite the changes with
its own changes since all it is looking for is the row that matches the primary key values. Unlike the pessimistic
model, the last-in wins approach allows users to read the data while it is being edited on screen. However,
problems can occur when users try to modify the same data at the same time because users can overwrite
each other's changes without being notified of the collision. The last-in wins approach does not detect or notify
the user of violations because it does not care. However the optimistic technique does detect violations.
In optimistic concurrency models, a row is only locked during the update to the database. Therefore the data
can be retrieved and updated by other users at any time other than during the actual row update operation.
Optimistic concurrency allows the data to be read simultaneously by multiple users and blocks other users less
often than its pessimistic counterpart, making it a good choice for ADO.NET. In optimistic models, it is
important to implement some type of concurrency violation detection that will catch any additional attempt to
modify records that have already been modified but not committed. You can write your code to handle the
violation by always rejecting and canceling the change request or by overwriting the request based on some
business rules. Another way to handle the concurrency violation is to let the user decide what to do. The
sample application that is shown in Figure 1 illustrates some of the options that can be presented to the user
in the event of a concurrency violation.
Where Did My Changes Go?
When users are likely to overwrite each other's changes, control mechanisms should be put in place.
Otherwise, changes could be lost. If the technique you're using is the last-in wins approach, then these types
of overwrites are entirely possible.For example, imagine Julie wants to edit an employee's last name to correct
the spelling. She navigates to a screen which loads the employee's information into a DataSet and has it
presented to her in a Web page. Meanwhile, Scott is notified that the same employee's phone extension has
changed. While Julie is correcting the employee's last name, Scott begins to correct his extension. Julie saves
her changes first and then Scott saves his.Assuming that the application uses the last-in wins approach and
updates the row using a SQL WHERE clause containing only the primary key's value, and assuming a change to
one column requires the entire row to be updated, neither Julie nor Scott may immediatelyrealize the
concurrency issue that just occurred. In this particular situation, Julie's changes were overwritten by Scott's
changes because he saved last, and the last name reverted to the misspelled version.
So as you can see, even though the users changed different fields, their changes collided and caused Julie's
changes to be lost. Without some sort of concurrency detection and handling, these types of overwrites can
occur and even go unnoticed.When you run the sample application included in this column's download, you
should open two separate instances of Microsoft® Internet Explorer. When I generated the conflict, I opened
two instances to simulate two users with two separate sessions so that a concurrency violation would occur in
the sample application. When you do this, be careful not to use Ctrl+N because if you open one instance and
then use the Ctrl+N technique to open another instance, both windows will share the same session.
Detecting Violations
The concurrency violation reported to the user in Figure 1 demonstrates what can happen when multiple users
edit the same data at the same time. In Figure 1, the user attempted to modify the first name to "Joe" but
since someone else had already modified the last name to "Fuller III," a concurrency violation was detected
and reported. ADO.NET detects a concurrency violation when a DataSet containing changed values is passed to
a SqlDataAdapter's Update method and no rows are actually modified. Simply using the primary key (in this
case the EmployeeID) in the UPDATE statement's WHERE clause will not cause a violation to be detected
because it still updates the row (in fact, this technique has the same outcome as the last-in wins technique).
Instead, more conditions must be specified in the WHERE clause in order for ADO.NET to detect the violation.
The key here is to make the WHERE clause explicit enough so that it not only checks the primary key but that
it also checks for another appropriate condition. One way to accomplish this is to pass in all modifiable fields to
the WHERE clause in addition to the primary key. For example, the application shown in Figure 1 could have its
UPDATE statement look like the stored procedure that's shown in Figure 2.
Notice that in the code in Figure 2 nullable columns are also checked to see if the value passed in is NULL. This
technique is not only messy but it can be difficult to maintain by hand and it requires you to test for a
significant number of WHERE conditions just to update a row. This yields the desired result of only updating
rows where none of the values have changed since the last time the user got the data, but there are other
techniques that do not require such a huge WHERE clause.
Another way to make sure that the row is only updated if it has not been modified by another user since you
got the data is to add a timestamp column to the table. The SQL Server(tm) TIMESTAMP datatype
automatically updates itself with a new value every time a value in its row is modified. This makes it a very
simple and convenient tool to help detect concurrency violations.
A third technique is to use a DATETIME column in which to track changes to its row. In my sample application I
added a column called LastUpdateDateTime to the Employees table.
ALTER TABLE Employees ADD LastUpdateDateTime DATETIME
There I update the value of the LastUpdateDateTime field automatically in the UPDATE stored procedure using
the built-in SQL Server GETDATE function.
The binary TIMESTAMP column is simple to create and use since it automatically regenerates its value each
time its row is modified, but since the DATETIME column technique is easier to display on screen and
demonstrate when the change was made, I chose it for my sample application. Both of these are solid choices,
but I prefer the TIMESTAMP technique since it does not involve any additional code to update its value.
Retrieving Row Flags
One of the keys to implementing concurrency controls is to update the timestamp or datetime field's value
back into the DataSet. If the same user wants to make more modifications, this updated value is reflected in
the DataSet so it can be used again. There are a few different ways to do this. The fastest is using output
parameters within the stored procedure. (This should only return if @@ROWCOUNT equals 1.) The next fastest
involves selecting the row again after the UPDATE within the stored procedure. The slowest involves selecting
the row from another SQL statement or stored procedure from the SqlDataAdapter's RowUpdated event.
I prefer to use the output parameter technique since it is the fastest and incurs the least overhead. Using the
RowUpdated event works well, but it requires me to make a second call from the application to the database.
The following code snippet adds an output parameter to the SqlCommand object that is used to update the
Employee information:
oUpdCmd.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@NewLastUpdateDateTime",
SqlDbType.DateTime, 8, ParameterDirection.Output,
false, 0, 0, "LastUpdateDateTime", DataRowVersion.Current, null));
oUpdCmd.UpdatedRowSource = UpdateRowSource.OutputParameters;
The output parameter has its sourcecolumn and sourceversion arguments set to point the output parameter's
return value back to the current value of the LastUpdateDateTime column of the DataSet. This way the
updated DATETIME value is retrieved and can be returned to the user's .aspx page.
Saving Changes
Now that the Employees table has the tracking field (LastUpdateDateTime) and the stored procedure has been
created to use both the primary key and the tracking field in the WHERE clause of the UPDATE statement, let's
take a look at the role of ADO.NET. In order to trap the event when the user changes the values in the
textboxes, I created an event handler for the TextChanged event for each TextBox control:
private void txtLastName_TextChanged(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
// Get the employee DataRow (there is only 1 row, otherwise I could
// do a Find)
dsEmployee.EmployeeRow oEmpRow =
(dsEmployee.EmployeeRow)oDsEmployee.Employee.Rows[0];
oEmpRow.LastName = txtLastName.Text;
// Save changes back to Session
Session["oDsEmployee"] = oDsEmployee;
This event retrieves the row and sets the appropriate field's value from the TextBox. (Another way of getting
the changed values is to grab them when the user clicks the Save button.) Each TextChanged event executes
after the Page_Load event fires on a postback, so assuming the user changed the first and last names, when
the user clicks the Save button, the events could fire in this order: Page_Load, txtFirstName_TextChanged,
txtLastName_TextChanged, and btnSave_Click.
The Page_Load event grabs the row from the DataSet in the Session object; the TextChanged events update
the DataRow with the new values; and the btnSave_Click event attempts to save the record to the database.
The btnSave_Click event calls the SaveEmployee method (shown in Figure 3) and passes it a bLastInWins
value of false since we want to attempt a standard save first. If the SaveEmployee method detects that
changes were made to the row (using the HasChanges method on the DataSet, or alternatively using the
RowState property on the row), it creates an instance of the Employee class and passes the DataSet to its
SaveEmployee method. The Employee class could live in a logical or physical middle tier. (I wanted to make
this a separate class so it would be easy to pull the code out and separate it from the presentation logic.)
Notice that I did not use the GetChanges method to pull out only the modified rows and pass them to the
Employee object's Save method. I skipped this step here since there is only one row. However, if there were
multiple rows in the DataSet's DataTable, it would be better to use the GetChanges method to create a
DataSet that contains only the modified rows.
If the save succeeds, the Employee.SaveEmployee method returns a DataSet containing the modified row and
its newly updated row version flag (in this case, the LastUpdateDateTime field's value). This DataSet is then
merged into the original DataSet so that the LastUpdateDateTime field's value can be updated in the original
DataSet. This must be done because if the user wants to make more changes she will need the current values
from the database merged back into the local DataSet and shown on screen. This includes the
LastUpdateDateTime value which is used in the WHERE clause. Without this field's current value, a false
concurrency violation would occur.
Reporting Violations
If a concurrency violation occurs, it will bubble up and be caught by the exception handler shown in Figure 3 in
the catch block for DBConcurrencyException. This block calls the FillConcurrencyValues method, which displays
both the original values in the DataSet that were attempted to be saved to the database and the values
currently in the database. This method is used merely to show the user why the violation occurred. Notice that
the exDBC variable is passed to the FillConcurrencyValues method. This instance of the special database
concurrency exception class (DBConcurrencyException) contains the row where the violation occurred. When a
concurrency violation occurs, the screen is updated to look like Figure 1.
The DataSet not only stores the schema and the current data, it also tracks changes that have been made to
its data. It knows which rows and columns have been modified and it keeps track of the before and after
versions of these values. When accessing a column's value via the DataRow's indexer, in addition to the
column index you can also specify a value using the DataRowVersion enumerator. For example, after a user
changes the value of the last name of an employee, the following lines of C# code will retrieve the original and
current values stored in the LastName column:
string sLastName_Before = oEmpRow["LastName", DataRowVersion.Original];
string sLastName_After = oEmpRow["LastName", DataRowVersion.Current];
The FillConcurrencyValues method uses the row from the DBConcurrencyException and gets a fresh copy of
the same row from the database. It then displays the values using the DataRowVersion enumerators to show
the original value of the row before the update and the value in the database alongside the current values in
the textboxes.
User's Choice
Once the user has been notified of the concurrency issue, you could leave it up to her to decide how to handle
it. Another alternative is to code a specific way to deal with concurrency, such as always handling the
exception to let the user know (but refreshing the data from the database). In this sample application I let the
user decide what to do next. She can either cancel changes, cancel and reload from the database, save
changes, or save anyway.
The option to cancel changes simply calls the RejectChanges method of the DataSet and rebinds the DataSet
to the controls in the ASP.NET page. The RejectChanges method reverts the changes that the user made back
to its original state by setting all of the current field values to the original field values. The option to cancel
changes and reload the data from the database also rejects the changes but additionally goes back to the
database via the Employee class in order to get a fresh copy of the data before rebinding to the control on the
ASP.NET page.
The option to save changes attempts to save the changes but will fail if a concurrency violation is encountered.
Finally, I included a "save anyway" option. This option takes the values the user attempted to save and uses
the last-in wins technique, overwriting whatever is in the database. It does this by calling a different command
object associated with a stored procedure that only uses the primary key field (EmployeeID) in the WHERE
clause of the UPDATE statement. This technique should be used with caution as it will overwrite the record.
If you want a more automatic way of dealing with the changes, you could get a fresh copy from the database.
Then overwrite just the fields that the current user modified, such as the Extension field. That way, in the
example I used the proper LastName would not be overwritten. Use this with caution as well, however,
because if the same field was modified by both users, you may want to just back out or ask the user what to
do next. What is obvious here is that there are several ways to deal with concurrency violations, each of which
must be carefully weighed before you decide on the one you will use in your application.
Wrapping It Up
Setting the SqlDataAdapter's ContinueUpdateOnError property tells the SqlDataAdapter to either throw an
exception when a concurrency violation occurs or to skip the row that caused the violation and to continue with
the remaining updates. By setting this property to false (its default value), it will throw an exception when it
encounters a concurrency violation. This technique is ideal when only saving a single row or when you are
attempting to save multiple rows and want them all to commit or all to fail.
I have split the topic of concurrency violation management into two parts. Next time I will focus on what to do
when multiple rows could cause concurrency violations. I will also discuss how the DataViewRowState
enumerators can be used to show what changes have been made to a DataSet.
21. How you will set the datarelation between two columns?
ADO.NET provides DataRelation object to set relation between two columns.It helps to enforce the following
constraints,a unique constraint, which guarantees that a column in the table contains no duplicates and a
foreign-key constraint,which can be used to maintain referential integrity.A unique constraint is implemented
either by simply setting the Unique property of a data column to true, or by adding an instance of the
UniqueConstraint class to the DataRelation object's ParentKeyConstraint. As part of the foreign-key constraint,
you can specify referential integrity rules that are applied at three points,when a parent record is
updated,when a parent record is deleted and when a change is accepted or rejected.
Assembly Questions:
01. How is the DLL Hell problem solved in .NET?

Ans : Assembly versioning allows the application to specify not only the library it needs to run (which was
available under Win32), but also the version of the assembly.
02. What are the ways to deploy an assembly?

Ans : An MSI installer, a CAB archive, and XCOPY command.
03. What is a satellite assembly?

Ans : When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural application in .NET, and want to distribute the core
application separately from the localized modules, the localized assemblies that modify the core application are
called satellite assemblies.
04. What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?

Ans : System.Globalization and System.Resources.
05. What is the smallest unit of execution in .NET?

Ans : an Assembly.
06. When should you call the garbage collector in .NET?

Ans : As a good rule, you should not call the garbage collector. However, you could call the garbage collector
when you are done using a large object (or set of objects) to force the garbage collector to dispose of those
very large objects from memory. However, this is usually not a good practice.
07. How do you convert a value-type to a reference-type?

Ans : Use Boxing.
08. What happens in memory when you Box and Unbox a value-type?
Ans : Boxing converts a value-type to a reference-type, thus storing the object on the heap. Unboxing
converts a reference-type to a value-type, thus storing the value on the stack.
.NET FrameWork FAQ's
01. When was .NET announced?

Ans : Bill Gates delivered a keynote at Forum 2000, held June 22, 2000, outlining the .NET 'vision'. The July
2000 PDC had a number of sessions on .NET technology, and delegates were given CDs containing a pre-
release version of the .NET framework/SDK and Visual Studio.NET.
02. When was the first version of .NET released?

Ans : The final version of the 1.0 SDK and runtime was made publicly available around 6pm PST on 15-Jan-
2002. At the same time, the final version of Visual Studio.NET was made available to MSDN subscribers.
03. What platforms does the .NET Framework run on?

Ans : The runtime supports Windows XP, Windows 2000, NT4 SP6a and Windows ME/98. Windows 95 is not
supported. Some parts of the framework do not work on all platforms - for example, ASP.NET is only supported
on Windows XP and Windows 2000. Windows 98/ME cannot be used for development. IIS is not supported on
Windows XP Home Edition, and so cannot be used to host ASP.NET. However, the ASP.NET Web Matrix web
server does run on XP Home. The Mono project is attempting to implement the .NET framework on Linux.
04. What is the CLR?

Ans : CLR = Common Language Runtime. The CLR is a set of standard resources that (in theory) any .NET
program can take advantage of, regardless of programming language. Robert Schmidt (Microsoft) lists the
following CLR resources in his MSDN PDC# article:Object-oriented programming model (inheritance,
polymorphism, exception handling, garbage collection) Security model Type system All .NET base classes
Many .NET framework classes Development, debugging, and profiling tools Execution and code management
IL-to-native translators and optimizers What this means is that in the .NET world, different programming
languages will be more equal in capability than they have ever been before, although clearly not all languages
will support all CLR services.
05. What is the CTS?

Ans : CTS = Common Type System. This is the range of types that the .NET runtime understands, and
therefore that .NET applications can use. However note that not all .NET languages will support all the types in
the CTS. The CTS is a superset of the CLS.
06. What is the CLS?

Ans : CLS = Common Language Specification. This is a subset of the CTS which all .NET languages are
expected to support. The idea is that any program which uses CLS-compliant types can interoperate with any
.NET program written in any language.
In theory this allows very tight interop between different .NET languages - for example allowing a C# class to
inherit from a VB class.
07. What is IL?

Ans : IL = Intermediate Language. Also known as MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) or CIL (Common
Intermediate Language). All .NET source code (of any language) is compiled to IL. The IL is then converted to
machine code at the point where the software is installed, or at run-time by a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler.
08. What does 'managed' mean in the .NET context?

Ans : The term 'managed' is the cause of much confusion. It is used in various places within .NET, meaning
slightly different things.Managed code: The .NET framework provides several core run-time services to the
programs that run within it - for example
exception handling and security. For these services to work, the code must provide a minimum level of
information to the runtime.
Such code is called managed code. All C# and Visual Basic.NET code is managed by default. VS7 C++ code is
not managed by default, but the compiler can produce managed code by specifying a command-line switch
(/com+).
Managed data: This is data that is allocated and de-allocated by the .NET runtime's garbage collector. C# and
VB.NET data is always managed. VS7 C++ data is unmanaged by default, even when using the /com+ switch,
but it can be marked as managed using the __gc keyword.Managed classes: This is usually referred to in the
context of Managed Extensions (ME) for C++. When using ME C++, a class can be marked with the __gc
keyword. As the name suggests, this means that the memory for instances of the class is managed by the
garbage collector, but it also means more than that. The class becomes a fully paid-up member of the .NET
community with the benefits and restrictions that brings. An example of a benefit is proper interop with classes
written in other languages - for example, a managed C++ class can inherit from a VB class. An example of a
restriction is that a managed class can only inherit from one base class.
09. What is reflection?

Ans : All .NET compilers produce metadata about the types defined in the modules they produce. This
metadata is packaged along with the module (modules in turn are packaged together in assemblies), and can
be accessed by a mechanism called reflection. The System.Reflection namespace contains classes that can be
used to interrogate the types for a module/assembly.
Using reflection to access .NET metadata is very similar to using ITypeLib/ITypeInfo to access type library data
in COM, and it is used for similar purposes - e.g. determining data type sizes for marshaling data across
context/process/machine boundaries.
Reflection can also be used to dynamically invoke methods (see System.Type.InvokeMember ) , or even
create types dynamically at run-time (see System.Reflection.Emit.TypeBuilder).
10. What is the difference between Finalize and Dispose (Garbage collection) ?
Ans : Class instances often encapsulate control over resources that are not managed by the runtime, such as
window handles (HWND), database connections, and so on. Therefore, you should provide both an explicit and
an implicit way to free those resources. Provide implicit control by implementing the protected Finalize Method
on an object (destructor syntax in C# and the Managed Extensions for C++). The garbage collector calls this
method at some point after there are no longer any valid references to the object. In some cases, you might
want to provide programmers using an object with the ability to explicitly release these external resources
before the garbage collector frees the object. If an external resource is scarce or expensive, better
performance can be achieved if the programmer explicitly releases resources when they are no longer being
used. To provide explicit control, implement the Dispose method provided by the IDisposable Interface. The
consumer of the object should call this method when it is done using the object.
Dispose can be called even if other references to the object are alive. Note that even when you provide explicit
control by way of Dispose, you should provide implicit cleanup using the Finalize method. Finalize provides a
backup to prevent resources from
permanently leaking if the programmer fails to call Dispose.
11. What is Partial Assembly References?

Ans : Full Assembly reference: A full assembly reference includes the assembly's text name, version, culture,
and public key token (if the assembly has a strong name). A full assembly reference is required if you
reference any assembly that is part of the common language runtime or any assembly located in the global
assembly cache.
12. Partial Assembly reference: We can dynamically reference an assembly by providing only partial
information, such as specifying only the assembly name. When you specify a partial assembly reference, the
runtime looks for the assembly only in the application directory. We can make partial references to an
assembly in your code one of the following ways:
-> Use a method such as System.Reflection.Assembly.Load and specify only a partial reference. The runtime
checks for the assembly in the application directory.
-> Use the System.Reflection.Assembly.LoadWithPartialName method and specify only a partial reference. The
runtime checks for the assembly in the application directory and in the global assembly cache
13. Changes to which portion of version number indicates an incompatible change?

Ans : Major or minor. Changes to the major or minor portion of the version number indicate an incompatible
change. Under this convention then, version 2.0.0.0 would be considered incompatible with version 1.0.0.0.
Examples of an incompatible change would be a change to the types of some method parameters or the
removal of a type or method altogether. Build. The Build number is typically used to distinguish between daily
builds or smaller compatible releases. Revision. Changes to the revision number are typically reserved for an
incremental build needed to fix a particular bug. You'll sometimes hear this referred to as the "emergency bug
fix" number in that the revision is what is often changed when a fix to a specific bug is shipped to a customer.
14. How to set the debug mode?
Debug Mode for ASP.NET applications - To set ASP.NET appplication in debugging mode, edit the application's
web.config and assign the "debug" attribute in < compilation > section to "true" as show below:
< configuration >
< system.web >
< compilation defaultLanguage="vb" debug="true" / >
....
...
..
< / configuration >
This case-sensitive attribute 'debug tells ASP.NET to generate symbols for dynamically generated files and
enables the
debugger to attach to the ASP.NET application. ASP.NET will detect this change automatically, without the need
to restart the server. Debug Mode for ASP.NET Webservices - Debugging an XML Web service created with
ASP.NET is similar to the debugging an ASP.NET Web application.
15. What is the property available to check if the page posted or not?
Ans : The Page_Load event handler in the page checks for IsPostBack property value, to ascertain whether the
page is posted. The Page.IsPostBack gets a value indicating whether the page is being loaded in response to
the client postback, or it is for the first time. The value of Page.IsPostBack is True, if the page is being loaded
in response to the client postback; while its value is False, when the page is loaded for the first time. The
Page.IsPostBack property facilitates execution of certain routine in Page_Load, only once (for e.g. in Page load,
we need to set default value in controls, when page is loaded for the first time. On post back, we check for
true value for IsPostback value and then invoke server-side code to update data).
16. Which are the abstract classes available under system.xml namespace?
Ans : The System.XML namespace provides XML related processing ability in .NET framework. XmlReader and
XMLWriter are the two abstract classes at the core of .NET Framework XML classes:
1. XmlReader provides a fast, forward-only, read-only cursor for processing an XML document stream.
2. XmlWriter provides an interface for producing XML document streams that conform to the W3C's XML
standards.
Both XmlReader and XmlWriter are abstract base classes, which define the functionality that all derived classes
must support.
17. Is it possible to use multipe inheritance in .net?

Ans : Multiple Inheritance is an ability to inherit from more than one base class i.e. ability of a class to have
more than one superclass, by inheriting from different sources and thus combine separately-defined behaviors
in a single class. There are two types of multiple inheritance: multiple type/interface inheritance and multiple
implementation inheritance. C# & VB.NET supports only multiple type/interface inheritance, i.e. you can derive
an class/interface from multiple interfaces. There is no support for multiple implementation inheritance in .NET.
That means a class can only derived from one class.
18. What are the derived classes from xmlReader and xmlWriter?
Both XmlReader and XmlWriter are abstract base classes, which define the functionality that all derived classes
must support.
There are three concrete implementations of XmlReader:
1.XmlTextReader
2.XmlNodeReader
3.XmlValidatingReader
There are two concrete implementations of XmlWriter:
1.XmlTextWriter
2.XmlNodeWriter
XmlTextReader and XmlTextWriter support reading data to/from text-based stream, while XmlNodeReader and
XmlNodeWriter are designed for working with in-memory DOM tree structure. The custom readers and writers
can also be developed to extend the built-in functionality of XmlReader and XmlWriter.
19. What is managed and unmanaged code?
Ans : The .NET framework provides several core run-time services to the programs that run within it - for
example exception handling and security. For these services to work, the code must provide a minimum level
of information to the runtime. i.e., code executing under the control of the CLR is called managed code. For
example, any code written in C# or Visual Basic .NET is managed code. Code that runs outside the CLR is
referred to as "unmanaged code." COM components, ActiveX components, and Win32 API functions are
examples of unmanaged code.
20. How you deploy .NET assemblies?

Ans : One way is simply use xcopy. others are use and the setup projects in .net. and one more way is use of
nontuch deployment.
21. What is Globalizationa and Localization ?

Ans : Globalization is the process of creating an application that meets the needs of users from multiple
cultures. It includes using the correct
currency, date and time format, calendar, writing direction, sorting rules, and other issues. Accommodating
these cultural differences in an application is called localization.Using classes of System.Globalization
namespace, you can set application's current culture.
This can be achieved by using any of the following 3 approaches.

1. Detect and redirect
2. Run-time adjustment
3. Using Satellite assemblies.
22. Whate are Resource Files ? How are they used in .NET?
Ans : Resource files are the files containing data that is logically deployed with an application.These files can
contain data in a number of formats including strings, images and persisted objects. It has the main advantage
of If we store data in these files then we don't need to compile these if the data get changed. In .NET we
basically require them storing culture specific informations by localizing application's resources. You can deploy
your resources using satellite assemblies.
23. Difference between Dispose and Finallize method?
Ans : Finalize method is used to free the memory used by some unmanaged resources like window handles
(HWND). It's similar to the destructor syntax in C#. The GC calls this method when it founds no more
references to the object. But, In some cases we may need release the memory used by the resources
explicitly. To release the memory explicitly we need to implement the Dispose method of IDisposable interface.
24. What is encapsulation?
Ans : Encapsulation is the ability to hide the internal workings of an object's behavior and its data. For
instance, let's say you have a object named Bike and this object has a method named start(). When you
create an instance of a Bike object and call its start() method you are not worried about what happens to
accomplish this, you just want to make sure the state of the bike is changed to 'running' afterwards. This kind
of behavior hiding is encapsulation and it makes programming much easier.
25. How can you prevent your class to be inherited further?
Ans : By setting Sealed - Key word
public sealed class Planet

{
//code goes here
}
class Moon:Planet
{
//Not allowed as base class is sealed
}
26. What is GUID and why we need to use it and in what condition? How this is created.
Ans : A GUID is a 128-bit integer (16 bytes) that can be used across all computers and networks wherever a
unique identifier is required. Such an identifier has a very low probability of being duplicated. Visual Studio
.NET IDE has a utility under the tools menu to generate GUIDs.
27. Why do you need to serialize.?
We need to serialize the object, if you want to pass object from one computer/application domain to another.
Process of converting complex objects into stream of bytes that can be persisted or transported. Namespace
for serialization is System.Runtime.Serialization.The ISerializable interface allows you to make any class
Serializable..NET framework features 2 serializing method.
1.Binary Serialization 2.XML Serialization
28. What is inline schema, how does it works?

Ans : Schemas can be included inside of XML file is called Inline Schemas.This is useful when it is inconvenient
to physically seprate the schema and the XML document.A schema is an XML document that defines the
structure, constraints, data types, and relationships of the elements that constitute the data contained inside
the XML document or in another XML document.Schema can be an external file which uses the XSD or XDR
extension called external schema. Inline schema can take place even when validation is turned off.
29. Describe the advantages of writing a managed code application instead of unmanaged one. What's
involved in certain piece of code being managed?
"Advantage includes automatic garbage collection,memory management,security,type checking,versioning
Managed code is compiled for the .NET run-time environment. It runs in the Common Language Runtime
(CLR), which is the heart of the .NET Framework. The CLR provides services such as security,
memory management, and cross-language integration. Managed applications written to take advantage of the
features of the CLR perform more efficiently and safely, and take better advantage of developers existing
expertise in languages that support the .NET Framework.
Unmanaged code includes all code written before the .NET Framework was introduced—this includes code
written to use COM, native Win32, and Visual Basic 6. Because it does not run inside the .NET environment,
unmanaged code cannot make use of any .NET managed facilities."
30. What are multicast delegates ? give me an example ?

Ans : Delegate that can have more than one element in its invocation List.
using System;
namespace SampleMultiCastDelegate
{
class MultiCast
{
public delegate string strMultiCast(string s);
}
}
MainClass defines the static methods having same signature as delegate.

using System;
{
public class MainClass

{
public MainClass()
{
}
public static string Jump(string s)

{
Console.WriteLine("Jump");
return String.Empty;
}
public static string Run(string s)

{
Console.WriteLine("Run");
}
public static string Walk(string s)

{
Console.WriteLine("Walk");
}
}
}
The Main class:using System;

using System.Threading;
{
public class MainMultiCastDelegate

{
public static void Main()
{
MultiCast.strMultiCast Run,Walk,Jump;
MultiCast.strMultiCast myDelegate;
///here mydelegate used the Combine method of System.MulticastDelegate

///and the delegates combine
myDelegate=(MultiCast.strMultiCast)System.Delegate.Combine(Run,Walk);
}
}
}
31. Can a nested object be used in Serialization ?
Ans : Yes. If a class that is to be serialized contains references to objects of other classes, and if those classes
have been marked as serializable, then their objects are serialized too.
32. Difference between int and int32 ?
Ans : Both are same. System.Int32 is a .NET class. Int is an alias name for System.Int32.
33. Describe the difference between a Thread and a Process?
Ans : A Process is an instance of an running application. And a thread is the Execution stream of the Process. A
process can have multiple Thread.
When a process starts a specific memory area is allocated to it. When there is multiple thread in a process,
each thread gets a memory for storing the variables in it and plus they can access to the global variables
which is common for all the thread. Eg.A Microsoft Word is a Application. When you open a word file,an
instance of the Word starts and a process is allocated to this instance which has one thread.
34. What is the difference between an EXE and a DLL?

Ans: You can create an objects of Dll but not of the EXE.
Dll is an In-Process Component whereas EXE is an OUt-Process Component.Exe is for single use whereas you
can use Dll for multiple use.
Exe can be started as standalone where dll cannot be.
35. What is strong-typing versus weak-typing? Which is preferred? Why? Ans : Strong typing implies that the
types of variables involved in operations are associated to the variable, checked at compile-time, and require
explicit conversion; weak typing implies that they are associated to the value, checked at run-time, and are
implicitly converted as required. (Which is preferred is a disputable point, but I personally prefer strong typing
because I like my errors to be found as soon as possible.)
36. What is a PID? How is it useful when troubleshooting a system?

PID is the process Id of the application in Windows. Whenever a process starts running in the Windows
environment, it is associated with an individual process Id or PID.
37. The PID (Process ID) a unique number for each item on the Process Tab, Image Name list. How do you get
the PID to appear? Ans : In Task Manger, select the View menu, then select columns and check PID (Process
Identifier).
In Linux, PID is used to debug a process explicitly. However we cannot do this in a windows environment.
Microsoft has launched a SDK called as Microsoft Operations Management (MOM). This uses the PID to find out
which dll’s have been loaded by a process in the memory. This is essentially helpful in situations where the
Process which has a memory leak is to be traced to a erring dll. Personally I have never used a PID, our
Windows debugger does the things required to find out.
38. What is the GAC? What problem does it solve?

Each computer where the common language runtime is installed has a machine-wide code cache called the
global assembly cache. The global assembly cache stores assemblies that are to be shared by several
applications on the computer. This area is typically the folder under windows or winnt in the machine.
All the assemblies that need to be shared across applications need to be done through the Global assembly
Cache only. However it is not necessary to install assemblies into the global assembly cache to make them
accessible to COM interop or unmanaged code.
There are several ways to deploy an assembly into the global assembly cache:
· Use an installer designed to work with the global assembly cache. This is the preferred option for installing
assemblies into the global assembly cache.
· Use a developer tool called the Global Assembly Cache tool (Gacutil.exe), provided by the .NET Framework
SDK.
· Use Windows Explorer to drag assemblies into the cache.
GAC solves the problem of DLL Hell and DLL versioning. Unlike earlier situations, GAC can hold two assemblies
of the same name but different version. This ensures that the applications which access a particular assembly
continue to access the same assembly even if another version of that assembly is installed on that machine.
39. Describe what an Interface is and how it’s different from a Class.
An interface is a structure of code which is similar to a class. An interface is a prototype for a class and is
useful from a logical design perspective. Interfaces provide a means to define the protocols for a class without
worrying about the implementation details. The syntax for creating interfaces follows:
interface Identifier {
InterfaceBody
}
Identifier is the name of the interface and InterfaceBody refers to the abstract methods and static final
variables that make up the interface. Because it is assumed that all the methods in an interface are abstract, it
isn't necessary to use the abstract keyword
An interface is a description of some of the members available from a class. In practice, the syntax typically
looks similar to a class definition, except that there's no code defined for the methods — just their name, the
arguments passed and the type of the value returned.
So what good is it? None by itself. But you create an interface so that classes will implement it.
But what does it mean to implement an interface. The interface acts as a contract or promise. If a class
implements an interface, then it must have the properties and methods of the interface defined in the class.
This is enforced by the compiler.
Broadly the differentiators between classes and interfaces is as follows

• Interface should not have any implementation.
• Interface can not create any instance.
• Interface should provide high level abstraction from the implementation.
• Interface can have multiple inheritances.
• Default access level of the interface is public.
40. What is the difference between XML Web Services using ASMX and .NET Remoting using SOAP?
ASP.NET Web services and .NET Remoting provide a full suite of design options for cross-process and cross-
plaform communication in distributed applications. In general, ASP.NET Web services provide the highest levels
of interoperability with full support for WSDL and SOAP over HTTP, while .NET Remoting is designed for
common language runtime type-system fidelity and supports additional data format and communication
channels. Hence if we looking cross-platform communication than web services is the choice coz for .NET
remoting .Net framework is requried which may or may not present for the other platform. Serialization and
MetadataASP.NET Web services rely on the System.Xml.Serialization.XmlSerializer class to marshal data to and
from SOAP messages at runtime. For metadata, they generate WSDL and XSD definitions that describe what
their messages contain. The reliance on pure WSDL and XSD makes ASP.NET Web services metadata portable;
it expresses data structures in a way that other Web service toolkits on different platforms and with different
programming models can understand. In some cases, this imposes constraints on the types you can expose
from a Web service—XmlSerializer will only marshal things that can be expressed in XSD. Specifically,
XmlSerializer will not marshal object graphs and it has limited support for container types.
.NET Remoting relies on the pluggable implementations of the IFormatter interface used by the
System.Runtime.Serialization engine to marshal data to and from messages. There are two standard
formatters, System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter and
System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Soap.SoapFormatter. The BinaryFormatter and SoapFormatter, as the
names suggest, marshal types in binary and SOAP format respectively. For metadata, .NET Remoting relies on
the common language runtime assemblies, which contain all the relevant information about the data types
they implement, and expose it via reflection. The reliance on the assemblies for metadata makes it easy to
preserve the full runtime type-system fidelity. As a result, when the .NET Remoting plumbing marshals data, it
includes all of a class's public and private members; handles object graphs correctly; and supports all
container types (e.g., System.Collections.Hashtable). However, the reliance on runtime metadata also limits
the reach of a .NET Remoting system—a client has to understand .NET constructs in order to communicate
with a .NET Remoting endpoint. In addition to pluggable formatters, the .NET Remoting layer supports
pluggable channels, which abstract away the details of how messages are sent. There are two standard
channels, one for raw TCP and one for HTTP. Messages can be sent over either channel independent of format.
Distributed Application Design: ASP.NET Web Services vs. .NET Remoting

ASP.NET Web services favor the XML Schema type system, and provide a simple programming model with
broad cross-platform reach. .NET Remoting favors the runtime type system, and provides a more complex
programming model with much more limited reach. This essential difference is the primary factor in
determining which technology to use. However, there are a wide range of other design factors, including
transport protocols, host processes, security, performance, state management, and support for transactions to
consider as well.
Security
Since ASP.NET Web services rely on HTTP, they integrate with the standard Internet security infrastructure.
ASP.NET leverages the security features available with IIS to provide strong support for standard HTTP
authentication schemes including Basic, Digest, digital certificates, and even Microsoft® .NET Passport. (You
can also use Windows Integrated authentication, but only for clients in a trusted domain.) One advantage of
using the available HTTP authentication schemes is that no code change is required in a Web service; IIS
performs authentication before the ASP.NET Web services are called. ASP.NET also provides support for .NET
Passport-based authentication and other custom authentication schemes. ASP.NET supports access control
based on target URLs, and by integrating with the .NET code access security (CAS) infrastructure. SSL can be
used to ensure private communication over the wire.
Although these standard transport-level techniques to secure Web services are quite effective, they only go so
far. In complex scenarios involving multiple Web services in different trust domains, you have to build custom
ad hoc solutions. Microsoft and others are working on a set of security specifications that build on the
extensibility of SOAP messages to offer message-level security capabilities. One of these is the XML Web
Services Security Language (WS-Security), which defines a framework for message-level credential transfer,
message integrity, and message confidentiality.
As noted in the previous section, the .NET Remoting plumbing does not secure cross-process invocations in the
general case. A .NET Remoting endpoint hosted in IIS with ASP.NET can leverage all the same security features
available to ASP.NET Web services, including support for secure communication over the wire using SSL. If you
are using the TCP channel or the HTTP channel hosted in processes other than aspnet_wp.exe, you have to
implement authentication, authorization and privacy mechanisms yourself.
One additional security concern is the ability to execute code from a semi-trusted environment without having
to change the default security policy. ASP.NET Web Services client proxies work in these environments, but
.NET Remoting proxies do not. In order to use a .NET Remoting proxy from a semi-trusted environment, you
need a special serialization permission that is not given to code loaded from your intranet or the Internet by
default. If you want to use a .NET Remoting client from within a semi-trusted environment, you have to alter
the default security policy for code loaded from those zones. In situations where you are connecting to
systems from clients running in a sandbox—like a downloaded Windows Forms application, for instance—
ASP.NET Web Services are a simpler choice because security policy changes are not required.
Conceptually, what is the difference between early-binding and late-binding?

Early binding – Binding at Compile Time
Late Binding – Binding at Run Time
Early binding implies that the class of the called object is known at compile-time; late-binding implies that the
class is not known until run-time, such as a call through an interface or via Reflection.
Early binding is the preferred method. It is the best performer because your application binds directly to the
address of the function being called and there is no extra overhead in doing a run-time lookup. In terms of
overall execution speed, it is at least twice as fast as late binding.
Early binding also provides type safety. When you have a reference set to the component's type library, Visual
Basic provides IntelliSense support to help you code each function correctly. Visual Basic also warns you if the
data type of a parameter or return value is incorrect, saving a lot of time when writing and debugging code.
Late binding is still useful in situations where the exact interface of an object is not known at design-time. If
your application seeks to talk with multiple unknown servers or needs to invoke functions by name (using the
Visual Basic 6.0 CallByName function for example) then you need to use late binding. Late binding is also
useful to work around compatibility problems between multiple versions of a component that has improperly
modified or adapted its interface between versions.
41. What is an Asssembly Qualified Name? Is it a filename? How is it different?
An assembly qualified name isn't the filename of the assembly; it's the internal name of the assembly
combined with the assembly version, culture, and public key, thus making it unique.
e.g. (""System.Xml.XmlDocument, System.Xml, Version=1.0.3300.0, Culture=neutral,

PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089"")
42. How is a strongly-named assembly different from one that isn’t strongly-named?
Strong names are used to enable the stricter naming requirements associated with shared assemblies. These
strong names are created by a .NET utility – sn.exe
Strong names have three goals:

· Name uniqueness. Shared assemblies must have names that are globally unique.
· Prevent name spoofing. Developers don't want someone else releasing a subsequent version of one of your
assemblies and falsely claim it came from you, either by accident or intentionally.
· Provide identity on reference. When resolving a reference to an assembly, strong names are used to
guarantee the assembly that is loaded came from the expected publisher.
Strong names are implemented using standard public key cryptography. In general, the process works as
follows: The author of an assembly generates a key pair (or uses an existing one), signs the file containing the
manifest with the private key, and makes the public key available to callers. When references are made to the
assembly, the caller records the public key corresponding to the private key used to generate the strong name.
Weak named assemblies are not suitable to be added in GAC and shared. It is essential for an assembly to be
strong named.
Strong naming prevents tampering and enables assemblies to be placed in the GAC alongside other assemblies
of the same name.
43. How does the generational garbage collector in the .NET CLR manage object lifetime? What is non-
deterministic finalization?
The hugely simplistic version is that every time it garbage-collects, it starts by assuming everything to be
garbage, then goes through and builds a list of everything reachable. Those become not-garbage, everything
else doesn't, and gets thrown away. What makes it generational is that every time an object goes through this
process and survives, it is noted as being a member of an older generation (up to 2, right now). When the
garbage-collector is trying to free memory, it starts with the lowest generation (0) and only works up to higher
ones if it can't free up enough space, on the grounds that shorter-lived objects are more likely to have been
freed than longer-lived ones.
Non-deterministic finalization implies that the destructor (if any) of an object will not necessarily be run (nor
its memory cleaned up, but that's a relatively minor issue) immediately upon its going out of scope. Instead, it
will wait until first the garbage collector gets around to finding it, and then the finalisation queue empties down
to it; and if the process ends before this happens, it may not be finalised at all. (Although the operating
system will usually clean up any process-external resources left open - note the usually there, especially as the
exceptions tend to hurt a lot.)
44. What is the difference between Finalize() and Dispose()?

Dispose() is called by the user of an object to indicate that he is finished with it, enabling that object to release
any unmanaged resources it holds. Finalize() is called by the run-time to allow an object which has not had
Dispose() called on it to do the same. However, Dispose() operates determinalistically, whereas there is no
guarantee that Finalize() will be called immediately when an object goes out of scope - or indeed at all, if the
program ends before that object is GCed - and as such Dispose() is generally preferred.
45. How is the using() pattern useful? What is IDisposable? How does it support deterministic finalization?
The using() pattern is useful because it ensures that Dispose() will always be called when a disposable object
(defined as one that implements IDisposable, and thus the Dispose() method) goes out of scope, even if it
does so by an exception being thrown, and thus that resources are always released.
46. What does this useful command line do? tasklist /m "mscor*"
Lists all the applications and associated tasks/process currently running on the system with a module whose
name begins "mscor" loaded into them; which in nearly all cases means "all the .NET processes".
47. What’s wrong with a line like this? DateTime.Parse(myString);

Therez nothing wrong with this declaration.Converts the specified string representation of a date and time to
its DateTime equivalent.But If the string is not a valid DateTime,It throws an exception.
48. What are PDBs? Where must they be located for debugging to work?
A program database (PDB) files holds debugging and project state information that allows incremental linking
of debug configuration of your program.There are several different types of symbolic debugging information.
The default type for Microsoft compiler is the so-called PDB file. The compiler setting for creating this file is /Zi,
or /ZI for C/C++(which creates a PDB file with additional information that enables a feature called ""Edit and
Continue"") or a Visual Basic/C#/JScript .NET program with /debug.
A PDB file is a separate file, placed by default in the Debug project subdirectory, that has the same name as
the executable file with the extension .pdb. Note that the Visual C++ compiler by default creates an additional
PDB file called VC60.pdb for VisulaC++6.0 and VC70.PDB file for VisulaC++7.0. The compiler creates this file
during compilation of the source code, when the compiler isn't aware of the final name of the executable. The
linker can merge this temporary PDB file into the main one if you tell it to, but it won't do it by default. The
PDB file can be useful to display the detailed stack trace with source files and line numbers.
49. What is FullTrust? Do GAC’ed assemblies have FullTrust?

Before the .NET Framework existed, Windows had two levels of trust for downloaded code. This old model was
a binary trust model. You only had two choices: Full Trust, and No Trust. The code could either do anything you
could do, or it wouldn't run at all.
The permission sets in .NET include FullTrust, SkipVerification, Execution, Nothing, LocalIntranet, Internet and
Everything. Full Trust Grants unrestricted permissions to system resources. Fully trusted code run by a normal,
nonprivileged user cannot do administrative tasks, but can access any resources the user can access, and do
anything the user can do. From a security standpoint, you can think of fully trusted code as being similar to
native, unmanaged code, like a traditional ActiveX control.
GAC assemblies are granted FullTrust. In v1.0 and 1.1, the fact that assemblies in the GAC seem to always get
a FullTrust grant is actually a side effect of the fact that the GAC lives on the local machine. If anyone were to
lock down the security policy by changing the grant set of the local machine to something less than FullTrust,
and if your assembly did not get extra permission from some other code group, it would no longer have
FullTrust even though it lives in the GAC.
50. What does this do? gacutil /l | find /i "Corillian"

The Global Assembly Cache tool allows you to view and manipulate the contents of the global assembly cache
and download cache.The tool comes with various optional params to do that.
""/l"" option Lists the contents of the global assembly cache. If you specify the assemblyName parameter(/l
[assemblyName]), the tool lists only the assemblies matching that name.
51. What does this do .. sn -t foo.dll ?

Sn -t option displays the token for the public key stored in infile. The contents of infile must be previously
generated using -p.
Sn.exe computes the token using a hash function from the public key. To save space, the common language
runtime stores public key tokens in the manifest as part of a reference to another assembly when it records a
dependency to an assembly that has a strong name. The -tp option displays the public key in addition to the
token.
52. How do you generate a strong name?
.NET provides an utility called strong name tool. You can run this toolfrom the VS.NET command prompt to
generate a strong name with an option "-k" and providing the strong key file name. i.e. sn- -k < file-name >
What is the difference between a Debug and Release build? Is there a significant speed difference? Why or why
not?
The Debug build is the program compiled with full symbolic debug information and no optimization. The
Release build is the program compiled employing optimization and contains no symbolic debug information.
These settings can be changed as per need from Project Configuration properties. The release runs faster since
it does not have any debug symbols and is optimized.
53. Explain the use of virtual, sealed, override, and abstract.

Abstract: The keyword can be applied for a class or method.
1. Class: If we use abstract keyword for a class it makes the
class an abstract class, which means it cant be instantiated. Though
it is not nessacary to make all the method within the abstract class to be virtual. ie, Abstract class can have
concrete methods
2. Method: If we make a method as abstract, we dont need to provide implementation of the method in the
class but the derived class need to implement/override this method.
Sealed: It can be applied on a class and methods. It stops the type from further derivation i.e no one can
derive class
from a sealed class,ie A sealed class cannot be inherited.A sealed class cannot be a abstract class.A compile
time error is thrown if you try to specify sealed class as a base class.
When an instance method declaration includes a sealed modifier, that method is said to be a sealed method. If
an instance method declaration includes the sealed modifier, it must also include the override modifier. Use of
the sealed modifier prevents a derived class from further overriding the method For Egs: sealed override
public void Sample() { Console.WriteLine("Sealed Method"); }
Virtual & Override: Virtual & Override keywords provides runtime polymorphism. A base class can make some
of its methods
as virtual which allows the derived class a chance to override the base class implementation by using override
keyword.
For e.g. class Shape

{
int a
public virtual void Display()
{
Console.WriteLine("Shape");
}
}
class Rectangle:Shape
{
public override void Display()
{
Console.WriteLine("Derived");
}
}
54. Explain the importance and use of each, Version, Culture and PublicKeyToken for an assembly.
This three alongwith name of the assembly provide a strong name or fully qualified name to the assembly.
When a assebly is referenced with all three.
PublicKeyToken: Each assembly can have a public key embedded in its manifest that identifies the developer.
This ensures that once the assembly ships, no one can modify the code or other resources contained in the
assembly.
Culture: Specifies which culture the assembly supports
Version: The version number of the assembly.It is of the following form major.minor.build.revision.
Explain the differences between public, protected, private and internal.

These all are access modifier and they governs the access level. They can be applied to class, methods, fields.
Public: Allows class, methods, fields to be accessible from anywhere i.e. within and outside an assembly.
Private: When applied to field and method allows to be accessible within a class.
Protected: Similar to private but can be accessed by members of derived class also.
Internal: They are public within the assembly i.e. they can be accessed by anyone within an assembly but
outside assembly they are not visible.
55. What is the difference between typeof(foo) and myFoo.GetType()?

Typeof is operator which applied to a object returns System.Type object. Typeof cannot be overloaded white
GetType has lot of overloads.GetType is a method which also returns System.Type of an object. GetType is
used to get the runtime type of the object.
Example from MSDN showing Gettype used to retrive type at untime:-
public class MyBaseClass: Object {

}
public class MyDerivedClass: MyBaseClass {

}
public class Test {
public static void Main() {

MyBaseClass myBase = new MyBaseClass();
MyDerivedClass myDerived = new MyDerivedClass();
object o = myDerived;
MyBaseClass b = myDerived;
Console.WriteLine("mybase: Type is {0}", myBase.GetType());

Console.WriteLine("myDerived: Type is {0}", myDerived.GetType());
Console.WriteLine("object o = myDerived: Type is {0}", o.GetType());
Console.WriteLine("MyBaseClass b = myDerived: Type is {0}", b.GetType());
}
}
/*
This code produces the following output.
mybase: Type is MyBaseClass

myDerived: Type is MyDerivedClass
object o = myDerived: Type is MyDerivedClass
MyBaseClass b = myDerived: Type is MyDerivedClass
*/
56. Can "this" be used within a static method?
No 'This' cannot be used in a static method. As only static variables/methods can be used in a static method.
57. What is the purpose of XML Namespaces? An XML Namespace is a collection of element types and attribute
names. It consists of 2 parts
1) The first part is the URI used to identify the namespace
2) The second part is the element type or attribute name itself.
Together they form a unique name. The various purpose of XML Namespace are
1. Combine fragments from different documents without any naming conflicts. (See example below.)
2. Write reusable code modules that can be invoked for specific elements and attributes. Universally unique
names guarantee that
such modules are invoked only for the correct elements and attributes.
3. Define elements and attributes that can be reused in other schemas or instance documents without fear of
name collisions. For
example, you might use XHTML elements in a parts catalog to provide part descriptions. Or you might use the
nil attribute
defined in XML Schemas to indicate a missing value.
< Department >

< Name >DVS1< /Name >
< addr:Address xmlns:addr="http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/ito/addresses" >
< addr:Street >Wilhelminenstr. 7< /addr:Street >
< addr:City >Darmstadt< /addr:City >
< addr:State >Hessen< /addr:State >
< addr:Country >Germany< /addr:Country >
< addr:PostalCode >D-64285< /addr:PostalCode >
< /addr:Address >
< serv:Server xmlns:serv="http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/ito/servers" >
< serv:Name >OurWebServer< /serv:Name >
< serv:Address >123.45.67.8< /serv:Address >
< /serv:Server >
< /Department >
58. What is difference between MetaData and Manifest ?

Metadata and Manifest forms an integral part of an assembly( dll / exe ) in .net framework . Out of which
Metadata is a mandatory component , which as the name suggests gives the details about various components
of IL code viz : Methods , properties , fields , class etc.
Essentially Metadata maintains details in form of tables like Methods Metadata tables , Properties Metadata
tables , which maintains the list of given type and other details like access specifier , return type etc.
Now Manifest is a part of metadata only , fully called as “manifest metadata tables” , it contains the details of
the references needed by the assembly of any other external assembly / type , it could be a custom assembly
or standard System namespace .
Now for an assembly that can independently exists and used in the .Net world both the things ( Metadata with
Manifest ) are mandatory , so that it can be fully described assembly and can be ported anywhere without any
system dependency . Essentially .Net framework can read all assembly related information from assembly
itself at runtime .
But for .Net modules , that can’t be used independently , until they are being packaged as a part of an
assembly , they don’t contain Manifest but their complete structure is defined by their respective metadata .
Ultimately . .Net modules use Manifest Metadata tables of parent assembly which contain them .
59. What is the use of Internal keyword? Internal keyword is one of the access specifier available in .Net
framework , that makes a type visible in a given assembly , for e.g : a single dll can contain multiple modules
, essentially a multi file assembly , but it forms a single binary component , so any type with internal keyword
will be visible throughout the assembly and can be used in any of the modules .
60. What actually happes when you add a something to arraylistcollection ? Following things will happen :
Arraylist is a dynamic array class in c# in System.Collections namespace derived from interfaces – ICollection ,
IList , ICloneable , IConvertible . It terms of in memory structure following is the implementation .
a. Check up the total space if there’s any free space on the declared list .
b. If yes add the new item and increase count by 1 .
c. If No Copy the whole thing to a temporary Array of Last Max. Size .
d. Create new Array with size ( Last Array Size + Increase Value )
e. Copy back values from temp and reference this new array as original array .
f. Must doing Method updates too , need to check it up .
61. What is Boxing and unboxing? Does it occure automaatically or u need to write code to box and unbox?
Boxing – Process of converting a System.ValueType to Reference Type , Mostly base class System.Object type
and allocating it memory on Heap .Reverse is unboxing , but can only be done with prior boxed variables.
Boxing is always implicit but Unboxing needs to be explicitly done via casting , thus ensuring the value type
contained inside .
62. How Boxing and unboxing occures in memory? Boxing converts value type to reference type , thus
allocating memory on Heap . Unboxing converts already boxed reference types to value types through explicit
casting , thus allocating memory on stack .
63. Why only boxed types can be unboxed? Unboxing is the process of converting a Reference type variable to
Value type and thus allocating memory on the stack . It happens only to those Reference type variables that
have been earlier created by Boxing of a Value Type , therefore internally they contain a value type , which can
be obtained through explicit casting . For any other Reference type , they don’t internally contain a Value type
to Unboxed via explicit casting . This is why only boxed types can be unboxed .
64. What is side-by-side execution? Can two application one using private assembly and other using Shared
assembly be stated as a side-by-side executables? Side-by-side execution is the ability to run multiple versions
of an application or component on the same computer. You can have multiple versions of the common
language runtime, and multiple versions of applications and components that use a version of the runtime, on
the same computer at the same time. Since versioning is only applied to shared assemblies, and not to private
assemblies, two application one using private assembly and one using shared assembly cannot be stated as
side-by-side
executables.
65. Why string are called Immutable data Type ? The memory representation of string is an Array of
Characters, So on re-assigning the new array of Char is formed & the start address is changed . Thus keeping
the Old string in Memory for Garbage Collector to be disposed.
66. What does assert() method do? In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter,
and shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the
condition is true.
67. What's the difference between the Debug class and Trace class? Documentation looks the same. Use
Debug class for debug builds, use Trace class for both debug and release builds.
68. Why are there five tracing levels in System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher? The tracing dumps can be quite
verbose. For applications that are constantly running you run the risk of overloading the machine and the hard
drive. Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing you to fine-tune the tracing activities.

To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor.
70. How do assemblies find each other? By searching directory paths. There are several factors which can
affect the path (such as the AppDomain host, and application configuration files), but for private assemblies
the search path is normally the application's directory and its sub-directories. For shared assemblies, the
search path is normally same as the private assembly path plus the shared assembly cache.
71. How does assembly versioning work? Each assembly has a version number called the compatibility version.
Also each reference to an assembly (from another assembly) includes both the name and version of the
referenced assembly.The version number has four numeric parts (e.g. 5.5.2.33). Assemblies with either of the
first two parts different are normally viewed as incompatible. If the first two parts are the same, but the third
is different, the assemblies are deemed as 'maybe compatible'. If only the fourth part is different, the
assemblies are deemed compatible. However, this is just the default guideline - it is the version policy that
decides to what extent these rules are enforced. The version policy can be specified via the application
configuration file.
72. What is garbage collection? Garbage collection is a system whereby a run-time component takes
responsibility for managing the lifetime of objects and the heap memory that they occupy. This concept is not
new to .NET - Java and many other languages/runtimes have used garbage collection for some time.
73. Why doesn't the .NET runtime offer deterministic destruction?

Because of the garbage collection algorithm. The .NET garbage collector works by periodically running through
a list of all the objects that are currently being referenced by an application. All the objects that it doesn't find
during this search are ready to be destroyed and the memory reclaimed. The implication of this algorithm is
that the runtime doesn't get notified immediately when the final reference on an object goes away - it only
finds out during the next sweep of the heap.
Futhermore, this type of algorithm works best by performing the garbage collection sweep as rarely as
possible. Normally heap exhaustion is the trigger for a collection sweep.
74. Is the lack of deterministic destruction in .NET a problem?

It's certainly an issue that affects component design. If you have objects that maintain expensive or scarce
resources (e.g. database locks), you need to provide some way for the client to tell the object to release the
resource when it is done. Microsoft recommend that you provide a method called Dispose() for this purpose.
However, this causes problems for distributed objects - in a distributed system who calls the Dispose()
method? Some form of reference-counting or ownership-management mechanism is needed to handle
distributed objects - unfortunately the runtime offers no help with this.
75. What is serialization? Serialization is the process of converting an object into a stream of bytes.
Deserialization is the opposite process of creating an object from a stream of bytes. Serialization /
Deserialization is mostly used to transport objects (e.g. during remoting), or to persist
objects (e.g. to a file or database).
76. Does the .NET Framework have in-built support for serialization? There are two separate mechanisms
provided by the .NET class library - XmlSerializer and SoapFormatter/BinaryFormatter. Microsoft uses
XmlSerializer for Web Services, and uses SoapFormatter/BinaryFormatter for remoting. Both are available for
use in your own code.
77. Can I customise the serialization process? Yes. XmlSerializer supports a range of attributes that can be
used to configure serialization for a particular class. For example, a field or property can be marked with the
[XmlIgnore] attribute to exclude it from serialization. Another example is the [XmlElement]
attribute, which can be used to specify the XML element name to be used for a particular property or field.
Serialization via SoapFormatter/BinaryFormatter can also be controlled to some extent by attributes. For
example, the [NonSerialized] attribute is the equivalent of XmlSerializer's [XmlIgnore] attribute. Ultimate
control of the serialization process can be acheived by implementing the the ISerializable interface on the class
whose instances are to be serialized.
78. Why is XmlSerializer so slow? There is a once-per-process-per-type overhead with XmlSerializer. So the
first time you serialize or deserialize an object of a given type in an application, there is a significant delay.
This normally doesn't matter, but it may mean, for example, that XmlSerializer is a poor choice for loading
configuration settings during startup of a GUI application.
79. Why do I get errors when I try to serialize a Hashtable? XmlSerializer will refuse to serialize instances of
any class that implements IDictionary, e.g. Hashtable. SoapFormatter and BinaryFormatter do not have this
restriction.
80. What are attributes? There are at least two types of .NET attribute. The first type I will refer to as a
metadata attribute - it allows some data to be attached to a class or method. This data becomes part of the
metadata for the class, and (like other class metadata) can be accessed via reflection. The other type of
attribute is a context attribute. Context attributes use a similar syntax to metadata attributes but they are
fundamentally different. Context attributes provide an interception mechanism whereby instance activation
and method calls can be
pre- and/or post-processed.
81. How does CAS work? The CAS security policy revolves around two key concepts - code groups and
permissions. Each .NET assembly is a member of a particular code group, and each code group is granted the
permissions specified in a named permission set.
For example, using the default security policy, a control downloaded from a web site belongs to the 'Zone -
Internet' code group, which adheres to the permissions defined by the 'Internet' named permission set.
(Naturally the 'Internet' named permission set represents a very restrictive range of permissions.)
82. Who defines the CAS code groups? Microsoft defines some default ones, but you can modify these and
even create your own. To see the code groups defined on your system, run 'caspol -lg' from the command-line.
On my system it looks like this:
Level = Machine
Code Groups:
1. All code: Nothing
1.1. Zone - MyComputer: FullTrust
1.1.1. Honor SkipVerification requests: SkipVerification
1.2. Zone - Intranet: LocalIntranet
1.3. Zone - Internet: Internet
1.4. Zone - Untrusted: Nothing
1.5. Zone - Trusted: Internet
1.6. StrongName - 0024000004800000940000000602000000240000525341310004000003
000000CFCB3291AA715FE99D40D49040336F9056D7886FED46775BC7BB5430BA4444FEF8348EBD06
F962F39776AE4DC3B7B04A7FE6F49F25F740423EBF2C0B89698D8D08AC48D69CED0FC8F83B465E08
07AC11EC1DCC7D054E807A43336DDE408A5393A48556123272CEEEE72F1660B71927D38561AABF5C
AC1DF1734633C602F8F2D5:
Note the hierarchy of code groups - the top of the hierarchy is the most general ('All code'), which is then sub-
divided into several
groups, each of which in turn can be sub-divided. Also note that (somewhat counter-intuitively) a sub-group
can be associated with a more permissive permission set than its parent.
83. How do I define my own code group? Use caspol. For example, suppose you trust code from
http://www.mydomain.com/ and you want it have full access to your system, but you want to keep the default
restrictions for all other internet sites. To achieve this, you would add a new code group as a sub-group of the
'Zone - Internet' group, like this:
caspol -ag 1.3 -site http://www.mydomain.com/ FullTrust
Now if you run caspol -lg you will see that the new group has been added as group 1.3.1:
1.3. Zone - Internet: Internet

1.3.1. Site - http://www.mydomain.com/: FullTrust
Note that the numeric label (1.3.1) is just a caspol invention to make the code groups easy to manipulate from
the command-line. The underlying runtime never sees it.
84. How do I change the permission set for a code group? Use caspol. If you are the machine administrator,
you can operate at the 'machine' level - which means not only that the changes you make become the default
for the machine, but also that users cannot change the permissions to be more permissive. If you are a normal
(non-admin) user you can still modify the permissions, but only to make them more restrictive. For example,
to allow intranet code to do what it likes you might do this: caspol -cg 1.2 FullTrust
Note that because this is more permissive than the default policy (on a standard system), you should only do
this at the machine level - doing it at the user level will have no effect.
85. I can't be bothered with all this CAS stuff. Can I turn it off?
Yes, as long as you are an administrator. Just run: caspol -s off
86. Can I look at the IL for an assembly? Yes. MS supply a tool called Ildasm which can be used to view the
metadata and IL for an assembly.
87. Can source code be reverse-engineered from IL? Yes, it is often relatively straightforward to regenerate
high-level source (e.g. C#) from IL.
88. How can I stop my code being reverse-engineered from IL?

There is currently no simple way to stop code being reverse-engineered from IL. In future it is likely that IL
obfuscation tools will become available, either from MS or from third parties. These tools work by 'optimising'
the IL in such a way that reverse-engineering becomes much more difficult. Of course if you are writing web
services then reverse-engineering is not a problem as clients do not have access to your IL.
89. Is there built-in support for tracing/logging? Yes, in the System.Diagnostics namespace. There are two
main classes that deal with tracing - Debug and Trace. They both work in a similar way - the difference is that
tracing from the Debug class only works in builds that have the DEBUG symbol defined, whereas tracing from
the Trace class only works in builds that have the TRACE symbol defined. Typically this means that you should
use System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine for tracing that you want to work in debug and release builds, and
System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine for tracing that you want to work only in debug builds.
90. Can I redirect tracing to a file? Yes. The Debug and Trace classes both have a Listeners property, which is a
collection of sinks that receive the tracing that you send via Debug.WriteLine and Trace.WriteLine respectively.
By default the Listeners collection contains a single sink, which is an instance of the DefaultTraceListener class.
This sends output to the Win32 OutputDebugString() function and also the System.Diagnostics.Debugger.Log()
method. This is useful when debugging, but if you're trying to trace a problem at a customer site, redirecting
the output to a file is more appropriate. Fortunately, the TextWriterTraceListener class is provided for this
purpose.
91. What are the contents of assembly? In general, a static assembly can consist of four elements:
The assembly manifest, which contains assembly metadata.
Type metadata.
Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) code that implements the types.
A set of resources.
92. What is GC (Garbage Collection) and how it works One of the good features of the CLR is Garbage
Collection, which runs in the background collecting unused object references, freeing us from having to ensure
we always destroy them. In reality the time difference between you releasing the object instance and it being
garbage collected is likely to be very small, since the GC is always running.
[The process of transitively tracing through all pointers to actively used objects in order to locate all objects
that can be referenced, and then arranging to reuse any heap memory that was not found during this trace.
The common language runtime garbage collector also compacts the memory that is in use to reduce the
working space needed for the heap.]
Heap:
A portion of memory reserved for a program to use for the temporary storage of data structures whose
existence or size cannot be determined until the program is running.
93. Differnce between Managed code and unmanaged code ? Managed Code: Code that runs under a "contract
of cooperation" with the common language runtime. Managed code must supply the metadata necessary for
the runtime to provide services such as memory management, cross-language integration, code access
security, and automatic lifetime control of objects. All code based on Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL)
executes as managed code.
Un-Managed Code:
Code that is created without regard for the conventions and requirements of the common language runtime.
Unmanaged code executes in the common language runtime environment with minimal services (for example,
no garbage collection, limited debugging, and so on).
94. What is MSIL, IL, CTS and, CLR ?

MSIL: (Microsoft intermediate language) When compiling to managed code, the compiler translates your
source code into Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL), which is a CPU-independent set of instructions that
can be efficiently converted to native code. MSIL includes instructions for loading, storing, initializing, and
calling methods on objects, as well as instructions for arithmetic and logical operations, control flow, direct
memory access, exception handling, and other operations. Before code can be executed, MSIL must be
converted to CPU-specific code, usually by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. Because the common language
runtime supplies one or more JIT compilers for each computer architecture it supports, the same set of MSIL
can be JIT-compiled and executed on any supported architecture. When a compiler produces MSIL, it also
produces metadata. Metadata describes the types in your code, including the definition of
each type, the signatures of each type's members, the members that our code references, and other data that
the runtime uses at execution time. The MSIL and metadata are contained in a portable executable (PE) file
that is based on and extends the published Microsoft PE and Common Object File Format (COFF) used
historically for executable content. This file format, which accommodates
MSIL or native code as well as metadata, enables the operating system to recognize common language
runtime images. The presence of metadata in the file along with the MSIL enables your code to describe itself,
which means that there is no need for type libraries or Interface Definition Language (IDL). The runtime
locates and extracts the metadata from the file as needed during execution.
IL: (Intermediate Language)A language used as the output of a number of compilers and as the input to a
just-in-time (JIT) compiler. The common language runtime includes a JIT compiler for converting MSIL to
native code.
CTS: (Common Type System) The specification that determines how the common language runtime defines,
uses, and manages types
CLR: (Common Language Runtime) The engine at the core of managed code execution. The runtime supplies
managed code with services such as cross-language integration, code access security, object lifetime
management, and debugging and profiling support.
95. What is Reference type and value type ?

Reference Type: Reference types are allocated on the managed CLR heap, just like object types. A data type
that is stored as a reference to the value's location. The value of a reference type is the location of the
sequence of bits that represent the type's data. Reference types can be self-describing types, pointer types, or
interface types
Value Type: Value types are allocated on the stack just like primitive types in VBScript, VB6 and C/C++. Value
types are not instantiated using new go out of scope when the function they are defined within returns.
Value types in the CLR are defined as types that derive from system.valueType.
A data type that fully describes a value by specifying the sequence of bits that constitutes the value's
representation. Type information for a value type instance is not stored with the instance at run time, but it is
available in metadata. Value type instances can be treated as objects using boxing.
96. What is Boxing and unboxing ? Boxing: The conversion of a value type instance to an object, which implies
that the instance will carry full type information at run time and will be allocated in the heap. The Microsoft
intermediate language (MSIL) instruction set's box instruction converts a value type to an object by making a
copy of the value type and embedding it in a newly allocated object.
Un-Boxing:
The conversion of an object instance to a value type.
97. What is JIT and how is works ? An acronym for "just-in-time," a phrase that describes an action that is
taken only when it becomes necessary, such as just-in-time compilation or just-in-time object activation
98. What is portable executable (PE) ? The file format used for executable programs and for files to be linked
together to form executable programs
99. What is strong name? A name that consists of an assembly's identity—its simple text name, version
number, and culture information (if provided)—strengthened by a public key and a digital signature generated
over the assembly. Because the assembly manifest contains file hashes for all the files that constitute the
assembly implementation, it is sufficient to generate the digital signature over just the one file in the assembly
that contains the assembly manifest. Assemblies with the same strong name are expected to be identical
100. What is global assembly cache? A machine-wide code cache that stores assemblies specifically installed to
be shared by many applications on the computer. Applications deployed in the global assembly cache must
have a strong name.
101. What is difference between constants, readonly and, static ?

Constants: The value can’t be changed
Read-only: The value will be initialized only once from the constructor of the class.
Static: Value can be initialized once.
102. What is difference between shared and public? An assembly that can be referenced by more than one
application. An assembly must be explicitly built to be shared by giving it a cryptographically strong name.
103. What is namespace used for loading assemblies at run time and name the methods? System.Reflection
104. What are the types of authentication in .net? We have three types of authentication:
1. Form authentication
2. Windows authentication
3. Passport This has to be declared in web.config file.
105. What is the difference between a Struct and a Class ? The struct type is suitable for representing
lightweight objects such as Point, Rectangle, and Color. Although it is possible to represent a point as a class, a
struct is more efficient in some scenarios. For example, if you declare an array of 1000 Point objects, you will
allocate additional memory for referencing each object. In this case, the struct is less expensive. When you
create a struct object using the new operator, it gets created and the appropriate constructor is called. Unlike
classes, structs can be instantiated without using the new operator. If you do not use new, the fields will
remain unassigned and the object cannot be used until all of the fields are initialized. It is an error to declare a
default (parameterless) constructor for a struct. A default constructor is always provided to initialize the struct
members to their default values.
It is an error to initialize an instance field in a struct.
There is no inheritance for structs as there is for classes. A struct cannot inherit from another struct or class,
and it cannot be the base of a class. Structs, however, inherit from the base class Object. A struct can
implement interfaces, and it does that exactly as classes do.
A struct is a value type, while a class is a reference type.
106. How big is the datatype int in .NET?

32 bits.
107. How big is the char?

16 bits (Unicode).
108. How do you initiate a string without escaping each backslash? Put an @ sign in front of the double-
quoted string.
109. What's the access level of the visibility type internal?

Current application.
110. Explain encapsulation ? The implementation is hidden, the interface is exposed.
111. What data type should you use if you want an 8-bit value that's signed?
sbyte.
112. Speaking of Boolean data types, what's different between C# and C/C++? There's no conversion
between 0 and false, as well as any other number and true, like in C/C++.
113. Where are the value-type variables allocated in the computer RAM?
Stack.
114. Where do the reference-type variables go in the RAM?

The references go on the stack, while the objects themselves go on the heap.
115. What is the difference between the value-type variables and reference-type variables in terms of garbage
collection?
The value-type variables are not garbage-collected, they just fall off the stack when they fall out of scope, the
reference-type objects
are picked up by GC when their references go null.
116. How do you convert a string into an integer in .NET?

Int32.Parse(string)
117. How do you box a primitive data type variable?

Assign it to the object, pass an object.
118. Why do you need to box a primitive variable?

To pass it by reference.
119. What's the difference between Java and .NET garbage collectors?
Sun left the implementation of a specific garbage collector up to the JRE developer, so their performance varies
widely, depending on whose JRE you're using. Microsoft standardized on their garbage collection.
120. How do you enforce garbage collection in .NET?

System.GC.Collect();
121. What's different about namespace declaration when comparing that to package declaration in Java?
No semicolon.
122. What's the difference between const and readonly?

You can initialize readonly variables to some runtime values. Let's say your program uses current date and
time as one of the values that won't change. This way you declare public readonly string DateT = new
DateTime().ToString().
123. What happens when you encounter a continue statement inside the for loop? The code for the rest of the
loop is ignored, the control is transferred back to the beginning of the loop.
124. What's the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over System.String? StringBuilder is more
efficient in the cases, where a lot of manipulation is done to the text. Strings are immutable, so each time it's
being operated on, a new instance is created.

No.
126. What's the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and System.Array.Clone()? The first one
performs a deep copy of the array, the second one is shallow.
By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods.
128. What's the .NET datatype that allows the retrieval of data by a unique key?
HashTable.
129. What's class SortedList underneath?

A sorted HashTable.
130. Will finally block get executed if the exception had not occurred?
Yes.
131. Can multiple catch blocks be executed?

No, once the proper catch code fires off, the control is transferred to the finally block (if there are any), and
then whatever follows the finally block.
132. Why is it a bad idea to throw your own exceptions?

Well, if at that point you know that an error has occurred, then why not write the proper code to handle that
error instead of passing a new Exception object to the catch block? Throwing your own exceptions signifies
some design flaws in the project.
133. What's a delegate?

A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method. In C++ they were referred to as function pointers.
134. What's a multicast delegate?

It's a delegate that points to and eventually fires off several methods.
135. How's the DLL Hell problem solved in .NET?

Assembly versioning allows the application to specify not only the library it needs to run (which was available
under Win32), but also the version of the assembly.
136. What are the ways to deploy an assembly?

An MSI installer, a CAB archive, and XCOPY command.
137. What's a satellite assembly? When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural application in .NET, and want
to distribute the core application separately from the localized modules, the localized assemblies that modify
the core application are called satellite assemblies.

System.Globalization, System.Resources.
140. What does assert() do? In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter, and
shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the condition
is true.
141. What's the difference between the Debug class and Trace class?
Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use Trace class for both debug and release
builds.
142. Why are there five tracing levels in System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher? The tracing dumps can be quite
verbose and for some applications that are constantly running you run the risk of overloading the machine and
the hard drive there. Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing to fine-tune the tracing activities.

To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor.

System.Globalization, System.Resources.
145. What are three test cases you should go through in unit testing?
Positive test cases (correct data, correct output), negative test cases (broken or missing data, proper
handling), exception test cases (exceptions are thrown and caught properly).
Yes, if you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window.
147. What's the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into the class' set method?
Value, and it's datatype depends on whatever variable we're changing.
148. How do you inherit from a class in C#?

Place a colon and then the name of the base class. Notice that it's double colon in C++.
149. Does C# support multiple inheritance?

No, use interfaces instead.
150. When you inherit a protected class-level variable, who is it available to?
Derived Classes.
151. What's the top .NET class that everything is derived from?
System.Object.
152. How's method overriding different from overloading?

When overriding, you change the method behavior for a derived class. Overloading simply involves having a
method with the same name within the class.
153. What does the keyword virtual mean in the method definition?
The method can be over-ridden.
154. Can you declare the override method static while the original method is non-static? No, you can't, the
signature of the virtual method must remain the same, only the keyword virtual is changed to
keyword override.
155. Can you override private virtual methods? No, moreover, you cannot access private methods in inherited
classes, have to be protected in the base class to allow any sort of access.
156. Can you prevent your class from being inherited and becoming a base class for some other classes?
Yes, that's what keyword sealed in the class definition is for. The developer trying to derive from your class will
get a message: cannot inherit from Sealed class WhateverBaseClassName. It's the same concept as final class
in Java.
157. Can you allow class to be inherited, but prevent the method from being over-ridden?
Yes, just leave the class public and make the method sealed.
158. Why can't you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface? They all must be
public. Therefore, to prevent you from getting the false impression that you have any freedom of choice, you
are not allowed to specify any accessibility, it's public by default.
159. Can you inherit multiple interfaces?

Yes, why not.
160. And if they have conflicting method names?

It's up to you to implement the method inside your own class, so implementation is left entirely up to you. This
might cause a problem on a higher-level scale if similarly named methods from different interfaces expect
different data, but as far as compiler cares you're okay.
161. What's the difference between an interface and abstract class?
In the interface all methods must be abstract, in the abstract class some methods can be concrete. In the
interface no accessibility modifiers are allowed, which is ok in abstract classes.
162. How can you overload a method?

Different parameter data types, different number of parameters, different order of parameters.
163. If a base class has a bunch of overloaded constructors, and an inherited class has another bunch of
overloaded constructors, can you enforce a call from an inherited constructor to an arbitrary base constructor?
Yes, just place a colon, and then keyword base (parameter list to invoke the appropriate constructor) in the
overloaded constructor definition inside the inherited class.
164. What's the difference between System.String and System.StringBuilder classes? System.String is
immutable, System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of having a mutable string where a variety of
operations can be performed.
165. Does C# support multiple-inheritance?

166. When you inherit a protected class-level variable, who is it available to?
The derived class.
167. Are private class-level variables inherited?

Yes, but they are not accessible. Although they are not visible or accessible via the class interface, they are
inherited.
168. Describe the accessibility modifier "protected internal".

It is available to derived classes and classes within the same Assembly (and naturally from the base class it's
declared in).
169. What's the top .NET class that everything is derived from?
System.Object.
170. What's the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over System.String? StringBuilder is more
efficient in cases where there is a large amount of string manipulation. Strings are immutable, so each time
it's being operated on, a new instance is created.

No.
172. What's the .NET class that allows the retrieval of a data element using a unique key?
HashTable.
173. Will the finally block get executed if an exception has not occurred?
Yes.
174. What's an abstract class? A class that cannot be instantiated. An abstract class is a class that must be
inherited and have the methods overridden. An abstract class is essentially a blueprint for a class without any
implementation.
175. When do you absolutely have to declare a class as abstract?

1. When at least one of the methods in the class is abstract.
2. When the class itself is inherited from an abstract class, but not all base abstract methods have been
overridden.
176. What's an interface?

It's an abstract class with public abstract methods all of which must be implemented in the inherited classes.
177. Why can't you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface? They all must be public.
Therefore, to prevent you from getting the false impression that you have any freedom of choice, you are not
allowed to specify any accessibility, it's public by default.
178. What's the difference between an interface and abstract class?

In an interface class, all methods must be abstract. In an abstract class some methods can be concrete. In
an interface class, no accessibility modifiers are allowed, which is ok in an abstract class.
179. How is method overriding different from method overloading?
When overriding a method, you change the behavior of the method for the derived class. Overloading a
method simply involves having another method with the same name within the class.
180. Can you declare an override method to be static if the original method is non-static? No. The signature of
the virtual method must remain the same, only the keyword virtual is changed to keyword override.
181. Can you override private virtual methods?

No. Private methods are not accessible outside the class.
182. Can you write a class without specifying namespace? Which namespace does it belong to by default?
Yes, you can, then the class belongs to global namespace which has no name. For commercial products,
naturally, you wouldn't want global namespace.
183. What is a formatter? A formatter is an object that is responsible for encoding and serializing data into
messages on one end, and deserializing and decoding messages into data on the other end.
184. Different b/w .NET & J2EE ?

Differences between J2EE and the .NET Platform
Vendor Neutrality
The .NET platform is not vendor neutral, it is tied to the Microsoft operating systems. But neither are any of
the J2EE implementations
Many companies buy into J2EE believing that it will give them vendor neutrality. And, in fact, this is a stated
goal of Sun's vision:
A wide variety of J2EE product configurations and implementations, all of which meet the requirements of this
specification, are possible. A portable J2EE application will function correctly when successfully deployed in any
of these products. (ref : Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition Specification, v1.3, page 2-7 available at
http://java.sun.com/j2ee/)
Overall Maturity
Given that the .NET platform has a three year lead over J2EE, it should be no surprise to learn that the .NET
platform is far more mature than the J2EE platform. Whereas we have high volume highly reliable web sites
using .NET technologies (NASDAQ and Dell being among many examples)
Interoperability and Web Services
The .NET platform eCollaboration model is, as I have discussed at length, based on the UDDI and SOAP
standards. These standards are widely supported by more than 100 companies. Microsoft, along with IBM and
Ariba, are the leaders in this area. Sun is a member of the UDDI consortium and recognizes the importance of
the UDDI standards. In a recent press release, Sun's George Paolini, Vice President for the Java Community
Development, says:
"Sun has always worked to help establish and support open, standards-based technologies that facilitate the
growth of network-based applications, and we see UDDI as an important project to establish a registry
framework for business-to-business e-commerce
But while Sun publicly says it believes in the UDDI standards, in reality, Sun has done nothing whatsoever to
incorporate any of the UDDI standards into J2EE.
Scalability
Typical Comparision w.r.t Systems and their costs
J2EE
Company System Total Sys. Cost
Bull Escala T610 c/s 16,785 $1,980,179
IBM RS/6000 Enterprise Server F80 16,785 $2,026,681
Bull Escala EPC810 c/s 33,375 $3,037,499
IBM RS/6000 Enterprise Server M80 33,375 $3,097,055
Bull Escala EPC2450 110,403 $9,563,263
IBM IBM eServer pSeries 680 Model 7017-S85 110,403 $9,560,594
.NET platform systems
Company System Total Sys. Cost

Dell PowerEdge 4400 16,263 $273,487
Compaq ProLiant ML-570-6/700-3P 20,207 $201,717
Dell PowerEdge 6400 30,231 $334,626
IBM Netfinity 7600 c/s 32,377 $443,463
Compaq ProLiant 8500-X550-64P 161,720 $3,534,272
Compaq ProLiant 8500-700-192P 505,303 $10,003,826
Framework Support
The .NET platform includes such an eCommerce framework called Commerce Server. At this point, there is no
equivalent vendor-neutral framework in the J2EE space. With J2EE, you should assume that you will be
building your new eCommerce solution from scratch
Moreover, no matter what [J2EE] vendor you choose, if you expect a component framework that will allow you
to quickly field complete e-business applications, you are in for a frustrating experience
Language
In the language arena, the choice is about as simple as it gets. J2EE supports Java, and only Java. It will not
support any other language in the foreseeable future. The .NET platform supports every language except Java
(although it does support a language that is syntactically and functionally equivalent to Java, C#). In fact,
given the importance of the .NET platform as a language independent vehicle, it is likely that any language
that comes out in the near future will include support for the .NET platform.
Some companies are under the impression that J2EE supports other languages. Although both IBM's
WebSphere and BEA's WebLogic support other languages, neither does it through their J2EE technology. There
are only two official ways in the J2EE platform to access other languages, one through the Java Native
Interface and the other through CORBA interoperability. Sun recommends the later approach. As Sun's
Distinguished Scientist and Java Architect Rick Cattell said in a recent interview.
Portability
The reason that operating system portability is a possibility with J2EE is not so much because of any inherent
portability of J2EE, as it is that most of the J2EE vendors support multiple operating systems. Therefore as
long as one sticks with a given J2EE vendor and a given database vendor, moving from one operating system
to another should be possible. This is probably the single most important benefit in favor of J2EE over the .NET
platform, which is limited to the Windows operating system. It is worth noting, however, that Microsoft has
submitted the specifications for C# and a subset of the .NET Framework (called the common language
infrastructure) to ECMA, the group that standardizes JavaScript.
J2EE offers an acceptable solution to ISVs when the product must be marketed to non-Windows customers,
particularly when the J2EE platform itself can be bundled with the ISV's product as an integrated offering.
If the primary customer base for the ISV is Windows customers, then the .NET platform should be chosen. It
will provide much better performance at a much lower cost.
Client device independence
The major difference being that with Java, it is the presentation tier programmer that determines the ultimate
HTML that will be delivered to the client, and with .NET, it is a Visual Studio.NET control.
This Java approach has three problems. First, it requires a lot of code on the presentation tier, since every
possible thin client system requires a different code path. Second, it is very difficult to test the code with every
possible thin client system. Third, it is very difficult to add new thin clients to an existing application, since to
do so involves searching through, and modifying a tremendous amount of presentation tier logic.
The .NET Framework approach is to write device independent code that interacts with visual controls. It is the
control, not the programmer, that is responsible for determining what HTML to deliver, based on the
capabilities of the client device.. In the .NET Framework model, one can forget that such a thing as HTML even
exists!
Conclusion
Sun's J2EE vision is based on a family of specifications that can be implemented by many vendors. It is open in
the sense that any company can license and implement the technology, but closed in the sense that it is
controlled by a single vendor, and a self contained architectural island with very limited ability to interact
outside of itself. One of J2EE's major disadvantages is that the choice of the platform dictates the use of a
single programming language, and a programming language that is not well suited for most businesses. One of
J2EE's major advantages is that most of the J2EE vendors do offer operating system portability.
Microsoft's .NET platform vision is a family of products rather than specifications, with specifications used
primarily to define points of interoperability. The major disadvantage of this approach is that if is limited to the
Windows platform, so applications written for the .NET platform can only be run on .NET platforms. Their are
several important advantages to the .NET platform:
* The cost of developing applications is much lower, since standard business languages can be used and device
independent presentation tier logic can be written.
* The cost of running applications is much lower, since commodity hardware platforms (at 1/5 the cost of their
Unix counterparts) can be used.
* The ability to scale up is much greater, with the proved ability to support at least ten times the number of
clients any J2EE platform has shown itself able to support.
* Interoperability is much stronger, with industry standard eCollaboration built into the platform.
185. What are the Main Features of .NET platform?
Features of .NET Platform are :-
Common Language Runtime Explains the features and benefits of the common language runtime, a run-time
environment that manages the execution of code and provides services that simplify the development process.
Assemblies
Defines the concept of assemblies, which are collections of types and resources that form logical units of
functionality. Assemblies are the fundamental units of deployment, version control, reuse, activation scoping,
and security permissions.
Application Domains
Explains how to use application domains to provide isolation between applications.
Runtime Hosts
Describes the runtime hosts supported by the .NET Framework, including ASP.NET, Internet Explorer, and shell
executables.
Common Type System

Identifies the types supported by the common language runtime.
Metadata and Self-Describing Components

Explains how the .NET Framework simplifies component interoperation by allowing compilers to emit additional
declarative information, or metadata, into all modules and assemblies.
Cross-Language Interoperability
Explains how managed objects created in different programming languages can interact with one another.
.NET Framework Security

Describes mechanisms for protecting resources and code from unauthorized code and unauthorized users.
.NET Framework Class Library

Introduces the library of types provided by the .NET Framework, which expedites and optimizes the
development process and gives you access to system functionality.
186. What is the use of JIT ? JIT (Just - In - Time) is a compiler which converts MSIL code to Native Code (ie..
CPU-specific code that runs on the same computer architecture).
Because the common language runtime supplies a JIT compiler for each supported CPU architecture,
developers can write a set of MSIL that can be JIT-compiled and run on computers with different architectures.
However, your managed code will run only on a specific operating system if it calls platform-specific native
APIs, or a platform-specific class library.
JIT compilation takes into account the fact that some code might never get called during execution. Rather
than using time and memory to convert all the MSIL in a portable executable (PE) file to native code, it
converts the MSIL as needed during execution and stores the resulting native code so that it is accessible for
subsequent calls. The loader creates and attaches a stub to each of a type's methods when the type is loaded.
On the initial call to the method, the stub passes control to the JIT compiler, which converts the MSIL for that
method into native code and modifies the stub to direct execution to the location of the native code.
Subsequent calls of the JIT-compiled method proceed directly to the native code that was previously
generated, reducing the time it takes to JIT-compile and run the code.
187. What meant of assembly & global assembly cache (gac) & Meta data. Assembly :-- An assembly is the
primary building block of a .NET based application. It is a collection of functionality that is built, versioned, and
deployed as a single implementation unit (as one or more files). All managed types and resources are marked
either as accessible only within their implementation unit, or as accessible by code outside that unit. It
overcomes the problem of 'dll Hell'.The .NET Framework uses assemblies as the fundamental unit for several
purposes:
• Security
• Type Identity
• Reference Scope
• Versioning
• Deployment
Global Assembly Cache :-- Assemblies can be shared among multiple applications on the machine by
registering them in global Assembly cache(GAC). GAC is a machine wide a local cache of assemblies
maintained by the .NET Framework. We can register the assembly to global assembly cache by using gacutil
command.
We can Navigate to the GAC directory, C:\winnt\Assembly in explore. In the tools menu select the cache
properties; in the windows displayed you can set the memory limit in MB used by the GAC
MetaData :--Assemblies have Manifests. This Manifest contains Metadata information of the Module/Assembly
as well as it contains detailed Metadata of other assemblies/modules references (exported). It's the Assembly
Manifest which differentiates between an Assembly and a Module.
188. What are the mobile devices supported by .net platform

The Microsoft .NET Compact Framework is designed to run on mobile devices such as mobile phones, Personal
Digital Assistants (PDAs), and embedded devices. The easiest way to develop and test a Smart Device
Application is to use an emulator.
These devices are divided into two main divisions:

1) Those that are directly supported by .NET (Pocket PCs, i-Mode phones, and WAP devices)
2) Those that are not (Palm OS and J2ME-powered devices).
189. What is GUID , why we use it and where?

GUID :-- GUID is Short form of Globally Unique Identifier, a unique 128-bit number that is produced by the
Windows OS or by some Windows applications to identify a particular component, application, file, database
entry, and/or user. For instance, a Web site may generate a GUID and assign it to a user's browser to record
and track the session. A GUID is also used in a Windows registry to identify COM DLLs. Knowing where to look
in the registry and having the correct GUID yields a lot information about a COM object (i.e., information in the
type library, its physical location, etc.). Windows also identifies user accounts by a username
(computer/domain and username) and assigns it a GUID. Some database administrators even will use GUIDs
as primary key values in databases.
GUIDs can be created in a number of ways, but usually they are a combination of a few unique settings based
on specific point in time (e.g., an IP address, network MAC address, clock date/time, etc.).
190. Describe the difference between inline and code behind - which is best in a loosely coupled solution
ASP.NET supports two modes of page development: Page logic code that is written inside runat="server">
blocks within an .aspx file and dynamically compiled the first time the page is requested on the server. Page
logic code that is written within an external class that is compiled prior to deployment on a server and linked
""behind"" the .aspx file at run time.
191. Whats MSIL, and why should my developers need an appreciation of it if at all? When compiling the
source code to managed code, the compiler translates the source into Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL).
This is a CPU-independent set of instructions that can efficiently be converted to native code. Microsoft
intermediate language (MSIL) is a translation used as the output of a number of compilers. It is the input to a
just-in-time (JIT) compiler. The Common Language Runtime includes a JIT compiler for the conversion of MSIL
to native code.
Before Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) can be executed it, must be converted by the .NET Framework
just-in-time (JIT) compiler to native code. This is CPU-specific code that runs on the same computer
architecture as the JIT compiler. Rather than using time and memory to convert all of the MSIL in a portable
executable (PE) file to native code. It converts the MSIL as needed whilst executing, then caches the resulting
native code so its accessible for any subsequent calls.
192. How many .NET languages can a single .NET DLL contain?
One
193. What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?

Server
194. Whats an assembly? Assemblies are the building blocks of .NET Framework applications; they form the
fundamental unit of deployment, version control, reuse, activation scoping, and security permissions. An
assembly is a collection of types and resources that are built to work together and form a logical unit of
functionality. An assembly provides the common language runtime with the information it needs to be aware of
type implementations. To the runtime, a type does not exist outside the context of an assembly.
195. How many classes can a single .NET DLL contain?

Unlimited.
196. What is the difference between string and String ?
No difference
197. What is manifest?

It is the metadata that describes the assemblies.
198. What is metadata? Metadata is machine-readable information about a resource, or ""data about data.""
Such information might include details on content, format, size, or other characteristics of a data
source. In .NET, metadata includes type definitions, version information, external assembly references, and
other standardized information.
199. What are the types of assemblies?

There are four types of assemblies in .NET:
Static assemblies
These are the .NET PE files that you create at compile time.
Dynamic assemblies These are PE-formatted, in-memory assemblies that you dynamically create at runtime
using the classes in the System.Reflection.Emit namespace.
Private assemblies These are static assemblies used by a specific application.
Public or shared assemblies These are static assemblies that must have a unique shared name and can be
used by any application.
An application uses a private assembly by referring to the assembly using a static path or through an XML-
based application configuration file. While the CLR doesn't enforce versioning policies-checking whether the
correct version is used-for private assemblies, it ensures that an
application uses the correct shared assemblies with which the application was built. Thus, an application uses a
specific shared assembly by referring to the specific shared assembly, and the CLR ensures that the correct
version is loaded at runtime.
In .NET, an assembly is the smallest unit to which you can associate a version number;
200. What are delegates?where are they used ? A delegate defines a reference type that can be used to
encapsulate a method with a specific signature. A delegate instance encapsulates a static or an instance
method. Delegates are roughly similar to function pointers in C++; however, delegates are type-safe and
secure.
201. When do you use virutal keyword?. When we need to override a method of the base class in the sub
class, then we give the virtual keyword in the base class method. This makes the method in the base class to
be overridable. Methods, properties, and indexers can be virtual, which means that their implementation can
be overridden in derived classes.
202. What are class access modifiers ? Access modifiers are keywords used to specify the declared accessibility
of a member or a type. This section introduces the four access modifiers:
· Public - Access is not restricted.
· Protected - Access is limited to the containing class or types derived from the containing class.
· Internal - Access is limited to the current assembly.
· Protected inertnal - Access is limited to the current assembly or types derived · from the containing class.
· Private - Access is limited to the containing type.
203. What Is Boxing And Unboxing?

Boxing :- Boxing is an implicit conversion of a value type to the type object type
Eg:-
Consider the following declaration of a value-type variable:
int i = 123;
object o = (object) i;
Boxing Conversion
UnBoxing :- Unboxing is an explicit conversion from the type object to a value type
Eg:
int i = 123; // A value type
object box = i; // Boxing
int j = (int)box; // Unboxing
204. What is Value type and refernce type in .Net?.

Value Type : A variable of a value type always contains a value of that type. The assignment to a variable of a
value type creates a copy of the assigned value, while the assignment to a variable of a reference type creates
a copy of the reference but not of the referenced object.
The value types consist of two main categories:

* Stuct Type
* Enumeration Type
Reference Type :Variables of reference types, referred to as objects, store references to the actual data. This
section introduces the following keywords used to declare reference types:
* Class
* Interface
* Delegate
This section also introduces the following built-in reference types:

* object
* string
205. What is the difference between structures and enumeration?.

Unlike classes, structs are value types and do not require heap allocation. A variable of a struct type directly
contains the data of the struct, whereas a variable of a class type contains a reference to the data. They are
derived from System.ValueType class.
Enum->An enum type is a distinct type that declares a set of named constants.They are strongly typed
constants. They are unique types that allow to declare symbolic names to integral values. Enums are value
types, which means they contain their own value, can't inherit or be inherited from and assignment copies the
value of one enum to another.
public enum Grade

{
A,
B,
C
}
206. What is namespaces?. Namespace is a logical naming scheme for group related types.Some class types
that logically belong together they can be put into a common namespace. They prevent namespace collisions
and they provide scoping. They are imported as "using" in C# or "Imports" in Visual Basic. It seems as if these
directives specify a particular assembly, but they don't. A namespace can span multiple assemblies, and an
assembly can define multiple namespaces. When the compiler needs the definition for a class type, it tracks
through each of the different imported namespaces to the type name and searches each referenced assembly
until it is found.
Namespaces can be nested. This is very similar to packages in Java as far as scoping is concerned.
207. How do you create shared assemblies?.

Just look through the definition of Assemblies..
* An Assembly is a logical unit of code
* Assembly physically exist as DLLs or EXEs
* One assembly can contain one or more files
* The constituent files can include any file types like image files, text files etc. along with DLLs or EXEs
* When you compile your source code by default the exe/dll generated is actually an assembly
* Unless your code is bundled as assembly it can not be used in any other application
* When you talk about version of a component you are actually talking about version of the assembly to
which the component belongs.
* Every assembly file contains information about itself. This information is called as Assembly Manifest.
Following steps are involved in creating shared assemblies :
* Create your DLL/EXE source code

* Generate unique assembly name using SN utility
* Sign your DLL/EXE with the private key by modifying AssemblyInfo file
* Compile your DLL/EXE
* Place the resultant DLL/EXE in global assembly cache using AL utility
208. What is global assembly cache? Each computer where the common language runtime is installed has a
machine-wide code cache called the global assembly cache. The global assembly cache stores assemblies
specifically designated to be shared by several applications on the computer. There are several ways to deploy
an assembly into the global assembly cache: · Use an installer designed to work with the global assembly
cache. This is the preferred option for installing assemblies into the global assembly cache. Use a developer
tool called the Global Assembly Cache tool (Gacutil.exe), provided by the .NET Framework SDK.
· Use Windows Explorer to drag assemblies into the cache.
209. What is MSIL?. When compiling to managed code, the compiler translates your source code into Microsoft
intermediate language (MSIL), which is a CPU-independent set of instructions that can be efficiently converted
to native code. MSIL includes instructions for loading, storing, initializing, and calling methods on objects, as
well as instructions for arithmetic and logical operations, control flow, direct memory access, exception
handling, and other operations. Before code can be run, MSIL must be converted to CPU-specific code, usually
by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. Because the common language runtime supplies one or more JIT compilers for
each computer architecture it supports, the same set of MSIL can be JIT-compiled and run on any supported
architecture.
When a compiler produces MSIL, it also produces metadata. Metadata describes the types in your code,
including the definition of each type, the signatures of each type's members, the members that your code
references, and other data that the runtime uses at execution time. The MSIL and metadata are contained in a
portable executable (PE) file that is based on and extends the published Microsoft PE and common object file
format (COFF) used historically for executable content. This file format, which accommodates MSIL or native
code as well as metadata, enables the operating system to recognize common language runtime images. The
presence of metadata in the file along with the MSIL enables your code to describe itself, which means that
there is no need for type libraries or Interface Definition Language (IDL). The runtime locates and extracts the
metadata from the file as needed during execution.
210. What is Jit compilers?.how many are available in clr?

Just-In-Time compiler- it converts the language that you write in .Net into machine language that a computer
can understand. there are tqo types of JITs one is memory optimized & other is performace optimized.
211. What is tracing?Where it used.Explain few methods available

Tracing refers to collecting information about the application while it is running. You use tracing information to
troubleshoot an application.
Tracing allows us to observe and correct programming errors. Tracing enables you to record information in
various log files about the errors that might occur at run time. You can analyze these log files to find the cause
of the errors.
In .NET we have objects called Trace Listeners. A listener is an object that receives the trace output and
outputs it somewhere; that somewhere could be a window in your development environment, a file on your
hard drive, a Windows Event log, a SQL Server or Oracle database, or any other customized data store.
The System.Diagnostics namespace provides the interfaces, classes, enumerations and structures that are
used for tracing The System.Diagnostics namespace provides two classes named Trace and Debug that are
used for writing errors and application execution information in logs.
All Trace Listeners have the following functions. Functionality of these functions is same except that the target
media for the tracing output is determined by the Trace Listener.
Method Name Result Fail Outputs the specified text with the Call Stack.
Write Outputs the specified text.
WriteLine Outputs the specified text and a carriage return.
Flush Flushes the output buffer to the target media.
Close Closes the output stream in order to not receive the tracing/debugging output.
C# AND VB.NET QUESTIONS
01. Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code? Server side code executes on the
server.For this to occur page has to be submitted or posted back.Events fired by the controls are executed on
the server.Client side code executes in the browser of the client without submitting the page. e.g. In ASP.NET
for webcontrols like asp:button the click event of the button is executed on the server hence the event handler
for the same in a part of the code-behind (server-side code). Along the server-side code events one can also
attach client side events which are executed in the clients browser i.e. javascript events.
02. How does VB.NET/C# achieve polymorphism? Polymorphism is also achieved through interfaces. Like
abstract classes, interfaces also describe the methods that a class needs to implement. The difference between
abstract classes and interfaces is that abstract classes always act as a base class of the related classes in the
class hierarchy. For example, consider a hierarchy-car and truck classes derived from four-wheeler class; the
classes two-wheeler and four-wheeler derived from an abstract class vehicle. So, the class 'vehicle' is the base
class in the class hierarchy. On the other hand dissimilar classes can implement one interface. For example,
there is an interface that compares two objects. This interface can be implemented by the classes like box,
person and string, which are unrelated to each other.
C# allows multiple interface inheritance. It means that a class can implement more than one interface. The
methods declared in an interface are implicitly abstract. If a class implements an interface, it becomes
mandatory for the class to override all the methods declared in the interface, otherwise the derived class
would become abstract.
Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you might use it? The savingaccount class has
two data members-accno that stores account number, and trans that keeps track of the number of
transactions. We can create an object of savingaccount class as shown below.
savingaccount s = new savingaccount ( "Amar", 5600.00f ) ;

From the constructor of savingaccount class we have called the two-argument constructor of the account class
using the base keyword and passed the name and balance to this constructor using which the data member's
name and balance are initialised.
We can write our own definition of a method that already exists in a base class. This is called method
overriding. We have overridden the deposit( ) and withdraw( ) methods in the savingaccount class so that we
can make sure that each account maintains a minimum balance of Rs. 500 and the total number of
transactions do not exceed 10. From these methods we have called the base class's methods to update the
balance using the base keyword. We have also overridden the display( ) method to display additional
information, i.e. account number.
Working of currentaccount class is more or less similar to that of savingaccount class. Using the derived
class's object, if we call a method that is not overridden in the derived class, the base class method gets
executed. Using derived class's object we can call base class's methods, but the reverse is not allowed.
Unlike C++, C# does not support multiple inheritance. So, in C# every class has exactly one base class. Now,
suppose we declare reference to the base class and store in it the address of instance of derived class as
shown below.
account a1 = new savingaccount ( "Amar", 5600.00f ) ;

account a2 = new currentaccount ( "MyCompany Pvt. Ltd.", 126000.00f) ;
Such a situation arises when we have to decide at run-time a method of which class in a class hierarchy should
get called. Using a1 and a2, suppose we call the method display( ), ideally the method of derived class should
get called. But it is the method of base class that gets called. This is because the compiler considers the type
of reference (account in this case) and resolves the method call. So, to call the proper method we must make
a small change in our program. We must use the virtual keyword while defining the methods in base class as
shown below.
public virtual void display( ) { }

We must declare the methods as virtual if they are going to be overridden in derived class. To override a
virtual method in derived classes we must use the override keyword as given below.
public override void display( ) { }

Now it is ensured that when we call the methods using upcasted reference, it is the derived class's method
that would get called. Actually, when we declare a virtual method, while calling it, the compiler considers the
contents of the reference rather than its type.
If we don't want to override base class's virtual method, we can declare it with new modifier in derived class.
The new modifier indicates that the method is new to this class and is not an override of a base class method.
03. How would you implement inheritance using VB.NET/C#?

When we set out to implement a class using inheritance, we must first start with an existing class from which
we will derive our new subclass. This existing class, or base class, may be part of the .NET system class library
framework, it may be part of some other application or .NET assembly, or we may create it as part of our
existing application. Once we have a base class, we can then implement one or more subclasses based on that
base class. Each of our subclasses will automatically have all of the methods, properties, and events of that
base class ? including the implementation behind each method, property, and event. Our subclass can add new
methods, properties, and events of its own - extending the original interface with new functionality.
Additionally, a subclass can replace the methods and properties of the base class with its own new
implementation - effectively overriding the original behavior and replacing it with new behaviors. Essentially
inheritance is a way of merging functionality from an existing class into our new subclass. Inheritance also
defines rules for how these methods, properties, and events can be merged. In VB.NET we can use
implements keyword for inheritance, while in C# we can use the sign ( :: ) between subclass and baseclass.
04. How is a property designated as read-only?

In VB.NET:
Private mPropertyName as DataType

Public ReadOnly Property PropertyName() As DataType
Get Return mPropertyName
End Get
End Property
In C#
Private DataType mPropertyName;

public returntype PropertyName
{
get{
//property implementation goes here
return mPropertyName;
}
// Do not write the set implementation
}
05. What is hiding in CSharp ?
Hiding is also called as Shadowing. This is the concept of Overriding the methods. It is a concept used in the
Object Oriented Programming.
E.g.
public class ClassA {
public virtual void MethodA() {
Trace.WriteLine("ClassA Method");
}
}
public class ClassB : ClassA {

public new void MethodA() {
Trace.WriteLine("SubClass ClassB Method");
}
}
public class TopLevel {

static void Main(string[] args) {
TextWriter tw = Console.Out;
Trace.Listeners.Add(new TextWriterTraceListener(tw));
ClassA obj = new ClassB();

obj.MethodA(); // Outputs “Class A Method"
ClassB obj1 = new ClassB();

obj.MethodA(); // Outputs “SubClass ClassB Method”
}
}
06. What is the difference between an XML "Fragment" and an XML "Document." An XML fragment is an XML
document with no single top-level root element. To put it simple it is a part (fragment) of a well-formed xml
document. (node) Where as a well-formed xml document must have only one root element.
07. What does it meant to say “the canonical” form of XML?

"The purpose of Canonical XML is to define a standard format for an XML document. Canonical XML is a very
strict XML syntax, which lets documents in canonical XML be compared directly.
Using this strict syntax makes it easier to see whether two XML documents are the same. For example, a
section of text in one document might read Black & White, whereas the same section of text might read Black
& White in another document, and even in another. If you compare those three documents byte by byte, they'll
be different. But if you write them all in canonical XML, which specifies every aspect of the syntax you can use,
these three documents would all have the same version of this text (which would be Black & White) and could
be compared without problem. This Comparison is especially critical when xml documents are digitally signed.
The digital signal may be interpreted in different way and the document may be rejected.
08. Why is the XML InfoSet specification different from the Xml DOM? What does the InfoSet attempt to solve?
"The XML Information Set (Infoset) defines a data model for XML. The Infoset describes the abstract
representation of an XML Document. Infoset is the generalized representation of the XML Document, which is
primarily meant to act as a set of definitions used by XML technologies to formally describe what parts of an
XML document they operate upon.
The Document Object Model (DOM) is one technology for representing an XML Document in memory and to
programmatically read, modify and manipulate a xml document. Infoset helps defining generalized standards
on how to use XML that is not dependent or tied to a particular XML specification or API. The Infoset tells us
what part of XML Document should be considered as significant information.
09. Contrast DTDs versus XSDs. What are their similarities and differences? Which is preferred and why?
Document Type Definition (DTD) describes a model or set of rules for an XML document. XML Schema
Definition (XSD) also describes the structure of an XML document but XSDs are much more powerful. The
disadvantage with the Document Type Definition is it doesn’t support data types beyond the basic 10 primitive
types. It cannot properly define the type of data contained by the tag. An Xml Schema provides an Object
Oriented approach to defining the format of an xml document. The Xml schema support most basic
programming types like integer, byte, string, float etc., We can also define complex types of our own which can
be used to define a xml document. Xml Schemas are always preferred over DTDs as a document can be more
precisely defined using the XML Schemas because of its rich support for data representation.
10. Speaking of Boolean data types, what's different between C# and C/C++?
There's no conversion between 0 and false, as well as any other number and true, like in C/C++.
11. How do you convert a string into an integer in .NET?
Int32.Parse(string)
12. Can you declare a C++ type destructor in C# like ~MyClass()?

Yes, but what's the point, since it will call Finalize(), and Finalize() has no guarantees when the memory will be
cleaned up, plus, it introduces additional load on the garbage collector.
13. What's different about namespace declaration when comparing that to package declaration in Java?
No semicolon.
14. What's the difference between const and readonly? The readonly keyword is different from the const
keyword. A const field can only be initialized at the declaration of the field. A readonly field can be initialized
either at the declaration or in a constructor. Therefore, readonly fields can have different values depending on
the constructor used. Also, while a const field is a compile-time constant, the readonly field can be used for
runtime constants as in the following example:
public static readonly uint l1 = (uint) DateTime.Now.Ticks;
15. What does \a character do?

On most systems, produces a rather annoying beep.
16. Can you create enumerated data types in C#?

Yes.
17. What's different about switch statements in C#?

No fall-throughs allowed.
18. What happens when you encounter a continue statement inside the for loop?
The code for the rest of the loop is ignored, the control is transferred back to the beginning of the loop.
By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods.
20. Will finally block get executed if the exception had not occurred?
Yes.
21. What's the C# equivalent of C++ catch (…), which was a catch-all statement for any possible exception?
A catch block that catches the exception of type System.Exception. You can also omit the parameter data type
in this case and just write catch {}.
22. Can multiple catch blocks be executed?

No, once the proper catch code fires off, the control is transferred to the finally block (if there are any), and
then whatever follows the finally block.
23. Why is it a bad idea to throw your own exceptions?

Well, if at that point you know that an error has occurred, then why not write the proper code to handle that
error instead of passing a new Exception object to the catch block? Throwing your own exceptions signifies
some design flaws in the project.
24. What's the difference between // comments, /* */ comments and /// comments?
Single-line, multi-line and XML documentation comments.
25. How do you generate documentation from the C# file commented properly with a command-line compiler?
Compile it with a /doc switch.
Yes, if you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window.
27. What's the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into the class' set method?
Value, and it's datatype depends on whatever variable we're changing.
28. How do you inherit from a class in C#?
Place a colon and then the name of the base class. Notice that it's double colon in C++.
29. Does C# support multiple inheritance?

30. So how do you retrieve the customized properties of a .NET application from XML .config file? Can you
automate this process?
Initialize an instance of AppSettingsReader class. Call the GetValue method of AppSettingsReader class,
passing in the name of the property and the type expected. Assign the result to the appropriate variable. In
Visual Studio yes, use Dynamic Properties for automatic .config creation, storage and retrieval.
31. Why is it not a good idea to insert code into InitializeComponent method when working with Visual Studio?
The designer will likely through it away, most of the code inside InitializeComponent is auto-generated.
32. Where do you add an event handler?

It's the Attributesproperty, the Add function inside that property.
e.g. btnSubmit.Attributes.Add(""onMouseOver"",""someClientCode();"")
33. What are jagged array?
First lets us answer the question that what an array is?

The dictionary meaning of array is an orderly arrangement or sequential arrangement of elements.
In computer science term:

An array is a data structure that contains a number of variables, which are accessed through computed
indices. The variables contained in an array, also called the elements of the array, are all of the same type, and
this type is called the element type of the array.
An array has a rank that determines the number of indices associated with each array element. The rank of an
array is also referred to as the dimensions of the array. An array with a rank of one is called a single-
dimensional array. An array with a rank greater than one is called a multi-dimensional array. Specific sized
multidimensional arrays are often referred to as two-dimensional arrays, three-dimensional arrays, and so on.
Now let us answer What are jagged arrays?

A jagged array is an array whose elements are arrays. The elements of jagged array can be of different
dimensions and sizes. A jagged array is sometimes called as “array-of-arrays”. It is called jagged because each
of its rows is of different size so the final or graphical representation is not a square.
When you create a jagged array you declare the number of rows in your array. Each row will hold an array
that will be on any length. Before filling the values in the inner arrays you must declare them.
Jagged array declaration in C#:
For e.g. : int [] [] myJaggedArray = new int [3][];
Declaration of inner arrays:
myJaggedArray[0] = new int[5] ; // First inner array will be of length 5.

myJaggedArray[1] = new int[4] ; // Second inner array will be of length 4.
myJaggedArray[2] = new int[3] ; // Third inner array will be of length 3.
Now to access third element of second row we write:

int value = myJaggedArray[1][2];
Note that while declaring the array the second dimension is not supplied because this you will declare later on
in the code.
Jagged array are created out of single dimensional arrays so be careful while using them. Don’t confuse it with
multi-dimensional arrays because unlike them jagged arrays are not rectangular arrays.
For more information on arrays:

http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/csref/html/vclrfarrayspg.asp
34. What is a delegate, why should you use it and how do you call it ? A delegate is a reference type that
refers to a Shared method of a type or to an instance method of an object. Delegate is like a function pointer
in C and C++. Pointers are used to store the address of a thing. Delegate lets some other code call your
function without needing to know where your function is actually located. All events in .NET actually use
delegates in the background to wire up events. Events are really just a modified form of a delegate. It should
give you an idea of some different areas in which delegates may be appropriate:
• They enable callback functionality in multi-tier applications as demonstrated in the examples above.
<o:p></o:p>
• The CacheItemRemoveCallback delegate can be used in ASP.NET to keep cached information up to
date. When the cached information is removed for any reason, the associated callback is exercised
and could contain a reload of the cached information. <o:p></o:p>
• Use delegates to facilitate asynchronous processing for methods that do not offer asynchronous
behavior.
• Events use delegates so clients can give the application events to call when the event is fired.
Exposing custom events within your applications requires the use of delegates.
34. How does the XmlSerializer work? XmlSerializer in the .NET Framework is a great tool to convert Xml into
runtime objects and vice versa
35. If you define integer variable and a object variable and a structure then how those will be plotted in
memory.
Integer , structure – System.ValueType -- Allocated memory on stack , infact integer is primitive type
recognized and allocated memory by compiler itself .
Infact , System.Int32 definition is as follows :
[C#]
[Serializable]
public struct Int32 : IComparable, IFormattable, IConvertible
So , it’s a struct by definition , which is the same case with various other value types .
Object – Base class , that is by default reference type , so at runtime JIT compiler allocates memory on the
“Heap” Data structure .
Reference types are defined as class , derived directly or indirectly by System.ReferenceType
COM And COM+
01. What are different transaction options available for services components ? There are 5 transactions types
that can be used with COM+. Whenever an object is registered with COM+ it has to abide either to these 5
transaction types.
Disabled: - There is no transaction. COM+ does not provide transaction support for this component.
Not Supported: - Component does not support transactions. Hence even if the calling component in the
hierarchy is transaction enabled this component will not participate in the transaction.
Supported: - Components with transaction type supported will be a part of the transaction if the calling
component has an active transaction.
If the calling component is not transaction enabled this component will not start a new transaction.
Required: - Components with this attribute require a transaction i.e. either the calling should have a
transaction in place else this component will start a new transaction.
Required New: - Components enabled with this transaction type always require a new transaction. Components
with required new transaction type instantiate a new transaction for themselves every time.
02. Can we use com Components in .net?.How ?.can we use .net components in vb?.Explain how ? COM
components have different internal architecture from .NET components hence they are not innately
compatible. However .NET framework supports invocation of unmanaged code from managed code (and vice-
versa) through COM/.NET interoperability. .NET application communicates with a COM component through a
managed wrapper of the component called Runtime Callable Wrapper (RCW); it acts as managed proxy to the
unmanaged COM component. When a method call is made to COM object, it goes onto RCW and not the object
itself. RCW manages the lifetime management of the COM component. Implementation Steps -
Create Runtime Callable Wrapper out of COM component. Reference the metadata assembly Dll in the project
and use its methods & properties RCW can be created using Type Library Importer utility or through VS.NET.
Using VS.NET, add reference through COM tab to select the desired DLL. VS.NET automatically generates
metadata assembly putting the classes provided by that component into a namespace with the same name as
COM dll (XYZRCW.dll)
.NET components can be invoked by unmanaged code through COM Callable Wrapper (CCW) in COM/.NET
interop. The unmanaged code will talk to this proxy, which translates call to managed environment. We can
use COM components in .NET through COM/.NET interoperability. When managed code calls an unmanaged
component, behind the scene, .NET creates proxy called COM Callable wrapper (CCW), which accepts
commands from a COM client, and forwards it to .NET component. There are two prerequisites to creating .NET
component, to be used in unmanaged code:
1. .NET class should be implement its functionality through interface. First define interface in code, then have
the class to imlpement it. This way, it prevents breaking of COM client, if/when .NET component changes.
2.Secondly, .NET class, which is to be visible to COM clients must be declared public. The tools that create the
CCW only define types based
on public classes. The same rule applies to methods, properties, and events that will be used by COM clients.
Implementation Steps - 1. Generate type library of .NET component, using TLBExporter utility. A type library is
the COM equivalent of the metadata contained within a .NET assembly. Type libraries are generally contained
in files with the extension .tlb. A type library contains the necessary information to allow a COM client to
determine which classes are located in a particular server, as well as the methods, properties, and events
supported by those classes. 2. Secondly, use Assembly Registration tool (regasm) to create the type library
and register it.
3. Lastly install .NET assembly in GAC, so it is available as shared assembly.
03. What is Runtime Callable wrapper?.when it will created?.

The common language runtime exposes COM objects through a proxy called the runtime callable wrapper
(RCW). Although the RCW appears to be an ordinary object to .NET clients, its primary function is to marshal
calls between a .NET client and a COM object. This wrapper turns the COM interfaces exposed by the COM
component into .NET-compatible interfaces. For oleautomation (attribute indicates that an interface is
compatible with Automation) interfaces, the RCW can be generated automatically from a type library. For non-
oleautomation interfaces, it may be necessary to develop a custom RCW which manually maps the types
exposed by the COM interface to .NET-compatible types.
04. What is Com Callable wrapper?when it will created? .NET components are accessed from COM via a COM
Callable Wrapper (CCW). This is similar to a RCW, but works in the opposite direction. Again, if the wrapper
cannot be automatically generated by the .NET development tools, or if the automatic behaviour is not
desirable, a custom CCW can be developed. Also, for COM to 'see' the .NET component, the .NET component
must be registered in the registry.CCWs also manage the object identity and object lifetime of the managed
objects they wrap.
05. What is a primary interop ? A primary interop assembly is a collection of types that are deployed,
versioned, and configured as a single unit. However, unlike other managed assemblies, an interop assembly
contains type definitions (not implementation) of types that have already been defined in COM. These type
definitions allow managed applications to bind to the COM types at compile time and provide information to the
common language runtime about how the types should be marshaled at run time.
06. What are tlbimp and tlbexp tools used for ? The Type Library Exporter generates a type library that
describes the types defined in a common language runtime assembly. The Type Library Importer converts the
type definitions found within a COM type library into equivalent definitions in a common language runtime
assembly. The output of Tlbimp.exe is a binary file (an assembly) that contains runtime metadata for the types
defined within the original type library.
07. What benefit do you get from using a Primary Interop Assembly (PIA)? PIAs are important because they
provide unique type identity. The PIA distinguishes the official type definitions from counterfeit definitions
provided by other interop assemblies. Having a single type identity ensures type compatibility between
applications that share the types defined in the PIA. Because the PIA is signed by its publisher and labeled
with the PrimaryInteropAssembly attribute, it can be differentiated from other interop assemblies that define
the same types.
WinForms FAQ :
01. What base class do all Web Forms inherit from?

System.Windows.Forms.Form
02. What is the difference between Debug.Write and Trace.Write? When should each be used? The Debug.Write
call won't be compiled when the DEBUGsymbol is not defined (when doing a release build). Trace.Write calls
will be compiled. Debug.Write is for information you want only in debug builds, Trace.Write is for when you
want it in release build as well.
03. Difference between Anchor and Dock Properties? Dock Property->Gets or sets which edge of the parent
container a control is docked to. A control can be docked to one edge of its parent container or can be docked
to all edges and fill the parent container. For example, if you set this property to DockStyle.Left, the left edge
of the
control will be docked to the left edge of its parent control. Additionally, the docked edge of the control is
resized to match that of its container
control.
Anchor Property->Gets or sets which edges of the control are anchored to the edges of its container. A control
can be anchored to one or more edges of its parent container. Anchoring a control to its parent ensures that
the anchored edges remain in the same position relative to the edges of the parent container when the parent
container is resized.
04. When would you use ErrorProvider control? ErrorProvider control is used in Windows Forms application. It
is like Validation Control for ASP.NET pages. ErrorProvider control is used to provide validations in Windows
forms and display user friendly messages to the user if the validation fails. E.g If we went to validate the
textBox1 should be empty, then we can validate as below
1). You need to place the errorprovide control on the form

private void textBox1_Validating(object sender, System.ComponentModel.CancelEventArgs e)
{
ValidateName();
}
private bool ValidateName()
{
bool bStatus = true;
if (textBox1.Text == "")
{
errorProvider1.SetError (textBox1,"Please enter your Name");
bStatus = false;
}
else
errorProvider1.SetError (textBox1,"");
return bStatus;
}
it check the textBox1 is empty . If it is empty, then a message Please enter your name is displayed.
05. Can you write a class without specifying namespace? Which namespace does it belong to by default? Yes,
you can, then the class belongs to global namespace which has no name. For commercial products, naturally,
you wouldn't want global namespace.
06. You are designing a GUI application with a windows and several widgets on it. The user then resizes the
app window and sees a lot of grey space, while the widgets stay in place. What's the problem? One should use
anchoring for correct resizing. Otherwise the default property of a widget on a form is top-left, so it stays
at the same location when resized.
07. How can you save the desired properties of Windows Forms application?
.config files in .NET are supported through the API to allow storing and retrieving information. They are
nothing more than simple XML files, sort of like what .ini files were before for Win32 apps.
08. So how do you retrieve the customized properties of a .NET application from XML .config file? Initialize an
instance of AppSettingsReader class. Call the GetValue method of AppSettingsReader class, passing in
the name of the property and the type expected. Assign the result to the appropriate variable.
09. Can you automate this process?

In Visual Studio yes, use Dynamic Properties for automatic .config creation, storage and retrieval.
10. My progress bar freezes up and dialog window shows blank, when an intensive background process takes
over.
Yes, you should've multi-threaded your GUI, with taskbar and main form being one thread, and the
background process being the other.
11. What's the safest way to deploy a Windows Forms app?

Web deployment: the user always downloads the latest version of the code, the program runs within security
sandbox, properly written app will not require additional security privileges.
12. Why is it not a good idea to insert code into InitializeComponent method when working with Visual Studio?
The designer will likely through it away, most of the code inside InitializeComponent is auto-generated.
13. What's the difference between WindowsDefaultLocation and WindowsDefaultBounds?

WindowsDefaultLocation tells the form to start up at a location selected by OS, but with internally specified
size. WindowsDefaultBounds delegates both size and starting position choices to the OS.
14. What's the difference between Move and LocationChanged? Resize and Size Changed? Both methods do
the same, Move and Resize are the names adopted from VB to ease migration to C#.
15. How would you create a non-rectangular window, let's say an ellipse? Create a rectangular form, set the
TransparencyKey property to the same value as BackColor, which will effectively make the background of the
form transparent. Then set the FormBorderStyle to FormBorderStyle.None, which will remove the contour and
contents of the form.
16. How do you create a separator in the Menu Designer? A hyphen '-' would do it. Also, an ampersand '&\'
would underline the next letter.
17. How's anchoring different from docking? Anchoring treats the component as having the absolute size and
adjusts its location relative to the parent form. Docking treats the component location as absolute and
disregards the component size. So if a status bar must always be at the bottom no matter what, use docking.
If a button should be on the top right, but change its position with the form being resized, use anchoring.
18. How do you trigger the Paint event in System.Drawing?

Invalidate the current form, the OS will take care of repainting. The Update method forces the repaint.
19. With these events, why wouldn't Microsoft combine Invalidate and Paint, so that you wouldn't have to tell
it to repaint, and then to force it to repaint? Painting is the slowest thing the OS does, so usually telling it to
repaint, but not forcing it allows for the process to take place in the background.
20. How can you assign an RGB color to a System.Drawing.Color object? Call the static method FromArgb of
this class and pass it the RGB values.
21. What class does Icon derive from? Isn't it just a Bitmap with a wrapper name around it? No, Icon lives in
System.Drawing namespace. It's not a Bitmap by default, and is treated separately by .NET. However, you can
use ToBitmap method to get a valid Bitmap object from a valid Icon object.
22. Before in my VB app I would just load the icons from DLL. How can I load the icons provided by .NET
dynamically? By using System.Drawing.SystemIcons class, for example System.Drawing.SystemIcons.Warning
produces an Icon with a warning sign in it.
23. When displaying fonts, what's the difference between pixels, points and ems? A pixel is the lowest-
resolution dot the computer monitor supports. Its size depends on user's settings and monitor size. A point is
always 1/72 of an inch. An em is the number of pixels that it takes to display the letter M.
Remoting FAQ's
01. What distributed process frameworks outside .NET do you know? Distributed Computing
Environment/Remote Procedure Calls (DEC/RPC), Microsoft Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM),
Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), and Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI).
02. What are possible implementations of distributed applications in .NET? .NET Remoting and ASP.NET Web
Services. If we talk about the Framework Class Library, noteworthy classes are in System.Runtime.Remoting
and System.Web.Services.
03. When would you use .NET Remoting and when Web services?
Use remoting for more efficient exchange of information when you control both ends of the application. Use
Web services for open-protocol-based information exchange when you are just a client or a server with the
other end belonging to someone else.
04. What's a proxy of the server object in .NET Remoting?

It's a fake copy of the server object that resides on the client side and behaves as if it was the server. It
handles the communication between real server object and the client object. This process is also known as
marshaling.
05. What are remotable objects in .NET Remoting?

Remotable objects are the objects that can be marshaled across the application domains. You can marshal by
value, where a deep copy of the object is created and then passed to the receiver. You can also marshal by
reference, where just a reference to an existing object is passed.
06. What are channels in .NET Remoting?

Channels represent the objects that transfer the other serialized objects from one application domain to
another and from one computer to another, as well as one process to another on the same box. A channel
must exist before an object can be transferred.
07. What security measures exist for .NET Remoting in System.Runtime.Remoting?

None. Security should be taken care of at the application level. Cryptography and other security techniques
can be applied at application or server level.
08. What is a formatter? A formatter is an object that is responsible for encoding and serializing data into
messages on one end, and deserializing and decoding messages into data on the other end.
09. Choosing between HTTP and TCP for protocols and Binary and SOAP for formatters, what are the trade-
offs? Binary over TCP is the most effiecient, SOAP over HTTP is the most interoperable.
10. What's SingleCall activation mode used for? If the server object is instantiated for responding to just one
single request, the request should be made in SingleCall mode.
11. What's Singleton activation mode? A single object is instantiated regardless of the number of clients
accessing it. Lifetime of this object is determined by lifetime lease.
12. How do you define the lease of the object?

By implementing ILease interface when writing the class code.
13. Can you configure a .NET Remoting object via XML file?
Yes, via machine.config and application level .config file (or web.config in ASP.NET). Application-level XML
settings take precedence over machine.config.
14. How can you automatically generate interface for the remotable object in .NET with Microsoft tools?
Use the Soapsuds tool.
15. What are CAO's i.e. Client Activated Objects ?

Client-activated objects are objects whose lifetimes are controlled by the calling application domain, just as
they would be if the object were local to the client. With client activation, a round trip to the server occurs
when the client tries to create an instance of the server object, and the client proxy is created using an object
reference (ObjRef) obtained on return from the creation of the remote object on the server. Each time a client
creates an instance of a client-activated type, that instance will service only that particular reference in that
particular client until its lease expires and its memory is recycled. If a calling application domain creates two
new instances of the remote type, each of the client references will invoke only the particular instance in the
server application domain from which the reference was returned.
In COM, clients hold an object in memory by holding a reference to it. When the last client releases its last
reference, the object can delete itself. Client activation provides the same client control over the server
object's lifetime, but without the complexity of maintaining references or the constant pinging to confirm the
continued existence of the server or client. Instead, client-activated objects use lifetime leases to determine
how long they should continue to exist. When a client creates a remote object, it can specify a default length
of time that the object should exist. If the remote object reaches its default lifetime limit, it contacts the client
to ask whether it should continue to exist, and if so, for how much longer. If the client is not currently
available, a default time is also specified for how long the server object should wait while trying to contact the
client before marking itself for garbage collection. The client might even request an indefinite default lifetime,
effectively preventing the remote object from ever being recycled until the server application domain is torn
down. The difference between this and a server-activated indefinite lifetime is that an indefinite server-
activated object will serve all client requests for that type, whereas the client-activated instances serve only
the client and the reference that was responsible for their creation. For more information, see Lifetime Leases.
To create an instance of a client-activated type, clients either configure their application programmatically (or
using a configuration file) and call new (New in Visual Basic), or they pass the remote object's configuration in
a call to Activator.CreateInstance. The following code example shows such a call, assuming a TcpChannel has
been registered to listen on port 8080.
16. How many processes can listen on a single TCP/IP port?

One.
17. What technology enables out-of-proc communication in .NET?

Most usually Remoting;.NET remoting enables client applications to use objects in other processes on the same
computer or on any other computer available on its network.While you could implement an out-of-proc
component in any number of other ways, someone using the term almost always means Remoting.
18. How can objects in two diff. App Doimains communicate with each other? .Net framework provides various
ways to communicate with objects in different app domains. First is XML Web Service on internet, its good
method because it is built using HTTP protocol and SOAP formatting.
If the performance is the main concern then go for second option which is .Net remoting because it gives you
the option of using binary encoding and the default TcpChannel, which offers the best interprocess
communication performance
19. What is the difference between .Net Remoting and Web Services? Although we can develop an application
using both technologies, each of them has its distinct advantages. Yes you can look at them in terms of
performance but you need to consider your need first. There are many other factors such authentications,
authorizing in process that need to be considered.
Point Remoting Webservices
If your application needs Yes, Choose Web Services because
interoperability with other No it is more flexible in that they are
platforms or operating systems support SOAP.
If performance is the main You should use the TCP channel and the
No
requirement with security binary formatter
Complex Programming Yes No
Supports a range of state management, Its stateless service management
State Management depending on what object lifetime scheme (does not inherently correlate
you choose (single call or singleton call). multiple calls from the same user)
It can access through TCP or HTTP It can be access only through HTTP
Transport Protocol
channel. channel.
Basic .NET and ASP.NET interview questions
1. How many languages .NET is supporting now? - When .NET was introduced it came with several
languages. VB.NET, C#, COBOL and Perl, etc. The site DotNetLanguages.Net says 44 languages are
supported.
2. How is .NET able to support multiple languages? - a language should comply with the Common
Language Runtime standard to become a .NET language. In .NET, code is compiled to Microsoft
Intermediate Language (MSIL for short). This is called as Managed Code. This Managed code is run in
.NET environment. So after compilation to this IL the language is not a barrier. A code can call or use
a function written in another language.
3. How ASP .NET different from ASP? - Scripting is separated from the HTML, Code is compiled as a DLL,
and these DLLs can be executed on the server.
4. Resource Files: How to use the resource files, how to know which language to use?
5. What is smart navigation? - The cursor position is maintained when the page gets refreshed due to
the server side validation and the page gets refreshed.
6. What is view state? - The web is stateless. But in ASP.NET, the state of a page is maintained in the in
the page itself automatically. How? The values are encrypted and saved in hidden controls. this is
done automatically by the ASP.NET. This can be switched off / on for a single control
7. How do you validate the controls in an ASP .NET page? - Using special validation controls that are
meant for this. We have Range Validator, Email Validator.
8. Can the validation be done in the server side? Or this can be done only in the Client side? - Client side
is done by default. Server side validation is also possible. We can switch off the client side and server
side can be done.
9. How to manage pagination in a page? - Using pagination option in DataGrid control. We have to set
the number of records for a page, then it takes care of pagination by itself.
10. What is ADO .NET and what is difference between ADO and ADO.NET? - ADO.NET is stateless
mechanism. I can treat the ADO.Net as a separate in-memory database where in I can use
relationships between the tables and select insert and updates to the database. I can update the
actual database as a batch.
• Describe the role of inetinfo.exe, aspnet_isapi.dll andaspnet_wp.exe

in the page loading process. inetinfo.exe is theMicrosoft IIS server running,
handling ASP.NET requests among other things.When an ASP.NET request is received (usually a file with
.aspx extension),the ISAPI filter aspnet_isapi.dll takes
care of it by passing the request tothe actual worker process aspnet_wp.exe.
• What’s the difference between Response.Write() andResponse.Output.Write()?
The latter one allows you to write formatted output.
• What methods are fired during the page load? Init() - when the pageis
instantiated, Load() - when the page is loaded into server memory,PreRender()
- the brief moment before the page is displayed to the user asHTML, Unload()
- when page finishes loading.
• Where does the Web page belong in the .NET Framework class hierarchy?System.Web.UI.Page
• Where do you store the information about the user’s locale? System.Web.UI.Page.Culture
• What’s the difference between Codebehind="MyCode.aspx.cs" andSrc="MyCode.aspx.cs"?
CodeBehind is relevant to Visual Studio.NET only.
• What’s a bubbled event? When you have a complex control, likeDataGrid,
writing an event processing routine for each object (cell, button,row, etc.)
is quite tedious. The controls can bubble up their eventhandlers, allowing
the main DataGrid event handler to take care of itsconstituents.
• Suppose you want a certain ASP.NET function executed on MouseOver over a
certain button. Where do you add an event handler? It’s the Attributesproperty,
the Add function inside that property. So
btnSubmit.Attributes.Add("onMouseOver","someClientCode();")
A simple”Javascript:ClientCode();” in the button control of the .aspx

page will attach the handler (javascript function)to the onmouseover event.
• What data type does the RangeValidator control support? Integer,String

and Date.
• Where would you use an iHTTPModule, and what are the limitations of any
approach you might take in implementing one?
One of ASP.NET’s most useful features is the extensibility of the HTTP pipeline, the path that data takes
between client and server.
You can use them to extend your ASP.NET applications by adding pre- and post-processing to each HTTP
request coming into your application. For example, if you wanted custom authentication facilities for your
application, the best technique
would be to intercept the request when it comes in and process the request
in a custom HTTP module.
• Explain what a diffgram is and a good use for one? A DiffGram is
an XML format that is used to identify current and original versions of data
elements. The DataSet uses the DiffGram format to load and persist its contents,
and to serialize its contents for transport across a network connection. When
a DataSet is written as a DiffGram, it populates the DiffGram with all the
necessary information to accurately recreate the contents, though not the
schema, of the DataSet, including column values from both the Original and
Current row versions, row error information, and row order.
• ASP.NET DataGrid questions
• What is datagrid? The DataGrid Web server control is a powerful tool for displaying information from a data
source. It is easy to use; you can display editable data in a professional-looking grid by setting only a few
properties. At the same time, the grid has a sophisticated object model that provides you with great
flexibility in how you display the data.
• What’s the difference between the System.Web.UI.WebControls.DataGrid and and

System.Windows.Forms.DataGrid? The Web UI control does not inherently support master-detail data
structures. As with other Web server controls, it does not support two-way data binding. If you want to
update data, you must write code to do this yourself. You can only edit one row at a time. It does not
inherently support sorting, although it raises events you can handle in order to sort the grid contents. You
can bind the Web Forms DataGrid to any object that supports the IEnumerable interface. The Web Forms
DataGrid control supports paging. It is easy to customize the appearance and layout of the Web Forms
DataGrid control as compared to the Windows Forms one.
• How do you customize the column content inside the datagrid? If you want to customize the content of a
column, make the column a template column. Template columns work like item templates in the DataList
or Repeater control, except that you are defining the layout of a column rather than a row.
• How do you apply specific formatting to the data inside the cells? You cannot specify formatting for columns
generated when the grid’s AutoGenerateColumns property is set to true, only for bound or template
columns. To format, set the column’s DataFormatString property to a string-formatting expression suitable
for the data type of the data you are formatting.
• How do you hide the columns? One way to have columns appear dynamically is to create them at design
time, and then to hide or show them as needed. You can do this by setting a column’s Visible property.
• How do you display an editable drop-down list? Displaying a drop-down list requires a template column in
the grid. Typically, the ItemTemplate contains a control such as a data-bound Label control to show the
current value of a field in the record. You then add a drop-down list to the EditItemTemplate. In Visual
Studio, you can add a template column in the Property builder for the grid, and then use standard template
editing to remove the default TextBox control from the EditItemTemplate and drag a DropDownList control
into it instead. Alternatively, you can add the template column in HTML view. After you have created the
template column with the drop-down list in it, there are two tasks. The first is to populate the list. The
second is to preselect the appropriate item in the list — for example, if a book’s genre is set to “fiction,”
when the drop-down list displays, you often want “fiction” to be preselected.
• How do you check whether the row data has been changed? The definitive way to determine whether a row
has been dirtied is to handle the changed event for the controls in a row. For example, if your grid row
contains a TextBox control, you can respond to the control’s TextChanged event. Similarly, for check boxes,
you can respond to a CheckedChanged event. In the handler for these events, you maintain a list of the
rows to be updated. Generally, the best strategy is to track the primary keys of the affected rows. For
example, you can maintain an ArrayList object that contains the primary keys of the rows to update.
• .NET deployment questions
1. What do you know about .NET assemblies? Assemblies are the smallest units of versioning and
deployment in the .NET application. Assemblies are also the building blocks for programs such as Web
services, Windows services, serviced components, and .NET remoting applications.
2. What’s the difference between private and shared assembly? Private assembly is used inside an
application only and does not have to be identified by a strong name. Shared assembly can be used
by multiple applications and has to have a strong name.
3. What’s a strong name? A strong name includes the name of the assembly, version number, culture
identity, and a public key token.
4. How can you tell the application to look for assemblies at the locations other than its own install? Use
the
directive in the XML .config file for a given application.
<probing privatePath=”c:\mylibs; bin\debug” />
should do the trick. Or you can add additional search paths in the Properties box of the deployed
application.
5. How can you debug failed assembly binds? Use the Assembly Binding Log Viewer (fuslogvw.exe) to
find out the paths searched.
6. Where are shared assemblies stored? Global assembly cache.
7. How can you create a strong name for a .NET assembly? With the help of Strong Name tool (sn.exe).
8. Where’s global assembly cache located on the system? Usually C:\winnt\assembly or
C:\windows\assembly.
9. Can you have two files with the same file name in GAC? Yes, remember that GAC is a very special
folder, and while normally you would not be able to place two files with the same name into a
Windows folder, GAC differentiates by version number as well, so it’s possible for MyApp.dll and
MyApp.dll to co-exist in GAC if the first one is version 1.0.0.0 and the second one is 1.1.0.0.
10.So let’s say I have an application that uses MyApp.dll assembly, version 1.0.0.0. There is a security
bug in that assembly, and I publish the patch, issuing it under name MyApp.dll 1.1.0.0. How do I tell
the client applications that are already installed to start using this new MyApp.dll? Use publisher
policy. To configure a publisher policy, use the publisher policy configuration file, which uses a format
similar app .config file. But unlike the app .config file, a publisher policy file needs to be compiled into
an assembly and placed in the GAC.
11.What is delay signing? Delay signing allows you to place a shared assembly in the GAC by signing the
assembly with just the public key. This allows the assembly to be signed with the private key at a
later stage, when the development process is complete and the component or assembly is ready to be
deployed. This process enables developers to work with shared assemblies as if they were strongly
named, and it secures the private key of the signature from being accessed at different stages of
development.
• Windows code security questions
1. What’s the difference between code-based security and role-based security? Which one is better?
Code security is the approach of using permissions and permission sets for a given code to run. The
admin, for example, can disable running executables off the Internet or restrict access to corporate
database to only few applications. Role-based security most of the time involves the code running
with the privileges of the current user. This way the code cannot supposedly do more harm than mess
up a single user account. There’s no better, or 100% thumbs-up approach, depending on the nature of
deployment, both code-based and role-based security could be implemented to an extent.
2. How can you work with permissions from your .NET application? You can request permission to do
something and you can demand certain permissions from other apps. You can also refuse permissions
so that your app is not inadvertently used to destroy some data.
3. How can C# app request minimum permissions?
using System.Security.Permissions;
[assembly:FileDialogPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.RequestMinimum,
Unrestricted=true)]
4. What’s a code group? A code group is a set of assemblies that share a security context.
5. What’s the difference between authentication and authorization? Authentication happens first. You
verify user’s identity based on credentials. Authorization is making sure the user only gets access to
the resources he has credentials for.
6. What are the authentication modes in ASP.NET? None, Windows, Forms and Passport.
7. Are the actual permissions for the application defined at run-time or compile-time? The CLR computes
actual permissions at runtime based on code group membership and the calling chain of the code.
ASP.NET questions, part 2
Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code? Server side scripting means that all the
script will be executed by the server and interpreted as needed. ASP doesn’t have some of the functionality
like sockets, uploading, etc. For these you have to make a custom components usually in VB or VC++. Client
side scripting means that the script will be executed immediately in the browser such as form field validation,
clock, email validation, etc. Client side scripting is usually done in VBScript or JavaScript. Download time,
browser compatibility, and visible code - since JavaScript and VBScript code is included in the HTML page, then
anyone can see the code by viewing the page source. Also a possible security hazards for the client computer.
• What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class? C#

• Should validation (did the user enter a real date) occur server-side or client-side? Why? Client-side
validation because there is no need to request a server side date when you could obtain a date from the
client machine.
• What does the "EnableViewState" property do? Why would I want it on or off? Enable ViewState turns on
the automatic state management feature that enables server controls to re-populate their values on a
round trip without requiring you to write any code. This feature is not free however, since the state of a
control is passed to and from the server in a hidden form field. You should be aware of when ViewState is
helping you and when it is not. For example, if you are binding a control to data on every round trip (as in
the datagrid example in tip #4), then you do not need the control to maintain it’s view state, since you will
wipe out any re-populated data in any case. ViewState is enabled for all server controls by default. To
disable it, set the EnableViewState property of the control to false.
• What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Why would I choose one over the
other? Server.Transfer() : client is shown as it is on the requesting page only, but the all the content is of
the requested page. Data can be persist accros the pages using Context.Item collection, which is one of the
best way to transfer data from one page to another keeping the page state alive. Response.Dedirect()
:client know the physical loation (page name and query string as well). Context.Items loses the
persisitance when nevigate to destination page. In earlier versions of IIS, if we wanted to send a user to a
new Web page, the only option we had was Response.Redirect. While this method does accomplish our
goal, it has several important drawbacks. The biggest problem is that this method causes each page to be
they’re difficult. Finally, Response.Redirect necessitates a round trip to the client, which, on high-volume
sites, causes scalability problems. As you might suspect, Server.Transfer fixes all of these problems. It does
this by performing the transfer on the server without requiring a roundtrip to the client.
• Can you give an example of when it would be appropriate to use a web service as opposed to a non-
serviced .NET component? When to Use Web Services:
• Communicating through a Firewall When building a distributed application with 100s/1000s of users
spread over multiple locations, there is always the problem of communicating between client and
server because of firewalls and proxy servers. Exposing your middle tier components as Web Services
and invoking the directly from a Windows UI is a very valid option.
• Application Integration When integrating applications written in various languages and running on
disparate systems. Or even applications running on the same platform that have been written by
separate vendors.
• Business-to-Business Integration This is an enabler for B2B intergtation which allows one to expose
vital business processes to authorized supplier and customers. An example would be exposing
electronic ordering and invoicing, allowing customers to send you purchase orders and suppliers to
send you invoices electronically.
• Software Reuse This takes place at multiple levels. Code Reuse at the Source code level or binary
componet-based resuse. The limiting factor here is that you can reuse the code but not the data
behind it. Webservice overcome this limitation. A scenario could be when you are building an app that
aggregates the functionality of serveral other Applicatons. Each of these functions could be performed
by individual apps, but there is value in perhaps combining the the multiple apps to present a unifiend
view in a Portal or Intranet.
• When not to use Web Services: Single machine Applicatons When the apps are running on the same
machine and need to communicate with each other use a native API. You also have the options of
using component technologies such as COM or .NET Componets as there is very little overhead.
• Homogeneous Applications on a LAN If you have Win32 or Winforms apps that want to communicate
to their server counterpart. It is much more efficient to use DCOM in the case of Win32 apps and .NET
Remoting in the case of .NET Apps.
• Can you explain the difference between an ADO.NET Dataset and an ADO Recordset? In ADO, the in-
memory representation of data is the recordset. In ADO.NET, it is the dataset. There are important
differences between them.
• A recordset looks like a single table. If a recordset is to contain data from multiple database tables, it
must use a JOIN query, which assembles the data from the various database tables into a single result
table. In contrast, a dataset is a collection of one or more tables. The tables within a dataset are
called data tables; specifically, they are DataTable objects. If a dataset contains data from multiple
database tables, it will typically contain multiple DataTable objects. That is, each DataTable object
typically corresponds to a single database table or view. In this way, a dataset can mimic the
structure of the underlying database. A dataset usually also contains relationships. A relationship
within a dataset is analogous to a foreign-key relationship in a database —that is, it associates rows of
the tables with each other. For example, if a dataset contains a table about investors and another
table about each investor’s stock purchases, it could also contain a relationship connecting each row
of the investor table with the corresponding rows of the purchase table. Because the dataset can hold
multiple, separate tables and maintain information about relationships between them, it can hold
much richer data structures than a recordset, including self-relating tables and tables with many-to-
many relationships.
• In ADO you scan sequentially through the rows of the recordset using the ADO MoveNext method. In
ADO.NET, rows are represented as collections, so you can loop through a table as you would through
any collection, or access particular rows via ordinal or primary key index. DataRelation objects
maintain information about master and detail records and provide a method that allows you to get
records related to the one you are working with. For example, starting from the row of the Investor
table for "Nate Sun," you can navigate to the set of rows of the Purchase table describing his
purchases. A cursor is a database element that controls record navigation, the ability to update data,
and the visibility of changes made to the database by other users. ADO.NET does not have an
inherent cursor object, but instead includes data classes that provide the functionality of a traditional
cursor. For example, the functionality of a forward-only, read-only cursor is available in the ADO.NET
DataReader object. For more information about cursor functionality, see Data Access Technologies.
• Minimized Open Connections: In ADO.NET you open connections only long enough to perform a
database operation, such as a Select or Update. You can read rows into a dataset and then work with
them without staying connected to the data source. In ADO the recordset can provide disconnected
access, but ADO is designed primarily for connected access. There is one significant difference
between disconnected processing in ADO and ADO.NET. In ADO you communicate with the database
by making calls to an OLE DB provider. In ADO.NET you communicate with the database through a
data adapter (an OleDbDataAdapter, SqlDataAdapter, OdbcDataAdapter, or OracleDataAdapter object),
which makes calls to an OLE DB provider or the APIs provided by the underlying data source. The
important difference is that in ADO.NET the data adapter allows you to control how the changes to the
dataset are transmitted to the database — by optimizing for performance, performing data validation
checks, or adding any other extra processing. Data adapters, data connections, data commands, and
data readers are the components that make up a .NET Framework data provider. Microsoft and third-
party providers can make available other .NET Framework data providers that can be integrated into
Visual Studio.
• Sharing Data Between Applications. Transmitting an ADO.NET dataset between applications is much
easier than transmitting an ADO disconnected recordset. To transmit an ADO disconnected recordset
from one component to another, you use COM marshalling. To transmit data in ADO.NET, you use a
dataset, which can transmit an XML stream.
• Richer data types.COM marshalling provides a limited set of data types — those defined by the COM
standard. Because the transmission of datasets in ADO.NET is based on an XML format, there is no
restriction on data types. Thus, the components sharing the dataset can use whatever rich set of data
types they would ordinarily use.
• Performance. Transmitting a large ADO recordset or a large ADO.NET dataset can consume network
resources; as the amount of data grows, the stress placed on the network also rises. Both ADO and
ADO.NET let you minimize which data is transmitted. But ADO.NET offers another performance
advantage, in that ADO.NET does not require data-type conversions. ADO, which requires COM
marshalling to transmit records sets among components, does require that ADO data types be
converted to COM data types.
• Penetrating Firewalls.A firewall can interfere with two components trying to transmit disconnected
ADO recordsets. Remember, firewalls are typically configured to allow HTML text to pass, but to
prevent system-level requests (such as COM marshalling) from passing.
• Can you give an example of what might be best suited to place in the Application_Start and Session_Start
subroutines? The Application_Start event is guaranteed to occur only once throughout the lifetime of the
application. It’s a good place to initialize global variables. For example, you might want to retrieve a list of
products from a database table and place the list in application state or the Cache object.
SessionStateModule exposes both Session_Start and Session_End events.
• If I’m developing an application that must accomodate multiple security levels though secure login and my
ASP.NET web appplication is spanned across three web-servers (using round-robbin load balancing) what
would be the best approach to maintain login-in state for the users?
• What are ASP.NET Web Forms? How is this technology different than what is available though ASP? Web
Forms are the heart and soul of ASP.NET. Web Forms are the User Interface (UI) elements that give your
Web applications their look and feel. Web Forms are similar to Windows Forms in that they provide
properties, methods, and events for the controls that are placed onto them. However, these UI elements
render themselves in the appropriate markup language required by the request, e.g. HTML. If you use
Microsoft Visual Studio .NET, you will also get the familiar drag-and-drop interface used to create your UI
for your Web application.
• How does VB.NET/C# achieve polymorphism? By using Abstract classes/functions.
• Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you might use it? Inheritance is a
fundamental feature of an object oriented system and it is simply the ability to inherit data and
functionality from a parent object. Rather than developing new objects from scratch, new code can be
based on the work of other programmers, adding only new features that are needed.
• How would you implement inheritance using VB.NET/C#? When we set out to implement a class using
inheritance, we must first start with an existing class from which we will derive our new subclass. This
existing class, or base class, may be part of the .NET system class library framework, it may be part of
some other application or .NET assembly, or we may create it as part of our existing application. Once we
have a base class, we can then implement one or more subclasses based on that base class. Each of our
subclasses will automatically have all of the methods, properties, and events of that base class ? including
the implementation behind each method, property, and event. Our subclass can add new methods,
properties, and events of its own - extending the original interface with new functionality. Additionally, a
subclass can replace the methods and properties of the base class with its own new implementation -
effectively overriding the original behavior and replacing it with new behaviors. Essentially inheritance is a
way of merging functionality from an existing class into our new subclass. Inheritance also defines rules for
how these methods, properties, and events can be merged.
ASP.NET questions, part 3
1. Whats an assembly? Assemblies are the building blocks of .NET Framework applications; they form
the fundamental unit of deployment, version control, reuse, activation scoping, and security
permissions. An assembly is a collection of types and resources that are built to work together and
form a logical unit of functionality. An assembly provides the common language runtime with the
information it needs to be aware of type implementations. To the runtime, a type does not exist
outside the context of an assembly.
2. Describe the difference between inline and code behind - which is best in a loosely coupled solution?
ASP.NET supports two modes of page development: Page logic code that is written inside <script
runat=server> blocks within an .aspx file and dynamically compiled the first time the page is
requested on the server. Page logic code that is written within an external class that is compiled prior
to deployment on a server and linked "behind" the .aspx file at run time.
3. Explain what a diffgram is, and a good use for one? A DiffGram is an XML format that is used to
identify current and original versions of data elements. The DataSet uses the DiffGram format to load
and persist its contents, and to serialize its contents for transport across a network connection. When
a DataSet is written as a DiffGram, it populates the DiffGram with all the necessary information to
accurately recreate the contents, though not the schema, of the DataSet, including column values
from both the Original and Current row versions, row error information, and row order.
4. Where would you use an iHTTPModule, and what are the limitations of anyapproach you might take in
implementing one? One of ASP.NET’s most useful features is the extensibility of the HTTP pipeline, the
path that data takes between client and server. You can use them to extend your ASP.NET applications
by adding pre- and post-processing to each HTTP request coming into your application. For example,
if you wanted custom authentication facilities for your application, the best technique would be to
intercept the request when it comes in and process the request in a custom HTTP module.
5. What are the disadvantages of viewstate/what are the benefits?
6. Describe session handling in a webfarm, how does it work and what are the limits?
7. How would you get ASP.NET running in Apache web servers - why would you even do this?
8. Whats MSIL, and why should my developers need an appreciation of it if at all?
9. In what order do the events of an ASPX page execute. As a developer is it important to undertsand
these events? Every Page object (which your .aspx page is) has nine events, most of which you will
not have to worry about in your day to day dealings with ASP.NET. The three that you will deal with
the most are: Page_Init, Page_Load, Page_PreRender.
10. Which method do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your generated dataset with data?
System.Data.Common.DataAdapter.Fill(System.Data.DataSet);
If my DataAdapter is sqlDataAdapter and my DataSet is dsUsers then it is called this way:

sqlDataAdapter.Fill(dsUsers);
11. ata in the Repeater control?

12. Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater control? ItemTemplate
13. How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?
AlternatingItemTemplate Like the ItemTemplate element, but rendered for every other
row (alternating items) in the Repeater control. You can specify a different appearance
for the AlternatingItemTemplate element by setting its style properties.
14. What property must you set, and what method must you call in your code, in order to bind the data
from some data source to the Repeater control?
You must set the DataMember property which Gets or sets the specific table in the DataSource to bind
to the control and the DataBind method to bind data from a source to a server control. This method is
commonly used after retrieving a data set through a database query.
15. What base class do all Web Forms inherit from? System.Web.UI.Page
16.What method do you use to explicitly kill a user’s session?
The Abandon method destroys all the objects stored in a Session object and releases their resources.
If you do not call the Abandon method explicitly, the server destroys these objects when the session
times out.
Syntax: Session.Abandon
Use the Cookie.Discard Property which Gets or sets the discard flag set by the server. When true, this
property instructs the client application not to save the Cookie on the user’s hard disk when a session
ends.
18. Which two properties are on every validation control? ControlToValidate & ErrorMessage properties
19. What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns manually?
20. How do you create a permanent cookie? Setting the Expires property to MinValue means that the
Cookie never expires.
21. What tag do you use to add a hyperlink column to the DataGrid?
22. What is the standard you use to wrap up a call to a Web service?
client? Server.transfer()
24. What is the transport protocol you use to call a Web service? SOAP. Transport Protocols: It is essential
for the acceptance of Web Services that they are based on established Internet infrastructure. This in
fact imposes the usage of of the HTTP, SMTP and FTP protocols based on the TCP/IP family of
transports. Messaging Protocol: The format of messages exchanged between Web Services clients and
Web Services should be vendor neutral and should not carry details about the technology used to
implement the service. Also, the message format should allow for extensions and different bindings to
specific transport protocols. SOAP and ebXML Transport are specifications which fulfill these
requirements. We expect that the W3C XML Protocol Working Group defines a successor standard.
25. True or False: A Web service can only be written in .NET. False.
26. What does WSDL stand for? Web Services Description Language
27. What property do you have to set to tell the grid which page to go to when using the Pager object?
28.Where on the Internet would you look for Web services? UDDI repositaries like uddi.microsoft.com,
IBM UDDI node, UDDI Registries in Google Directory, enthusiast sites like XMethods.net.
29. What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns manually? Column tag
and an ASP:databound tag.
display data in the combo box?
31. How is a property designated as read-only? In VB.NET:
Public ReadOnly Property PropertyName As ReturnType
Get ‘Your Property Implementation goes in here
End Get
End Property
in C#
public returntype PropertyName
{
get{
//property implementation goes here
}
// Do not write the set implementation
}
Use the CompareValidator control to compare the values of 2 different controls.
33. True or False: To test a Web service you must create a windows application or Web application to
consume this service? False.
34. How many classes can a single .NET DLL contain? Unlimited.

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ASP.

NET Interview Questions

2. What’s the difference between Response.Write() and Response.Output.Write()?

3. What methods are fired during the page load?

4. When during the page processing cycle is ViewState available?

6. Where do you store the information about the user’s locale?

7. What’s the difference between Codebehind="MyCode.aspx.cs" and Src="MyCode.aspx.cs"?

8. What’s a bubbled event?

10. What data types do the RangeValidator control support?

11. Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code?

12. What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?

16. What is the Global.asax used for?

19. Whats an assembly?

20. Describe the difference between inline and code behind.

24. Can you edit data in the Repeater control?

28. What base class do all Web Forms inherit from?

29. Name two properties common in every validation control?

32. How many classes can a single .NET DLL contain?

33. What is ViewState?

34. What is the lifespan for items stored in ViewState?

37. What is CLS (Common Language Specification)?

38. What is CTS (Common Type System)?

39. What is Boxing and UnBoxing?

Private Assemblies : Assembly used within an application is known as private assemblies.

45. What's the difference between Response.Write() andResponse.Output.Write()?

The latter one allows you to write formatted output.

49. What's the difference between Codebehind="MyCode.aspx.cs" and Src="MyCode.aspx.cs"? CodeBehind is

52. What data type does the RangeValidator control support?

53. What are the different types of caching?

55. What are different types of directives in .NET?

58. What's the difference between Page.RegisterClientScriptBlock and Page.RegisterStartupScript?

59. Is it necessary to lock application state before accessing it?

60. How do I send e-mail from an ASP.NET application?

MailMessage message = new MailMessage ();

<?xml version="1.0" ?>

<%@ Page Language="C#" %>

<%@ Page AspCompat="true" %>

65. Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code?

66. What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?C#

72. What event handlers can I include in Global.asax?

73. What is different b/w webconfig.xml & Machineconfig.xml

You can specify mode as “stateserver” or “sqlserver”.

75. How do you create a permanent cookie?

83. What are the advantages and disadvantages of viewstate?

How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?

87. What method do you use to explicitly kill a user’s session?

89. Which two properties are on every validation control?

< asp:DataGrid id="dgCart" AutoGenerateColumns="False" CellPadding="4" Width="448px" runat="server" >

="select" >< /asp:ButtonColumn >

<AUTHORIZATION>< authorization >

96. How do you register JavaScript for webcontrols ?

97. When do you set "<IDENTITY impersonate="true" />" ?

99. What is ViewState ? and how it is managed ?

< configuration >

< asp:DataGrid runat="server" id="ManualColumnBinding" AutoGenerateColumns="False" >

105. What is validationsummary server control?where it is used?.

107. Difference between asp and asp.net?.

110. What is the difference between in-proc and out-of-proc?

113. What is a PostBack?

1.In-process session-state mode

117. What is the difference between HTTP-Post and HTTP-Get?

101 - Switching protocols.

200 - OK. The client request has succeeded