Wuolah Free Theme 1 History of Travel and Tourism

Theme-1-History-of-travel-and-to...
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Historia de los Viajes y del Turismo
1º Grado en Turismo
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales. Campus de Madrid - Vicálvaro

Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
Reservados todos los derechos.

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
HISTORY OF TRAVELS AND TOURISM
2020/2021
Prof.: Helena Domínguez

helena.dominguez@urjc.es
Facultad de CC. Jurídicas y Sociales

Departamento de Ciencias de la Educación, Lenguaje, Cultura y Artes, Ciencias Histórico-
Jurídicas y Humanísticas y Lenguas Modernas.
Área de Historia Antigua
a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-6118101
Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
Methodology
1 ECTS credit = 25-30 hours of work; 30 hours x 6 ECTS = 180 hours of student’s work
N T
E
TUD
S
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INTRODUCTION
THINKING ABOUT THIS COURSE IN THE DEGREE OF TOURISM

1897
The tourism system then
§ End of 19th century:
§ 30’S: TOURISM OF “SUN AND BEACH”

1936
- Factors that change over time.
The tourism system TODAY
From 1980 on:

Birth of Cultural tourism and Heritage tourism as an alternative
§ICOMOS (International Council of Monuments and Sites), 1976:
Principles of knowledge, protection, and preservation of the cultural

heritage as the essence of any public or private enterprise

The tourism system TODAY
WTO (World Tourism Organization), 1995:
TURISMO CULTURAL:
«All movements of people to meet the human need for diversity,

aimed at raising the cultural level of the individual, providing new
knowledge, experiences and encounters.”

1999
What are the categories/examples of cultural tourism?
Some of the resources for cultural tourism
1. Historical heritage:
- Singular buildings
- Historic cities
- Monuments
- Archaeological sites
- Museums
2. Nature:
- Flora, fauna, ecosystems, fosils
- Senderism Safaris.
3. Intangible cultural heritage:

- Craftworks
- Gastronomy
- Traditional music
- Traditional rituals/practices/celebrations
- Oral expressions

4. Festivals, musical events:

- Traditional games and sports
5. Religious places:
- Pilgrimage
- Religious celebrations Tarracoviva
- Spiritual routes
Source: Prieto, 2015
Viking Landing + Festival (Catoira, Galicia)

6. Gastronomía local
7. Cultura moderna
- Arte callejero
- Artes visuales
Watchtover (Ajo- Cantabria), 1930 – Industrial heritage

2020: Okuda

CULTURAL HERITAGE
Proliferation of products
Heritage. Experiences, Museums

Patrimonio
Nacional creativity
Variety
Archaeological Combined UNESCO

tourism tourism: towns,
sun, beach, sites
culture
Cultural routes.
Intangible
Council of Europe. heritage 13
CULTURAL TOURISM
Offer
Culture

Tourism
Demand
Musealization of
archaeological
sites,
monuments,
historical sites
Places of
cultural
interest: Experience:
adaptation to Visit + travel
general public
Public sector:
transformation of
Private “Patrimonial Good”
iniciative into “Touristic
attractive”

From “alternative tourism”
to “mass tourism”
International tourists in Spain with cultural
motivations, 2006-2014.
International tourists (in miles)
Total expenses (in millions of euro)

GREECE
IRAN
UNITED KINGDOM
INDIA
MEXICO
CHINA
FRANCE
GERMANY
SPAIN
ITALY

Advances in Cultural and Heritage Tourism
have been made:
Museum of Prehistory and
Archaeology of Cantabria
- New museums with focus in the public (MUPAC)

- Promotion of Cultural Routes
Santiago de Compostela
pilgrim route
1987: “Cultural route” by

the Council of Europe
- Cultural festivals with historical thematic
“Tarracoviva”:
Roman festival in Tarragona (Catalonia)
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- Musealization of archaeological sites
Greek city of “Ampurias” (Gerona, Catalonia)

ACCOUNTIN
G ANALYSIS
TOURISM S FOR BUSIN ANALYSIS
ECTOR ESSES IN TH OF THE TO
E URISM M
ARKET
DEGREE IN TOURISM
ICATIO N FO R TOURISM
L COMMUN
COMMERCIA
MARKE
TING O
F TOUR
SOCIAL PSYCHO LOGY OF TOURISM ISM PRODU
CTS
APPLIED MACR
OECONOMICS
D S TATIS TICS FOR TOURISM

APPLIE
G FOR TO URIST BUSINESSES
COST ACCOUNTIN

WHAT ABOUT CULTURAL TOURISM???
- It is a touristic resource, but…
- You have to know it to give it a value!
What do we want to protect
if we do not know its value as
cultural heritage?
- Historical value
- Identity of a people
- Economic source
Umayyad mosque, Aleppo (Syria)

ACCOUNTIN
G ANALYSIS
TOURISM S FOR BUSIN ANALYSIS
ECTOR ESSES IN TH OF THE TO
E URISM M
ARKET
DEGREE IN TOURISM
ICATIO N FO R TOURISM
L COMMUN
COMMERCIA
MARKE
TING O
F TOUR
SOCIAL PSYCHO LOGY OF TOURISM ISM PRODU
CTS
APPLIED MACR
OECONOMICS
D S TATIS TICS FOR TOURISM

APPLIE
G FOR TO URIST BUSINESSES
COST ACCOUNTIN

DEGREE IN TOURISM
CULTURAL HERITAGE HISTORY OF TRAVELS AND
AN D
TOURISM
New: Tourism and civilizations of Antiquity

Degree in Tourism:
- Management
Cultural - Humanities + communications
resource to satisfy the demand of
Cultural Tourism
Professional in
Cultural
tourism: analysis
Conservator:
of demand and
preservation
comercialization
CULTURAL TOURIST:
Consumer of the product
(cultural activity):
motivations, culture,
education, entertainment
Value of “humanities”-oriented courses
(Cultural Heritage, History of Travels and Tourism)
Professional profiles that demand historical/cultural knowledge (Spain- regulated by ANECA 2004) or
abroad:
- Technical Consultant for Cultural Heritage Management
- Touristic Guide (in Spain, figure created from the 90’s on)
- Guide-Interpreter: museums, archaeological sites, historical cities
- Specialized Guide - Travel Agencies: thematic trips/cultural trips/archaeological trips
- Principal of Tourist Office
- Professor/Researcher/Consultant

Value of “humanities”-oriented courses
(Cultural Heritage, History of Travels and Tourism)
Because of institutions or companies that can use a profesional in Cultural
Tourism:
• Museums
• Archaeological Sites
• Cultural Centers
• Workers in Cultural Heritage (example: Libro Blanco del Turismo,

UNESCO, World Tourism Organization, ASOR-restoration iraqi heritage)

Direct relation between:
Cultural
heritage and History
cultural tourism

What is the cultural tourist
interested about?
Troy archaeological site - Turkey
Giza pyramids - Egypt
Why History of Travels?
- Origins
- Evolution
- Culture
- Touristic interest

Why History of Travels?
Interest of cultural tourism today
• Following historical routes
“Cultural routes” by the Council of Europe

The birth of modern tourism
Grand Tour – 17th-19th c.
“Tour”: “tourism”, “tourist”

First touristic packages to Egypt (end of 19th c.)

Was there a “tourism” in Antiquity?
Tourist destinations today,
Tourist destinations in Antiquity
Pyramids of Egypt reconstructed

A marvel of Antiquity
Colosseum, Rome
Similarities-differences
Travel in Antiquity Tourism
• From
• Observe • Observe
cultural
• Learn • Learn
travel to • Experiment • Experiment
tourism • Beliefs • Determined destinations
• Opinions and values • Activities
• Tales • Organization of the visit
• Urban factor
• Economic activity
• Technical means
• Seasonality

WHY? Travelling in the Ancient World
WHERE?
Differ in:
WHO?
WHEN?
• Infrastructure
HOW?
• Means of transport
• Lodging
• Guides of the travelers
• Availability of
information
• Inhabited lands
• Return?

Who travels in the ancient world?
• Politicians
• Trademen
• Religious people
Later:
• Curious people
• Wise men
• Scientific
• Group movements: expansion, migrations, religious
groups (pilgrimages)

Main motivations in Antiquity
ECONOMIC
Pastoralism
Agriculture
“Yurt” – Central Asia
ECONOMIC
Importance
of traders
By land
Trade
By sea
Caravans in the Near East

POLITICAL, ADMINISTRATIVE
Example: Roman Empire

Inland
Political,
administrative
Outland
Example: embassy of the Persians to Sparta, 480 BC

ADVENTURE, EXPLORATION
Example: the 7 Wonders of Antiquity

ADVENTURE, EXPLORATION
The route of the Phoenicians
HEALTH, THERAPIES – natural springs
Example: Bath, used between 70 AC to 1970

HEALTH, THERAPIES - sanctuaries
Example: sanctuary of Asklepios in Epidaurus (Greece), 5th c. BC)

RELIGION
Example: temple of Apollo in Delphi (Greece), 7th c. BC)

Mosque of Masjid al-Haram, Mecca, Saudi Arabia, 20th c.
CULTURE AND EDUCATION
Examples:
Library of Celsus (up), Ephesus, 1st

c. AC)
Library of Alexandria, 3rd c. AC


TRAVELLING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD
FIRST MOTIVATIONS FOR TOURIST DISPLACEMENT: COMMERCE- Toward great urban
centers
Later, culture and entertainment became the “leit-motiv” of tourism toward greek and
roman capitals during Classical Antiquity.
Travel = observation, learning, writing, transmission WHY?
WHERE?
WHO?
WHEN?
Meanwhile, in Antiquity… HOW?
• Own motivations
• Own economic resources
• Own political situation
• Own limiting situations

Travels in Antiquity differ because of:
- Who travels
- Infrastructure
- Means of transport
- Lodging
- Guides
- Access to information about the destination

Yurt: traditional home (tents) of
the nomadic Turkmen, the Kyrgyz,
the Kazakhs, the Uzbeks, the
1. Economic causes Kalmyks, the Buryats and the
Mongolians
Pastoralism and transhumance

- Temporary movement
- Nomadism: seasonal migration
of livestock depending on
summer/winter pastures
- Neolithic, and even today in

Agriculture Central Asia

Main motivations to travel in Antiquity
1. Economic causes: products, raw materials
- Asia and Africa

- Donkeys (later camels)
- Merchants (exotic products),travellers
Caravans
- Mutual protection
in the Near
East
Examples (Middle Ages)
- Silk Road from China to the
Mediterranean – roots in Antiquity
Main motivations to travel in Antiquity
1. Economic causes: products, raw materials
- Mediterranean world
- Commercial colonies
- Exchange of materials
Sea - Intermediaries for inland Empires
navigation
Example:
• Phoenician commerce in the Mediterranean
• Greek colonies in the Mediterranean

2. Political and administrative causes
- Inside a same country/state/Empire Miliarium

- From one city to the capital
- Governmental funding
Inland - Network of communications
Examples:
Roman Empire
Map of ancient Roman roads

2. Political and administrative causes
- Embassies to foreign countries

Outland - Diplomacy
- Peace treaties
- War declarations
Example:
Embassy of the Persian
King to Sparta, 480 BC

EGYPT
3. Desire of adventure and exploration Expedition of Queen Hatsepshut
(15th c. BC) to the Land of Punt
(Sudan):
Raw materials and exotic products,
• An alternative way to make a fortune aromatic resins, ebony, woods,
(younger siblings, impoverished ivory, gold, spices, live wild animals
families) and feline skins, trees…
• Aim to find new comercial routes and

exotic raw materials
• For the sake of knowledge
Queen Hatshepsut's temple of Deir el-Bahri
3. Desire of adventure and exploration
Example:
Herodotus, the “father” of History
Travels and description of the Near East (Babylon, Persia), in Egypt…

3. Desire of adventure and exploration
PHOENICIANS
- Explorers, merchants, traders, and

colonizers
- Firsts explorers of the Mediterranean
- Beyond the Mediterranean, Atlantic
Coast of Africa

ROME
4. Health: therapeutic travels
- Wealthy people: travels to their
“villae”
To rest
- Natural springs
To improve health
Since Greek and Roman times
Example:
- Bath (England), in use until 1970s
- Constructed in around 70 AD
- Roman baths/spa, 46 °C mineral
springs
- Bathing, relaxation, and social life

4. Health: therapeutic travels
GREECE
-Ancient sanctuaries of Asklepios (god of Medicine)
-Temples + hospital buildings
Example:
- “Asklepeion” in Epidauros (Greece)
- The earliest organized sanatorium (6th c. BC)
-The most important therapeutic center of the
ancient world (World Heritage List, UNESCO)
Dedication in stone depicting the part of
the body causing the problem
5. Religion
- Oracles – advice
- Pilgrimage – piety
Apollo sanctuary, Delphi (Greece)

Example:
Sanctuary of Delphi, Greece

6th-4th c. BC

Example:
Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, since 6th c. AD (Middle Ages)

Other reasons
JUSTICE: Flying away from trials
CULTURAL INTEREST: mainly during Roman times
SPORTS (part of religious practices): dedicatedd to gods in Panhellenic

sanctuaries- Olympic Games.
STUDY: libraries of Athens (Greece) or Alexandria (Egypt)

• Frequent travels
ANTIQUITY • Development of new techniques and technologies
• Discovery of the world, scientific advance
• Obscurity – regression of travelling

vs.
MIDDLE AGES • Survival of Antiquity:
Christianism, pilgrimage to Rome, “pre-Renaissance”

(preserved texts and material remains from Antiquity)

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Theme-1-History-of-travel-and-to...

Historia de los Viajes y del Turismo

Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales. Campus de Madrid - Vicálvaro

Reservados todos los derechos.

Prof.: Helena Domínguez

Facultad de CC. Jurídicas y Sociales

¿Quieres aprender chino, japonés y coreano? ¡Clic aquí!

¿Quieres aprender chino, japonés y coreano? ¡Clic aquí!

¿Quieres aprender chino, japonés y coreano? ¡Clic aquí!

The tourism system then

§ End of 19th century:

§ 30’S: TOURISM OF “SUN AND BEACH”

From 1980 on:

§ICOMOS (International Council of Monuments and Sites), 1976:

Principles of knowledge, protection, and preservation of the cultural

¿Quieres aprender chino, japonés y coreano? ¡Clic aquí!

WTO (World Tourism Organization), 1995:

«All movements of people to meet the human need for diversity,

¿Quieres aprender chino, japonés y coreano? ¡Clic aquí!

¿Quieres aprender chino, japonés y coreano? ¡Clic aquí!

3. Intangible cultural heritage:

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4. Festivals, musical events:

Source: Prieto, 2015

Viking Landing + Festival (Catoira, Galicia)

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Watchtover (Ajo- Cantabria), 1930 – Industrial heritage

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Heritage. Experiences, Museums

Archaeological Combined UNESCO

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1987: “Cultural route” by

si lees esto me debes un besito

Greek city of “Ampurias” (Gerona, Catalonia)

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D S TATIS TICS FOR TOURISM

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- It is a touristic resource, but…

- You have to know it to give it a value!

Umayyad mosque, Aleppo (Syria)

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D S TATIS TICS FOR TOURISM

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New: Tourism and civilizations of Antiquity

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- Technical Consultant for Cultural Heritage Management

- Guide-Interpreter: museums, archaeological sites, historical cities

- Specialized Guide - Travel Agencies: thematic trips/cultural trips/archaeological trips

- Principal of Tourist Office

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• Workers in Cultural Heritage (example: Libro Blanco del Turismo,

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Troy archaeological site - Turkey

Giza pyramids - Egypt

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Interest of cultural tourism today

• Following historical routes

“Cultural routes” by the Council of Europe