October 08

Optics & Medical Imaging

1st year 120 Credits Need 40%

Geometrical Optics
Introduction

Dr Robert Cubbidge

Optics and Medical Imaging (20 credit module, OP1OMI)

Geometrical Optics: the study of light propagation in terms of light rays (RC & CF) Physical Optics (wave optics): the study of interference, diffraction, polarisation and other phenomena for which the ray approximation used in geometric optics is not valid (RH) Medical Imaging Technologies (RH)

1st Term Geometry Trig, Equations

2nd Term Physical More Mathematical based on Physics Optical Equipment

Lectures & Practical Classes (assessed optical experiments)

Assessment

Mid-sessional examination Practical Classes Sessional examination

15% 15% 70% = 100%

Books
Rating Title Optics Optics Worked Problems in Optics Ophthalmic Imaging Authors Tunnacliffe & Hirst Freeman Tunnacli ffe Wolffsohn

A A B B

18th Century

Optics: a branch of physics which describes the properties and behaviour of light and the interaction of light with matter

What is light?

Particles Hypothesis

Sir Isaac Newton

Through Experiments light travels in a straight line
1675; Hypothesis of Light: light was composed of corpuscles (particles of matter) which were emitted in all directions from a light source Light travels only in straight lines and so could not be a waveform as they were known to bend around obstacles Newtons theories explained the reflection of light and the refraction of light by assuming that light accelerates upon entering a denser medium because the gravitational pull was greater

NB Light not affected by gravity

Robert Hooke

Wave theory Has to be a medium through which light travels

Christopher Huygens
1660s: proposed that light was emitted in all directions as a series of waves in a hypothetical medium called the luminiferous aether. As waves are not affected by gravity, refraction was explained by a slowing down in the speed of light.

Michael Faraday

Lighted related to electromagnetism

1845: Michael Faraday discovered that light was related to electro magnetism (polarised light) 1847: light was a high-frequency electromagnetic vibration, which could propagate even in the absence of a medium such as the aether

*Electric field generates magnetic wave

Electromagnetic radiation Measured was equal to speed of light

James Clerk Maxwell

1862; On Physical Lines of Force: James Clerk Maxwell stated that selfpropagating electro magnetic waves would travel through space at a constant speed, which happened to be equal to the previously measured speed of light. From this, Maxwell concluded that light was a form of electro magnetic radiation

Must be linked

Heinrich Hertz

Radio waves were reflected and refracted similar properties

Heinrich Hertz confirmed this finding by generating and detecting radio waves in the laboratory. They had the same properties as visible light e.g. reflection and refraction.

By the end of the 19th century, the wave nature of light became generally accepted. But it could not explain some phenomena relating to light which cast doubt on whether light was a wave:

Michelson-Moreley Experiment Photoelectric Effect

Is light a wave? The Michelson-Moreley Experiment

http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/more_stuff/flashlets/mm expt6.htm

L-shaped apparatus in which a beam of light was split in two, with the separated beams guided along perpendicular paths of identical length and then recombined If light is conducted through the luminiferous aether the time needed by the aether, two parts of the split light beam to traverse a sample of the aether current from perpendicular directions should differ slightly and that the difference should be detectable Result: no difference Conclusion: the speed of light is constant and contradicts Newtons Laws of motion

Is light a wave? The Photoelectric Effect

Light is shone on a polished zinc plate which has been given a negative charge

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Is light a wave? The Photoelectric Effect

Light is shone on a polished zinc plate which has been given a negative charge

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Is light a wave? The Photoelectric Effect

Light is shone on a polished zinc plate which has been given a negative charge

- - - - - - - -

Is light a wave? The Photoelectric Effect

Ultraviolet light causes the plate to lose its negative charge

Particles blue light has more energy Knock off electron lose charge Cant have this with wave theory

This phenomenon cannot be explained by the wave theory of light

Conflict between the wave and particle theories of light Neither fully explains the nature of light So what is light? Wave or particle?

Albert Einstein

Revised Newtons Laws of motion to explain the constant speed of light revealed by the Michelson- Moreley experi ment Explained the photoelectric effect by resurrecting the particle theory of light Demonstrated equivalence between energy and mass:

E = mc2

Einsteins explanations led to the theory of light that is used today Light is a wave-particle duality: light and matter exhibit properties of both waves and particles

Quantum Theory Max Planck

Not continuously given out - packets

Also during the early 20th century, Max Planck developed quantum theor y: Vi ibl li ht and other electromagnetic radiation iis emitted iin di Visible light d th l t ti di ti itt d discrete t packets of energy called quanta The discrete particle of light is given the name photon (i.e. quanta of light) Photons exhibit wave-particle duality

Quantum Theory Max Planck Albert Einstein

Wave/Particle duality NB light/photons packet of energy

The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency and inversely proportional to its wavelength:

E = hf =

hc

E = energy of a photon h = Plancks constant f = frequency of the wave c = speed of light = wavelength of light

Light rays

Wavelength Amplitude

Frequency, , (Greek letter nu) is the number of complete waves produced in one second (Hertz, Hz)

Units of length are measured in SI units SI unit of length is the metre (m)

Physical Waves Optics - Particles

Velocity of light = frequency x wavelength

v =

Units of velocity are ms-1

Velocity of light in a vacuum is approxi mately (186,000 miles per second) 300,000,000 ms-1 or 3 x108 ms-1

Light sources:
Natural: the Sun

Artificial: lamps (electrical discharges), lasers, CANDLES!

Light sources can be a point source or an extended source

Lasers

Flourescent Light

Shadows
When the passage of light rays is obstructed by an opaque object, shado ws are formed because light rays travel in straight lines
Shadow on the screen

Point Light Source Opaque sphere Screen

Because the light rays are emitted from a single point, the light source is termed a point source and the shadow cast will have sharply defined edges

Shadows
Shadow on the screen

Light Source at each point on filament

y x Opaque sphere Extended Light Source Screen The shadow cast by the same object when the light rays are emitted from an extended light source does not have sharply defined edges Instead, the centre is uniformly dark, and the surround gradually fades to the periphery. The centre is called the umbra (x) and the surround is called the penumbra (y)

Visible light Humans can see

White light can be split into its constituent colours by a prism

Red to Blue Spectrum of Colour

Spectrum for Animals different to Human Spectrum For Formulas nm to m!

Visible spectrum The wavelength of light is measured in nanometres (nm) 1 nm = 0.000000001 m or 1 x10-9 m

Light comprised of one wavelength is said to be monochro matic

White is polychromatic All natural sources are Poly

Short wavelengths Medium wavelengths Long wavelengths

Artificial e.g. Lasers, Optical Equipment mono Red higher wavelength Blue- lower

Short wavelengths Medium wavelengths Long wavelengths

All the same Watts (Same amount of light) Green seems brighter Blue and red less Human eye more sensitive to different wavelength of light

Photopic sensitivity curve

Sensitivity

Some invisible our eyes not sensitive to them e.g. cant see radio waves PHOTOPIC CURVE DAYTIME VISION

Wavelength (nm)

SCOTOPIC CURVE NIGHTTIME VISION

Why? 4 types of cells 1 Blue (short) 1 Green (medium) 1 Red (long) } } } CONES (DAY)

1 Light Rods (Night) A red cone will respond badly to green light, minimally, but will still respond. So cant classify by colour. So best to classify cells by wavelength (short, medium, long) PHOTOPIC CURVE DAYTIME VISION SCOTOPIC CURVE NIGHTTIME VISION

short-wavelength radiation

long-wavelength radiation

Visible tiny part of spectrum >700nm - Invisble

3 4

<400nm

- Invisible

1. Cosmic Rays 2. X-Rays 3. Ultra Violet

Electro magnetic Spectrum

10 10 10-12 m 10-9 m 100 nm - 400 nm 400 nm 700 nm

Cosmic atmosphere absorbs Micro heats water (same frequency) Infra heat

4. Visible Light 5. Infra-Red 6. Microwaves 7. Radio Waves

700 nm 1 mm X rays cm 1 mm 10 very damaging 1 m - >1 km

A Wavelength gets less, more damaging to human tissue. HAS MORE ENERGY AND DISRUPTS HUMAN TISSUE