Do An

MC LC
DANH MC HNH V....................................................................................IV THUT NG VIT TT................................................................................VI LI NI U...................................................................................................IX CHNG 1..........................................................................................................1 GII THIU CHUNG V BO MT V TUYN.......................................1
1.1 Cc vn k thut gp phi trong truyn thng an ton.........................1
1.1.1 Nhn thc...................................................................................................1 1.1.2 Tnh tin cy................................................................................................3 1.1.3 Tnh ton vn.............................................................................................4 1.1.4 Tnh kh dng............................................................................................6
1.2 Cc thut ton m ho...............................................................................7

1.2.1 M ho i xng........................................................................................8 1.2.2 M ho bt i xng..................................................................................9 1.2.3 Hm bm..................................................................................................10 1.2.4 M nhn thc bn tin...............................................................................11 1.2.5 Ch k in t..........................................................................................11 1.2.6 So snh gia m ho kho cng khai v kho b mt..............................12 1.2.7 Tng lai ca DES v AES.....................................................................12
1.3 Qun l kho mt m..............................................................................13

1.3.1 To kho...................................................................................................14 1.3.2 Lu tr kho.............................................................................................17 1.3.3 Phn phi kho.........................................................................................18 1.3.4 Thay i kha..........................................................................................21 1.3.5 Hy kha..................................................................................................25
1.4 nh gi cc thit b m ha...................................................................25
Chng II...........................................................................................................28 KIN TRC BO MT MNG GSM...........................................................28

2.1 Kin trc c bn ca h thng GSM.......................................................28
2.1.1 Cc thnh phn h thng..........................................................................29 2.1.2 Cc phn h ca mng GSM....................................................................32 2.1.3 Giao din v tuyn Um............................................................................33
2.2 c im bo mt ca mng GSM.........................................................34

2.2.1 AuC..........................................................................................................35 2.2.2 HLR..........................................................................................................36 2.2.3 VLR..........................................................................................................36 2.2.4 Th SIM...................................................................................................36 2.2.5 IMSI v TMSI..........................................................................................37 2.2.6 Chun m ho GSM.................................................................................38 2.2.7 a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian.....................................................41 2.2.8 Nhy tn...................................................................................................42 I
2.3 Cc ch bo mt theo yu cu ngi dng GSM...............................43

2.3.1 Qu trnh m ho theo yu cu ngi dng.............................................45 2.3.2 H thng kho mt m.............................................................................49 2.3.3 Cc thut ton v tham s mt m ho....................................................49 2.3.4 Kin trc bo mt.....................................................................................50 2.3.5 Cc thnh phn phn cng bo mt.........................................................51 2.3.6 Tng quan h thng bo mt GSM v cc thit b thu bao c nh.......52
2.4 Qun l kho mt m..............................................................................53

2.4.1 Np v phn phi kho m.......................................................................53 2.4.3 Th nh v b c th..............................................................................53 2.4.4 Ch k in t..........................................................................................54
2.5 H thng v tuyn gi chung..................................................................54

2.5.1 Nguyn l hot ng ca GPRS..............................................................55
CHNG III.....................................................................................................57 KIN TRC BO MT MNG W-CDMA..................................................57

3.1 IMT-2000...............................................................................................57 3.2 Kin trc UMTS.....................................................................................60 3.3 Kin trc bo mt UMTS........................................................................64
3.3.1 Bo mt mng truy nhp..........................................................................66 3.3.2 Tha thun kha v nhn thc UMTS (UMTS AKA)...........................67 3.3.3 Thut ton m bo tnh tin cy v ton vn ca bn tin.........................69 3.3.4 Thut ton m ha khi KASUMI...........................................................73
3.4 Kt chng..............................................................................................75
Chng IV .........................................................................................................76 NG DNG FPGA TRONG BO MT V TUYN..................................76

4.1 Ti u ha cc tham s h thng............................................................76 4.2 So snh h thng bo mt v tuyn da trn phn cng v phn mm...77 4.3 Phn cng c kh nng cu hnh ............................................................78 4.4 Thit k thut ton KASUMI trn FPGA...............................................83
4.4.1 Nhn xt chung........................................................................................83 4.4.2 Hm FO....................................................................................................86 4.4.3 Hm FI.....................................................................................................88 4.4.3 ng x l d liu trong logic vng.....................................................90 4.4.5 Lp thi gian biu cho kho m...............................................................91
4.5 Kt chng..............................................................................................93
KT LUN........................................................................................................94 .............................................................................................................................94 TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................95

II
III
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1: Nhn thc bn tin bng cch s dng chung kho m...................2 Hnh 1.2 S cn thit phi nhn thc thi gian................................................3 Hnh 1.3 m bo tin cy bng m ho i xng.............................................4 Hnh 1.4 S dng kho b mt ca ngi gi to mt bn tin c ch k..5 Hnh 1.5 Phng thc iu khin truy nhp yu cu/p ng.......................7 Hnh 1.6 Nguyn l ca h thng m ho i xng..........................................8 Hnh 1.7 Knh nguyn l trong h thng m ho i xng.............................9 Hnh 1.8 Nguyn l c bn ca m ho kho cng khai v thut ton RSA .............................................................................................................................10 Hnh 1.9 Kim tra ch k in t....................................................................12 Hnh 1.10: Chu k sng ca kha m..............................................................15 Hnh 1.11: c im chnh ca kho i xng 128 bit..................................16 Hnh 1.12: Cu trc c bn ca th thng minh............................................19 Hnh 1.13: ng ti xung s dng kha bo v KTK..............................21 Hnh 1.14 H thng qun l kiu ba kho.......................................................23 Hnh 2.1: Cu trc ph sng trong h thng GSM....................................29 Hnh 2.2: Kt ni gia cc thnh phn trong h thng GSM........................30 Hnh 2.3 Cc phn h mng GSM...................................................................32 Hnh 2.4 V tr ca cc phn t bo mt GSM...............................................35 Hnh 2.5: ng dng ca TMSI.........................................................................37 Hnh 2.6: Qu trnh m ho c bn.................................................................39 Hnh 2.7 Qu trnh m ho theo thut ton A5..............................................40 Hnh 2.8 Phm vi hot ng ca chun m ho GSM..................................41 Hnh 2.9: Cu trc khung TDMA trong h thng GSM...............................42 Hnh 2.10: Nhy tn chm trong h thng GSM............................................43 Hnh 2.11 : Yu cu hot ng ca h thng bo mt GSM.........................43 Hnh 2.12: S khi c bn ca my di ng GSM....................................47 Hnh 2.13: S khi ca my di ng bo mt theo yu cu.....................48 Hnh 2.14: Khi bo mt trong kin trc GSM chun..................................51 Hnh 2.15: Tng quan v mt h thng bo mt............................................52 Hnh 2.16: Cc thnh phn to nn ch k in t.......................................54
IV
Hnh 2.17: Kin trc c bn ca h thng GPRS...........................................55 Hnh 3.1 Quy nh ph tn di ng 3G v di ng v tinh (MSS) ti mt s nc....................................................................................................................59 Hnh 3.2 Kin trc c bn ca mng di ng UMTS (phin bn 1999).......61 Hnh 3.3 Kin trc mng IP a phng tin UMTS......................................62 Hnh 3.4 Tng quan v kin trc bo mt UMTS..........................................65 Hnh 3.5 Tha thun kha v nhn thc.........................................................69 Hnh 3.6: S dng thut ton f9 to M nhn thc bn tin (MAC) t s liu bo hiu u vo.........................................................................................70 Hnh 3.7: Thut ton f9 m bo tnh ton vn d liu ................................71 Hnh 3.8 Thut ton f8 s dng m ha s liu ngi dng v bo hiu72 Hnh 3.9 Thut ton f8 m bo tnh tin cy ca bn tin.............................72 Hnh 3.10 Cu trc thut ton KASUMI........................................................74 Hnh 4.1 Cu trc c bn ca FPGA...............................................................80 Hnh 4.2 Cu trc CLB trong FPGA...............................................................80 Hnh 4.3 Cu trc slice trong FPGA................................................................80 Hnh 4.4: Cu trc chi tit mt slice................................................................82 Hnh 4.5 : Cu hnh slice thnh b nh RAM................................................82 Hnh 4.6: Cu trc c bn ca khi vo / ra IOB...........................................83 Hnh 4.7 Cu trc thut ton KASUMI..........................................................85 Hnh 4.8 : Cc bc thit k hm FO s dng nhiu ln cc khi thnh phn....................................................................................................................87 Hnh 4.9: ng x l d liu trong hm FI..................................................89 Hnh 4.10: ng x l d liu trong khi logic vng...................................91 Hnh 4.11: Cc thnh phn ca h thng lp thi gian biu cho kho m. 93
THUT NG VIT TT
3GPP AES AH AKA AMF ARM ASYM AuC AUTN AV CCITT 3rd Generation Partnership Project Advance Encryption Standard Authentication Header Authentication & Key Agreement Authentication and Key Management Field Advance RISC Machine Asymmetric Cipher Algorithm Authentication Center Authentication Token Authentication Vector Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy Configurable Logic Block Care of Address Digital Clock Manager Data Encryption Standard Diffie-Hellman Download Link Domain Name System Digital Signal Processor Equipment Identifier Register
VI
n i tc th h ba Chun m ho tin tin Mo u nhn thc Tho thun kho v nhn thc Trng qun l kho v nhn thc My theo kin trc RISC nng cao Thut ton m ho bt i xng Trung tm nhn thc Th nhn thc Vc t nhn thc U ban t vn v in bo v in thoi quc t Khi logic cu hnh c Chm sc a ch Khi qun l ng h s Chun mt m d liu Thut ton Diffie-Hellman ng d liu xung H thng tn min B x l tn hiu s B ghi nhn dng thit b
CLB COA DCM DES DH DLL DNS DSP EIR
FH FPGA GPRS GSM HLR IMEI IMSI IMT2000 ITU IV KC KDC LAI LUT MAC MIPS OTAR PDA PIN PK PLD RAND RES
Frequency Hopping
Nhy tn
Field Programmable Gate Array Mng cng lp trnh c General Packet Radio Service Global Systems for Mobile Communications Home Location Register Dch v v tuyn gi chung H thng thng tin di ng ton cu B ghi nh v thng tr
International Mobile Equipment S nhn dng thit b di Identifier ng quc t International Mobile Subscrible S nhn dng thu bao di Identifier ng quc t International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 International Telecommunications Union Initation Vector Session Key Key Distribution Center Location Area Identifier Look-up Table Message Authentication Code Milion Instruction per second Over the Air Personal Digital Assistant Personal Identifier Public Key Programmable Logic Device Random number Response
VII
Thng tin di ng quc t 2000 Lin minh Vin thng Quc t Vec t khi to Kho phin Trung tm phn phi kho S nhn dng vng nh v Bng tra trng thi M nhn thc bn tin Triu lnh trn mt giy Truyn v tuyn Thit b tr gip s cc nhn S nhn dng c nhn Kho cng khai Thit b logic lp trnh c S ngn nhin p ng
RSA SIM SK SOC SYM TMSI UMTS USIM
Rivest/Shamir/Adleman Algorithm Subscriber Identity Module Secret Key System-on-chip Symmetric Cipher Algorithm
Thut ton Rivest/Shamir/Adleman Khi nhn dng thue bao Kho b mt H thng trn mt chip Thut ton m ho i xng
Temporatory Mobile Subscrible S nhn dng thu bao di Identifier ng tm thi Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS Subscriber Identity Module H thng thng tin di ng ton cu Khi nhn dng thu bao UMTS
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Mng truy nhp v tuyn Network mt t UMTS VLR WCDMA XRES Visitor Location Register Wideband Code Division Multiple Access Expected Response B ghi nh v tm tr a thm nhp phn chia theo m bng rng p ng mong i
VIII
LI NI U
Thng tin di ng ngy nay tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip vin thng pht trin nhanh v mang li nhiu li nhun nht cho nhiu nh khai thc. S pht trin ca th trng vin thng di ng thc y mnh m vic nghin cu v trin khai cc h thng thng tin di ng mi trong tng lai. Cc dch v do mng thng tin di ng cng ngy cng phong ph hn, ngoi cc dch v thoi truyn thng, h thng thng tin di ng hin i cn cung cp thm nhiu loi hnh dch v s liu khc vi tc cao. Bn cnh , vn ln nht ca cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn v di ng l m bo tnh bo mt cc thng tin ca ngi s dng. Kin trcmng thng tin di ng, v th, ngoi cc thnh phn nhm thc hin truyn thng tin ngi dng cn yu cu thm cc thnh phn khc bo mt cc thng tin . Do , cc nhiu thut ton bo mt ra i, thay th nhau nhm m bo tt hn na tnh an ton ca thng tin, c trn giao din v tuyn cng nh bo mt t u cui ti u cui v cho ti nay, y vn l mt ti th v thu ht nhiu s quan tm ca cc nh nghin cu. Trong n tt nghip ny, ngoi tp trung phn tch cc thut ton bo mt, m ha khc nhau, cn trnh by v kin trc bo mt trong cc mng thng tin di ng th h Hai cng nh th h Ba. Ngoi ra, n cn gii thiu v phn tch cng ngh thc t thc hin cc thut ton ny trong h thng. Ni dung n bao gm bn chng: Chng I : Gii thiu chung v bo mt v tuyn. Chng ny phn tch nhng thch thc chung m cc h thng thng tin v tuyn gp phi cng nh gii php cho tng vn . Trong chng ny cng s trnh by nhng khi nim c bn v m ha, cc thut ton mt m ha cng nh nh gi v nhn xt cc thut ton ny. Chng II : Kin trc bo mt mng GSM Chng II trnh by chi tit kin trc bo mt ca mng thng tin di ng GSM cng nh phn tch mng GSM di gc bo mt. Ngoi ra, chng ny cn gii thiu gii php bo mt t u cui ti u cui theo yu cu ca
IX
ngi s dng. Vn bo mt trong mng GPRS, mng trung gian ca GSM tin ln 3G cng s c cp n trong phn cui chng ny. Chng III : Kin trc bo mt mng W-CDMA Chng ny trnh by v cu trc mng v xem xt kin trc bo mt ca mng W-CDMA. Ngoi cc th tc bo mt v nhn thc, chng ny cn tp trung phn tch cu trc thut ton KASUMI, thut ton nn tng trong kin trc bo mt ca mng W-CDMA. Chng IV : ng dng FPGA trong bo mt v tuyn Chng ny tp trung vo vn thit k mt h thng bo mt trong ton b ng dng chung. Ngoi phn tch mi quan h gia cc tham s trong khi thit k mt h thng bo mt. chng ny cn gii thiu cng ngh FPGA, cng ngh ph bin nht ang s dng thc hin cc thut ton m ha. Phn cui chng trnh by thit k chi tit thut ton KASUMI c th ci t trn FPGA. Do hn ch v thi gian cng nh kh nng nghin cu, n ny khng trnh khi thiu st, em rt mong nhn c s gp ca cc thy c, cc bn sinh vin ni dung ca ti ny c hon thin hn na. Em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio Khoa Vin thng, c bit l thy gio Phm Khc Ch tn tnh hng dn em hon thnh bn n tt nghip ny!
H Ni, ngy 24 thng 10 nm 2005
Nguyn Vn Qung
n tt nghip i hc tuyn
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v
CHNG 1 GII THIU CHUNG V BO MT V TUYN

1.1 Cc vn k thut gp phi trong truyn thng an ton
Ngay t khi con ngi bt u thc hin gi cc thng ip cho nhau, gp phi nhiu thch thc ln, c th l nghe trm, thay i ni dung, pht li, gi dng, xm nhp v t chi. gii quyt c cc vn ny lin quan ti nhiu k thut phc tp. Bin php s dng mt m hay k thut bo mt gii quyt cc thch thc ny bao gm cc k thut sau: Nhn thc Chnh xc Ton vn Kh dng
1.1.1 Nhn thc i vi bt k bn tin no c lu tr hay pht i, bt k l bn tin thoi hay vn bn th vn u tin l tnh nhn thc ca n. Liu bn tin c n t ngun yu cu hay khng? Trong truyn dn thoi s dng cc b thu pht cht lng cao, phng php nhn thc tn hiu thoi trc y s dng cc tn hiu phn thu tng ng nh phn pht. Tuy nhin, khi m hai ngi ni khng tng ng vi nhau, c th do cht lng ca mi trng truyn dn khng tt, th cn phi c k thut khc nhn thc ngi gi v ngi tr li. gi quyt cc vn ny, ngi ta s dng k thut mt m ho v c k thut qun l m ph hp. Vi mi thut ton i xng (kho m ging nhau c hai u ca kt ni) hay khng i xng (mi u s dng mt kho khc nhau), tt nhin l c A v B u c th gi ti chnh xc ngi c kho m tng ng vi mnh. Tuy nhin, nu kho c s dng lm mt m chung cho mt nhm trong mng, ngi gi cn c th gi ti tt c mi ngi trong cng nhm. Cch ny c hiu qu cao trong mng nhng n li gy kh khn i vi ngi qun tr mng trong vic t chc phn b kho m.
Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT
-1-
Hnh 1.1: Nhn thc bn tin bng cch s dng chung kho m Tht l mt ci vng lun qun! Tuy nhin, ngi ta xut mt k thut l s dng pht li, trong s dng thnh phn th ba trong kt ni ghi li cc bn tin c pht v sau pht li chng. Nu k nghe trm khng c ng thit b bo mt v kho m, chng khng th nghe c bn tin. Tuy nhin, bn tin pht li xy ra s ln xn trong phn ch ti nh nh. Hy xem xt v d trong hnh 1.2, trong trm A pht i bn tin thoi tn cng ti trm B lc 9.00 gi sng. Kt qu ca qu trnh m ho l ch c trm B c kho tng ng v c th hiu c bn tin ny. Trm Z trong vai tr k nghe trm, s khng th hiu c bn tin nhng vn c th ghi li n. Nu sau Z pht li bn tin tn cng vo lc 3.00 gi chiu, ta c th tng tng s hn n ti trm B do xut hin nh hng ti bn tin nhn thc. chng li phng thc tn cng ny, trong gi bo mt phi cha c nhn thc thi gian v khi c s dng, trm B s khng nhn bn tin c pht li nh mt mt m do ti B khng th ng b vi bn tin sau v do n khng c phin bn sau ca bn tin. Nhn thc thi gian l mt phng thc nhn thc bn tin thng c s dng trong cc thit b m ho thoi v fax, v tt nhin cng l yu t quan trng khi xem xt mua cc thit b ny. S bo v t c bng cch t ng thm vo mt khe thi gian sau khi bt u m ho 5 pht, mi my gii mt m phi thc hin gii m hoc thay i qu trnh to kho do b to kho B s khng ng b vi v tr gc to kho A. Thng thng th khe thi gian 5 pht l i vi s sai khc thi gian nh gia cc my ci t trong mng. Mt khc, tt c cc my trong mng phi c cng thi gian 5 pht nh nhau. Trm thu phi
-2-
c dung lng ln kim tra nhiu khe thi gian cng lc bi v hai trm c th c thi gian ging nhau nhng khc nhau v v tr ca khe thi gian.
Hnh 1.2 S cn thit phi nhn thc thi gian Ngoi ra cn c th k n nhiu phng thc nhn thc khc nhau nh tem thi gian hay c cu tho thun vi nhau v kho, mi phng php c s dng thch hp trong tng h thng c th. 1.1.2 Tnh tin cy Tnh tin cy ca bn tin thoi, vn bn hay d liu c m bo bng kho b mt, ch c cung cp cho ngi dng hp php c th truy nhp kho ny. Do m ho i xng c th cung cp tnh tin cy cho bn tin. Bt c k nghe trm no cng c th truy nhp vo bn tin mt nhng nu chng khng s hu mt bn sao hp l ca kho, chng khng th c c hi c bn tin gc. Kho b mt c s dng chung cho c my thu v my pht. Cng c th s dng thut ton bt i xng m ho thng tin, nhng trong trng hp ny, kho m hai pha l khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cc i s ca kho bt i xng phc tp hn l trong kho i xng, l l do chnh khin thut ton m ho i xng nhanh hn bt i xng. c im ca c hai phng thc m ho l
-3-
hu ch trong bo v bn tin, cc h thng lai ghp thng c s dng kt hp cc u im ca chng (xem hnh 1.3).
Knh bo mt
Dli gc u
M ho
Dli m ho u
Gii m
Dli gc u
Kho bmt (SK)
Kho bmt (SK)
Hnh 1.3 m bo tin cy bng m ho i xng 1.1.3 Tnh ton vn Cc file v bn tin cn c bo v chng li s thay i tri php. Qu trnh m bo tin cy chng li nhng k nghe ln, v cng em li s bo v chng li cc thay i v tnh ton vn ca file hay bn tin. iu ny rt quan trng i vi bn tin vn bn v d liu, nhng bn tin c th b tn cng theo kiu ny. Gii php cho vn ton vn l s dng ch k in t, MAC hoc cc s thm phn d trong bn gc v sau s dng mt m ho. Ch k in t: Ch k in t l mt cng c m ho bt i xng cho php tc gi ca bn tin gc k vo cc ti liu ca h, c ngha l my thu c th kim tra rng nhng g thu c c phi l bn sao trung thc ca chnh tc gi. Qu trnh ny c m t trong hnh 1.4. Bt k thay i no trong bn tin c bo v trong qu trnh truyn dn s dn ti ch k thay i so vi ban u, chng t b mt tin cy. S dng h thng RSA, ngi gi k vo bn tin gc vi kho b mt v pht n i cng vi bn tin ti pha thu. My thu no c bn sao ca kho cng khai ca cp kho hp l c th so snh ch k gc vi ch k t bn tin thu c. Chc nng ny c thc hin bng cch chy mt thut ton kim tra vi u vo l kho cng khai, bn tin gii m v ch k gc ca ngi gi. Nu
Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT -4-
qu trnh truyn dn thng qua mi trng hay knh truyn khng c bo mt tt, bn tin b thay i sai lch, qu trnh kim tra ti my thu s gi thng bo Ch k khng hp l.
Hnh 1.4 S dng kho b mt ca ngi gi to mt bn tin c ch k Mc ch chnh ca ch k in t l cho php kim tra tnh ton vn ca bn tin. N khng c s dng m ho bn tin, do khng h tr tnh tin cy. Tuy nhin, kt hp c hai k thut ny thnh mt h thng lai ghp, trong m ho i xng m bo tnh tin cy v thut ton bt i xng trong kim tra ch k m bo tnh ton vn ca bn tin vn bn. Kt qu nhn c l mt cng c mnh m bo v cc file v bn tin. Hn na, khi s dng m ho kho cng khai to v kim tra ch k trong mt bn tin, ch c mt b x l kho b mt c th k vo bn tin . Do bn tin cng c nhn thc. Ngc li, ngi pht tin k vo bn tin vi kho b mt s khng th t chi rng mnh khng thc hin n bi v ch c ngi mi c kho b mt tng ng. Kh nng ny ca ch k in t c gi l khng-th-t-chi. Do , ch k in t h tr:
-5-
- Kim tra cng khai: bt c ai c kho nhn thc cng khai u c th kim tra ch k. - Tnh nhn thc v ton vn: bt c s thay i hay thay th bn tin u b pht hin. - Khng th t chi: ngi pht bn tin khng th t chi rng k vo . 1.1.4 Tnh kh dng Mt trong nhng vn c bn na trong truyn thng an ton iu khin tnh kh dng v truy nhp mi trng, d liu cng nh cc thit b mt m. Ch v truy nhp mi trng vt l cha ng rt nhiu vn quan trng, nhng trong ti liu ny ch tp trung vo cc vn mt m cn phn truy nhp vt l s c ni trong ti liu khc. Tuy nhin, ti liu ny cng s cp ti truy nhp vt l ti cc khi bo mt ngay trong chng ny cng nh trong cc chng tip theo. - PIN v Password: Mc ch ca h thng PIN v Password l nhn thc ngi s dng v thun tin trong qun l cc chc nng m h c php s dng. Cc cng c truy nhp sinh trc hc: nh nhn dng vng mc mt, mu mu, du vn tay, nhn dng ting ni. iu khin yu cu p ng: L dng iu khin truy nhp chng li cc thch thc ti qu trnh nhn thc ngi dng do cc hnh ng tn cng, v d nh mt k mo danh s dng dch v nh mt ngi dng hp php. Trong hnh 1.5, ngi s dng bt u th tc nhp mng, c th bng cch gn th thng minh vo thit b m ho hay mt b iu khin my tnh t xa truy nhp file. Khi ch n to ra s ngu nhin v truyn n ti u cui ca ngi s dng nh mt yu cu. Sau ngi dng nhp mt khu ca mnh v hai gi tr ny c a ti khi m ho, v d nh hm bm to p ng t cc u vo yu cu v mt khu. p ng nhn c l tn ngi s dng c truyn tr li khi bo mt ban u trong tn ngi s dng c kim tra bng cch so snh vi gi tr c
-6-
lu trong khi ban u. Nu chng thc thnh cng, ngi dng c php truy nhp ti cc chc nng mong mun.
Hnh 1.5 Phng thc iu khin truy nhp yu cu/p ng
1.2 Cc thut ton m ho

Tht khng d dng g c th so snh gia m ho i xng (v d nh DES) vi bt i xng (nh l RSA), mi loi m ha ny c c im v ng dng cng khc xa nhau. Thut ton i xng ph hp cho m ho d liu, k c thoi bi v n hot ng nhanh hn thut ton bt i xng , nhng bn tin m ho bng kha i xng li d b tn cng hn.Tuy nhin, khi xem xt cc nh hng nh trong phn trc th r rng l m ho i xng chnh l gii php hon ho bo v d liu. K thut m ha ny cng a ra gii php hiu qu trong vn tnh tin cy, nhng n li khng m bo tnh ton vn ca bn tin. Ngc li, m ho kha cng khai tuy va chm li va i hi tnh ton phc tp nhng gii quyt tt cc vn bo mt m thut ton i xng khng th t c. M ho kho cng khai ph hp cho vic qun l kho hn l m ho phn ti trng s liu. Kt hp thng minh c hai k thut ny to thnh mt h thng m ho rt mnh trong bo mt thng tin. Cc ng dng khc nhau c lit k trong bng 1.1 di y.
-7-
Bng 1.1 Phn loi ng dng cc thut ton Thut ton M ha i xng M ha bt i xng M nhn thc bn tin (MAC) Hm bm Ch k in t Tha thun kha Nhn thc Khng C C Khng C C Tin cy C C Khng Khng Khng C Ton vn Khng* Khng* C C C Khng
* ph thuc vo ng dng c th
Knh C
SKc
Kha b mt
SKc
Kha b mt
Bn tin gc
SYM
Bn tin M ha
SYM
Bn tin gc
Hnh 1.6 Nguyn l ca h thng m ho i xng 1.2.1 M ho i xng Nguyn l c bn ca h thng m ho kho i xng c ch ra trong hnh 1.6. C th thy rng bn cht ca m ho i xng l c pha thu v pha pht u s dng cng mt kho b mt (SK), v tt nhin l thut ton c hai pha cng u ging nhau. M ho i xng nh trn da vo vic phn phi kho mt cch bo mt gia c hai pha. Nhng thc t l kho chung li phn phi ti tt c mi ngi trong mng, v vn knh bo mt lm au u nhng nh qun tr mng. iu nguy him nht l bt c ai chim c kho trong qu trnh phn phi cng c ton quyn truy nhp ti d liu do kho
Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT -8-
bo v. Do , qu trnh phn phi kho phi trn knh bo mt, bt k l knh logic hay knh vt l (xem hnh 1.7).
Hnh 1.7 Knh nguyn l trong h thng m ho i xng 1.2.2 M ho bt i xng Ngc li vi m ho i xng, thut ton i xng hot ng theo t nht l hai kho, hay chnh xc hn l mt cp kho (xem hnh 1.8). Kho s dng c bit n nh l kho b mt v kho cng khai v do c khi nim m ho kho cng khai. Mi kho c s dng m ho hay gii m, nhng khc vi thut ton i xng, gi tr ca kho mi pha l khc nhau. Trong h thng RSA, d liu c m ho bng kho b mt (KXu) v ch c th gii m c bng kho cng khai ca cp kho . Cp kho ny c to ra cng nhau v do c lin quan trc tip vi nhau. Mc d c quan h vi nhau nhng nu bit hay truy nhp c kho cng khai th cng khng th tnh ton c gi tr ca kho b mt. Do , cng khai kho m cng khng lm nh hng ti tnh bo mt ca h thng, n cng ch nh mt a ch th tn cn kho b mt vn lun c gi kn. Bn cht ca m ho kho cng khai RSA l bt c bn tin mt m no u c th c nhn thc nu nh n c m ho bng kho b mt cn gii m bng kho cng khai. T , pha thu cn xc nh c c ngun gc ca bn tin. Bt c ngi no gi kho cng khai u c th nghe trm bn tin mt m bng cch tnh ton vi kho b mt, khng ch m bo tnh tin cy ca bn tin (trong mt nhm) m cn c nhn thc,
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hay cn gi l khng-th- t-chi, v d nh ngi gi khng th t chi rng chnh h l tc gi ca bn tin . N hon ton tri ngc vi hot ng ca kho i xng, trong bn tin mt m c m bo tnh ton vn gia pha m ho v gii m, nhng bt k ai c c kho chung u c th pht bn tin v t chi rng chnh mnh pht n, cn pha thu th khng th bit c u l tc gi ca bn tin . thut ton i xng yu cu kh nng tnh ton ln hn v do , tc qu trnh m ho chm hn so vi m ho i xng. cng l tr ngi chnh trong cc h thng cho php t l li ln nh trong truyn thng thoi. Do , m ho kho cng khai khng ph hp vi cc bn tin c chiu di thng thng, tuy nhin khi kt hp c hai ch vi nhau li c th m bo tnh nhn thc, tin cy v ton vn ca bn tin . Ni chung, cc ng dng s dng thut ton bt i xng l: - S dng mt gi tr bm nh lm ch k in t - M ho cc kho b mt c s dng trong thut ton i xng - Tha thun kha m b mt gia cc pha trong truyn thng
Ngi dng U
Kha cng khai
Ngi nhn A bt k
KXu
Kha b mt
KYu
Kha cng khai
Ch k in t
Bn tin gc
ASYM
Bn tin M ha
ASYM
Bn tin gc
Hnh 1.8 Nguyn l c bn ca m ho kho cng khai v thut ton RSA 1.2.3 Hm bm Nh gii thiu trong phn trc, hm bm c s dng kim tra bn tin sau gii m v thng gi l kim tra tnh ton vn. V c bn th mt chui d liu c di thay i c a ti u vo thut ton to ra gi tr bm c dic nh u ra. Hm bm l hm mt chiu, khng th thc hin ngc li t gi tr bm to li chui gc. Mt khc, hai chui u vo bt k cng khng th cho cng mt gi tr u ra. Bt c thay i no u vo u
Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT - 10 -
to ra gi tr khc u ra, do n c s dng kim tra tnh ton vn ca bn tin. Thng thng s dng cc hm bm MD 2, 4 v 5. Tuy nhin, hm bm khng cung cp tnh tin cy cho file hay bn tin, nhng khi s dng kt hp vi m ho kho b mt, n c th m bo tnh nhn thc ca bn tin. 1.2.4 M nhn thc bn tin Ngoi chc nng kim tra tnh ton vn ca bn tin m ho, MAC cn c s dng kt hp vi kho b mt cung cp chc nng kim tra tnh nhn thc v ton vn, trong khi hm bm khng th nhn thc bn tin. MAC cng thng c s dng ch mt chiu nh hm bm, mc d n cn c th hot ng c ch hai chiu. Trong ch mt chiu, n i hi phi bit c kho ca tc gi cng nh kha ca ngi mun kim tra bn tin hay nhn thc file. V vy, khi s dng phng php ny yu cu phi bo v kho khi virus. Virus c th tn cng file v to ra gi tr bm mi, nhng do khng bit gi tr ca kho, virus khng th to ra gi tr MAC mi. Do , tc gi ca file s nhn thy rng file b thay i. MAC c mang i nh mt ph lc bng cch b xung thm mt phn nh trong tiu ca file hay bn tin, v vy nhc im ca MAC l tc chm hn thut ton ch k in t. 1.2.5 Ch k in t Thut ton ch k in t s dng kho cng khai k ln ti liu (xem hnh 1.9). Pha pht bn tin s dng hm bm trong phn d liu gc ca bn tin cng vi ngy gi to bn tin to thnh bn tin hon chnh. Khi s dng ch k theo thut ton RSA, hm bm to ra mt gi tr bm ri c m ho bng kho b mt ca tc gi to thnh mt ch k in t duy nht nh km vi bn tin. Pha thu kim tra tnh nhn thc v ton vn ca bn tin bng cch chy thut ton kim tra vi cc u vo l bn tin nhn c, ch k in t cng vi kho cng khai. u ra thut ton ch ra rng bn tin l hp l nu vn gi nguyn gc hay khng hp l nu bn tin b sa i.
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Hm bm
M bm
ASYM
Kha bo mt ca ngi dng 1
Thi gian
Bn tin gc
Ch k in t
Hnh 1.9 Kim tra ch k in t 1.2.6 So snh gia m ho kho cng khai v kho b mt Thut ton m ho bt i xng cho php nng cao tnh bo mt bng cc thuc tnh c u im khc nhau, nhng khng th so snh vi m ho i xng v bn cht l khc nhau Trong cc mng kt ni vi quy m ln, m ho bt i xng i hi t tham s hn, do t d liu v kho hn lm tng tnh bo mt trong mng. Trong cc mng nh, th t thng s dng h thng m ho i xng. Thut ton bt i xng cho php d dng hn trong s dng ring r nhn thc vi tin cy. Thut ton bt i xng h tr tnh ton vn bng ch k in t. M ho bt i xng thng c s dng phn phi kho b mt hn l m ho bn tin. H thng lai ghp s dng m ho i xng to ngu nhin mt kho b mt cho phin truyn thng , nhng li s dng m ho bt i xng bo v kho b mt . M ho bng kho bt i xng chm hn v i hi kh nng x l ln hn m ho i xng. 1.2.7 Tng lai ca DES v AES Vo thng 10 nm 2000, cc nghin cu nhm hon thin DES kt thc. Ngi ta nhn thy rng, ng c vin nng k nht nhm thay th DES chnh l AES, tiu chun m ho tin tin do Vincent Rijmen v Joan Daemen xut.
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Ban u, DES c IBM nghin cu v c NIST chun ho nh mt tiu chun k thut chnh thc vo nm 1975. Khi m tc my tnh c tng ln mt cch nhanh chng, thi gian cn thit tn cng lm ch hon ton DES tr nn thc t hn, v cui cng l xung di 10 ngy, cho n nay th ch cn mt cha y 5 ngy. V vy, thi i ca DES nh mt thit b bo mt n hi kt thc, tuy nhin, vi s gim gi gia cc nh sn xut th cc cng c ny cng trn ngp th trng. ng dng ca DES ba cp bng cch s dng thut ton vi hai hay ba kho 56-bit nh l mt m rng trong trng hp ny cng lm tng thi gian s dng, tuy nhin DES ba cp li chm hn. So vi DES s dng kho 56 bit, AES s dng kho 128 bit, thm ch cn c th tu chn ti 256 bit, lm tng tnh bo mt chng li cc tn cng. Thut ton ny l m ho khi v c th ci t trn c phn cng cng nh phn mm trong cc mi trng nh th thng minh, FPGA hay phn mm my tnh. Kh nng ny l mt c im quan trng nhn c nh gi tt hn trong cc i th nh MARS, Serpent, RC6, Twofish v chin thng l thut ton c tn l Rijndael. Cc nghi ng v DES cng tng dn th chun m ho cng nghip li cng c nhiu s la chn mi khc nhau, v s rt th v khi chng kin nhng g m AES s nh hng ti ton b phn cn li ca cng nghip bo mt. Tuy vy, cng s cn phi mt mt thi gian na AES thm nhp vo ch thch hp trong m ho. Khng cn nghi ng g na, cnh tranh trong th trng bo mt s tng nhanh, mi mt s m ho s r theo con ng ring ca n, thm ch c thut ton s chng cn thy trn cc sn phm. Nhng g cn li s tip tc c xem xt, v l mt phn ca cuc cch mng m ho. Cuc i u y thch thc nhng ngi vit m v ngi gii m s cn tip tc. DES cht, v AES liu s sng c bao lu?
1.3 Qun l kho mt m

La chn thut ton bo mt cho mng chc chn l mt vn rt quan trng, v hu ht cc t chc chun ho quc t u tp trung vo tnh bo mt d liu nh l yu cu u tin la chn. Tuy nhin, cc thut ton bo mt ny cng s tr nn v dng nu chng khng c h tr bi thut ton qun l kho hiu qu. Trn thc t, qun l kho chnh l gt chn Achille ca bt k mt h thng bo mt no. tn cng mt h thng bo mt bng cch gii cc
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mt m i hi phi xem xt cch thc hot dng ca con ngi cng nh my tnh, v ni chung thng tiu tn rt nhiu tin bc tm ra chc tn cng ph hp.Trong mt h thng bo mt cao, iu ny ch c th thc hin c bng cch truy nhp trc tip vo cu trc ca d liu bo mt, nhng lch s cng nh cc s liu thng k ch ra rng hu ht cc phng thc s dng tn cng mt h thng bo mt l tc ng ln s yu km ca phng thc qun l bo mt .Xem xt bng 1.1, ta c th thy r quan h gia hai phng php ny. V d, kim tra tt c cc kh nng ca kho theo yu cu ra tm mt kho c th gii m ban tin mt theo mt thut ton cho trc, ngoi vic phi s dng n hng ngn cng c phn tch, th nh trnh by, vi 128 bit th khng th thc hin c trong mt khong thi gian thc t. C mt cch d dng hn, v c th ni l r hn, l li dng nhng li t nhin ca con ngi. Hu ht cc s kin v li bo mt m ta bit l cc h thng bo mt b tn cng vo chnh nhng im yu ca chng. Mc ch ca qun l kho l lm gim thch thc i vi cc im yu xung mc thp nht v qu trnh x l kho b mt l trong sut i vi mng v ngi s dng. Qun l kho tp trung vo cc vn thi gian sng ca kho nh sau (xem hnh 1.10): 1.3.1 To kho Thng thng kho b mt c to bi ngi s dng hoc ngi qun tr bo mt, tuy nhin cng cn thit phi to ra mt kho khc bi mt trung tm qun l c bit , v l tng nht l s dng b to s ngu nhin. S ngu nhin c s dng bi v n khng th d on trc c, v do , s dng n l l tng i vi cc kho b mt khng th d on c.
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To kha
Phn phi kha
Chu k sng ca kha m
Kch hot kha v s dng
Thu hi kha
Hy kha
Hnh 1.10: Chu k sng ca kha m C nhiu phuong thc to kho khc nhau, t vic tm cm khi u v truyn qua nh trong PGP, cho ti vic da vo nhiu chu k khc nhau gia cc phm bm ca bn phm my tnh v cc chui ngu nhin thc t ngun nhiu nhit/in t nh l trong didode P/N v cc phn t tr khng. Trong khi b to kho gi ngu nhin c s dng trong nhiu ng dng khc nhau th cc nh ch to vn ang nghin cu c c b to kho hon ton ngu nhin cho cc h thng yu cu bo mt cao. Mt trung tm qun l cht lng s cha tu chn cho php to kho bng tay cng nh cung cp kho ngu nhin. Bt k mt trung tm kho m c gi tr no cng u cha cc th tc kim tra cht lng ca kho c to cng nh kh nng loi b d tha so vi bn tin gc. PGP cho php ngi s dng to cp kho t cm tin truyn qua v chng trnh kim tra cht lng cm tin trc khi cho php to kho. N h tr c vic la chn di ca kho, v cho php ng dng c kho to c (v d RSA hay Diffie/Hellman) cng nh tiu chun ch k in t (DSS). Qu trnh to kho bt i xng phc tp hn v cng mt nhiu thi gian hn l kho i xng.
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Tn kha 01200 01201

Ni dung ca kha Ch k 1FAB 1FAB
1873 4589 9648 5677 1002 3360 8975 6684 5003 4789 6577 2219 3569 4479 6500 2368 4569 7134
Hm bm mt chiu
Hnh 1.11: c im chnh ca kho i xng 128 bit Ngoi cc gi tr ca kho nh trn hnh 1.11, ta cn s dng ch k in t cng vi tn nhn dng kho na. Thng thng, tn nhn dng kho thng c chn v s dng nhn dng chnh kho . Tn nhn dng kho cng c th lin kt mt cch thun tin chu k hp l. Tuy nhin, ch k in t li c chc nng khc, v c bit quan trng trong qun l kho m. Hm mt chiu bm cc d liu kho to ra ch k in t, thng thng gm bn hoc nm k t HEX. Ch k ny l cng c c bit quan trng cho php ngi qun tr c th kim tra xem kho c nhp vo thit b m ho c phi l kho m tng ng ang s dng hay khng. l chc nng kim tra kho c cng b trn cc phng tin cng cng m khng nh hng g ti tnh bo mt ca h thng. Ch k in t do hm mt chiu to ra thc hin c iu ny, m trc khng c thut ton no thc hin c. Thm ch ch k in t cn tr nn quan trng hn khi s dng trong cc trung tm qun l v to kho, to ra cc kho nc danh cn d liu nhy cm th vn c gi kn. Trong trng hp ny, khng ai c th truy nhp vo d liu kho, do gim bt c nguy co tim n cao nht i vi h thng kho. Thay vo , qu trnh kim tra hiu qu phn phi kho da trn nhng hiu bit v hi v ch k in t. Trong bt c trng hp no, tt nht l tt c cc kho phi c to v phn phi t mt trung tm qun l kho, m ti c th m bo cht lng v tin cy ca cc kho ny. di ca kho cng l vn gp phi khi thc hin mt h thng bo mt, xem trong bng 1.2 c th thy r l do ny. Cc kho cng di th bo mt chng li vic gii m bng cch duyt kho cng cao. Kho DES 56 bit c th gii m trong khong 20 gi cn khi s dng kho 128 bit th phi mt ti 10^38 gi mi c th khm ph ra tt c cc kh nng ca t kho ny, thigian thm ch cn ln hn c tui cu h mt tri. V th. Khng c g ngc nhin
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khi ngy nay hu ht cc quan im u nht tr rng thut ton m ho DES s dng kho 128 bit ph hp cho cc h thng yu cu bo mt cao. Vy ti sao li khng s dng lun kho c di 256 bit hay di hn na? Cc chuyn gia mt m tranh ci quyt lit v li ca kho c th gim i do ko di thi gian to m, kim tra v s dng kho di ny. V d sau y s m t v qu trnh to kho nh trnh by trn. S dng mt kho 32 k t HEX, mi k t gm 4 bit, ta c kho i xng 128 bit. S nhn dng kho c th chon tu v biu din chu k hp l ca kho. Thigian yu cu hon thnh mt qu trnh duyt tt c cc kh nng thch hp c tnh bng: (Gii hn ca k t)s lng k t v bng 1032 , hay mt s thp phn di ti 32 ch s. Nu nng lc tnh ton ca h thng t c c 1000 000 000 ln kim tra kho mi giy th thi gian tnh ton tng cng l: 1032/109 = 1023 giy hay c xp x 1015 nm!!! Khi thay cc ch s thp phn trn bng cc ch s HEX nh trong thc t, s lng t kho cng tng ln, do chu k tnh ton cn phi ln hn na. 1.3.2 Lu tr kho Ngoi thi gian phn phi, cc kho c lu tr ti hai dim khc nhau. im th nht l trong trung tm qun l kho, cn li l ti khi m ho thc s thit b pha u xa. S nguy him ca kho trong trung tm qun l thng thng thp hn nhng ch khc, bi v trung tm ny thng c t ti cc khu vc bo m an ton v ch gii hn truy nhp cho nhng ngi cn thit. Mc d vy, trung tm ny cn mang nhiu thng tin quan trng ca ton mng, cho nn lun l mc tiu hng u cho cc cuc tn cng. Do cn phi c nhng quy nh iu khin truy nhp nghim ngt, cc d liu nhy cm nh kho m phi c lu tr trong trung tm qun l mt cch an ton nht. C ngha l phi mt m ho c cc thng tin lu trong a cng trung tm bng kho bo mt c s d liu, ngoi ra tt c cc d liu ny u phi c sao lu d phng sang d phng khc.
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cc trm phn tn, cng yu cu phi ngn cm cc truy nhp vo d liu kho t pha ngi dng. Sdng mt khu phn cp cng kh hu ch, tuy nhin khng tht s hiu qu trong phng nga cc tn cng vo d liu nhy cm. Gii php phng nga cc tn cng mcvt l l s dng cc khi bo mt chng sao chp, c thit k v ng dng nh cc khi c th tho lp d dng nh cc card my tnh PCMCIA. Mt yu cu quan trng na cho cc thit b lu tr kho l phi c kh nng xo nhanh chng v d dng ton b d liu trong trng hp khn cp. Cn phi ni thm rng, xo kho ch c th thc hin khi c lnh iu khin , tuyt i khng c xy ra mt cch ngu nhin. 1.3.3 Phn phi kho Trong tt c cc nhim v m ngi qun tr phi thc hin, y l nhim v i hi kh nng cao nht, c bit l trong cc mng ln, tri trn vng a l rng, s dng cc cng c v phng tin a dng cn thit. Kinh nghim cho thy, trong nhng tnh hung l tng nht, trong khong cch nh nht cng nh c y cng c cn thit trong tay thc hin nhim v ny th vn c kh nng xy ra li trong qu trnh phn phi kho. Cn trong trng hp t hn, kho v thm ch c thit b phn phi kho cng u c th b mt, khi yu cu phi p ng c cc tnh hung xu nht xy ra, v d nh trng hp k ch nh cp c c kho v b to m ang s dng. Do yu cu phi c h thng trung gian c th phn phi v bin i kho mi. Ngi qun tr phi d on trc c cc vn ny v chun b i ph mt cch nhanh nht nu h thng mng b tn cng. Ba h cng c chnh dnh cho ngi qun tr s dng phn phi kha l:
Thit b vn chuyn kha ng ti xung (DLL) hoc truyn qua v tuyn (OTAR) Phn pht th cng bng giy Trong , thit b vn chuyn kha c th l: My tnh xch tay Th thng minh Th nh
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- th t - th dng chip nh FLASH Th thng minh th h mi ngy cng c nhiu u im hn cng nh cc k thut bo mt thng tin cho th ngy cng c ci tin, v vy s dng th thng minh l thch hp nht trong vic phn phi kha. Ngoi ra, my tnh xch tay cng c th ng dng nh mt thit b phn phi kha, c bit l khi cn phi ti v khi d liu kha c dung lng ln. V d, cc tham s iu khin chng trnh nhy tn lin lc ca phi i my bay chin u. Tuy vy, gi ca mt chic my tnh xch tay li kh t so vi thit b chuyn dng chuyn kha m, cho nn khng l tng cho vn chuyn cc kha ny. Th vch li ch c th mang mt lng thng tin hn ch vi bo mt khng cao, v th s la chn l tng cho thit b vn chuyn kha vn l th thng minh v th nh. Do c kh nng t x l thng tin trn th, th nh hin vn c a dng nht. Cu trc c bn ca th thng minh c trnh by trong hnh 1.12.
iu khin logic ROM RAM EEPROM
c bo v Bo mt
iu khin I/O Vi x l ng h & Watchdog
Hnh 1.12: Cu trc c bn ca th thng minh ng ti xung (DLL) l qu trnh truyn kha m thng qua cc phng tin truyn dn ti khi m ha u xa. tng truyn kha m thng qua ng in thoi hay kt ni v tuyn l mt ch rt hp dn trong ngnh cng nghip bo mt thng tin. c nhiu xut c a ra tho lun xong vn cn c nhiu nghi ng v tnh bo mt tht s trn cc phng tin truyn dn cng cng, c bit l nhim v qun l qu trnh truyn kha. Tuy vy,
Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT - 19 -
DLL vn l phng thc thun li nht phn phi kha, c bit l trong mng c c ly rt xa, v d nh mng kt ni cc i s qun t nhiu nc khc nhau v B ngoi giao. l phng php c u im v khong cch nht do hon ton c iu khin bi mt ngi trung tm ti tt c nhng ngi khc. Tt c cc hot ng DLL trung tm qun l phc tp cng phi thc hin cc th tc ng nhp mt cch t ng, v phi c c ch cnh bo ngay khi xy ra li. ng nhin l trong bt c trng hp no th cng khng ai c php truyn ngay cc kha i m khng m ha. Gii php cho vn ny l s dng b m ha kha b mt theo mt kha mt m khc (KEK), hay cn c gi l kha m truyn kha (KTK), nh trnh by trong hnh 1.13. Qu trnh m ha d liu kha s dng KTK khng h lm hn ch hot ng ca DLL hay OTAR m bo mt cn c th tng ng vi s dng th thng minh hay th nh.
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Khu vc c bo m t
Thut ton qun l kho
B l u trkho
KTK
Kho KTK c thlkha xng ho i c cng c ths dng kho bt xng i tng t bo m cho hthng Thng nh t . th ng kho KTK s dng trong m k , i t ni lkhc nhau
Dli kho u c m ho bng kho vn chuy KTK n
Khi bo m t
Thut ton qun l kho
B l u trkho
Thut ton ng dng
Hnh 1.13: ng ti xung s dng kha bo v KTK 1.3.4 Thay i kha Trong tt c cc cu hi lin quan n qun l kha m, cu hi ni chung l kh tr li nht chnh l sau bao lu th cn phi thay i kha? . Tht khng d tr li cu hi ny, quyt nh khi no thay i kha phi cn bng gia nhiu yu t khc nhau, v th cu tr li cho cu hi trn lun l bt c khi no c th. Cc yu t lin quan bao gm: Trng thi b e da d bo trc mnh ca kha Kh nng phn phi li kha S lng ti truyn thng
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S lng kha s dng S lng d on cc cuc tn cng H thng gim st kt ni Trng thi b e da c ngha l khi mt h thng ang hot ng tt, vn c mt xc xut nh xy ra li, v d bnh thng kha ang thay i chm, khi c d on l c kh nng b tn cng th kha phi thay i vi tn sut cao hn. Ni chung, h thng c kha cng thay i nhiu th cng c tnh bo mt cao, nhng cng khng c qun cc yu t khc lit k trn. Nu mt t chc s dng thut ton chung cho nhiu ngi khc nhau hay mt trong s kha c t hn 128 bit th tt nht l kha phi thng xuyn thay i, k c khi dng trong cc thut ton c quyn. Mc d thay i kha hng ngy c l l gii php l tng m bo tnh bo mt h thng, th li c cm gic rng c th kha vn khng c phn phi qua mng mt cch hiu qu. H thng ba kha l phng php hu ch chng li kh nng b tn cng trong lc mng ang thay i kha. H thng ny c m t chi tit trong hnh 1.14. H thng cho php s dng tp kha hin thi c Tokyo v Singapore m ha d liu bn tin cn truyn, cn cc kha s dng v s s dng ch dng gii m tn hiu nhn c. Khi thay i tp kha mi, v d kha cho thng Ging c np vo bng S dng, th kha cho thng Mi hai c chuyn n bng Hin ti, kha cho thng Mi mt chuyn ti bng dng v xa b kha cho thng Mi ra khi b nh.
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T kha thng M i hai p Tn kho Rome Paris London Tokyo Moscow Colombo Riayh Quito Chk 4803 5687 4561 AD34 35DE 3ACB 347F 223F
Tp kha thng Mi mt Tn kho Rome Paris London Tokyo Moscow Colombo Riayh Quito Chk 356A 4875 FD35 4CF1 30DC 908D 00CF 2ADE
Tp kha thng Mi Tn kho Rome Paris London Tokyo Moscow Colombo Riayh Quito Chk 648F BA21 0027 30DF 40F0 3DDA 256E 030A
Trm Singapore
S d ng
Tp kha thng Ging Tn kho Rome Paris London Tokyo Moscow Colombo Riayh Quito Chk 980E 5489 EA12 D0A3 F22C 369A BFF0 6FFa
ang d ng
Tp kha thng Mi hai Tn kho Rome Paris London Tokyo Moscow Colombo Riayh Quito Chk 4803 5687 4561 AD34 35DE 3ACB 347F 223F
d ng
Tp kha thng Mi mt Tn kho Rome Paris London Tokyo Moscow Colombo Riayh Quito Chk 356A 4875 FD35 4CF1 30DC 908D 00CF 2ADE
Trm Tokyo
Hnh 1.14 H thng qun l kiu ba kho
Trong tnh hung trn, trm Singapore qun thay i kha v do thiu mt kha cho thng Ging m vn s dng kha cho thng Mi mt l kha hot ng trong truyn dn, trong khi Tokyo cp nht bng kho v truyn dn bng kha cho thng Mi hai. Khi Tokyo truyn thng tin ti Singapore, kha tng ng trong bng c chn c nhn l Singapore, ch k l 4495. pha thu, Singapore kim tra thng qua tp kha Hin ti v tt nhin khng th tm ng ch k nh trn. Trong h thng n kha th khng th tip tc phin truyn thng bo mt ny na, tuy nhin trong h thng ba kha ny, Singapore s tip tc tm c trong bng S dng v bng dng tm kha c ch k 4495 v tm thy trong kha cho thng Mi hai, v v vy c th gii m bn tin t Tokyo. Ngc li, khi Singapore pht tin ti Tokyo, n s dng kha c nhn l Tokyo, ch k l 2FC4 trong b kha Hin ti (thng Mi mt). Khi thu c bn tin t Singapore, Tokyo s phi tm kim trong tt c cc bng v cui cng li tm thy kha chnh xc trong bng dng (thng Mi mt)! C th nhnthy rng, s dng h thng ba kha c th lm tng thm dung sai cho mng, v cho php mt trm qun thay i kha vn c th truyn thng bo mt cho ti khi cp nht kha mi. Tuy vy, khi m c hai trm truyn thng vi nhau u qun thay i kha th kh c th tm chnh xc kha cn dng. Mi mng c th s dng mt hoc vi kha th vn lun c kh nng b tn cng, do cn phi thay i kha thng xuyn m bo tnh tin cy ca mng. Cng tng t nh vy i vi cc kt ni m u xa nm trong vng kim sot ca i phng, v d nh ta i s qun ti cc quc gia i ch. Trong sut thi k chin tranh lnh gia khi X Vit v lin minh NATO, s qun nc Nga ti M v tt nhin l c s qun M ti Nga lun l mc tiu tn cng thng tin hng u ca nhau. V vy, c hai pha u phi lun thay i kha m ca mnh.
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1.3.5 Hy kha Thot nghe, c v hy kha l vn rt n gin, ch cn tho tt c cc d liu ra khi thit b l xong. Tuy nhin, phng php chp nhn c li ph thuc rt nhiu vo kiu truyn thng v phng thc m ha. Nh trong trng hp m ha thoi, khi hy hon ton kha th cng ch c th nh hng ti cc gi tin ti sau . i vi cc bn tin d liu th li l cu chuyn khc, bi v cc bn tin ny t nhiu c lin quan vi nhau, do kha s dng m ha d liu phi c gi li cn s dng cho cc d liu hoc thay th bng kha khc v m ha li d liu s dng chnh kha mi ny. Mt khc cn phi cn thn khi p dng trng hp ny, cc d liu mang ha ang lu tr c th s chng c ngha g ht nu kha m ca n b mt.
1.4 nh gi cc thit b m ha
Hu ht cc phn trn xem xt nh gi cc thut ton bo mt cng nh cc thit b ca nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau. Mc d tp trung vo tng quan hot ng ca h thng bo mt th cng cp n mt s vn di quan im lin quan n cc nh sn xut, tt nhin ch l nhng vn nn tng nht. Mt khc, nh gi bt k thit b hay h thng no cng cn phi xem xt chng mt cch ton din nht. Nhng im chnh nh gi mt thit b bao gm:
1) Thut ton 2) Tnh bo mt ca kha 3) Qun l bo mt 4) Chc nng phn cng 5) c im hot ng
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1) Thut ton
Tr li cu hi tng qut nht , kiu nh liu thut ton AES, DES liu c kh nng bo mt khng ? c phi l phin bn mnh nht m bo c tnh bo mt nh yu cu khng ? Nu l thut ton c quyn th liu n c th sa i i c khng ? Thut ton c quyn c phi ca cc cng ty danh ting khng ?
2) Tnh bo mt ca kho
xy dng mng c quy m ln v phc tp th cn phi dng n bao nhiu kha ? Kha c chiu bi bao nhiu bit ? Kha c s dng cu trc phn cp ? Qu trnh to kho c to ra s ngu nhin thc s khng? Cc kho ny c hin th cho ngi dng khng ? Ni lu tr kho c th kt ni d dng , c sp xp t ng khng ? Kho ph hp vi kiu lu tr no ? C kh nng xo trong trng hp khn cp khng ?
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3) Qun l bo mt
iu khin truy nhp vi t nht l hai mc khc nhau , v d mc Vn hnh v mc Qun l C cho php s dng mt khu mc nh sau khi xo khn cp C cho php s dng cc k thut v cng c khc nhau truy nhp mt khu khng ? Phn phi kho v cc tham s C s dng nhiu cng c khng ? C mm do v ng tin cy khng ? Trung tm qun l kho Kin trc qun l phn cp khng ? Chc nng thit k mng ?
4) Chc nng phn cng

ng b ho nhanh Khi bo mt chng xm nhp Hot ng trong sut khi kt hp vi thit b khc tin cy cao vi MTBF H tr k thut sao lu d phng
5) c im hot ng
D s dng Phn cp truy nhp cho khai thc vin v ngi qun tr o to cho ngi qun l , vn hnh v ba dng
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n tt nghip i hc
Chng 2: Kin trc bo mt mng GSM
Chng II KIN TRC BO MT MNG GSM

H thng thng tin di ng GSM khng ch mang n cho ngi s dng cht lng thoi tt hn, vi mt mc gi thp hn, chuyn vng quc t cng nh a dng cc dch v v tin nghi mi m cn cho php h thng hot ng bo mt hn. Chng ny s tp trung gii thiu kin trc tng quan cng nh cc thnh phn ca h thng, qua cho thy c nhng im mnh yu ca h thng GSM.
2.1 Kin trc c bn ca h thng GSM

GSM l mt h thng thng tin di ng cho php ti s dng tn s bng cch n nh cc bng tn con cho mi khu vc (xem trong hnh 2.1). Kch thc ca mi ph sng trong hnh v ph thuc vo cng sut pht sng ca trm thu pht gc (BTS), c th t 2,5 300 W. iu ny c ngha l hnh dng v kch thc ca mi c th c thit k ph hp vi mi vng khc nhau. cc vng nng thn, ni c t l cc cuc gi thp, mi c th c kch thc ln ti vi kilmt, trong khi cc khu vc c mt s dng cao s dng vng ph ca cc rt nh, v d nh sn bay yu cu rt nhiu knh phi phc v ng thi. Thm ch nhng khu vc c mt cuc gi cao, mi ch dng ph sng cho mt to nh. Cc ny cn gi l micro-cell, thng thng chng c dng lm tng dung lng ca mng trong cc thnh ph c mt dn c cao. Khi mt thu bao di ng di chuyn qua li gia cc khc nhau, ngi ta phi s dng ti th tc chuyn giao gia cc trm gc, do lm tng chi ph hot ng ca h thng, c bit l cc trm gc gn vi ng cao tc. gii quyt vn ny, ngi ta phi s dng cc chm dc theo cc trc ng chnh. Cc BTS ca cc ny thng c cng sut pht ln hn nhiu so vi cc thng thng v cc chng trnh chuyn giao cng c d on trc pha cc tng i. Mng GSM cng c giao din kt ni v hot ng cng vi mng in thoi c nh PSTN. im giao din gia hai h thng l mt khi nim quan trng trong bo mt, l mt im chuyn tip, ti cc cuc gi GSM
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n tt nghip i hc
t c bo v nht, v do d b tn cng t nhng ci by c sn trong mng PSTN. Bo mt cho mng GSM rt quan trng, khng ch khi kt ni vi mng in thoi cng cng m cn phi phng nga cc tn cng din ra nhm vo mng GSM. Nh cung cp dich v di ng cng phi xy dng, thng lng v qun l chuyn vng quc t ca cc khch hng. Do cng lm ny sinh thm nhiu im th v trong vn bo mt.
khu vc nng thn
micro-cell
BTS
7 6
3 4 2
7 6 3 4
3 4 2 3 4
5 7 6
5 7 6
K th c v ng ph ch ca ph thuc vo cng sut pht ca BTS
Hnh 2.1: Cu trc ph sng trong h thng GSM 2.1.1 Cc thnh phn h thng Mt h thng di ng c bn bao gm cc thnh phn sau: Trm di ng (MS) Trm thu pht gc (BTS) B iu khin trm gc (BSC) Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng - Cng (GMSC) Trung tm qun l v vn hnh (OMC) B lu tr nh v thng tr (HLR) B lu tr v tr khch (VLR)
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n tt nghip i hc
Trung tm nhn thc (AuC hay AC) B lu tr nhn dng thit b (EIR) Giao din BTS-BSC (Abis) Giao din v tuyn (Um) Cc thut ton A3, A4, A5, A8 Kho b mt Ki v Kc
1 2 4 5 7 8 * 8 3 6 9 #
VLR PSTN, ISDN

BTS
BSC MSC
BTS
GMSC
BSC MSC
HLR MS AuC EIR VLR
Hnh 2.2: Kt ni gia cc thnh phn trong h thng GSM Kt ni gia cc thnh phn v chc nng hot ng m t trong hnh 2.2, trong : MS : l my in thoi di ng c cng sut pht trong di t 0,8 2 5,8 n 20W. Cng sut ny c thit lp tu theo tho thun t ng gia BTS v MS tng ng, thng thng l cng sut nh nht c th duy tr kt ni. BTS : thng thng c t c nh ti trung tm ca mt , c cng sut pht p ng cho mt khu vc vi trm met cho ti vi kilmet tu theo kch thc ca . Mi BTS thng c dung lng n 16 knh thoi khc nhau.
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n tt nghip i hc
BSC : b iu khin trm gc, ph thuc vo kch thc ca mng mi BSC c th iu khin t vi chc ti hng trm BTS GMSC : l giao din gia mng di ng vi mng PSTN. GMSC iu khin nh tuyn tt c cc cuc gi t/ti mng GSM v lu tr thng tin v v tr ca MS. OMC : l h thng gim st cc bn tin bo li v bo co trng thi t cc thnh phn khc ca h thng. N cng cu hnh cho BTS v BSC v iu khin lu lng cho cc khi ny. HLR : B ghi nh v thng tr cha tt c cc thng tin chi tit v mt thu bao trong vng phc v ca GMSC tng ng. Mt trong nhng thnh phn chnh ca bo mt GSM l s nhn dng thu bao quc t (IMSI) cng c lu tr ti y, cng vi c kha nhn thc, s thu bao v cc thng tin tnh cc. y l trung tm iu khin bo mt v do s cn c xem xt trong cc phn sau. VLR : b ghi nh v tm tr ng vai tr quan trng trong vn bo mt mng GSM. VLR cha cc thng tin cn thit ca bt k mt my di ng no trong vng phc v, bao gm cc thng tin tm thi, s nhn dng di ng (IMSI) c s dng nhn thc my khch . VLR cn cung cp c thng tin v v tr hin thi ca thu bao cho GMSC phc v cho vic nh tuyn cuc gi. AuC : trung tm nhn thc c chc nng lu tr cc thut ton nhn thc my di ng GSM. Do AuC cng l thnh phn rt quan trng trong bo mt mng GSM v n c bo v chng li cc cuc tn cng v truy nhp bt hp php. EIR : b ghi nhn dng thit b mang cc thng tin chi tit v thit b nh s s ri ca tt c cc my b mt hay ly cp nhm ngn nga cc my ny s dng h thng. Um : l giao din v tuyn gia MS v BTS. Abis : l giao din gia BTS vi BSC.
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n tt nghip i hc
2.1.2 Cc phn h ca mng GSM

My di ng Ph htrm gc n Ph hm n ng
HLR
SIM
BSC
VLR
BTS
MSC
GMSC
PSTN, ISDN
MS
BTS
BSC
EIR
AuC
Hnh 2.3 Cc phn h mng GSM Kin trc mng GSM c th phn chia thnh ba phn h khc nhau l phn h my di ng, phn h trm gc v phn h mng li, nh trong hnh 2.3. My di ng (MS) bao gm khi kt cui di ng kt hp vi th nhn dng thu bao (SIM card). Th SIM c bo v truy nhp bng mt khu hay m PIN, thng thng c su ch s kt hp vi b m li n ba, khi qu gii hn ny th SIM khng cho php truy nhp na v t ng kha li khng cho php nhp ng vo h thng. Th SIM cng cha IMSI s dng nhn dng ngi s dng trong h thng. Th SIM chnh l mt vt di ng, ngi s hu n ch cn gn vo bt k my di ng tng thch l c th s dng dch v. Th SIM, c bit l IMSI chnh l u xa ca giao thc bo mt GSM bi v n cha kha b mt dng cho nhn thc ngi dng. MS cn cha c thut ton A5 dng mt m ha cuc gi qua giao din v tuyn Um. Phn h trm gc bao gm hai thnh phn chnh: BTS v BSC truyn thng vi nhau qua giao din Abis. Mi BTS c th mang ti 16 b thu pht v tuyn v do n phi x l thng tin bo hiu vi MS thng qua giao din Um.
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n tt nghip i hc
BSC chu trch nhim iu khin cc thnh phn ca phn h, c th phc v cho mt hay nhiu BTS. BSC x l thit lp knh, nhy tn tri ph, iu khin chuyn giao gia cc v nh tuyn cuc gi ti MSC khi cn thit. Mt cuc gi gia hai my di ng trong cng mt c th c iu khin bi BSC v BTS. Phn h mng bao gm bn thnh phn chnh: MSC VLR EIR AuC
Trong , MSC l thit b trong mng di ng tng ng vi cc tng i trong mng PSTN. MSC nh tuyn cc cuc gi t / ti thu bao di ng v mng in thoi thng thng. N cng iu khin cc giao thc bo mt GSM, s dng cc b ghi v tr VLR, EIR v AuC phn trung tm kt hp vi IMSI v th SIM u xa ca giao thc. Trong VLR c th coi nh mt b ghi v tr cho php d dng nh tuyn v chuyn mng cuc gi. EIR l c s d liu cha tt c cc my di ng ang s dng trong mng, mi my c nhn dng bng ch s IMEI cho php mng c th gim st ngi dng v ch cho php nhng ngi dng hp l mi c s dng cc tnh nng ca n. Trung tm nhn thc AuC l c s d liu c bo v lu tr cc kho mt m s dng trong qu trnh nhn thc v m ho qua giao din v tuyn Um. 2.1.3 Giao din v tuyn Um Bng tn v tuyn dnh cho GSM nm trong di 900 MHz vi ng ln, t MS ti BTS l 890 915 MHz, ng xung t BTS n MS s dng di tn 935 960 MHZ. Vi mi knh 200 KHz, a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) nhn c 124 knh thoi trong di bng tn rng 25 MHz. Khi s dng a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA), di tn cho php ti 992 knh thoi song cng!
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n tt nghip i hc
Cc c im quan trng khc ca knh v tuyn GSM l: ng chnh thi gian thch ng, cho php MS chnh ng ti khe thigian truyn cn bng thi gian tr ng truyn. iu ch GMSK cung cp hiu qu cao v y nhiu ra ngoi bng tn s dng Thu pht khng lin tc, cho php tt MS cc chu k ngh trong khi truyn dn. K thut ny lm tng hiu qu s dng pin ng thi cng lm gim nhiu ng knh. Nhy tn chm l k thut tri ph gip cho gim fading v nhiu ng knh. N ph hp vi cc khu vc c nhiu nh cao tng, ni m d xy ra fading trong di tn hot ng.
2.2 c im bo mt ca mng GSM

Nh trnh by trong cc phn trn, tiu chun bo mt GSM bao gm cc thnh phn sau (xem hnh 2.4): AuC HLR VLR Th SIM IMSI v TMSI Thut ton m ho TDMA Nhy tn EIR/IMEI
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n tt nghip i hc
Truy thng n c m ho

Truy thng n khng m ho
AuC
SIM
A3, A8 IMSI, K
HLR
RAND, SRES,K
MS
BTS
MSC BSC
VLR
RAND, SRES,K
Hnh 2.4 V tr ca cc phn t bo mt GSM 2.2.1 AuC Cng nh tt c cc phng tin khc hot ng trong di tn v tuyn, mi trng truyn dn GSM cng cho php truy nhp v gim st hon ton t do. Trung tm nhn thc v HLR chnh l gii php cho vn nhn thc. AuC v HLR cung cp cc tham s theo yu cu cho php nhn thc ngi s dng di ng. AuC lu tr tt c cc thut ton m mng yu cu trong c c thut ton s dng nhn thc ngi s dng. Do AuC phi c bo v trnh b lm dng v tn cng. AuC s dng thut ton A3 lu trn c SIM v AuC kim tra tnh hp l ca th SIM. Thut ton s dng hai u vo gm kho nhn thc (KI) v s ngu nhin 128 bit (RND), RND c truyn t mng ti my di ng thng qua giao din Um, MS thu v gi s ngu nhin ny ti th SIM. Th SIM s dng thut ton A3 gii m RND, to ra s SRES 32 bit. Sau SRES c truyn ngc tr li AuC kim tra vi kt qu mong i do AuC to ra. Nu hai gi tr ny ging nhau chng t MS l mt thu bao hp l. Cc thu bao khng hp l khng th s hu chnh xc kho KI v thut ton A3 do khng th tnh ton chnh xc gi tr SRES yu cu. B to s ngu nhin
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n tt nghip i hc
m bo rng SRES l hon ton khc nhau trong mi phin ng nhp. C th ni y l v d in hnh v giao thc yu cu p ng. 2.2.2 HLR Mi mt h thng mng GSM u c mt b ghi nh v thng tr (HLR). HLR dng lu tr mt s lng ln cc tham s quan trng, bao gm cc thng tin chi tit cho vic tnh cc, thut ton A3 cho nhn thc, thut ton A8 mt m ho bn tin v kho m KI tng ng. N cng phi chu trch nhim to ra chui s ngu nhin s dng trong th tc nhn thc. Do lu tr rt nhiu thng tin quan trng nn HLR l mc tiu cho nhiu cuc xm nhp tri php. Do nu khng s dng cc bin php bo mt c bit th HLR rt c kh nng b sa i tri php, cc ho n tnh cc c th sai lch i... 2.2.3 VLR B ghi nh v tm tr cha cc thng tin chi tit v v tr ca my di ng trong vng phc v ca MSC tng ng. Trong khi HLR cha cc thng tin c nh v thu bao th VLR cha TMSI ca MS tng ng dng trong bo hiu qua giao din Um, m bo an ton hn so vi s dng IMSI. VLR cng cho h thng bit chnh xc v tr hin thi ca my di ng v h tr th tc nhn thc cho MSC khi MS ln u ng nhp vo trn mt mng khc. 2.2.4 Th SIM Th SIM l mt loi th thng minh c cha mt b vi x l v b nh trong. SIM chnh l tri tim ca h thng bo mt GSM, n quyt nh cc th tc nhn thc v x l m ho tn hiu. Th SIM cha IMSI cng vi thut ton bo mt A3 v A8 , kho m Ki dng nhn thc thu bao v c m PIN iu khin truy nhp SIM. Qu trnh iu khin truy nhp SIM s dng mt dy s gi l s nhn dng c nhn (PIN). Khi ngi s dng qun mt s PIN ca mnh hay mt ngi l mun chim quyn s dng, th SIM s dng mt b m li cho php th sai ba ln, qu gii hn ny th SIM s t ng kho li. SIM b kho ch c th
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n tt nghip i hc
m li bng cch nhp ng vo kho m SIM c nhn (PUK). Thng thng kha ny do nh cung cp dch v gi v phi kim tra chnh xc thu bao. Ngoi cc tham s bo mt trn, th SIM cn cha cc thng s chi tit v cuc gi ca thu bao nh: Danh b c nhn S nhn dng thu bao IMSI B nh tin nhn Chi tit v chuyn mng khi i du lch quc t Thng tin cc Khi m ngnh cng nghip di ng ang dn tin ln th h th Ba th th SIM nh hin nay cng yu cu phi c thm nhiu tnh nng phc tp hn na. R rng l dung lng b nh trong ca cc in thoi di ng ang tng ln ng k, do th SIM cng phi c thm nhiu c im bo mt quan trng, c bit l cho cc dch v thanh ton nh thng mi in t ang ngy cng ph bin. 2.2.5 IMSI v TMSI IMSI l s nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t cn TMSI c ngha l s nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi. TMSI s dng khi thu bao khch chuyn vng ti mt mng khc sau khi n c nhn thc v qua cc th tc x l m ho. M di ng p ng li bng cch xc nhn li nhng g nhn c. Ton b th tc bo mt ny s dng thut ton m ho A5, nh trnh by trong hnh 2.6.
MS
BTS
A5
Kc Kc
A5
Thut ton A5
Thut ton A5
Hnh 2.5: ng dng ca TMSI
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n tt nghip i hc
TMSI dng nhn dng thu bao trong sut qu trnh thu bao ny trong vng phc v ca mt VLR. TMSI cng gip cho thu bao m bo tnh tin vy ca IMSI, bo v IMSI khng b nghe trm trn ng truyn v tuyn. N cng thay i theo thi gian trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao. TMSI cn c lu tr trn th SIM c th s dng li khi thu bao ny ng nhp mng khch mt ln na. i vi cc cuc gi ra ngoi mng, ngoi TMSI cn phi s dng c s nhn dng vng nh v (LAI), cho php thu bao thit lp cuc gi v cp nht v tr m khng cn phi l ra nhng thng tin quan trng ca IMSI, do bo v v tr thu bao trc bt c k nghe trm thng tin bo hiu no qua giao din v tuyn Um. 2.2.6 Chun m ho GSM C nhiu nghi ng t ra v kh nng bo mt ca h thng GSM so vi cc h thng di ng trc , vi cc i th cnh tranh v thm chi vi c h thng in thoi c nh PSTN. m thanh c s ho ti b m ho m thanh, sau c iu ch GMSK, nhy tn v ghp knh theo thi gian (TDMA), thm vo l cc thut ton bo mt th thch tnh kin tr ca nhng k nghe trm! Tuy nhin, vn chnh i vi GSM chnh l ch c phn giao din truyn dn v tuyn Um mi c m ho bo mt, nh ch ra trong hnh 2.8. Trong cc phn cn li, tn hiu i ti thu bao c nh hay mt thu bao di ng khc thng qua mng in thoi cng cng, thng thng khng c bo v tin cy. V vy, nhng k nghe trm khng cn thit phi tn cng vo nhng khu vc c bo v ca GSM bi v tt c cc thng tin u c khi phc li dng ban u phn giao tip ca BTS vi mng li. ng nhin cc cuc tn cng s nhm vo cc lin kt km bo mt hn, nm trong chnh cc mng PSTN hoc ISDN. Xem xt qu trnh m ho thoi trong cc hnh 2.6 v 2.7. Ngay sau khi nhn c tn hiu SRES v nhn thc thu bao, VLR ra lnh cho MSC iu khin BSC, BTS vo ch mt m ho. HLR cng s dng thut ton A8 v kho Ki to ra kho Kc, truyn ti BSC v BTS, BTS nhn kho ny v ra lnh cho MS chuyn vo ch mt m ho. My di ng (MS) v c bit l th SIM, cng s dng thut ton A8 v kho Ki trong SIM to ra kho Kc
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n tt nghip i hc
di 64 bit. Kho mt m ho Kc ny li c a vo thut ton A5 ca MS to ra t kho m dng trong m ho v gii m tn hiu thoi c trong hng thu v pht. Trong sut chu k ny, BTS sau khi nhn thc SRES cng chuyn vo ch mt m ho v s dng kho Kc m ho tn hiu thoi trn knh tng ng. V vy, cuc gi qua giao din v tuyn Um gia MS v BTS c mt m ho v m bo truyn thng tin cy.
MS Ki A8
Kc Kc Giao di Um n S ngu nhin
Mng
Thut ton A5
Thut ton A5
Dli u ban u
Hnh 2.6: Qu trnh m ho c bn Theo quan im ca cc nh mt m hc, cc thut ton nhn thc ngi dng A3, m ho bn tin A5 v c thut ton h tr to kho A8 u kh yu so vi cc chun m ho khc. C thut ton A3 v A8 u c ci t trn th SIM cng vi kho nh danh thu bao (Ki), do yu cu phi truyn mt cch bo mt khi thu bao chuyn vng ti mng ca mt nh khai thc khc. Thut ton A5 cng c ci t c nh trong phn cng ca my di ng GSM v l b m ho s dng ba thanh ghi tuyn tnh hi tip (xem hnh 2.7) to ra kho c di 64 bit. Kho phin KC di 64 bit c np vo cc thanh ghi ny v c iu khin trong cc chu k ngn to ra chui kho di 288 bit dng trong m ho ng ln (114 bit) v ng xung (114 bit cn li).
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n tt nghip i hc
Thanh ghi dch hi tip tuyn tnh A iu khin tn hiu ng h
Thanh ghi dch hi tip tuyn tnh B
Thanh ghi dch hi tip tuyn tnh C
Cc tn hiu iu khin
u ra thut ton A5
Hnh 2.7 Qu trnh m ho theo thut ton A5. Hin nay xut hin nhiu thng tin cho rng c th b gy cc thut ton bo mt GSM bng cc cch khc nhau. Tuy nhin, vn cha c mt thng bo chnh thc no v vic ny. Theo cc vin nghin cu uy tn trn th gii th nh hng ca cc cuc tn cng vo h thng bo mt GSM l cha ng k g, do cng cn phi xem xt li s tht ca cc tuyn b thch thc k trn. Gi thuyt rng c th cc nh sn xut ri vo trng hp xu nht, l cc thut ton b mt ri vo tay k xu, hay cn gi l gi thit Kerckhoff . Vy th h thng bo mt GSM s ra sao? Khi , bo mt s ch cn da trn c s di ca kho b mt v tn s bin i ca kho. ng tic l hin nay kho Ki trong h thng GSM ch l kho bn c nh v do c phn d xm phm. Khi m cc thch thc ang ngy cng tng v s lng v tinh vi th yu cu bin i Ki mt cch cn i cng c li hn cho h thng bo mt, tuy nhin hin nay n li lm au u cc nh thit k chu trch nhim phn phi kho. Nh trnh by trn, khi xem xt vn nng Ki ln thnh kha 128 bit th vn li ny sinh l Kc, ch l kho 64 bit.
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n tt nghip i hc
Giao di v tuy Um n n Ni ht Ni t nh

Quc gia
M ho di ng di ng
BTS
BSC MSC
PSTN BTS
GMSC
1 2 3
BSC
MSC
4 5 6 7 8 9 * 8 #
Hnh 2.8 Phm vi hot ng ca chun m ho GSM 2.2.7 a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian t mc tiu tng s lng thu bao trn di tn cho php, h thng GSM s dng ti hai mc ghp knh khc nhau. FDMA c trnh by s lc trong phn 2.1 cng vi TDMA, s tip tc c trnh by trong phn ny. FDMA chia bng tn 25 MHz thnh 124 knh tn s, mi knh cch nhau 200 KHz. Mi trm gc s s dng mt vi knh tn s ny. Sau TDMA chia mi sng mang cn thnh cc khe hay cn gi l cc b thi gian. Mi b ny c rng 0,577 ms v mi khung TDMA bao gm tm khe, do chu k khung l 4,615 ms. Mi khe thi gian c th mang mt knh vt l. Kt hp c FDMA v TDMA to thnh tng cng 992 knh song cng GSM. Khung TDMA cng phn cp thnh a khung, siu khung v siu siu khung.
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FDMA (124 knh)
1
25 MHz
125
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
200 KHz
Khung TDMA
8 khe thi gian dnh cho ng i d ng
ng xung 935 - 960 MHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
9,23 ms MS
BTS pht
5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4
ng ln 890 - 915 MHz
BTS
MS pht
Hnh 2.9: Cu trc khung TDMA trong h thng GSM 2.2.8 Nhy tn Nhy tn s dng trong GSM khng nhm mc ch to ra tnh bo mt, m cng nh cc k thut tri ph nhm t hiu qu cao trong cc knh fading v tuyn, c bit l trong cc khu vc nh cao tng. Tuy vy, nu ai mun gim st qu trnh truyn dn ca mt knh nhy tn th cn phi bit c thut ton nhy tn tng ng. Xem hnh 2.10 c th nhn thy BTS pht ti MS trn khe s 1 ca tn s 1. MS cng pht ti BTS trn cng knh tng ng nhng thi im sau . Khi BTS v MS thc hin nhy tn trn cc knh tn s kh dng, v d nh trn hnh v l ba knh, th mi knh ny s khng b nh hng nghim trng do fading nh trong cc knh tn s c nh. Ni chung, thut ton iu khin nhy tn khng phi l m ho nhng cng do BSC iu khin to chui nhy tn tng ng cho MS.
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Chng 2: Kin trc bo mt mng GSM ng xung 935 - 960 MHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
BTS pht
MS
5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2
ng ln 890 - 915 MHz
BTS
MS pht
Hnh 2.10: Nhy tn chm trong h thng GSM
Giao thc ki V.110 u

Ch try s li n u trong sut, bt xng i
1 2 4 5 7 8 * 8 3 6 9 #
S li u 4800 ho 9600 bps c
V.110
Ch t t ng
GSM
V.32
PSTN
Mng GSM ch try s li 4800 n u ho 9600 bps c
Lin m ng
Hnh 2.11 : Yu cu hot ng ca h thng bo mt GSM
2.3 Cc ch bo mt theo yu cu ngi dng GSM

C th nhn thy rng, ch c gii php mt m ho u cui mi c th m bo hon ton tnh tin cy ca bn tin trong h thng GSM. i vi kiu bo mt ny, thu bao c th m bo tnh ring t bt k ch l cuc gi gia
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n tt nghip i hc
hai thu bao GSM hay ti thu bao PSTN khc. Tuy nhin t c mc ch ny i hi phi s dng ti cc k thut phc tp, trong ngnh cng nghip vin thng mi ch c mt s t nh sn xut ch to c cc phn cng ny. N ch ph hp vi nhng ngi c thu nhp cao, thm ch ch gii hn trong cc quan chc chnh ph, qun i, hong gia v cc nhn vt quan trng trong cc t chc quc t nh Lin hp quc... Khi quyt nh s dng ch bo mt pha khch hng, vn u tin gp phi l s dng trong h thng GSM th yu cu phi c nh khai thc cp cho knh s liu cho cc thu bao trong nhm bo mt. Knh s liu c hiu l ng th hai lin kt ti my di ng, l mt knh khc ca my di ng khng dng truyn s liu thoi thng thng m dng truyn d liu. Khng ging nh knh thoi, knh s liu c giao thc chng li v thng thng cn gi l knh trong sut. y l yu cu bt buc khi s dng my u cui bo mt. Hn na, hu ht cc nh khai thc, c bit l cc nh khai thc Ty u u h tr cc knh s liu cho cc thu bao. Tuy nhin, cng c nh khai thc khng h tr dch v ny. L do l v t c cc yu cu kiu ny, cho nn nh khai thc khng xy dng c s h tng h tr m rng knh. Khng ch c vy, c th s dng c cc knh trong sut trn, ta cn phi xem xt ti cc giao thc ca n. l mt trong cc c t k thut GSM 02.01 v 02.01, v cc dch v mang s BS26 cho 96 bps v BS25 cho 4800 bps, trong cc trng hp bt i xng nhm m bo thit lp hon thin mng cc dch v mang. Trong giao c t GSM cng nh ngha v pha di ca cc dch v mang, l cc giao thc thp hn c gi l cc phn t c kh nng mang. Cc thuc tnh c bit ca dch v mang c th c gi tr mc nh khc nhau, tu vo thit b ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau.Nu gi tr mc nh khng phn nh chnh xc tnh cht do cc thit b bo mt GSM yu cu, th cc cuc gi bo mt c th khng thc hin c thm ch khi gn ng cc giao thc BS25 hay BS26 cho cc my nh yu cu.Cn phi kim tra chi tit vi cc nh cung cp dch v m bo chnh xc vic ci t tt c cc thuc tnh trn.
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Trong trng hp bt c d, th cng c th s dng mo nh sau, c th s dng mt SIM ca nh cung cp dch v khc, c th l nc ngoi, v i n vi SIM c. Tt nhin khi my di ng s s dng mt s thu bao mi, vi mt gi cc c th cao hn m bo dch v an ton hn. T chc GSM cn pht hnh tang web mang tn Th gii GSM, c cha hu ht cc thng tin, bao gm c thng tin v tho thun chuyn mng gia cc thnh vin. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc nh khai thc thnh vin u thnh tht vi nhng g c nu ra, kinh nghim cho thy l c nh khai thc khng qung co nhng vn lm c, trong khi c nh khai thc khc qung co nhng li khng cung cp c g! m bo truy nhp vo knh s liu GSM, khch hng cn tun th mt s yu cu k thut sau: Mt m ho thng tin thoi Thut ton m ha mnh s dng kho di, v d kho 128 bit Khi bo mt chu nhiu B lu tr kho m c tnh a kho c th thit k cu trc mng bo mt Cng c v k thut qun l kho Kh nng xo khn cp cc kho v d liu nhy cm iu khin truy nhp Ch hot ng bnh thng GSM v cc tu chn khc M ho thoi cht lng cao D s dng 2.3.1 Qu trnh m ho theo yu cu ngi dng Cu trc c bn ca mt my in thoi di ng GSM bao gm cc phn t c bn nh sau (xem hnh 2.12): B kt hp anten, kt hp c phn thu v phn pht trong mt anten B thu cha cc phn t x l tn hiu, kt hp gia b lc v b trn bin i h tn v IF. Bin ca tn hiu cng c o v c hin th ti ngi dng
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B cn bng mo do fading a ng B gii iu ch to chui bit tn hiu t trung tn IF B gii ghp knh s dng cc khung nh s sp xp cc thng tin nhn ct cc khe thigian vo cc knh logic tng ng B gii m knh, m ho v gii m chui bit t/ti b ghp knh, n x l cc khe thi gian cha d liu thoi v cng iu khin knh v tiu khung. N truyn cc khung tn hiu ti khi x l bo hiu v gii m ting. B gii m ting, ti to li m thanh ngi ni t cc khi thoi 260 bit, truyn thng tin tho dng s ny ti b bin i s - tng t (DAC). Ngc li, trong ch truyn i, n nn thng tn hiu thoi do ADC s ho thnh cc khi 260 bit trc khi m ho. Khi iu khin v bo hiu thc hin tt c cc chc nng iu khin v bo hiu nh iu khin cng sut, chn knh v cc chc nng khc. Khi to b, to cu trc b knh v ghp cc knh ny thnh cu trc khung. Tn hiu s sau c bin i thnh tn hiu tng t ri a ti khi pht v tuyn. My pht bao gm tng IF v RF, cha cc b lc v b khuch i iu khin cng sut u ra tu theo yu cu ca BTS. B tng hp tn s v VCO cung cp tt c cc loi tn s v ng h chnh xc cho c my thu v my pht.
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n tt nghip i hc

C bng n Gii u ch i Gii gh knh p
B thu
A D
B t h p ng
Rx Tx D/A A/D
VCO
B k h p t
B u i khi n
To khung gh knh p u ch i
M ho knh
B pht
A D
M ho ti ng
Hnh 2.12: S khi c bn ca my di ng GSM S khc nhau c bn gia my di ng GSM thng thng vi phin bn loi my tu chn l tiu chun m ho thoi, my di ng bnh thng s dng b m ho kch thch xung - d on tuyn tnh (RPE-LPC), v c truyn ti ch, b qua qu trnh hiu chnh li thng c trong GSM chun, v th nn cn gi l truyn trong sut. B m ho ban u c thay th bng b mt m ho kt hp vi khi m ho thoi khc nh AMBE. l b m ho chu trch nhim chnh m ho thoi cht lng cao trong my di ng GSM. Chip m ho AMBE da trn c s mt b x l tn hiu s (DSP), gii php m ho thoi song cng cho cc ng dng nn tn hiu thoi vi nhiu chc nng tin tin hn cc b m ho d on tuyn tnh. Tn hiu thoi s ho t khi ADC c b m ho bin i thnh lng d liu nn u ra. ng thi b m ho cng nhn tn hiu nn b thu v ti ta li lung lung tn hiu s ban u trc khi a ti khi bin i DAC. B m ho cng bao gm c cha nng sa li trc (FEC), do nhn c m thanh cht lng cao vi t l li bit (BER) ln ti 5%, rt ph hp vi cc thit b vin thng di ng. Qu trnh m ho thoi c trnh by chi tit hn trong hnh 2.13. Trong ch truyn, u ra ca giao din m thanh s c dng 64 kbps c truyn ti khi m h thoai hay cn gi l DSP, v d b m ho AMBE nn tn hiu ny xung cn 5,6 kbps, ri trn vi chui kho m theo php cng modulo 2 bng cc cng XOR. Tn hiu mt m ny c ng gi mt ln na cha cc thng tin ng b trc khi tryn ti khi pht GSM bnh thng, thng qua giao din chun nh RS-232. Ti pha tu, cc qu trnh x l din ra tng t, ngc vi pha pht.
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n tt nghip i hc
B thu
A D
C bng n Gii u ch i Gii gh knh p
Rx Tx
VCO
B k h p t
B t h p ng
B u i khi n
To khung gh knh p u ch i
M ho knh
D/A
A/D
B pht
A D
Mt m ho / gii m m t
Hot khng m ng ho thng th ng
M ho ti ng
Hnh 2.13: S khi ca my di ng bo mt theo yu cu Th tc thit lp mt cuc gi bo mt gia hai khi bo mt ty chn (in thoi di ng hay in thoi bn tng thch) gm mt chui cc s kin sau: Trc ht, phi thit lp mt cuc gi thng thng bng cch quay s v thc hin trn cc knh trong sut ti pha nhn. Khi kt ni truyn thng c thit lp, c hai bn cng chuyn t ch bnh thng sang ch mt m ho Trong lnh khi to qu trnh chuyn i ch trn, hai my phi thc hin tho thun vi nhau v kho cho kt ni. Cc khi tham gia phi tm kim trong b nh kho ly ra mt kho ging nhau v cc thma s ph hp khc. Phng thc quyt nh mt kho knh thch hp tu theo phng thc m ho s dng, nhng thng l ch k in t, nhn kho hay ID v cc loi kho hp l khc. Kho hp l c th bao gm chu k quyt nh kho no tch cc v qu trnh la chn kho b mt. Tu theo phng php qun l kho ang dng, cu trc ca kho c th phn cp trn c s u tin cho cu hnh mng, hoc c th ph thuc kt ni.
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n tt nghip i hc
Bi v ci t cc thut ton bt i xng gp nhiu hn ch khc nhau nn hu ht cc thut ton m ho ang s dng u l cc thut ton i xng, s dng cng mt kho c hai pha. Thi gian chuyn t ch thng thng sang ch mt m ho ph thuc vo thi gian hon thnh qu trnh tho thun kho v ng b ho hai my, sau n LED hoc mt tin ch th ca h thng s bo cho ngi dng bit tip tc cuc m thoi ch mt m ho. 2.3.2 H thng kho mt m Nh trnh by trong chng trc, c nhiu cch khc nhau la chn h thng kho mt m. Thng thng, cc h thng bo mt thng tin thoi thng s dng m ho i xng. M ho thng tin bao gm cc ng dng khc nhau: M ho (trc tip) kho phin i xng M ho (gin tip) kho phin i xng M ho kho phin bt i xng 2.3.3 Cc thut ton v tham s mt m ho Mi h thng bo mt cao thng s dng ti rt nhiu thut ton khc nhau. Trc ht l dng mt m ho d liu cc bn tin, bo v d liu, thm ch l qun l cc kho khc, bt k khi ang s dng dch v hay khng. Nh trnh by trong chng trc, cc thut ton ny c nhiu tu chn phc tp khc nhau, do vy y ch trnh by v cc thut ton cn thit nht. Thut ton bo v d liu kt hp vi kho c s dng bo v cc d liu nhy cm trong ch bo mt. Thit b c th to kho ngu nhin m khng th c bn sao no khc, do nhng k tn cng khng th no truy nhp vo kho, v vy khi d liu c bo v an ton. Hu ht d liu c bo v bng cch m ho s dng kho m, tuy nhin chnh kho ny li khng c bo v. Do , kho phi c bo v v mt vt l. Thng thng, khch hng mun tm kim mt h thng bo mt c cu trc kho gm 32 k t HEX hay 128 bit. i vi cc mng c quy m ln hn, yu cu phi c s lng kho ln hn nhm m bo an ton, thm ch trong thc t c th cung cp b nh lu c ti hng trm kho m. Trong khi ang
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n tt nghip i hc
s dng kho mc nh th cc kho khc phi ch cho n khi c yu cu, cng cn phi nh rng trong nhng trng hp khn cp, l thay th nhm t c tnh bo mt ca thng tin, cho d cht lng dich v c b gim i ng k. Mi nh sn xut thng t kho mc nh ging nhau trong tt c cc sn phm, v iu ny thc s rt nguy him, do ch nn s dng kho mc nh mt cch thn trng v trong cc trng hp khn cp. Ch nn cho php s dng theo yu cu ca nh qun tr v cn phi cnh bo bng n hin th khi s dng. Ni chung, chu k ca kho m thng rt ln, c khong 1020 nm. 2.3.4 Kin trc bo mt i vi cc h thng bo mt cao, khi np kho b mt vo h thng th n c th chy lin tc v khng bao gi tr li ch truyn thng khng m ho ban u. Nu mt kho hay tham s nhy cm no phi di chuyn quanh khi bo mt, chng c th c m ho bng kho khc, cn gi l kho lu sn. Ni chung, tt c cc tham s phi c ng gi trong cc khi bo v ngn khng cho cc kho b mt ny b c ra ngoi, khng cho php sao chp hay sa i bt k thng s no. Trong cc thit b chun ho, cc thut ton u c th c ra m khng c s hn ch no ng k, v d nh thut ton AES, DES hay 3DES. Tuy nhin, bo v cc thut ton li l mt vn ht sc quan trng trong cc h thng bo mt cao, trong thit b m ho ca qun i hay chnh ph s dng cc thut ton b mt. Ch bo mt c th xy dng nh mt khi tch hp trong my di ng GSM hay khi ri c th lp c kt ni vi giao din my di ng. Tu chn ny thng rt hu ch, cho php khi m ho c th tho ra v lp vo my khc khi cn.
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n tt nghip i hc

pin
Hi th n Bn ph m Vi u khi i n
Flash, ROM, RAM
Ngun
A/D D/A
M ho Gii m
DSP FEC an xen M knh

ng x l I2C UART
Bng gc C bng n
Modem Sync async

PCMCIA
vo ra t t ng
Khi GSM
T hi thoi t n u b m ho GSM
i khi u n
DSP
Mt m ho
Khi bo mt
B l u trklho
Hnh 2.14: Khi bo mt trong kin trc GSM chun 2.3.5 Cc thnh phn phn cng bo mt B iu khin - x l bo mt ROM lu tr cc thut ton bo mt, ngn nga kh nng c ra RAM - b nh d liu B nh Flash EPROM cha: Chng trnh hot ng cho DSP
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Tham s hot ng cho MIB Kho bo mt MIB LED hai mu - cnh bo hoc ch th li Xanh - hot ng ch bo mt Tt - hot ng ch bnh thng DSP Hot ng x l DSP Chc nng m ho XOR 2.3.6 Tng quan h thng bo mt GSM v cc thit b thu bao c nh Hnh 2.15 khng ch m t kt ni theo tu chn ca khch hng GSM/GSM m cn gii thiu c cc thnh phn cn thit cho kt ni t my di ng GSM ti mt in thoi bn tng thch. C hai kiu kt ni ch ra trong hnh v u l kt ni bo mt im - im, v cc thnh phn khng th thiu to thnh mng bo mt cha khng ch mng di ng. V vy, in thoi bn cng phi c cng h thng bo mt nh trong in thoi di ng GSM.
MS bo mt
Telephone r
i thoi bn n bo m t
Telephone
GSM PSTN MS bo mt ISDN i thoi bn n bo mt

TA
r Telephone
Hnh 2.15: Tng quan v mt h thng bo mt
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2.4 Qun l kho mt m

Mun truy nhp vo cc mt khu h thng th t nht phi qua hai mc, trc ht l cho nh khai thc vi mt danh sch gii hn cc hot ng, sau l cho ngi qun tr bo mt vi ton quyn iu khin cc tham s hot ng v m ho. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, tnh trng khng tun th theo phn cp mt khu bo v c th gy ra thm ho i vi hot ng ca mng, do quyn truy nhp ca ngi qun tr lun phi gi mc b mt cao nht. 2.4.1 Np v phn phi kho m Mc d cho php nhp d liu bo mt bng tay thng qua bn phm nhng gii hn v kch thc ca in thoi cm tay lm cho chng khng th ph hp vi hot ng nhp kho nh vy, bi v nhp mt chui s di va mt nhiu thi gian li rt c th to ra li. Thm ch cc nhn vin bo mt GSM cng vn nhp sai s khi yu cu phi nhp vo chnh kho v cc tham s bo mt ca mnh. Tuy vy, phng thc ny vn c s dng phn phi v nhp kho bng tay, khi kho c th c ghi dng vn bn thng thng v do hon ton c th gy rc ri cho ngi s hu kho hp php. C khng t cc nh sn xut nhn thy u im ca vic khng ch ch to cc in thoi c inh tng thch mt m ca my ho di ng, m cn s dng chng nh mt trung tm phn phi kho mt m v qun tr mng. Vi kch thc ln hn, in thoi bn ph hp cho c phn cng v phn mm phn phi kho, do c th nhn c ng xung ca kho t trung tm qun l. Tt nhin, d liu kho cng phi c bo v bng m truyn dn. Tham s bo mt v d liu kho c th c truyn t my in thoi GSM ti my bn thng qua cp gn trc tip gia my bn vi ph kin ca my di ng hoc trao i qua th nh gn vo mi thit b. 2.4.3 Th nh v b c th Ngoi cch nhp m bng tay, c th s dng phng php phn phi d liu kho v cc tham s bo mt trc tip bng th nh. y l phng php bo mt v tin cy hn so v cch nhp trc tip bng bn phm. Tt c u c th thc hin, ch yu cu ngi s dng kt ni b c th vo giao din GSM v nhp mt khu truy nhp cc chc nng h thng nh ch dn trn mn
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hnh in thoi, nu chc nng no c ngi qun tr cho php th c th ti v th nh chuyn qua my khc. S dng v np d liu xung th nh thng qua my bn c th cung cp nhiu kh nng thch hp trong hu ht cc trng hp yu cu bo mt. Thc vy, mi gi bo mt s dng nhiu phng php khc nhau u c th to hiu qu cao hn so vi cc gii php phn phi kho n gin. 2.4.4 Ch k in t Nh trnh by trong chng trc, ch k in t l mt phn khng th thiu ca h thng phn phi v qun l kho. C nhiu cch khc nhau to ra ch k in t t cc tham s lin quan, mt trong cc phng php ny c th k ra y. Trong cc ng dng khc nhau, ch c d liu ca kho v thut ton thc s mi c s dng to ch k, mt khc d liu kho cn c b xung thm thng tin v lin kt ang hot ng, v d hm Lon-Wash hay chu k hp l ca thut ton.
32 k t HEX
Kha vo
13AD CA 24 452 C CA 32 BF0F 098 C E 88C E 908
Tn lin kt
Chu k hp l
D liu v kha
Thuc tnh ca bn tin
Thuc tnh ca kha
D liu c s dng to kha
Hnh 2.16: Cc thnh phn to nn ch k in t
2.5 H thng v tuyn gi chung

Khng th ch ni n h thng bo mt GSM m li khng nhc n cc vn ny sinh t u im ca h thng v tuyn gi chung (GPRS). GPRS th hin mt bbc tin quan trng trong thng tin di ng, chuyn t cc ng dng thoi s n gin trong GSM sang th gii s liu v truy nhp web phc tp
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hn nhiu. l bc tin m cc u cui di ng nh mt cng c i mua sm , cho php thc hin cc thanh ton in t. Thit b di ng c th dng nh mt chic v in t, ch yu cu thanh ton qua ti khon bng cch gi m s PIN ca ngi dng qua h thng GSM. Do , khng kh tng tng s c khng t cc cm by nguy him ang ch i c ngi s dng v nh cung cp dch v GPRS, c bit l khi xem xt li cc l thng bo mt trong kin trc mng GSM. Ni nh vy cng khng c ngha l truyn dn GPRS hon ton b bao trm bi mt m my en do GPRS k tha cc c im bo mt GSM. Ni chung, ngi ta cng nht tr rng mc d kh nng b gy s m ho c th xy ra, nhng khi xem xt qu trnh truyn thng qua giao din v tuyn Um, hon ton c kh nng m bo tnh tin cy trong thi gian thc.
Hnh 2.17: Kin trc c bn ca h thng GPRS 2.5.1 Nguyn l hot ng ca GPRS GPRS l h thng s dng cu trc k tha t GSM (xem hnh 2.17), vi mt s ci tin nhm cho php truyn d liu tc cao hn gia cc mydi ng cng nh ti cc thnh phn khc trong h thng truyn thng. GPRS t c tc cao bng cch truyn cc gi d liu i qua nhiu knh song song, knh kt ni khng ch s dng mt khe thi gian m cn dng thm cc khe thi gian cn trng khc truyn s liu gia MS vi BTS. Mi gi c
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truyn trn mt knh vt l khc nhau v knh ch thc s b chim dng khi c gi tin c gi i, sau n c gii phng v sn sng cho cc MS khc s dng. Ti BTS, t cc gi tin n t nhiu ng mt cch ngu nhin s c ghp li theo ng th t ban u. Cc gi tin ny c truyn i di dng mt m ho bng thut ton A5. Do , cng vi vic cc gi tin khng th n BTS theo ng th t nht nh th cng lm cho chng kh b nghe trm hn. Khc vi bo mt GSM, BTS trong GPRS khng mt m ho cc gi d liu, v do khng c cung cp kho mt m Kc m ch n gin l chuyn kho ti node h tr GPRS (SGSN). SGSN thc hin gii m gi tin v ghp chng li thnh bn tin hon chnh trc khi chuyn chng ln mng ng trc GSM phn phi ti ni cn nhn. SGSN cn thc hin mt nhim v quan trng khc l nhn thc my di ng vi HLR, c phn phc tp hn so vi th tc ca MSC trong mng GSM. Khi , d liu m ho c bo mt t khi qua giao din Um c ti tn trm SGSN. Tnh bo mt ca phn ny cng c ci thin ng k do GPRS s dng thut ton A5. Tuy nhin, nu cho rng HLR l thnh phn d b tn cng nht trong h thng GSM th khi a thm SGSN vo trong cu trc GPRS, SGSN cng tr thnh mc tiu mi tn cng h thng. B xung thm thut ton A5 chc chn l mt trong nhng bc quan trng nhm tng cng tnh bo mt ca h thng, tuy vy vn yu cu phi s dng thut ton A3 mnh hn bo v th SIM chng li tn cng nhm sao chp tri php cc d liu kho. Khi m GSM t tha nhn l km bo mt th cu hi t ra l tnh bo mt ca GPRS s c th gi c trong bao lu? C mt iu chc chn l n s cn tip tc c phn tch di lng knh khoa hc v s l mt ch c nghin cu ti rt nhiu trng i hc. Cng vi s quan tm ngy cng cao n vn bo mt v cc thut ton m ho, chc chn s to nn mt cuc cnh tranh lnh mnh dn n mt cuc cch mng trong h thng truyn thng bo mt. Do yu cu ngy cng cao v bo mt, nn cn thit phi c gii php mi thay th cho GSM v GPRS. Cu tr li chnh l h thng bo mt t - u - n - cui, s dng cc thut ton m ho v qun l kho hiu qu hn c th i ph vi nhiu thch thc hn trong tng lai.
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Chng 3: Kin trc bo mt mng W-CDMA
CHNG III KIN TRC BO MT MNG W-CDMA

3.1 IMT-2000
S pht trin nhanh chng ca cc dch v s liu m trc ht l IP t ra cc yu cu i vi cng ngh vin thng di ng. Thng tin di ng th h hai mc d s dng cng ngh s nhng v l h thng bng hp v c xy dng trn c s chuyn mch knh nn khng p ng c cc dch v mi ny. Trong bi cnh ITU a ra n tiu chun ho h thng thng tin di ng th h ba vi tn gi IMT-2000. IMT-2000 m rng ng k kh nng cung cp dch v v cho php s dng nhiu phng tin thng tin. Mc ch ca IMT-2000 l a ra nhiu kh nng mi, c th lit k ra nh sau: Cho php ngi thu bao di ng s dng nhiu loi hnh dich v di ng khc nhau, c thoi ln d liu m khng ph thuc vo v tr thu bao Cung cp dich v cho c vng rng ln Cht lng dich v tt nht c th
M rng s lng dch v c cung cp, ngc li s dng c hiu
qu ph tn truyn dn v tuyn v tnh kinh t ca h thng Cung cp nhiu chc nng cho my u cui Chp nhn cung cp dch v ca nhiu mng trong cng mt khu vc ph sng Cung cp kin trc m cho php d dng b sung cc cng ngh mi cng nh cc dch v khc nhau Cu trc theo khi chc nng cho php to mt h thng ban u c cu hnh nh v n gin v d dng tng ln khi cn thit, c v kch thc cng nh phc tp ca h thng. tha mn nhng dich v trn, mng di ng th h Ba cng phi m bo c nhng yu cu sau:
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Cung cp nhn thc ngi s dng theo yu cu, nhn dng thu bao, nh s thu bao v s nhn dng thit b Cho php mi ngi s dng di ng yu cu nhng dch v nh khi to v nhn cuc gi. Cho php thc hin nhiu cuc gi ng thi m c th kt hp nhiu dch v khc nhau nh thoi hay s liu. Ti thiu ha cc c hi gian ln bng cch hn ch cc dch v ny Bo v ngi s dng chng li s lm dng cc my di ng b ly cp bng cch duy tr danh sch nhn dng cc my b ly cp v gim st lu lng cc my ny Cung cp cc dch v khn cp v cc thng tin hu ch v cc cuc gi khn cp: s thu bao, thng tin v v tr v cc thng tin khc cn thit cho chnh quyn a phng H tr tnh di ng bng cch ng k trn nhiu thit b u cui khc nhau, s dng th nhn dng thu bao (SIM card) Cho php t ng chuyn vng quc t gia cc thu bao di ng v cc trm phc v chng m bo dch v cho nhiu my di ng khc nhau, t cc my cm tay c nhn cho ti cc my t trn cc phng tin giao thng Cung cp dch v s liu gi tc cao: 2 Mbps trong mi trng bnh thng 384 Kbps i vi ngi i b 144 Kbps trong cc phng tin giao thng
Ph tn s dng cho IMT-2000 c ITU quy nh trong di 1885 MHz 2025 MHz v 2110 MHz 2200 MHz, nh trong hnh 3.1. Thng chn nm 1999, ITU chnh thc cng nhn cc cng ngh giao din v tuyn do IMT-2000 xut v chp nhn chng nh cc chun tng ng sau: IMT tri ph trc tip (IMT-DS) hay cn gi l UTRA
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IMT a sng mang (IMT-MC)
Hnh 3.1 Quy nh ph tn di ng 3G v di ng v tinh (MSS) ti mt s nc Trong , tiu chun giao din v tuyn quan trng nht l Truy nhp v tuyn mt t ton cu (UTRA), l giao din v tuyn c s cho cng ngh CDMA bng rng (W-CDMA) v c th hot ng hai ch : Song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD) v Song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD). Hin nay, W-CDMA c c Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u (ETSI) v Hip hi cng nghip v kinh doanh v tuyn (ARIB) h tr. Thng Mi hai nm 1998, tha thun thnh lp D n ca cc i tc th h Ba (3GPP) c k kt v D n chnh thc hot ng. Tha thun hp tc ny lm tng tc t chc chun ha, cho php kt hp nhiu tiu chun vin thng khc nhau to ra tiu chun mi cho thng tin di ng th h Ba trn c s hai cng ngh quan trng: giao din v tuyn UTRA v m rng mng li ca GSM/GPRS. Sau , mc tiu ca t chc ny cn c m rng sang c lnh vc duy tr v pht trin mng GSM cng nh GPRS v EDGE.
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Do chnh sch ca ITU l khng ch c mt tiu chun duy nht cho IMT-2000 nn cn tn ti mt chun giao din v tuyn na. Nh trnh by trn, giao din ny c gi l IMT-MC v c xut bi t chc chun ha 3GPP2. Trong khi 3GPP a ra giaodin v tuyn mi cho UMTS th 3GPP2 tp trung vo giao din tng thch vi IS-95, cho php chuyn i ln 3G d dng hn. Tiu chun thng tin di ng th h Ba ny cn c gi l CDMA2000.
3.2 Kin trc UMTS

V mt logic, mng UMTS c chia thnh hai phn chnh l mng li (CN) v mng truy nhp v tuyn (GRAN). Mng li ti s dng li rt nhiu thnh phn c ca mng GSM/GPRS v bao gm hai phn khc nhau l chuyn mch knh (CS) v chuyn mch gi (PS). Phn chuyn mch knh s dng ti nguyn dnh ring cho lu lng ngoi s dng cng nh thng tin bo hiu t khi bt u thit lp cho n lc gii phng kt ni. Ni chung, cc cuc gi thoi lun c x l bi cc thit b trong h chuyn mch knh. Cc thc th trong phn chuyn mch gi chuyn d liu ca ngi dng mt cch t ng trong cc gi tin v c nh tuyn c lp vi nhau, khc phc c cc gii hn truyn d liu trong 2G. Thng qua mng li, ngi s dng c th thit lp mt kt ni ti cc mng s liu bn ngoi nh mng Internet, mng PSTN v cc mng khng dy khc. Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS (UTRAN) chnh l khi nim GRAN s dng trong UMTS. Cc chc nng chnh ca n l: Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn iu khin cng sut c ng ln v ng xung Qun l chuyn giao v n nh knh truyn
Do ti s dng li nhiu thnh phn ca mng GSM/GPRS, mng li UMTS cng cho php kt ni ti mng truy nhp GSM. V vy cc trm gc (BSS) ca GSM v cc mng truy nhp v tuyn UMTS (RNS) c th cng tn ti trong UTRAN ca mng di ng cng cng. Phin bn pht hnh u tin ca UMTS l phin bn 3GPP pht hnh 1999. Phin bn ny cung cp cc c t tp trung vo mng truy nhp v tuyn
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UTRAN trn c s giao din v tuyn IMT-DS v nng cp ca mng li GSM/GPRS. Phin bn k tip ban u c gi l phin bn 3GPP pht hnh 2000, tuy nhin do c nhiu thay i ln so vi ban u nn pht hnh 2000 c chia thnh phin bn 4 v phin bn 5. Hin nay phin bn pht hnh 6 ang trong qu trnh hon thin.
Hnh 3.2 Kin trc c bn ca mng di ng UMTS (phin bn 1999) Hnh 3.2 trnh by kin trc mng UMTS theo phin bn 1999. S cho thy c CN v UTRAN, my di ng, cc thnh phn ca CS v PS, giao din kt ni gia cc thnh phn vi nhau v vi mng ngoi u c ch ra chi tit. Hnh 3.3 trnh by cu trc mng UMTS ton IP theo kin trc a phng tin c nh ngha trong phin bn 5. Chc nng chnh ca kin trc ny l c thoi v d liu u c truyn i bi cc gi tin Ip, theo tt c cc con ng c th t my di ng ca ngi dng ti ch. Chc nng ca mi khi thnh phn UTRAN c th tm tt nh sau: My di ng (UE/MS) : l thit b vt l ca ngi s dng. N cha mt thit b di ng (ME) v khi nhn dng thu bao UMTS (USIM). USIM l mt ng dng c lu tr trong th thng minh khi kt hp vi ME cho php truy nhp vo cc dch v 3G. USIM c cc chc nng chnh nh sau:
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Nhn dng chnh xc thu bao

Lu tr thng tin v thu bao v cc thng tin c lin quan
T nhn thc trong mng Cung cp cc chc nng bo mt Lu tr cc thng tin nh ngn ng s dng, nhn dng th thng minh, s nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t (IMSI), kha mt m v cc thng tin khc
Hnh 3.3 Kin trc mng IP a phng tin UMTS Node B: l trm thu pht gc ca UTRAN phc v cho mt hoc nhiu . Trm gc c cc chc nng nh: pht hin li trn knh truyn v ch ln mc
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cao hn, iu ch / gii iu ch knh vt l, o lng v tuyn v ch th ln cc lp trn cng nh chc nng iu khin cng sut. Mt s nh sn xut cn cung cp c cc Node B h tr c chun UMTS v CDMA2000 bng cch s dng cc khi cm nh thay th c v d tng thch cao gia phn cng v phn mm. Giao din gia Node B v UE (trong hnh 3.2 l Uu) chnh l giao din v tuyn UTRAN trong mng W-CDMA. B iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC) : qun l ti nguyn ca tt c cc Node B ni ti n. Trong hnh 3.2ch ra rng RNC c kt ni ti phn mng li chuyn mch knh thng qua giao din IuCS, v kt ni ti phn li chuyn mch gi (PS) thng qua giao din IuPS. RNC khng ch qun l ti nguyn v tuyn ca cc thit b di ng m cn qun l cc cc ng vo / ra mng li ca cc dch v do thit b di ng s dng. RNC thc hin mt s nhim v chnh nh : x l lu lng thoi v d liu, chuyn giao gia cc , thit lp v gii phng cuc gi. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng li (CN) Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng (MSC) : l thnh phn chnh ca phn mng li chuyn mch knh (CS). N cng l giao din gia mng di ng vi cc mng chuyn mch knh khc nh mng PSTN. MSC thc hin nh tuyn tt c cc cuc gi t mng ngoi v ti mt my di ng nht nh, thc hin tt c cc chc nng chuyn mch v bo hiu cho my di ng nm trong vng a l m MSC phc v. Ngoi ra MSC cn c cc chc nng khc nh: Thc hin th tc yu cu ng k v tr v chuyn giao Thu thp d liu cho mc ch tnh cc Qun l cc thng s mt m ha Hn na, trong mt mng di ng c th tn ti nhiu MSC khc nhau, ty vo yu cu dung lng chuyn mch trong mng. GPRS v UMTS cung cp cc dich v trn c s s dng c CS v PS do hot ng c lin quan n c hai phn ny.
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B ghi nh v thng tr (HLR) : y l khi lu gi cc thng tin lin quan n cc thu bao ca mng di ng. Thng tin c nhp vo khi mt thu bao mi ha mng. HLR lu tr hai kiu thng tin ca ngi s dng l thng tin tm thi v thng tin c nh. Cc d liu c nh l cc d liu khng thay i, ngoi tr khi ngi s dng yu cu. Cc d liu c nh c lin quan n vn bo mt l IMSI v kha nhn thc. Mi mng di ng c th s dngmt hoc nhiu HLR, ty thuc vo quy m hot ng ca mng. B ghi nh v tm tr (VLR) : Cc VLR thng c ci t kt hp vi mt MSC, nh minh ha trong hnh 3.2. VLR lu tt c cc thng tin v thu bao s dng nm trong vng phc v ca mt MSC. Do , VLR cha thng tin v cc thu bao hot ng trong mng, thm ch khi khng phi l mng nh ca thu bao. Khi mt thu bao dng k vo mt mng khc, thng tin t HLR cng c chuyn ti VLR ca mng khch v thng tin ny b xa i khi thu bao ri khi mng. Ni chung, cc thng tin c lu tr trong VLR khc so vi trong HLR. Phn mng li chuyn mch gi (PS) trong UMTS SGSN (node h tr phc v cc dich v GPRS) : chu trch nhim qun l di ng v qun tr cc phin truyn thng gi IP. N nh tuyn cc gi tin lu lng t mng truy nhp v tuyn ti mt SGSN thch hp, c th cung cp truy nhp ti mng d liu bn ngoi. Hn na, n cn to cc bn ghi cho cc khi khc phc v mc ch tnh cc. SGSN gip iu khin truy nhp ti cc ti nguyn mng, chng li cc truy nhp tri php vo mng hay cc dch v v ng dng c bit. Hnh 3.2 cng ch ra giao din IuPS, kt ni gia RNC ca UTRAN vi thnh phn quan trng nht ca phn mng PS, SGSN. GGSN (node h tr GPRS cng) : thc hin chc nng cng giao tip gia mng di ng vi cc mng s liu bn ngoi nh Internet hay cc mng Intranet khc. Cng nh SGSN, GGSN cng thu thp cc thng tin cc v chuyn cng cho khi Chc nng cng tnh cc (CGF), nh ch ra trong hnh 3.2.
3.3 Kin trc bo mt UMTS

Kin trc bo mt c xy dng trn hai thnh phn chnh l cc tnh nng bo mt v c ch bo mt. Tnh bo mt l kh nng cung cp nhiu loi
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dch v khc nhau m vn m bo cc yu cu v bo mt. C ch bo mt l cc thit b hay cc qu trnh hot ng nhm em li tnh bo mt trong mng. Trong hnh 3.4, cc tnh nng bo mt c chia thnh nm nhm tnh nng khc nhau: (1) Bo mt mng truy nhp: cung cp truy nhp bo mt ti cc dch v 3G v bo v chng li cc tn cng vo lin kt giao din v tuyn (2) Bo mt mng li: cho php cc node mng hot ng trao i d liu v bo hiu mt cch an ton, chng li cc tn cng vo mng li (3) Bo mt pha ngi s dng: m bo an ton cho cc truy nhp vo my di ng (4) Bo mt cc chng trnh ng dng: cho php trao i cc bn tin mt cc an ton gia cc chng trnh ng dng ca ngi dng vi nh cung cp dch v (5) Kh nng cu hnh v gim st bo mt: cho php ngi s dung nhn c cc thng tin v cu hnh bo mt m mnh mong mun v kh nng cu hnh thay i dch v ang hot ng thc hin c nhng yu cu v tnh bo mt k trn, cc c ch bo mt yu cu phi s dng cc thut ton c hiu nng cao nht. Do , phn tip theo s tp trung vo cc chng trnh thut ton tng ng m bo tnh bo mt ca h thng.
Tng ng dng
ng dng ngi dng
Nh cung cp dch v
Tng dch v bo mt
USIM
HE
SN ME
AN
Tng vn chuyn
Hnh 3.4 Tng quan v kin trc bo mt UMTS
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3.3.1 Bo mt mng truy nhp Chc nng bo mt mng truy nhp c th c phn chia thnh cc phn: nhn thc thu bao, m bo tnh ton vn v tin cy ca d liu. Nhn thc ngi dng : tnh nng mng cho php cungcp dich v cho nhng ngi s dng c nhn dng chnh xc Nhn thc mng : ngi s dng chng thc rng h c kt ni vo mng di ng v c chng nhn bi mng nh ca ngi dng cung cp dch v cho h. Cc tnh nng bo mt sau c thc hin nhm m bo tnh tin cy ca d liu trong lin kt mng truy nhp: Tha thun thut ton m ha : m bo cho my di ng v mng phc v c th tha thun mt cch b mt cc thut ton s c s dng khi truyn thng Tha thun kha mt m : m bo cho my di ng v mng phc s dng thng nht kha m trong truyn thng Tnh tin cy ca d liu ngi dng : m bo d liu ca ngi dng khng b nghe lm trn giao din v tuyn Tnh tin cy ca s liu bo hiu : m bo s liu bo hiu khng b nghe lm trn giao din v tuyn Cc tnh nng c cung cp nhm t c tnh ton vn ca bn tin trn mng truy nhp v tuyn bao gm: Tha thun thut ton v tnh ton vn : m bo cho my di ng v mng phc v c th tha thun mt cch b mt cc thut ton s c s dng khi truyn thng Tha thun kha m bo tnh ton vn : m bo cho my di ng v mng phc v s dng thng nht kha m trong truyn thng Tnh ton vn d liu v nhn thc d liu bo hiu : cho php pha thu (my di ng hay mng phc v) c th kim tra xem thng tin bo hiu c b sa i tri php hay khng v ngun gc ca bo hiu c chnh xc hay khng.
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3.3.2 Tha thun kha v nhn thc UMTS (UMTS AKA) UMTS AKA l c ch bo mt c s dng thc hin chc nng nhn thc cng nh cc tha thun v kha trnh by trn. C ch ny da trn c s giao thc nhn thc yu cu / p ng, theo quan im nhm t c tnh tng thch ln nht vi h thng nhn thc thu bao v giao thc thit lp kha ca GSM, cho php chuyn i d dng hn t GSM/GPRS ln UMTS. Giao thc yu cu / p ng l mt bin php bo mt kim tra nhn dng ca cc thnh phn khc m khng l ra kha b mt dng truyn thng gia hai bn. Khi nim kha ca mi bn chng t mi bn u chia s mt khu ny m khng h l ra hay truyn chng i. Qu trnh UMTS AKA nh m t trong phn trn phi s dng n mng phc v sau khi thu bao ng k ha mng, sau khi yu cu dch v, sau khi yu cu cp nht v tr, yu cu nhp mng hay ri mng, hay yu cu thit lp li kt ni. Thm vo , cc thng tin lin quan n ngi dng phi c truyn t mng nh thu bao n mng phc v c th hon thin cc qu trnh iu khin. HLR/AuC ca mng nh cung cp cho VLR/SGSN ca mng phc v cc vc t nhn thc (AV) , trong mi vec t c cha cc thng tin nh trong bng 3.1 Bng 3.1 Cu trc ca mt vc t nhn thc Trng thng tin RAND CK IK AUTN XRES Tn trng SQN AMF MAC-A M t S ngu nhin Kha mt m Kha nhn dng Th nhn thc p ng c mong i M t S tun t Trng qun l nhn thc M nhn thc bn tin
(a) Cu trc ca mt vec t nhn thc
(b) Cu trc trng AUTN trong vec t nhn thc
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Th tc tha thun kha v nhn thc c tng kt trong cc thut ton sau: (1) VLR/SGSN ca mng khch yu cu cc vec t nhn thc t HLR/AuC ca mng nh thu bao (2) HLR/AuC tnh ton vec t AV t cc thut ton nhn thc v kha b mt ca thu bao K. K ch c lu tr trong HLR/AuC ca mng nh v trn USIM my di ng ca thu bao. (3) HLR/AuC ca mng nh p ng li bng cch gi i n vc t AV1Avn ti cho VLR/SGSN ca mng khch. (4) VLR/SGSN ca mng khch chn mt trong cc vc t AV v yu cu tip ti USIM ca my di ng bng cch gi i RAND v AUTN trong vec t AV nhn c. (5) USIM x l AUTN nhn c. Vi s tr gip ca kha b mt K, ngi s dng c th kim tra xem d liu yu cu va nhn c ng l ca ngi truy nhp vi cng kha K hay khng. USIm cng kim tra hiu lc ca AV bng cch kim ra li trng s tun t (SEQ). Nu AV do mng cung cp l hp l v c nhn thc, USIM s tip tc to kha kim tra tnh tin cy (CK), kha kim tra tnh ton vn (IK) v to p ng ngc tr li cho mng (RES).
(6) Ngi s dng p ng RES cho mng khch.
(7) VLR/SGSN ca mng khch kim tra tnh chnh xc ca p ng bng cch so snh p ng mong i (XRES) ca vc t AV vi p ng RES nhn c t USIM ca my di ng Qu trnh nhn thc ln nhau c thc hin trong bc 5 ca thut ton trn. C USIM v VLR/SGSN u c nhn thc ln nhau sau khi tha mn hai iu kin: trc ht USIM kim tra trng MAC trong AUTN c bng vi gi tr tnh ton c khi s dng kha b mt K vi SQN, RAND v AMF; tip theo VLR/SGSN kim tra gi tr RES do my di ng ngi dng truyn i vi gi tr mong i XRES.
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n tt nghip i hc
USIM ca my di ng
VLR/SGSN 1
HLR/AuC ca mng nh
Tng 1 Phn phi vec t nhn thc t HE ti SN
Yu cu nhn thc
To vec t nhn thc (AV 1...n)

p ng nhn thc (AV i...n)
Lu tr vec t nhn thc
La chn vec t nhn thc

Yu cu nhn thc ngi dng RAND(i) hoc AUTN(i)
Tng 2
Kim tra AUTN Tnh ton RES 6

p ng nhn thc ngi dng
Nhn thc v thit lp kha
So snh RES v XRES
Tnh ton K (i) v CK(i)
Chn K(i) v CK(i)
Hnh 3.5 Tha thun kha v nhn thc 3.3.3 Thut ton m bo tnh tin cy v ton vn ca bn tin Khi thng tin iu khin v bo hiu c truyn trn mng gia my di ng vi mng l rt quan trng v nhy cm th n cn phi c ame bo tnh ton vn. C ch m bo tnh nng bo mt ny l thut ton m bo tnh ton vn UMTS (UIA), c ci t c trn my di ng v trn khi kt cui ca UTRAN vi mng li, v d RNC, nh trong hnh 3.2. Thut ton UIA c cp trong phn ny l thut ton f 9, c miu t nh trong hnh 3.6. Th tc kim tra tnh ton vn ca d liu nh sau: Trc ht, thut ton f9 trong my di ng tnh ton ra mt m nhn thc bn tin 32 bit (MAC-I) cho khi d liu trn c s cc tham s u vo, trong c c s liu bo hiu (MESSAGE).
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Sau , my di ng nh km MAC-I va tnh ton vo thng tin bo hiu v gi qua giao din v tuyn ti RNC. RNC nhn cc thng tin bo hiu v c MAC-I. RNC cng tnh ton XMAC-I da vo cc s liu bo hiu nhn c theo cch tng t nh trong my di ng. Cui cng, tnh ton vn ca thng tin bo hiu c quyt nh bng cch so snh gia MAC-I v XMAC-I. Hnh 3.7 trnh by cu trc ca thut ton f9 s dng kim tra tnh ton vn d liu trn c s ci t mt chui cc khi thut ton m ha khi KASUMI. u ra ca thut ton m ha khi ny c rng l 64 bit, tuy nhin u ra ca ton b thut ton ch l 32 bit. Hnh 3.7 trnh by cu trc ca thut ton f9 s dng kim tra tnh ton vn d liu trn c s ci t mt chui cc khi thut ton m ha khi KASUMI. u ra ca thut ton m ha khi ny c rng l 64 bit, tuy nhin u ra ca ton b thut ton ch l 32 bit.
Hnh 3.6: S dng thut ton f9 to M nhn thc bn tin (MAC) t s liu bo hiu u vo
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Hnh 3.7: Thut ton f9 m bo tnh ton vn d liu Khc vi thut ton m bo nh ton vn ch hot ng trn cc thng tin bo hiu, c ch m bo tnh tin cy phi hot ng trn c d liu ngi dng v bo hiu. Thut ton nhm m bo tnh tin cy ca d liu cn c tn l f8 v c ch ra trong hnh 3.8, n hot ng nh sau: Trc ht, thut ton f8 s dng kha mt m CK v cc tham s khc trong my di ng tnh ton mt lung bit u ra.
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Sau lung bit ny c xor tng bit vi lung d liu ban u to ra khi d liu m ha. Khi d liu m ha c truyn ti mng qua giao din v tuyn Thut ton f8 trong RNC s dng cng mt u vo nh trong my di ng, bao gm c kha m dng chung CK to ra chui bit nh trong my di ng
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Cui cng, chui bit to ra trong RNC c xor vi chui bit thu c to ra chui bit d liu ban u.
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Hnh 3.8 Thut ton f8 s dng m ha s liu ngi dng v bo hiu Hnh 3.9 m t cu trc ca thut ton f8. Thut ton ny cng c xy dng trn c s rt nhiu thut ton m ha khi KASUMI, c kt ni vi nhau theo kiu hi tip u ra. Mi khi to ra lung 64 bit u ra v chuyn chng ti u vo ca khi tip theo.
Hnh 3.9 Thut ton f8 m bo tnh tin cy ca bn tin
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3.3.4 Thut ton m ha khi KASUMI Nh trnh by trong cc phn trn, m ha khi KASUMI l ct li ca cc c ch m bo tnh ton vn v tin cy ca bn tin trong mng UMTS. KASUMI l b m ha c cu trc Feistel, hot ng trn cc khi d liu 64 bit v c iu khin bi kha m di 128 bit. Do c cu trc Feistel, thut ton KASUMI c cc c im sau: Kin trc tm vng x l u vo bn tin gc l u vo ca vng u tin Khi d liu c m ha l u ra ca vng cui cng Kha mt m K c dng to tp kha vng (KLi, KOi, KIi) cho mi vng i
Mi vng tnh ton theo mt hm khc nhau, ph thuc vo cc kha vng khc nhau Thut ton l i xng, dng chung cho c m ho v gii m
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(a) Cu trc Feistel
(b) Hm FO
(c) Hm FI
(d) Hm FL Hnh 3.10 Cu trc thut ton KASUMI
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KASUMI c pht trin trn c s thut ton m ha khi trc c gi l MISTY1. 3GPP chn thut ton m ha khi u tin l MISTY1, do n m bo c tnh bo mt chng li cc phng thc tin tin nhm b gy b m ha. Hn na, MISTY1 cn c tnh ti u ha cao trong ci t bng phn cng. Hnh 3.10 trnh by cu trc ca b m ha khi KASUMI. C th nhn thy l hm f c tnh trong mi vng i c to t hai hm con l FLi v FOi , ph thuc vo u vo ca vng v tp kha vng tng ng. Hnh v cng ch r cu trc bn trong ca hai hm con. Hm FL c cu trc n gin, ch bao gm cc khi logic v dch bit u vo. Hm FO phc tp hn v cng c cu trc Feistel vi ba vng, mi vng li yu cu tnh ton thm hm con FI.
3.4 Kt chng
Chng ny trnh by v kin trc c bn ca IMT-2000 cng nh cu trc ca mng UMTS W-CDMA. Kin trc bo mt ca UMTS cho php cung cp nhiu loi dch v bo mt hn, s dng cc tnh nng bo mt, cc c ch bo mt tin tin nht. Cc tnh nng bo mt quan trng nht l nhn thc, tha thun kha v thut ton mt m, m bo tnh tin cy cho c s liu ngi dng v bo hiu, tha thun kha v thut ton m bo tnh ton vn cho thng tin bo hiu, thut ton f8 s dng m bo tnh tin cy ca c d liu ngi dng v bo hiu; v thut ton f9 s dng m bo tnh ton vn ca thng tin bo hiu. C hai thut ton ny u c xy dng trn c s khi m ha KASUMI v c kh nng ci t trn c phn cng ln phn mm!
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Chng 4: ng dng FPGA trong bo mt v
Chng IV NG DNG FPGA TRONG BO MT V TUYN

Kin trc bo mt ca UMTS cho php c th ci t hiu qu c trn phn cng ln phn mm. Chng ny s cp n cc gii php thch hp cho bo mt trn phn cng so vi phn mm cng nh gii thiu tng quan v hai kiu phn cng khc nhau l mch cu hnh c v mch khng cu hnh c. Chng ny cng cho thy li ch ca s dng cc gii php s dng mch tch hp cao, cng nh xem xt ti nhiu nn tng cng ngh khc nhau nh b x l tn hiu s (DSP), system-on-chip (SOC) cng vi vic s dng hay khng s dng cc hm DSP nhng trong h thng. Trong chng ny cng cp n nguyn l thit k thut ton KASUMI hiu nng cao trn c s ng dng FPGA.
4.1 Ti u ha cc tham s h thng

Nhng k nghe trm lun l k th s mt ca bo mt thng tin. Thit k mt thit b u cui truyn thng v tuyn (my di ng, PDA ...) thng i hi phi s dng rt nhiu bin v tham s khc nhau, trc khi nh ngha h thng ti u, vn l lm th no c th kim tra chnh xc cc tham s . V d, mt mch c th c thit k chy nhanh hn th c th phi s dng nhiu cng logic hn so vi cc mch c cng sut bnh thng. i vi tt c cc k s thit k h thng cng nh cc thit b bo mt v tuyn, c 12 tham s cn phi nh trong u nh l nhng gi tr cn nhc trc khi quyt nh t gi tr ph hp nht. Cc tham s ny bao gm : Tc hot ng thi gian thc Cng sut tiu th Kh nng nhng v tch hp K thut pht trin Mm do v c kh nng nng cp Gi thnh pht trin
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Gi bn sn phm cho khch hng Kh nng hot ng c lp trn cc thnh phn khc ca h thng v tuyn Bo mt mc vt l mnh ca thut ton m ha
Nhn thc mnh v song hng
To kha hoc vc t khi to (IV) ngu nhin C th ni rng ti u ha nhm nng cao hiu sut hot ng ca h thng, tuy nhin hiu sut cng c th nh ngha theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Nu h thng tch hp c xy dng trn nn tng SOC (system-on-chip) xung quanh mt CPU hay li DSP chun th chc nng bo mt c thc hin nh mt phn mm nhng, hon ton chy t ROM bng cch chim ot mt vi chu k ca CPU hay b ng x l DSP nhng. ng dng ny c th chia thnh nhiu khi khc nhau, nh b m ha khi hay m ha xon hot ng ch X hay Y, kt hp vi khi to kho.
4.2 So snh h thng bo mt v tuyn da trn phn cng v phn mm

Tu theo cc ng dng thc hin c yu cu bo mt m h thng thng tin v tuyn c th phn thnh cc loi sau : H thng x l lu lng ti ln, thng thng trong cc h thng truyn thng tc cao, c bit l khi truyn trong mi trng khng n nh c tnh thi gian thc V d nh cc cuc hi thoi, hi ngh truyn hnh, m thanh s hay truyn dn video m ho, thng tin o lng... Thng th khng nn lng ph x l cc loi lu lng ny bng phn mm, k c khi l d liu nn hay l d liu tc rt cao yu cu tnh thi gian thc. Ti nguyn phn cng cho php lu tm mt khi lng ln d
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liu, tuy nhin trnh trn b m h thng th yu cu phi c kin trc x l c ht d liu trc khi cc d liu khc c a ti H thng x l lu lng ti nh trong cc mng c tc va phi, truyn khng n nh v yu cu c tnh thi gian thc Cc v d in hnh ca h thng kiu ny c th k n nh cc giao dch thng mi in t, truyn s th thanh ton, chn mua mt hng c bit no hay mua bng ch k in t, thng tin rt ti khon ngn hng, thc hin mt thanh ton in t hay cc trnh duyt web nh (kiu WAP)... R rng l sau khi thc hin mt ng dng, thng l bng phn mm chy trn CPU chnh, sau c th bin i qua mt vi b x l ARM hay MIPS trn cc SOC ca thit b di ng th mt s thng tin cn phi c m ho trc khi truyn i. S m ho c th s dng 3DES v c th l c AES Rijndael mt cch chm ri bng phn mm trn cc b x l nhng. Mi ngy, chng trnh m ho ny ch c s dng vi mt t l nh thi gian v do , s dng phn mm lm gim tnh kinh t ca ton b thit k. Khng ch c vy, r rng l kh nng hot ng ca phn mm cn c th mt qu nhiu thi gian, lm nh hng ti tnh thi gian thc ca h thng k c khi s dng kin trc pipeline cho cc b m ho mnh nh 3DES hay AES. Thch thc thc s vi h thng l khi tc lung d liu cn x l l rt cao, thi gian cho php thc hin ngn vi kh nng tnh ton c hn. Trong tnh hung ny, r rang l phn mm kh c th p ng c yu cu. Cch an ton nht hon thnh nhim v ny l s dng kt hp phn mm chy trn CPU hay DSP vi cc khi phn cng chy cc ng dng then cht. V cu hi t ra l s phi s dng loi phn cng no ?
4.3 Phn cng c kh nng cu hnh

Phn cng cu hnh c l nhm cc mch tch hp c bit n vi ci tn Linh kin logic lp trnh c (PLD) hay Mng cc cng lp trnh c (FPGA). Cc linh kin ny cho php ngi thit k cu hnh cho n ch trong vi giy, v mi FPGA c th thit k thc hin cc chc nng hon ton khc
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nhau. S ln cu hnh li ca FPGA cng l khng gii hn, do c th nghin cu, pht trin v ng dng h thng ngay trn chnh chip . Linh kin FPGA cho php cu hnh li thay i chc nng logic trong khi vn ang nm trong h thng. Kh nng ny cho php nh thit k c th thoi mi pht trin, d dng thay i chc nng phn cng ging nh ang thc hin trn phn mm.Thm ch FPGA cn c th t ng cu hnh thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau trong nhng khong thi gian khc nhau. Kh nng cho php cu hnh li chc nng logic c th ng dng trong nhiu kiu h thng ci t h thng t khc phc li, to h thng c th c cu hnh cho nhiu mi trng hot ng, hoc ci t thnh phn cng a mc ch cho cc ng dng khc nhau. Hn na, sdng FPGA lm cho d thit k v kim tra phn cng cng nh kh nng nhanh chng tung sn phm ra th trng. Cho n nay, nhiu nh thit k s dng FPGA ci t trn cng mt phn cng c thut ton m ho kho cng khai dung trong to v thay i kho phin v thut ton kho b mt truyn thng dng trong m ho d liu ngi dng. Bn cnh thi gian thit k v pht trin ngn hn, linh kin FPGA cn cho php kh nng ch to cc bng mch mu cng nh cc gii php gi r. Thm ch i vi c cc h thng ang c gi thnh rt cao th cc nh sn xut FPGA cng c th cung cp cng c v kh nng x l c th chuyn thit k sang cc linh kin lp trnh c ny.
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Hnh 4.1 Cu trc c bn ca FPGA i vi cc nh thit k chip bo mt di ng, FPGA cho php thit k h thng mt cch mm do nht. Kin trc bo mt c th c th nghim vi m ho khi hoc m xon, vi nhiu kiu hm bm, thay i giao din vi CPU chnh c th phn tch v nh gi hiu nng ca h thng. ng dng thc t c np trc tip vo FPGA v c th thy ngay cc hot ng ca n. Quyt nh cui cng khng cn l trn c s cm tnh, hay ch l m phng trn phn mm m hon ton theo hiu nng thc ca cc thnh phn thch hp.
Hnh 4.2 Cu trc CLB trong FPGA
Hnh 4.3 Cu trc slice trong FPGA
Vy th cu trc bn trong ca FPGA nh th no m n li c th mm do nh th ? FPGA bao gm hng ngn khi logic a nng, hay cn gi l Khi logic cu hnh c (CLB) c thit k v sp xp mt cch mm do vi kin trc kh trnh. Cc CLB lin kt vi nhau thng qua mng cc ng nh hng v ton b kin trc logic ny kt ni vi th gii bn ngoi qua cc cng vo/ra, cng lp trnh c. Trong cc chip FPGA th h mi nht, ngoi cc thnh phn c bn nh trn, cn c nhng thm rt nhiu khi chc nng tin tin khc, c th k n nh Khi RAM c dung lng ln, b Nhn chia cho cc ng dng DSP, cc b Vi x l nhng 8 bit, 32 bit li mm v thm ch c b Vi x l cng cng c nhng trong FPGA. Hnh 4.1 trnh by cu trc
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tng qut cc thnh phn trong mt FPGA cn hnh 4.2 trnh by cu trc chung ca mt CLB, mi CLB bao gm bn slice kt ni ti ma trn chuyn mch. Hnh 4.3 v hnh 4.4 trnh by cu trc ca mt slice. Chi tit v cng vo ra kh trnh c m t nh trong hnh 4.6. D liu cu hnh cho FPGA c np vo cc nh c bit bn trong chip tu chn chc nng ca n. FPGA c th c d liu cu hnh ca n t b nh PROM ngoi thng qua cng ni tip hoc song song (ch master), hoc c np t thit b khc bn ngoi (ch ngoi vi hay slave). Cc nh sn xut linh kin FPGA cng cung cp c cng c phn mm mnh, h tr nhiu cch thit k khc nhau, t v s cho n m t hot ng, my trng thi, m phng, t v lin kt cc khi chc nng to, np vo chip v c ngc tr li lung bit cu hnh cho chip. Khi cu hnh li chip, chc nng ca cc CLB v lin kt gia chng do cng thay i theo, lm cho mch c chc nng hon ton mi. Mi CLB c th cu hnh thnh hai ch - logic hoc lm b nh. Hnh 4.4 trnh by cu trc chi tit ca khi logic, bao gm bng tra chc nng (LUT) v hai thanh ghi mt bit. Khi cu hnh thnh b nh phn tn, phn logic c thay bng b nh 16 bit ( hnh 4.5).
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Hnh 4.4: Cu trc chi tit mt slice
Hnh 4.5 : Cu hnh slice thnh b nh RAM
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Hnh 4.6: Cu trc c bn ca khi vo / ra IOB
4.4 Thit k thut ton KASUMI trn FPGA

KASUMI l thut ton m ho khi kho i xng h MISTY do tp on Mitsubishi Electronic nhin cu v pht trin. Sau c ESTI pht trin thnh tiu chun m ho quc t dng cho h thng thng tin di ng th h Ba, trn c s cng ngh W-CDMA. Mc ch c bn l nhm thit k thut ton c kh nng bo mt chng li cc cuc tn cng tuyn tnh v c phi tuyn, nh gn (s dng t cng logic cng nh cng sut tiu th t), v d dng ci t vi hiu nng cao c trn phn cng cng nh phn mm. 4.4.1 Nhn xt chung Ci t MISTY1 trn phn mm vit bng ngn ng assembly v cho chy trn b vi x l Intel Pentium III (800MHz), chng trnh m ho ny c th hot ng c vi tc u vo ti a l 230 Mbps.S dng b x l CMOS 350 nm ca Mitsubishi v kin trc pipeline ca thut ton, s dng 50 000 cng, c th tng tc thut ton ln n 800 Mbps. Cn khi yu cu ti thiu ho thut ton, c th s dng phin bn nh gn ch s dng ht 7600 cng (vi cng cng ngh bn dn CMOS) c th m ho d liu t ti tc 72 Mbps. Yu cu chnh ca thut ton m ho c th l c t k thut ca
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ETSI m ho cho W-CDMA l phi c kh nng ci t trn phn cng vi di 10 000 cng. Nh trnh by trong hnh 4.7, thut ton KASUMI khc nhau theo vng chn l, trong cc vng l, hm ca vng c tnh bng cch ly kt qu tnh c t hm FL t vo hm FO, cn trong cc vng l th ngc li, kt qu trc ht c tnh trong FO v sau c a ti FL. FL l hm 32 bit ch bao gm cc cng AND, OR, NOT cng vi chc nng quay tri. Hm FO cng l mt hm 32 bit nhng phc tp hn, c cu trc Feistel ba vng, mi vng cha mt khi FI. FI l khi phi tuyn 16 bit, t n cng c cu trc Feistel bn vng, FI bao gm hai khi thay i (S-box) 9 bit v hai khi thay i 7 bit. Hnh 4.7c ch ra rng d liu qua hm FI theo hai ng khc nhau, ng dy c 9 bit v ng mng c 7 bit. Ch l trong cu trc Feistel, nh s dng trong thit k ny, mi vng c u ra u c xoay chiu trc khi a ti u vo ca vng tip theo. Sau khi hon thnh tm vng theo thut ton KASUMI, u ra cui cng chnh l khi d liu m ho tng ng vi khi d liu u vo.
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(a) Cu trc Feistel
(b) Hm FO
(c) Hm FI
(d) Hm FL Hnh 4.7 Cu trc thut ton KASUMI
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4.4.2 Hm FO Nguyn l chnh thit k l chia kin trc chung thnh nhiu khi c th ln lt s dng cc khi ny trong theo mt vng kn. Trong cc khi , u ra chu k ny c s dng lm u vo cho chu k tip theo. Cng t cc khi thnh phn th chu k thc hin phi cng cao c th x l ton b khi d liu. Tng t nh vy, nu mun thit k c th thc hin trong cng t chu k th cng yu cu chim nhiu ti nguyn hn. Trong thit k ny, ta chn cch n gin ho thut ton mc thp nht, mc cc hm FI, ri vn dng cc khi ny xy dng ln mc cao hn, mc hm FO. Hnh 4.8 trnh by cu trc ng d liu ca hm FO s dng nhiu ln cc khi thnh phn FI. Hnh 4.9 trnh by chi tit cu trc song song chun ban u ca hm FO tng ng nh hnh 4.7. Trong hnh 4.7b, c phn cao v phn thp u c b xung thm cng XOR m khng lm thay i chc nng hot ng. Nu hai phn ny c cu trc ging nhau th c th ch s dng mt khi, gim phc tp i mt na, v ton b chc nng hm FO c thc hin trong hai chu k. Phn thp trong hnh 4.7b cn thm khi FI bn phi c dng tng t nh phn trn ca hm FO sa i. phn thp c b xung thm khi FI nh trong hnh 4.7c. Cc b ghp trong mi phn cho php la chn chnh xc lung tn hiu u vo
Ton b ng x l d liu c n gin ho nh trong hnh 4.7c.
Hnh 4.7d trnh by thit k cui cng, thc hin hm FO trong hai chu k ng h. Bi v d liu trong chu k th nht vi th hai l khc nhau nn cn phi c khi ghp knh la chn chnh xc gi tr u vo cho c cng XOR v khi FI.
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Hnh 4.8 : Cc bc thit k hm FO s dng nhiu ln cc khi thnh phn
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Cng lu l ng x l d liu nh trong hnh 4.7d ch cha duy nht mt khi FI, cn gi l khi dpFI, thay cho hai khi nh trong cc s bn trn. Trng hp ny c gii thch chi tit hn phn sau bi v n cn lin quan nhiu chc nng khc c s dng khi thit k thut ton ny. Phn iu khin cho khi ny c thc hin theo kiu my trng thi thit lp la chn cho cc b ghp knh chn ng u vo trong chu k ca mnh. Do hm FO thc hin trong hai chu k ng h nn khi iu khin cng gm hai trng thi. 4.4.3 Hm FI Hnh 4.7c trnh by hm FO yu cu hot ng trn hai khi FI. Khi FI cha hai khi S-box 7 bit v S-box 9 bit, cu hnh gin lc mt hai chu k ng h thc hin xong chc nng, do hm FO yu cu tng cng tm khi Sbox. Gii php tit kim ti nguyn l t khi X-box ny trong cc khi RAM ni hai cng, do s lng RAM yu cu gim cn mt na. Xt khi FI nh trong hnh 4.7c, sau thay th mi cp khi S-box bng mt khi khi S-box s dng RAM hai cng, v lp li th tc ny i vi tt c cc cp S-box 7 bit v 9 bit cn li. Kt qu nhn c l ng x l d liu nh trong hnh 4.9, kt hp hai hm FI lm mt, ch cha duy nht hai S-box 7 bit - hai cng v hai S-box 9 bit - hai cng. Cng ging nh trn, ng k m ch ng i ca chui tn hiu 9 bit cn ng k nh hn ch r ngi ca tn hiu c rng 7 bit.
- 88 -
Hnh 4.9: ng x l d liu trong hm FI Trong thit k ny cn c mt s im ng ch sau : Trc ht, bn b nh RAM hai cng c s dng ci t cc khi S-box nhm sp xp khi ny ln b nh ni ca FPGA
- 89 -
Ni chung, cc b nh ni ny ng b vi nhau, v do FI yu cu
cho ra kt qu ch trong mt chu k ng h nn S-box phn cao c thit k hot ng sn m, trong khi khi S-box phn thp hot ng sn dng ca tn hiu ng h, nh trong hnh 4.9
Cui cng l phi s dng mt s thanh ghi trong sut cc phn ca
thit k, trong hnh 4.9 cc khi ny c t mu xm, mc ch s dng cc thanh ghi ny l ng b d liu u vo vi gi tr cung cp cho khi S-box phn cao cng nh phn thp. Trng hp ny cng tng t nh hot ng ca ng x l d liu kiu pipeline. ng x l d liu nh trong hnh 4.7d cng s dng cc thanh ghi hot ng sn dng ng h ng b d liu u vo cho cc khi logic trc khi a ti u vo khi FI hai cng. Thc vy, tt c cc tn hiu u vo c s dng trong cc khi FI hai chiu phi c ng b vi d liu bng cc thanh ghi, hot ng sn dng hoc sn m. 4.4.3 ng x l d liu trong logic vng Mc logic vng l mc cu trc cao nht ca thut ton KASUM (hnh 4.10). Trong hai chu k u, n ly d liu t bn ngoi bng cch t tn hiu iu khin b ghp knh A v B mc thp, v thc hin vng l u tin bng cch t gi tr mc thp cho c b ghp knh C v D. Trong sut 14 chu k tip theo, d liu u ra trong mi chu k c hi tip ngc tr li u vo ng x l d liu. Trong hai chu k lin tip ca hm FO, u vo ng x l d liu vo ging nhau nn phi s dng thanh ghi m u vo c hai b ghp knh. D liu u vo sau khi qua khi FO, c cha cc khi dpFI, phi c ng b s dng cc thanh ghi m nh trong hnh 4.8. Trong s ng x l d liu logic vng, cc thanh ghi ny cng c t mu xm. Tn hiu iu khin cho khi ny c thc hin trong my trng thi thit lp la chn cho cc b ghp knh mi chu k khc nhau. ng x l d liu logic vng yu cu thc hin trong 16 chu k ng h hon thnh qu trnh m ho cho mi mtt khi d liu. Do , my trng thi cng gm 16 trng thi iu khin cc la chn tng ng.
- 90 -
Hnh 4.10: ng x l d liu trong khi logic vng 4.4.5 Lp thi gian biu cho kho m Chng trnh lp thi gian biu cho kho m nhn kho K 128 bit u vo to kho vng KL ( di 32bit), KO ( di 48 bit) v KI ( di 48 bit) s dng trong mi vng. Cc hnh v trn u trnh by cch s dng cc kho ny trong mi khi chc nng. Mi kho vng c chia thnh hai hoc ba
- 91 -
phn c di 16 bit, mi phn ny do chng trnh lp thi gian biu cho kho tnh ton trc tip to ra. Kho ban u K c chia thnh tm phn bng nhau c di 16 bit gi l Ki , 0<i<9, sau chng trnh thc hin ton t quay tri tnh gi tr Ki, trong Ki c tnh nh sau : Ki = Ki xor C i (1) trong Ci l hng s c t trong chun m ho KASUMI. Hnh 4.11a m t khi lp thi gian biu to kho s dng trong thit k ny, v cng d dng thch hp vi c cc thit k khc. Trong thit k ny, u ra ca khi c hi tip ngc tr li u vo. u vo ca khi ban u c khi to l gi tr ca khi 16 bit v hng s Ci 16 bit. T , kho vng c to ra bng cch kt hp hai gi tr u vo v thc hin dch tri mt v tr.
(a) Khi lp thi gian biu cho kho
(b) B chia tn s ng h cho hai
- 92 -
Hnh 4.11: Cc thnh phn ca h thng lp thi gian biu cho kho m. Lu l thit k cho logic vng nh m t trn yu cu mi mt tp kho vng khc nhau trong hai chu k ng h, v th chng trnh lp thi gian biu to kho cng phi gi nguyn trong hai chu k . V vy, tn hiu ng h cho khi lp thigian biu to kho phi c tn s bng mt na tn s ng h cho khi logic vng.
4.5 Kt chng
Trong chng ny so snh nh gi ng dng cc thut ton bo mt trn c s phn cng cng nh phn mm. Vi gi thnh ngy cng r v tch hp cao, phn cng c kh nng lp trnh c rt thch hp vi cc ng dng ln, i hi kh nng x l ln vi tc cao. Chng ny cng trnh by thit k c bn thut ton KASUMI theo kin trc ca 3GPP trn FPGA cho php ti s dng cc khi chc nng c bn. Kin trc ny c pht trin nhm t c cn bng gia hiu nng cao v ti nguyn ca FPGA. c im chnh ca kin trc ny l : khi mc cao ti s dng cc khi mc thp, cho php gim tng s chu k thc hin thut ton, s dng khi nh hai cng BlockRAM lm cc khi S-box v thit k chng trnh lp thi gian biu cho kho n gin s dng b chia tn s ng h. Thit k ny c th c s dng nh mt b x l tn hiu c lp hay mt khi chc nng ca b x l ln hn trong cc thnh phn mng UMTS nh my di ng (ME) hay B iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC).
- 93 -
KT LUN
Sau khi thc hin xong n tt nghip ny em thu c mt s kt qu nh sau : 1) Tm hiu v nghin cu cc th tc nhn thc v bo mt trong mng GSM v W-CDMA. 2) Ngin cu cc thut ton mt m ha kha i xng cng nh bt i xng, c bit l thut ton KASUMI ng dng trong cc h thng thng tin di ng th h Ba
3) Nghin cu cu trc, ngn ng cng nh phng php thit k mch
logic s s dng FPGA. Tm hiu thit k thut ton KASUMI trn FPGA. Tuy nhin, do thi gian cng nh kh nng nghin cu cn c hn nn bn n ny cng khng trnh khi thiu st, v vy em mong rng s nhn dc s ng gp ca cc thy c v cc bn ti ny c hon thin hn. Mt ln na em xin by t lng bit n ti cc thy c gio trong khoa K thut in t v khoa Vin thng to iu kin cho em hon thnh ni dung n. c bit em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio Phm Khc Ch hng dn em thc hin n ny. H Ni, ngy 24 thng 10 nm 2005
Nguyn Vn Qung
- 94 -
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. TS.Nguyn Pham Anh Dung. Thng tin di ng th h Ba, Nh xut
bn Bu in, 2004
2. TS.Nguyn Pham Anh Dung. Thng tin di ng, Nh xut bn Bu
in, 2001
3. TS.Nguyn Pham Anh Dung. Thng tin di ng GSM, Nh xut bn
Bu in, 1997.
4. Randall K. Nichols, Panos C. Lekkas. Wireless security, McGraw-
Hill, 2002
5. Roger J. Sutton, Secure Communications: Applications
and Management, John Wiley & Sons, 2002

6. Keiji Tachikawa, W-CDMA: Mobile Communications System, John
Wiley & Sons, 2002

7. Flavio Muratore, UMTS Mobile Communication for the Future, John
Wiley & Sons, 2001

8. Toms
Balderas-Contreras Ren A. Cumplido-Parra, Security Architecture in UMTS Third Generation Cellular Networks , National Institude of Optical and Electronic, Mexico, 2004 FPGA Architecture for Block Ciphering in Third Generation Cellular Networks , National Institude of Optical and Electronic, Mexico, 2004
9. Toms Balderas-Contreras and Ren A. Cumplido-Parra, An Efficient
10. www.3gpp.org 11. www.xilinx.com 12. www.fpgaworld.com 13. www.eecs.berkeley.edu
- 95 -

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MC LC

1.2 Cc thut ton m ho...............................................................................7

1.3 Qun l kho mt m..............................................................................13

1.4 nh gi cc thit b m ha...................................................................25

Chng II...........................................................................................................28 KIN TRC BO MT MNG GSM...........................................................28

2.2 c im bo mt ca mng GSM.........................................................34

2.3 Cc ch bo mt theo yu cu ngi dng GSM...............................43

2.4 Qun l kho mt m..............................................................................53

2.5 H thng v tuyn gi chung..................................................................54

CHNG III.....................................................................................................57 KIN TRC BO MT MNG W-CDMA..................................................57

Chng IV .........................................................................................................76 NG DNG FPGA TRONG BO MT V TUYN..................................76

CLB COA DCM DES DH DLL DNS DSP EIR

RSA SIM SK SOC SYM TMSI UMTS USIM

H Ni, ngy 24 thng 10 nm 2005

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

CHNG 1 GII THIU CHUNG V BO MT V TUYN

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Kho bmt (SK)

Kho bmt (SK)

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Hnh 1.5 Phng thc iu khin truy nhp yu cu/p ng

1.2 Cc thut ton m ho

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

1.3 Qun l kho mt m

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Phn phi kha

Chu k sng ca kha m

Kch hot kha v s dng

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

iu khin I/O Vi x l ng h & Watchdog

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Nguyn Vn Qung - D2001VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v bo mt v

Dli kho u c m ho bng kho vn chuy KTK n

Thut ton qun l kho

Thut ton ng dng