Hot-Wire Experiment

AOE 4154 Matthew Swedo Micah Essa 90322: Monday September 26, 2011 2:30 PM On my honor I have neither given nor received unauthorized assistance on this assignment.

Abstract
The ow velocity in the wake of a circular cylinder was taken and analyzed using a Constant Temperature Anemometer. From this velocity data it was shown that the placement of a trip strip on the surface of a cylinder caused the ow to transition from laminar to turbulent and delay the separation of ow from the body.

Introduction

When an object is placed in the path of a owing uid a disturbance in the ow is created. This disturbance causes the ow to alter the way it moves. This can result in favorable changes in pressures on the body so that a lifting force is generated, but it can also lead to the creation of drag and the separation of the uid from the body. The region of recirculating ow immediately behind the body is called the wake. This experiment analyzed the aect of a circular cylinder in a uniform ow. Velocity proles of the wake were taken along with time velocity proles at key points in the ow.

Experiment

To study the ow behind the wake of a cylindrical model a hot lm anemometer will be used to collect velocity readings. A cylinder that is 5.5 inches in diameter will be mounted vertically in the mouth of an open-jet wind tunnel. Located 180 from the front stagnation point of the cylinder is a trip strip that is placed there to ensure laminar separation. A hot-lm anemometer, TSI type 1212-20, is mounted on a transverse probe behind the model cylinder. The readings from the anemometer is taken by a DANTEC 56C constant temperature anemometer unit and collected by a USB DAQ card so that it may be displayed on a computer with LabView. The hot-lm anemometer works under the principle that when a ow passes over it cooling occurs. The probe then attempts to keep itself at a constant temperature and applies a higher voltage to equal out the temperatures. This voltage increase is reported to a computer which then puts the voltage through a predetermined calibration so that the velocity can be determined. This calibration runs through an equation known as Kings Law and is as follows: E 2 = A + Bun (1) Where E is the voltage sensed, u is the velocity, u is a constant number (taken as 0.45 for this experiment), and A and B are constants that are found during the calibration of the instrument. A reference pitot static tube and manometer are used to collect pressure data from the wind tunnel and ambient air. The uncertainties for all of the manometers is 20 kPa. Before the experiment can be started the hot wire constants A and B must be calculated. To do this the wire is positioned outside the wake of the cylinder and in the free stream. The program is then set to calibrate and the wire is sampled for 10 seconds at 1000 samples per second. This is done for multiple tunnel speeds After the constants are determined the wire is now ready to take velocity measurements inside the wake. After it is insured that the cylinder is placed for laminar separation the wire is placed outside the wake of the cylinder. After the measurement is taken the wire is moved through the wake of the cylinder at increments of one inch until the wire has made its way completely through the cylinders wake. When the probe has transversed the wake a time history prole is generated for the wake. The time history data is collected at three dierent points. The rst is in the free stream where the intensity of the turbulence is less than 5%. The second point will be the center of the wake. Finally the third point should be the location of maximum turbulence based o of the data collected previously. Finally the experiment is redone with the cylinder rotated so that the trip strip is located at approximately 20 from the forward stagnation point. on the cylinder so that turbulent separation can be induced and studied.This ensures that there is turbulent separation.

Results

The data collected for the calibration and constant determination can be seen in Figure 1

Figure 1: Data collected to be used in determination of constants A and B for Kings Law From the data collected and the use of a least squares linear regression line t it was found that the constants A and B were 5.98 and 7.53 respectively. Therefore the equations for Kings Law becomes: e2 = 5.98 + 7.53un (2)

Where u is the velocity of the ow, n is chosen as 0.45, and e is the voltage reading o of the instruments. The data gathered for the velocity proles of the wakes created by the cylinder are plotted in Figure 2 wtih both the laminar and turbulent wakes plotted on the same graph to show their dierences. According

Figure 2: Wake velocity proles for a circular cylinder for both turbulent and laminar wakes to boundary layer theory the introduction of turbulence can lead to the delay of separation of a ow from a body. As seen here the velocities relative to the freestream of the turbulent ow is greater for almost every point data was taken. Since the ow has a greater velocity at almost all points relative to the freestream there is a greater likelihood that the ow is still attached as theory would predict. Similarly the a plot of ue can be plotted as in Figure 3. In this graph the value of the root mean square (RMS) value of the voltage signal. Simply put this is the standard deviation of the uctuations of the voltages that were gathered in determining the velocity.

Figure 3: Wake RMS proles for circular cylinder for both turbulent and laminar wakes As with all ows, this ow can be characterized using a non dimensional coecient called the Reynolds number which is dened for a cylinder as: U D Re = (3) Where is the viscosity of the uid. kg Since the viscosity of air at 298.1 K is 1.836 105 ms and the average free stream velocity was 3.17 m s the Reynolds number for the laminar ow is 26500 while the Reynolds number for the turbulent ow with a free stream velocity of 3.20 m is 26700. s For the laminar boundary layer ow the Reynolds number can be calculated as In this experiment the wakes of the cylinder were measured when they are both laminar and turbulent. One major dierence in these two scenarios is when the ow separates from the body. When the ow is laminar the ow detaches much sooner than when the ow is turbulent. This is due to the turbulence adding energy and rotation to the ow so that it can withstand a much stronger positive pressure gradient. This is the same concept used in various methods of boundary layer control such as increasing the surface roughness and adding vortex generators. Finally velocity prole measurements were taken at three dierent points. One was the velocity prole at the free stream, the center of the cylinders wake, and a point where the turbulence is most likely maximum. The results for when the strip strip was placed at 180 from the front stagnation point is shown in Figures 4 to 6.

Figure 4: Time-Velocity prole for free stream of a laminar ow

Figure 5: Time-Velocity prole for center of a cylinders wake of a laminar ow

Figure 6: Time-Velocity prole for point of max turbulence of a laminar ow This was then repeated with the trip strip placed at 20 so that a turbulent wake was created. The time velocity proles for the same three points can be seen in Figures 7 to 9.

Figure 7: Time-Velocity prole for free stream of a turbulent ow

Figure 8: Time-Velocity prole for the center of a cylinders wake of a turbulent ow

Figure 9: Time-Velocity prole for the point of maximum turbulence of a turbulent ow As can be expected with a more turbulent ow the time-velocity data for the laminar ow tends to not be as erratic. Figures 5 and 6 have velocities that dont vary as widely as the ones for Figures 8 and 9. Also of note is that for the both the free stream time velocity prole for both the turbulent and non turbulent

cases both vary very little over the course of the time the samples were taken. This is to be expected as the free stream should be suciently far away so that the body does not aect the free stream ow.

Conclusions

From this experiment it was shown that the introduction of turbulence can lead to the delay of ow separation from a body as determined by the ow velocities throughout points taken from the wake of a circular cylinder model. Along with this the time velocity proles for a turbulent and laminar wake while similar in shape have dierent magnitudes and ranges of velocities with those of the turbulent wake being higher.

Appendix A - Derivation of uncertainty for velocity

Knowing that dynamic pressure and velocity are related as: u= Since the density can be written as: = P RT (5) 2q (4)

2qRT (6) P Now that the function for velocity is known as a function of pressure, temperature, and dynamic pressure the uncertainty can be determined by using the root sum square method. u= u = (P u 2 u u 2 ) + (q )2 + (T ) P q T (7)

u =

qRT p2 RT q 2 qRT 2 + + 2p3 2pq 2pT

(8)

Using the base uncertainties of the dynamic and static pressures as 20 kPa and the uncertainty of the temperature as 0.005 C. Using the previous equation with the gathered values temperature, total pressure, and a dynamic pressure of 298.1 K, 94.06 kPa, and 0.012 kPa respectively the error in the velocity value is 0.1194 m . s