I Introducere - Keywords

Acest capitol prezinta vocabularul general precum si definitiile indicator-cheie absolute necesari accesului la informatia economica. El constituie o prima initiere si totodata baza pe care se vor acumula cunostintele mai complexe oferite pe parcursul celor doua semestre ale anului I. Keywords - Cuvinte - Cheie Achizite acquisition, purchase Acord agreement Actionar shareholder, stockholder Actiune(bursiera) share, (US)stock A administra(a conduce a gestiona) to manage, (un cont) to handle Administrator(conducator) manager Administratie (conducere) management Afaceri business trade Afacere(contract) deal Agricol agricultural, farm, farming Agricultor farmer Alocatie allowance, subsidy (cu) amanuntul retail ( a vinde cu amanuntul) to retail, to sell by retail (vanzator) cu amanuntul retailer angajat 1.(statut) employee 2.(calificare)clerk angros wholesale angrosist wholesaler antreprenor employer 2.(sens economic general ) entrepreneur, (pentru lucrari etc.) contractor articol article, item asigurare 1.(activitate) insurance 2. (societate) insurance company B balanta balance banca 1.(institutie) bank 2.(activitate) banking bani money, (metal) silver bani marunti, maruntis small change beneficiu profit Atentie benefit= 1)avantaj 2) alocare alocatie subventie bloc (commercial) bloc buget budget bun, bunuri good Atentie, good nu se foloseste la singular decat in sens macro-economic : un mijloc de productie a capital good. In sensul de marfa ,el nu se foloseste decat la plural (goods) , o marfa a commodity Bursa stock-exchange,executive(piata bursiera) Stock-market C Capital,capitaluri capital Cadre, personal de conducere executive Atentie: cuvantul englez capital folosit cu acest sens nu are pl: a-si procura fonduri to raise capital A cadea, a scadea, a se reduce to fall, to drop, to decrease Cadere(scadre) fall, drop, decrease Cerere demand (cerere si oferta law of demand and supply cheltuiala, cheltuieli spending , expense (pozitie bugetara) expenditure
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figure turn over shopkeeper, trader customer (servicii) client trade competitive competitiveness to lay-off, to dismiss, to make (workers) redundant concediere(economica) redundancy lay-off, laying-off concentare concentration concurent competitor concurenta competition concurential competitive Conjunctura = atentie in lb engleza nu exista o traducere unica a acestui termen, folositi the economy sau expresii ca (present) economic trends, the (present) economic situation,the (present) state of the economy, the business outlook ,the economic situation. Constructie housing, construction Constituirea unei intreprinderi business formation (cererea unei intreprinderi) consum consumption a consuma to consume consummator consumer cont account contabilitate accounting contabil taxpayer cost cost cota quota Creanta debt[det] Atentie: in lb engleza exista un singur cuvant pt creanta (bani care ne sunt datorati) si datorie (bani pe care ii datoram): dept Credit credit Creditor creditor A creste to raise, to rise, to increase, to go up cresterea growth criza slump, depression, crises(pl crises) a cumpara to buy, to purchase cumparare purchase , buy comparator buyer, purchaser D Datorie debt Debuseu outlet Deficit deficit Deflatie deflation Deflationist deflationary Depresie(econmica) depression Dereglementare (neitreventia statului ineconomie) deregulation devize currency director manager disponibilizare mass-dismissal
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cifra cifra de afaceri comerciant client comert competitiv competitivitate a concedia(a disponibliliza)

distributie distribution dividend dividend drept 1.law 2.(vama etc) duty E Echilibru balance Economic economic Atentie : economical inseamna economic in sensul de economicos, prin care se poate economisi sau rentabil. Economie 1. (stiinta) economics 2. (caracteristici economice ale unei tari sau conjunctura economica) (the) economy ; economia romaneasca: the Romanian economy (nu uitati articolul the!); economiile lumii a treia third-world economies economii saving, savings a economisi to save econom (persoana care economiseste) saver, small investor export export a exporta to export exportator exporter exterior foreign, overseas (GB) F a fabrica, a produce to manufacture, to make, to fabricant, producator a factura factura faliment financiar finantare a finanta finante finantist fisc
(US) the Internal Revenue Services (IRS) build manufacturer, maker, builder to invoice, to bill, to charge invoice, bill bankruptcy, failure (adj.) financial financing, funding to finance, to fund finance financier (the) tax authorities; (GB) the Inland Revenue;

fiscal flux fond , fonduri formare 2.(a unei societati etc.) formation, forming , a furniza furnizor a fuziona fuziune G a (se) globaliza globalizare greva grevist I importator import

tax, fiscal flow 1.m.sg. fund 2.m.pl. funds, capital money 1.(de personal) training
founding, setting up, creation

to supply supplier to merge merger to globalize (to go global) globalization strike

importer import
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a importa a impoza , a impozita impozare , impozitare impozite indice , indicator

industrializare industrializat industrie industrial industrias inflatie inflationist informatica interior (intern) a investi investitie investitor mprumut a mprumuta (a lua cu mprumut) ncetinire a nfiinta ntreprindere L liber schimb lichiditati locuinta lucrator M marasm marfa marfuri masa monetara materii prime mana de lucru menaj mondial moneda multinational munca a munci muncitor a muta mutare N national a nationaliza nationalizare a negocia

to import to tax taxation tax, taxes index, pl. indexes, indices; indicator industrialization industrialized industry adj. industrial industrialist, businessman inflation inflationary information technology; computing; computer science; data processing domestic, home to invest investment investor loan to borrow slow-down to set up business, firm, enterprise, concern free-trade cash, liquidities housing worker, (GB) working man slump, doldrums commodity, product
goods, commodities, products

money supply raw materials labour force, (US) labor force, workforce household world, global currency multinational work to work worker, (GB) working man to relocate relocation national, home, domestic to nationalize nationalization to negotiate
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negociere negustor nivel nivel de trai O obligatiune (bursiera) oferta a oferi, a face o oferta P patron patronat pensionare pensionar piata plafon plata a plati planseu plusvaloare

negotiation merchant, dealer level standard of living bond supply to make an offer manager, fam. boss management retirement retiree, (GB) pensioner market ceiling payment to pay floor increase in value; (capitaluri) capital gains burden to forecast forecast to privatize privatization producer to produce

povara (fiscala) a prevedea (a prognoza) previziune (prognoza) a privatiza privatizare producator a produce productivitate productivity produs product(agricol)produce progres progress Atentie:Pentru a traduce un progres(al stiintei etc )folositi advance sau breaktrough profit profit proportie rate protectionism protectionism protectionist protectionist ; adj. protectionist, protective publicitate 1. advertising 2.(=anunt) advertisment, ad R randament output ;(agricol,financiar)yield ;return raspundere responsibility;(susceptibil de a antrena urmariri judiciare) liability raspunzator 1. adj.responsible;(suscesptibil de a fi urmarit in justitie) liable 2. n.official; person in charge recesiune recession recuperare(revenire, recovery ;(bursa)rally restabilire) a relansa to boost,to spur,to stimulate,to revive,to refuel relansare boosting, revival, stimulation, spurring; (prin investitii de stat), pump-priming rentabil profitable rentabilitate profitability resurse resources revendicare claim S salariat wage-earner
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salariu sanatate schimburi sectorul privat sectorul public servicii serviciu,slujba sindicalist sindicat social societate

sondaj stoc(uri) strain subventie a subventiona suma s somaj unemployment;(US joblessness) somer unemployed person somerii, populatia the jobless,the unemployed aflata in somaj T tarif(taxa,curs) rate transport transport,(US) transportation trimestru quarter tara country U utilizator user uzina factory, plant V valuta currency vama customs Atentie: nu omiteti s final in cuvintul englez vanzator, vanzatoare salesperson, salesman, saleswoman; seller a vinde to sell vanzare sale

salary (al unui muncitor) wage(s);(al unor cadre etc.) health trade private sector public sector service(s) employment,(o slujba-a job) union official,union member union(GB trde union;US labor union) social 1(inreprindere)company,business firm,US corporation 2society Atentie:in afara sensului general(viata in societate) society desemneaza o asociere in scop nelucrativ (opinie) poll,survey inventory,stoc,store foreigner(n.);foreign(adj,) subsidy;allowance to subsidize amount

II. Up and down Crestere si descrestere

1. VOCABULAR

a) a creste, a se mari
to go up to rise to increase to move up to inch up

a creste putin cate putin

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to surge to balloon to soar to skyrocket to peak a rise an increase to go down to fall to drop to decrease to sage to slump to plunge to sink to plummet to collapse to be on the skids a downturn

a creste dintr-o data a creste rapid a urca a creste fulgerator a atinge nivelul cel mai inalt,nivelul maxim

b)a scadea,a cobori

a fall a drop a decrease a se prabusi a cadea brusc,a se prabusi

a slump ocriza economica o recesiune a plonja,a scadea in mod dramatic si brusc a scadea mult a scadea brusc a se prabusi a collapse a fi in decline,a fi pe cale de a se scufunda o cadere,o recesiune

c)

&nb 17217w2211r sp;

a se stabiliza

dupa o scadere to bottom out (indica in acelasi timp faptul ca va incepe cursul sa creasca) dupa o crestere to reach a plateau to level off

d) a se redresa
to recover to look up to turn up to pick up to pick up to improve to rally (mai ales la bursa) a recovery an upturn

a rally

e)

&nb 17217w2211r sp;

a fluctua

to fluctuate to seesaw to go into a roller-coaster (a fi ca pe un tobogan cu suisuri si coborari)

f)

&nb 17217w2211r sp;

a face sa urce, a face sa creasca

a raise (US) a hike a accelera ritmul a stimula, a promova

to raise to raise to hike (US) to drive up to step up to boost

a boost

g) a face sa coboare, a face sa scada

to bring down to cut to cut back to slash a reduce considerabil a cut a cutback a slash
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2. PREPOZITII Atentie la folosirea prepozitiilor: an increase of 5% sau a 5% increase an increase in production sau a production increase it increased by 5% sau (US) it increased 5% Acest lucru este valabil pentru toate verbele si substantivele care desemneaza cresterea sau scaderea (to go up, rise, drop, fall, decrease etc.) Dar: a shortage of foreign currency. 3. FOLOSIREA VIRGULEI SI A PUNCTULUI Atentie la folosirea corecta a punctului sau a virgulei: 2,5 la suta = 2.5 (two point five) per cent o,5 la suta = 0.5 (zero point five) per cent sau .5% (point five) 10000 se scrie in engleza 10,000 5000 lire = 5000 2 milioane de dolari = $ 2 million sau $ 2 m. Atentie si la : Sute/ mii/ milioane/ miliarde de dolari Hundreds, thousands, millions, billions of dollars dar Cinci sute/ mii/ milioane/ miliarde de dolari: Five hundred/ thousand/ million/ billion dollars. Hundred, thousand etc. sunt invariabile atunci cand sunt precedate de o cifra.

III. ECONOMICS - Economie

1. DATE GENERALE CU PRIVIRE LA ACTIVITATEA ECONOMICA

Agenti economici Agregate economice Ajustat (corectat) in functie de sezon Ameliorare (imbunatatire) Anual Austeritate Autarhie Birocratie Bloc comercial Bogatie Brut Capitalism Cadere (scadere) Ciclu Cifra Competitivitate Concurent Concurenta Conjunctura Crestere Crestere puternica Criza Curba Date Declin Decolare Deflatie Densitatea populatiei

economic agents economic aggregates seasonally adjusted improvement annual, yearly austerity self-sufficiency red tape, bureaucracy trading bloc wealth gross capitalism fall, drop cycle figure, digit, number competitiveness competitor competition current situation, current trend, economic outlook increase, rise surge crisis, slump curve data decline take off deflation population density
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Depresiune depression Dereglementare (neinterventie a statului) deregulation Dezvoltare development Economia unei tari the economy Economic (rentabil) economical Economic economics Economie (stiinta) economics Economie libera laisser-faire economy, liberal economy (atentie la cuvantul liberal, care in America de Nord denumeste o orientare politica progresista, de stanga in alte cuvinte (n. a.)) Economie paralela, subterana underground economy Economie planificata state controlled, state-run, planned economy Econommist economist Eficienta efficiency Era post-industriala post-industrial era Evolutie evolution Expansiune (avant, dezvoltare) expansion, development Expansiune expansion Flexibilitate flexibility Fluctuatie fluctuation, swing Fluxuri economice economic flows Fluxuri migratoare migratory flows Grad, masura scale, table Grafic graph, chart Impas stalemate Imobilism status quo Independenta (economica) self-sufficiency Indexare indexing Indice index (pl. indexes, indices) Indicatori economici economic indicators Indicatori de tendinta trend indicators Indicatori (principali) leading, key indicators Industrializare industrialization Inferior lower Infrastructuri infrastructures Imbatranirea populatiei ageing Incetinire slowdown, slackness La scara redusa small-scale Legea ofertei si a cererii law of supply and demand Liberalism laisser-faire, free market economy, liberalism (atentie la cuvantul liberal, care in America de Nord denumeste o orientare politica progresista, de stanga in alte cuvinte (n. a.)) Libera concurenta, piata libera free market Liber schimb free trade Lumea a treia Third-World Lunar monthly Macroeconomie macroeconomics Mercantilism mercantilism Mediu (adj.) average, median, mean microeconomie microeconomics migrari ale populatiei population shifts miscare de fonduri movement of capital miscare de marfuri movement of goods
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mutare neoliberalism net oferta, cerere parteneri comerciali perspectiva pe scara larga pe termen lung pe termen mediu pe termen scurt piramida vrstelor plafon plan de relansare planificare politica economica politica de preturi populatia activa prag pragul saraciei pret previziuni(prognoze) economice procentaj productivism proiect progres prosperitate, avnt protectie sociala rata fertilitatii rata mortalitatii rata mortalitatii infantile rata natalitatii rata recesiune redresare, recuperare reforma relansare(revigorare) restructurare retea revolutie industriala rigoare saturatie saracie scadere schimburi comerciale societate bogata societate cu doi parteneri societate de consum societate de servicii speranta de viata spirit de initiativa

relocation neo-conservative economic policy neo-liberalism net supply, demand trade partners outlook, prospects large-scale long-term medium-term short-term age pyramid ceiling recovery plan, incentive plan planning economic policy pricing policy working population threshold poverty line price economic forecasts, survey percentage productivism project progress, advantage boom, prosperity social protection fertility rate death, mortality rate infant mortality rate birth rate rate recession recovery, rebound, rally reform revival restructuring network industrial revolution austerity saturation, glut poverty decrease trade exchanges affluent society two-tier society consumer society service society life expectancy entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurship
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stagflatie stagflation stagnare stagnation statistica statistics strategie strategy strategie de reconversie reconversion strategy strategie de redistribuire redeployment strategy strategie de recentrare core strategy subdezvoltare under development superior(adj.) upper suprancalzire overheating taraganare sluggishness tendinta (ascendenta, upward, downward, trend descendenta) teoria ofertei supply-side, economics transa bracket tara care creste rapid fast-growing country (cu crestere rapida) tara care se dezvolta rapid fast-developing country tara industrializata industrialized, developed country tara n curs de dezvoltare developing country tarile cele mai sarace less developed countries (LDC) (mai putin dezvoltate) tari recent industrializate newly industrialized countries urbanizare urbanization zilnic daily 2. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY INDEXES INDICATORII ACTIVITII ECONOMICE alocatie allowance cheltuieli expenditures, spendings conducere(gestiune) management consum casnic (al menajelor) household consumption controlul preturilor price control costuri salariale labour costs credit credit crestere a cereri excess demand crestere a productivitatii productivity gain crestere zero zero growth disponibilizare dismissal disponibilizare (economica) lay-of, redundancies deficit deficit economii savings economii ale menajelor household savings econom (persoana care economisteste) saver, investor emisiune monetara money issuing excedent surplus export export flexibilitate elasticity, flexibility import import impozit asupra consumului consumer tax impozit asupra plusvalorii capital gains tax impozit asupra venitulu societatilor corporate income tax impozit direct/indirect direct taxation/ indirect taxation, excise duties impozit funciar land tax
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impozit (taxa) de succesiune inheritance tax impozit pe venit (al persoanelor fizice) (individual) income tax indemnizatie allowance, indemnity indicele costului vietii Cost of Living index (C.O.L. index) indicele preturilor (bunurilor de consum) consumer price index inflatie inflation inflatie cu doua cire double digit inflation inghetarea salariilor wage-freeze lipsa, penurie shortage masa monetara money supply masa salariala aggregate remuneration, payroll menaj, gospodarie household mic investitor small investor nivel de trai standard of living nivelul general al preturilor overall price level PIB commercial merchant GDP Plusvaloare capital gain PNB pe cap de locuitor GNP per capita Politica bugetara budget policy Prestatii sociale social security benefits Productivitate productivity Produs intern brut (PIB) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Produs national brut (PNB) Gross National Product (GNP) Putere de cumparare purchasing power Randament return, productivity, yield Rata de crestere growth rate Reducerea personalului unei societati downsizing Relaxarea politicii de credite easing of credit restrictions, easy credit policy Rentabilitate profitability Restrictie de credit credit squeeze, tight credit policy Resurse (naturale) (natural) resources Salariu mediu median wage Salariu minim minimum wage Spirala inflationista wage and price spiral Stoc stock Subproductie underproduction Subventie subsidy, subvention Supraproductie overproduction Surplus surplus Taxe si impozite asupra produselor petroliere (TIPP) domestic oil tax TVA (taxa pe valoare adaugata) Value-Added Tax (VAT) Unitate de productie production unit Valoare adaugata added value Valoarea de piata market value Venit income, revenue Venitul mediu al menajelor household median income Venit national national income Venit pe cal de locuitor per capita income 2. BUSINESS AND EMPLOYMENT FIRME SI LOCURI DE MUNCA Agricultor farmer Angajare cu jumatate de norma/ cu norma intreaga part-time/full-time employment
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angajare pe viata angajare temporara angajat angajator(patron) antreprenor, intreprinzator aport social aportul social al partonului(al angajatorului) artisan, mestesugar artizanat, activitate mestesugareasca atelier autoritatile publice avantaje sociale beneficiu(comercial) birou bogatii cadru, cadre (de conducere) cadru de conducere cadru mediu cadru superior castiguri cecurile de afaceri cifra de afaceri clasa bogata clasa conducatoare clasa de mijloc clasa defavorizata clasa muncitoare clasa superioara clasa sociala comerciant companie, firma, societate companie multinationala concern (clasa de comert) conducatorul intreprinderii conglomerat cooperativa corporatism crearea(infiintarea) unei intreprinderi deposit faliment filiala firma functionar (al statului) fuziune greva grevist grila de salarizare grup holding

lifetime employment temporary, precarious employment employee employer entrepreneur social contributions employers social contributions craftsman, artisan craft industry, cottage industry workshop the public authorities benefits profit office the rich executive, manager top executive middle manager senior executive, senior manager earnings business circles, quarters turnover the well-off the ruling class the middle class the lower class the working class the upper class social class, social status shopkeeper, store operator(US), tradesman (GB) company multinational company concern company manager, head, owner conglomerate cooperative corporatism (business) formation, start-up, set-up warehouse bankruptcy subsidiary, affiliate firm state employee, civil servant merger, amalgamation strike striker wage scale group holding company
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inginer engineer intreprindere firm, company (GB), corporation (US) intreprindere de statie state-owner company, public utility company intreprinderi mici si small and medium sized business mijlocii(IMM) maistru foreman, supervisor mana de lucru workforce, manpower munca minorilor child labour munca grea hard labor muncitor worker muncitorii zilieri(sezonieri) day laborers nationalizare nationalization partener partner patronat management circles, the employers pensionare retirement pensioner retiree, pensioner pescar fisherman privatizare privatization profesie occupation, trade profesie (liberala) profession profesii liberale professional people profit profit salariat wage-earner salariu wage, salary saracii the poor sectorul public/ privat public/private sector sectie (in fabrica) the shop floor sediu head office, registered office serviciu public civil service, public service sindicalism trade unionism sindicalist unionist sindicat trade union, labour union (US) societate (comerciala) company, firm, corporation (US) societate mixta joint venture sucursala branch sef, patron, director, boss, owner, manager, employer angajator somaj unemployment somer unemployed uzina factory, plant 4. PRODUCTS, MARKETS AND FINANCE PRODUSE, PIEE sI FINANE actiune share, stock (US) angrosist wholesaler aparate casnice household appliances, white goods articol item, article banca bank bunuri goods bunuri de folosinta durable goods, durables ndelungata bunuri de marfuri commodity exchange, commodity market bursa de valori stock exchange, stock market capital, capitaluri capital
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casa de economii client (servicii) client client permanent clientela comerciant comerciant cu amanuntul comert comert en detail (cu amanuntul) comert en gros conducator, director, manager consumator creanta creditor cumparare cumparator datorie debitor devize distribuitor distributie distributie n masa exportator fabricant febra cumparaturilor finantist fiscalitate, sistem fiscal importator intermediar investitie investitor mprumut ndatorare marfa marfuri, bunuri marfuri de larg consum marfuri de prima necessitate marfuri de uz casnic mijloace de productie obligatiune oportunitate (pe o piata) piata piete financiare plasament (investitie mobiliara) politica fiscala politica vamala producator productia interna nationala

savings bank client customer patron clientele shopkeeper, tradesman, dealer, merchant retail dealer, retailer commerce, trade retail trade wholesale trade manager consumer debt creditor purchase purchaser, buyer debt debtor currency distributor distribution mass retail, mass distribution exporter manufacturer spending spree financier taxation, tax system importer middleman, intermediary investment investor loan debt, indebtness commodity goods, merchandise, wares mass consumption goods staple goods, staples household goods capital goods bond, debenture niche market financial markets investment fiscal policy, taxation policy tariff policy producer, manufacturer domestic output, national production,
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productie productie n vrac produs (industrial) produs agricol produs de lux produs finit produs semi-finit produse alimentare produse lactate produse perisabile protectia consumatorilor rata de schimb rata dobnzii renta reprezentant servicii subcontractare subcontractor taxa vamala titlu (de valoare) troc unitate de productie valoare (bursiera) vama vnzator, -oare, agent de vnzare vnzare 5. MAIN VERBS VERBELE PRINCIPALE a cadea a cstiga (bani) a cheltui a comercializa a concedia a conduce a consuma a creste a creste (puternic) a cuceri (o piata) a cumpara a da faliment a dezvolta a disponibiliza (din ratiuni economice) a economisi a exploata (o ntreprindere) a exporta a fabrica a face afaceri cu a face o afacere cu a gestiona (a administra) a importa

output, production in bulk production, output product produce luxury goods finished product semi-finished product produce, foodstuffs dairy produce perishable goods, perishables consumerism exchange rate interest rate revenue representative, agent services subcontracting subcontractor customs duty security barter production unit security customs salesman, -woman; seller sale to drop to make, to earn to spend to market to dismiss to run, to operate, to lead, to manage to consume to increase, to rise, to grow to surge, to skyrocket to grab, to seize, to corner to buy, to purchase to go bankrupt to develop, to expand to lay off, to make redundant to save, to spare to operate to export to manufacture to do business with to make a deal with to manage, to handle to import
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a investi to invest a ncheia (un contract, to sign, to close, to clinch o afacere) a nfiinta to set up a lansa to launch a se mari to increase, to rise a muta to relocate a opri inflatia, somajul to curb, to stern the tide of, to check a patrunde (pe o piata etc.) to penetrate, to break into, to tap a produce to produce a realiza un profit to make a profit a reduce to reduce, to cut, to lower a reduce (puternic) to slash a reforma to reform a relansa to spur, to boost, to revive, to prime a scadea to decrease, to fall a scadea, a se prabusi to plummet, to collapse (preturi) a stapni, a controla to control (costurile, cheltuielile) a subcontracta to subcontract, to contract out a sustine to sustain a trata cu, a se to deal with confrunta cu a vinde to sell 6. A COUNTRYS NATIONAL ECONOMY ECONOMIA NAIONAL A UNEI RI sectorul primar primary sector sectorul secundar secondary sector sectorul tertiar tertiary sector 1. AGRICULTURA FARMING a) productia agricola agricultural production bere beer cacao cocoa cafea coffee cartof potato ceai tea cereale cereals citrice citrus gru wheat (US), corn (GB) oleaginoase oilseeds orez rice porumb maize (GB), corn (US) tutun tobacco vita-de-vie vine zahar sugar b ) zootehnia (cresterea cattle-raising, cattle-breeding, cattle animalelor) rearing bovine cattle ovine the ovine race pasari poultry porcine swine, pigs c ) piscicultura (pescuitul) fishing industry (the)
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flota comerciala piscicultura port pescaresc d ) industria forestiera padure, lemn 2. INDUSTRIA ENERGETICA carbune (huila, lignit) energia nucleara gaze naturale hidroelectricitate petrol surse de energie alternativa solara, eoliana etc.) 3.METALURGIA GREA METALLURGICAL

merchant fleet aqua farming fishing harbor forest industry (the) wood POWER INDUSTRY (THE) coal (coal, beown coal) the nuclear energy, nuclear power natural gas hydroelectricity oil (US), petroleum (GB) alternative sources of energy (sun, wind, etc.) HEAVY

INDUSTRY (THE) (siderurgie, minerale) ( iron and steel industry, ore) aluminiu aluminum (US), aluminium bauxita bauxite cobalt cobalt crom chromium cupru copper fier iron fosfati phosphates mangan manganese nichel nickel otel steel plumb lead staniu tin zinc zinc 4. INDUSTRIA MINIERA MINING INDUSTRY (THE) argint silver aur gold diamante diamond 5. INDUSTRIA TEXTILA TEXTILE INDUSTRY (THE) bumbac cotton fibre artificiale artificial fibres fibre sintetice synthetic fibres in linen iuta jute lana wool matase silk 6. ALTE RAMURI DE PRODUCTIE OTHER PRODUCTIONS ciment cement cauciuc rubber mase plastice plastics 7. INDUSTRIILE PRELUCRATOARE PROCESSING INDUSTRIES industria aeronautica si aerospace industry (the) spatiala industria aparatelor de cale rail, railway, railroad industry (the) industria automobilelor car industry (the) industria navala shipbuilding (the)
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8.TRANSPORTURI transportul aerian transportul feroviar transportul maritim transportul rutier transportul terestru
9. DIVERSE

TRANSPORT, TRANSPORTATION air transport(ation) rail transport(ation) sea transport(ation) road transport(ation) ground transport(ation)
MISCELLANEOUS

alimentatie analfabetism timp liber sanatate scolarizare rata dotarii turism 7.INDUSTRIES AND SECTORS industria agro-alimentara industria alimentara industia chimica industria de armament industria de constructii industria de telecomunicatii industiile de varf industria farmaceutica industria grea/usoara industria informatica industria petrochimica industria producatoare de confectii industria produselor de lux industria spectacolului

food diet iliteracy leisure health schooling equipment rate tourism INDUSTRII SI SECTOARE agro-business (the) food industry (the) chemical industry (the) arms industry (the) building industry,building trade (the) telecommunications industry (the) leading industries (the) pharmaceutical industry (the) heavy/light industry (the) computer industry (the) petrochemical industry (the) clothing industry (the)

luxury goods industry (the) show business, entertainment industry (the) industria de inalta tehnologie high tech industry (the) 8.MISCELLANEOUS DIVERSE audiovizualul audio-visual industry (the) averea imobiliara real estate editurile publishing industry (the) industria producatoare de imbracaminte (productie in serie) ready-to-wear industry (the) locuinte housing mass-media media(the) robotica robotics sectorul asigurarilor insurance industry(the) sectorul bancar banking industry(the) telematica telematics 9. Vocabular suplimentar Additional vocabulary baraj dam bazin field centrala (energetica) power plant companie aeriana airline company extractie de minereuri mining foraj drilling, boring furnal blast furnace
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linie de montaj masina-unealta mina otelarie piese de schimb rafinarie ssantier naval transportator, caraus zacamint

assembly line machine tool mine steel mill spare parts refinery shipyard carrier, haulier deposit

IV. Measuring economic activity : main indexes Evaluarea activitatii economice: principalii indicatori
Gross National Product (GNP) Produsul national brut (PNB) The total final value of goods and services produced in a national economy over one year. The Growth Rate (rata de crestere) of an economy is the increase in its GNP from one year to another. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) produsul intern brut (PIB) The index measures the value of goods and services produced on the national territory over a year. Balance of trade, trade balance balanta comerciala The difference over a period of time (generally a year) between the value of a countrys imports and exports of merchandise. The balance is said to be favourable (US favorable) when it shows a surplus of exports, in which case it shows a deficit. An unfavourable balance is referred to as a trade gap. Balance of payments balanta de plati A system for the recording of a countrys total transactions with the rest of the world during a given period of time (usually a year). Consumer Price Index (CPI) indicele preturilor (bunurilor) de consum. A measure of change in consumers prices, determined by a monthly survey. Also known as Cost-of-Living Index. Household consumption consumul casnic (al menajelor); Industrial consumption indicele productiei industriale; A monthly statistics on the total output of factories and mines. Unemployment figures (US Jobless Rate) numarul soemerilor/rata somajului. The proportion of the labour (US labor) force that is without paid work. Exchange rate rata de schimb. The prices at which a countrys currency can be converted into anothers. Other indexes and yardsticks alti indicatori si instrumente de masura; Consumer demand nivelul consumului, cererea consumatorilor; Purchasing power puterea de cumparare; Standard of living nivelul de trai; Population growth cresterea demografica; Birth rate rata natalitatii; Death rate rata mortalitatii; Life expectancy/expectation speranta de viata.

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V. SENTENCES
1. The economys performance in the last few months has not been encouraging. 2. Sluggishness has persisted throughout the year, and most estimates have had to be revised downwards. 3. The immediate outlook is gloomy. 4. There is a widespread concern over a deepening of the business slowdown. 5. Business is at a standstill. 6. A devaluation would give exporters a competitive edge. 7. The aftermath/ outcome of a devaluation is often a rise in the production costs, prices and wages. 8. We are headed for a slump. 9. The situation is compounded of inflation and social unrest. 10. Stagflation is rampant. 11. There are disturbing reports of mounting chaos and widespread lay-offs. 12. Unemployment has been inching up all year. 13. Beleaguered industrialists are casting about for means of coping with the rash of wildcat strikers. 14. The rising tide of inflation will have to be stemmed. 15. Unions should be discouraged from speeding up the wage-price spiral. 16. If consumer demands levels off or falls, employers will eventually have no alternative than to cut their payrolls. 17. The government is now contemplating a wage-freeze. 18. Additional measures will have to be taken to reduce inflationary/upward pressures on costs and prices. 19. According to the forecasts of experts, household consumption should go up in the next quarter. 20. Expectations of an early rebound in the economy have been disappointed. 21. Many economists feel that artificially stimulated demand is preferable to slack economy. 22. There is no alternative but to spur the lagging economy. 23. Some amount of pump-priming will be needed if the country is to be set on its feet again. 24. The country now seems on its way to recovery. 25. A powerful surge of buying has been developing. 26. (The) consumers have gone on a spending spree. 27. The revival spreads although the country is still plagued by inflation. 28. Despite official optimism, it is still far from sure that the economy is recovering from its mild recession. 29. Retail sales are up only 3% over last year an actual drop in volume after discounting inflation. 30. New incentives to spur capital spending are currently under active/serious consideration. 31. There is a need to spur/stimulate employment and consumption. 32. The question is: how to retain prosperity curbing/checking inflation. 33. Seasonally adjusted unemployment figures tend to suggest that business start-ups have not been so/as numerous as expected. 34. Businessmen have been loath to use the credit already available. 35. With interest rates falling, hot money will flow to other areas/regions. 36. Confidence cannot be restored overnight. 37. The business slowdown is causing serious concern in government circles. 38. The Gross National Product (GNP) has increased (by) 5.25%. 39. The Xmas (i.e. Christmas n.red.) buying spree should not be mistaken for a genuine recovery. 40. Production is down 4.5% on last year

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