Version 11.

Module 5
Piping Design

Training Manual

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Contents
Session

1 ..................................................................... 1-1

Objectives .................................................................................................. 1-1 Must Know Points ...................................................................................... 1-2 Piping in PDMS: Basic Concepts ............................................................... 1-3 Piping Specifications .................................................................................. 1-4 Setting the Appropriate Specification ......................................................... 1-4 Branches.................................................................................................... 1-5 Branch Heads and Tails............................................................................. 1-5 Fittings ....................................................................................................... 1-7 Creating Branch Members ......................................................................... 1-8 List Order ................................................................................................... 1-9 Selecting the Component from the Specification ....................................... 1-9 Automatic Positioning and Orientation of New Components.................... 1-10 Positioning and Setting the Orientation of Components........................... 1-10 Arrive and Leave Points ........................................................................... 1-12 The Piping Application - A Worked Example............................................ 1-16 Exercise 1 ................................................................................................ 1-24 Orientation and Positioning Components in Falling Pipelines .................. 1-25 Positioning ............................................................................................... 1-26 Copying Branches.................................................................................... 1-32 Exercise 2 ................................................................................................ 1-32

Session

2 ..................................................................... 2-1

Data Consistency Checker .......................................................................... 2-1 Objectives .................................................................................................. 2-1 Must Know Points ...................................................................................... 2-1 Possible Types of Data Error ..................................................................... 2-2 Starting the Data Consistency Checks....................................................... 2-3 The Diagnostic Messages.......................................................................... 2-4 Some Examples of Diagnostic Messages .................................................. 2-6 Exercise 3 ................................................................................................ 2-10

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Session
Pipework Modelling

Pipe routing is probably the activity that consumes most time on any large project and it is also one, which causes the most problems. Pipe routing in PDMS has always been one of the major strengths of the system, as you will discover in this module.

Objectives
At the end of this module, you will able to: Explain the basic concepts of pipes and branches. Describe the use of piping specifications in PDMS. Have a sound knowledge of branch heads and tails and the importance of component list order and flow direction within a branch. Understand how to create, position and orientate piping components. Describe all the functionality of the Create Components form. Understand the catalogue point configurations for standard components. Orient and position components in falling lines. Understand more complex positioning with relation to other design items.

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Must Know Points

The following points need to be understood by the trainees: Understanding of the basic hierarchy and what elements can be created. How to navigate around the database. Basic understanding of the concepts of attributes. Origin (P0) points and axes. Querying the current attribute settings. How to change the settings of an attribute.

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Piping in PDMS: Basic Concepts

PIPE BRANCH
BEND ELBOW VALVE

Etc.

Figure 1 There is a separate design hierarchy for pipe routing, as shown in Figure 1. In principle, each pipe element may own a number of branches. In turn, branches may own a number of piping components like valves and reducers. The difference between pipes and branches is that a branch is only considered to have two ends, while a pipe may have any number of ends, depending on the number of branches it owns. Figure 2 shows a pipe with three ends and two branches, where the second branch is connected to the first at the tee.

Branch 1

Tee

Branch 2

Figure 2

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This brings in another rule that says that although a branch only has two ends, it may own components (in this case a tee), which connect to other branches. These simple concepts enable any number of piping configurations to be developed, and form the basis of all the PDMS pipework you will encounter.

Piping Specifications
In the same way that design offices have standard piping specifications, PDMS has a set of specifications from which you can choose. In fact all the components you will use in PDMS must be defined in the Catalogue and be placed in a Specification before you can use them. In the Training Project there are three such specifications: A1A-TRA A3B-TRA F1C-TRA = = = ANSI CLASS 150 CARBON STEEL ANSI CLASS 300 CARBON STEEL ANSI CLASS 150 STAINLESS STEEL

These specifications contain all the fittings you will require for the course exercises.

Setting the Appropriate Specification

The first task when building a pipe is to decide which specification you are going to use. For the Training Project, the first letter in the pipe name represents the specification to be used. For example, the pipe /150-B-5 has the letter B to represent the specification. The specification letters are as follows: A = /A1A-TRA B = /A3B-TRA C = /F1C-TRA Having decided on the appropriate specification, this is then set as an attribute of the pipe. Any subsequent branches will automatically be assigned with the same specification (although this can be re-specified if required).

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Branches
Branches serve two purposes: 1. They define the start and finish points of a pipe route (known as the Head and Tail in PDMS). 2. They own the piping components, which define the route. The position and order of the piping components below branch level determine the physical route. In PDMS you only ever need to consider the fittings, because the pipe that appears between fittings is automatically set by PDMS according to the specifications of the0 fittings.

Branch Heads and Tails

All branches need to have a start and end point. These can be a position in space (3D co-ordinates), the flange face of a nozzle, a tee or various other points in your design. Heads and tails are set up via a series of attributes that belong to the branch element.

Gasket 1

Flange

Head is at face of Nozzle 1 Tail is at face of Nozzle 2 Elbow

Nozzle 1 Elbow

Direction of Flow

Gasket 2

Nozzle 2

Flange
Figure 3

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The attributes for heads of branches are: HPOS The position in the zone where the branch starts. HCON The connection type of the branch end (Up to a 4 character code for flanged, butt weld, screwed, etc.). HDIR The direction in which the start of the branch is pointing (as if you were looking down the bore). HBOR The bore of the pipe (this can be metric or imperial). HREF The name of the item to which the branch head is connected (e.g. C1101N1). If this is not set, then the branch is open to the atmosphere for a vent or drain. HSTU This is a reference to the catalogue which determines the material of the first piece of pipe, between the start of the branch and the first fitting (this still needs to be set, even if there is a fitting connected directly to the head). The attributes for tails of branches are: TPOS The position in the zone where the branch ends. TCON The connection type of the branch end (Up to a 4 character code for flanged, butt weld, screwed, etc.). TDIR The direction in which the end of the branch is pointing (as if you were looking back down the bore). TBOR The bore of the pipe (this can be metric or imperial). TREF The name of the item to which the branch tail is connected (e.g. /C1101-N1). If this is not set, then the branch is open to the atmosphere for a vent or drain. You do not need to specify each of these attributes every time you create a branch. On most occasions when you set a head or tail, you will be connecting to another pipe or to a nozzle. The act of connecting to another item sets all the attributes at once.

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Fittings
When you first define a head and tail for a branch, your branch will consist of one piece of pipe running in a straight line between the head and tail positions. This will appear as a dotted line between the two points unless the head and tail are aligned along a common axis and have the same bore. (The dotted line indicates that branch route is geometrically incorrect.) Head

Tail

Figure 4 The next step in designing a pipe is to create and position a series of fittings, which define the pipe route you require. Just as on a drawing board, you need to decide which mechanical components are needed in order to satisfy the requirements of the process. The components must be arranged so that the pipe meets its design needs. However, unlike on the drawing board, you do not need to know any fitting dimensions, PDMS derives these automatically from the catalogue. To create piping fittings, you need to select an item from the list of fittings available to you. The main types of fitting available are as follows: ELBOW TEE VALVE GASKET REDUCER FLANGE

For all piping components, you will need to carry out the following steps: Select the component from the piping specification. Position the component. Set the orientation.

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Creating Branch Members

To create a piping component select Create>Components. The following form will be displayed.

Figure 5 The Specification (SPREF) will be set to that of the pipe, but you may choose a component from another specification. Normally you will define the branch members in Forwards mode, that is one after the other, starting at the head. Sometimes it is more convenient to build your branch from the tail first. Then you will need to work in Backwards mode. Depress the Auto Conn button. This will ensure that components are automatically connected to the previous one. Select the component from the scrollable list then hit Create. The component will be displayed alongside the previous one. Use the Direct or Rotate buttons on the form to position your component correctly.

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List Order
With equipment and structures, the order in which you create items is of no importance to the final outcome. With piping components, the order in which they are laid out, as well as their individual positions and orientations, determines the final pipe route. Below is an example Members list showing the components of a branch /100-B-1/B1

Current Element (VALV 1)

Figure 6 Any new item in the branch will appear after the item you were at when you select Create. The new item then becomes the current element. The only slight deviation from this is when you are at a new branch, in which case the new item will be the first item in the branch. If the current element is GASKET No. 2 (item 5 in the list. Then a new valve will immediately follow the gasket and will become the current element, thus allowing you to follow it with the next component. List order will become second nature to you after you have created a number of branches, but for the time being you should be aware of it and should consider carefully where your next item is going to be inserted.

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Selecting the Component from the Specification

When you select a component, say a reducer, from the catalogue, there are often a number of choices you can make. The description of the item can be presented to you in one of three ways: BASIC TEXT ALL the least amount of information is displayed description and material displayed all available data shown

This can be set by selecting the following form Settings>Choose Options. This allows you to select any of the above options. This setting will depend on the amount of information that has been stored. You can also set the Auto Connect option from this form.

Figure 7

Automatic Positioning and Orientation of New Components

When you select a component, you will notice that in many cases you do not need to go through the stages of positioning and orientation. This is because the component is automatically connected to the previous one. In some cases you will get a message that the components are incompatible and should not be connected. This is a warning, which indicates that you must reposition the component in order to achieve the correct connectivity. For components such as elbows and tees, the orientation is unlikely to be correct in every case, so you will still need to set the orientation afterwards.

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Positioning and Setting the Orientation of Components

Having created and chosen a component, the next stage is to position it and then set its orientation. When you select the component, there is an option which by default automatically connects the component to the previous component (or to the branch head if it is the first component). This is particularly useful for gaskets and flanges etc., but not very useful for elbows and tees because they require a direction for the second end to be defined. Components can be positioned using the lower buttons on the Piping Components form, or by using any selection from the Modify, Position or Orientate options from the Pipework Application menu. The last button on the Piping Components form can be set to Spool or Distance for positioning a component. The Spool distance is the distance between the Pleave of one component and the P-arrive of the next component. The Distance is the actual distance between the P0s of both components. See Figure 8.

SPOOL P0 P0

DISTANCE

Figure 8

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Arrive and Leave Points

Piping components have Ppoints (similar to those for equipment primitives). The significance of ppoints is twofold. First, they define the connection points, and second, they determine the branch flow through the component by means of Arrive and Leave attributes. For the reducer shown in Figure 9, you will see that the large end is at P1 and the small end is at P2. If you use this component to increase the bore of the branch, the flow in the direction of the branch will be from P2 to P1. In order to tell PDMS the flow direction you want, you set two numeric attributes, Arrive and Leave, to the p point numbers you want. In this case, Arrive would be set to 2 and Leave would be set to 1. (The default is Arrive 1 Leave 2). Z P2

Y X P1

P3

Figure 9 Reducer
Z P2 Y P0 P1 X

Figure 10 - Couplings/Nipples

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P0 P1 P2

Figure 11 - Bends/Elbows

Y P2

P0 P1

Figure 12 Nozzles

Z P2 P1 P0 X Y

Figure 13 - Caps/Plugs/Blind Flanges

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Z Y P0 X

P2

P1

P3

Figure 14 - Tees/Branch Fittings/Olet Fittings

P2

Z P0 P1 Flange Face

Y X

Figure 15 Flange

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P2 Y

P0

P1
Figure 16 - Gate Valve/Ball Valve etc.

P3 X

P2 Y

P0 P1 X

Figure 17 - Check Valve

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The Piping Application - A Worked Example

The tasks of setting up pipes, branches and components are simplified by the use of forms and menus. The main thing to remember when using the application is which specification you are currently using as a default. The course exercises will illustrate different means of pipe routing by giving examples of many of the situations you will encounter. The following worked example demonstrates how to build up the piping component sequence illustrated in Figure 18. It assumes that you have already set your default specification to A3B.

Figure 18

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BRANCH /100-B-8/B1 showing input sequence Function Form and Location Create>Zone Create > Zone or Navigate to the existing Pipe Zone (/PIPE.ZONE) Set Zone Purpose to PIPE Create>Pipe Create > Pipe When you choose OK, a Create Branch form (of similar format) is shown automatically Notes Create hierarchy in which branch is to be routed. You may have created a piping zone /PIPE.ZONE earlier.

Create>Branch After pressing OK on previous form When you choose OK, a Connect Branch form is shown.

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Function

Form and Location Connect>Branch

Notes This form allows the head and tail connections to be specified. Join head to D1201-N3 and tail to P1501AN1 This leaves a dotted line joining the head and tail The form is finally dismissed

Connect each end of branch to its termination point (head and tail)

The branch head Create>Component is attached to a flanged nozzle, we will now choose a matching flange and gasket (as an Assembly) which will be connected to the head automatically. Press the Create button

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Function The Standard Assemblies option form is shown. Choose Gasket Flange to Head then press the Apply button.

Form and Location

Notes

Figure 18 (pipe reference 1)

Because the default button on the Piping Components form is not set, you will be shown a form giving the available flange options. Pick one and press OK. This is the default appearance of the Choose form, with no components description If you need to change the representation of the choices, select Settings > Choose Options then select All

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Function

Form and Location Create>Component

Notes

Create an elbow from the Piping Components list

The elbow will be connected to the previous flange because Auto Conn has been switched ON.

The Piping Components form will now be left on display until the entire pipe has been routed.

Figure 18 (pipe reference 2) Select the first option given when selecting the elbow from the list.

We will now position the elbow from the flange, by entering a value

Enter 500 in the field beside the button marked Spool then select the option Distance from this choice, this will then position the elbow at the desired position.

The elbows origin (P0) is positioned 500mm along the branch from the (P0) of the previous flange.

The leave side of the elbow must now be oriented to the required direction

Select the Direction option menu, choose the Direct W option, this will re-orient the elbow (CE) to face West.

The elbows direction should be facing West, as shown in Figure 18

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Function

Form and Location Position > Component > Plane Through

Notes

Create a second elbow, set the position and leave direction

Figure 18 (pipe reference 3) Position the elbow at a West of 313575, and orient the leave direction to point North.

A weld neck flange is created, then a further gasket, then a gate valve is positioned using (P3) to orientate the handwheel. After the valve follows another gasket and weld neck flange. As you can see from the Members list.

Figure 18 (Pipe references 4 and 5) Set P3 as Up

Figure 18 (pipe reference 6)

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Note: For the previous FLAN/GASK/VALV/GASK/FLAN configuration, you could use an Assembly on the Create Components form, you would see the Standard Assemblies form again. At this point it would be better to input the remaining components by working backwards from the tail of the branch, you must first press the Backwards button on the Piping Components form, then ensuring that you are positioned at the BRANch position in the Members list. As shown above:

Function We will now create a flange and gasket assembly at the tail.

Form and Location Using the Create Component form, with Auto Conn switched on, to create the flange/gasket assembly Position > Component> Plane Through

Notes Figure 18 (Pipe references 7 and 8)

Next, create an elbow, and set the position and leave direction

Figure 18 (Pipe reference 9) Position the elbow at a North of 302600, and orient the leave direction to point West.

Create a FLAN/GASK/VALV/G ASK/FLAN either by normal placement of components, or by using the assembly method, selecting Flanged Valve Set to Fitting

Figure 18 (pipe reference11)

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Function

Form and Location Modify>Component>Arrive/Leave

Notes For the current tee we require the arrive to be set to P3. (Dont forget we are in backwards mode)

After creating the tee we have to modify the Arrive/Leave conditions as the default condition is to arrive on P1 and leave on P2.

Thro Next We now need to position the tee relative to the remaining pipe work Figure 18 (pipe reference 12) Position the tee relative to the valve set at references 4, 5 and 6. Figure 18 (pipe reference 10) Position the elbow relative to the valve set at references 4, 5 and 6., and set leave direction south

Finally we create an elbow to complete the branch.

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To complete the pipe create a second Branch that connects the tee to the second pump, build up the Branch components as before.

Exercise 1
Start to build up the pipework on the plant. Select Design>Pipework to load the piping application. Refer to the drawings for positions and components required along each pipe. Remember to select the correct specification for each pipe. Initially, create the following pipes: 80-B-7 150-B-6 250-B-5 200-B-4 In general, the naming convention of the pipes is built up from pipe size, the third character of the specification (A3B-TRA) and a line number.

Attempt the rest of the pipes in any order, your Trainer will offer assistance as required.

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Orientation and Positioning Components in Falling Pipelines

The example we looked through previously involved only orthogonal pipelines, that is, all lengths of tube were either horizontal or vertical. In practice, you often need to include lengths of tube, which slope at angles between these. We will now see how this is done.

Orientation

Figure 19 Orientate>Component>Slope

The Auto Slope form lets you set the leave direction either up or down. You can specify the slope either as a rate of fall or as an angle.

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Positioning

Figure 20 Position>Component>Plane Through

The Plane Through form lets you position the current element using a specific coordinate, as in this example, or by using the cursor, or with respect to any other previously positioned item.

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Positioning Piping Items Relative to Other Design Items

You often need to position a piping component so that it, or its attached tube, is either just touching, or is a fixed distance from, another element in the design (another piping item, a structural beam or column, etc.). Until now we have always identified the position of a piping item by reference to its centreline (more strictly, its origin or P0). For relative positioning, it is often more convenient to use one of the extremities of the item as the reference, such as the topofpipe (ToP) or bottomofpipe (BoP), as we shall see in the following examples.

Figure 21 - Position>Component>BoP/ToP (Infront)

Note: BoP/ToP in this context refer to the same point, namely the furthest side of the component. Thus, the form settings Top of Pipe Clearance 50 Infront ID Cursor would achieve the same result. This applies in both forwards and backwards modes.

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Figure 22 - Position>Component>BoP/Top (Behind) Note: As in the preceding example, BoP/ToP here refer to the same point. Thus, the form settings Top of Pipe Clearance 50 Behind - D Cursor would achieve the same result. For nonorthogonal pipelines, the following options are applicable:

Bottom of Pipe Clearance 50 Onto ID Cursor

constrained centreline

50

picked with cursor

/BEAM

50

Bottom of Pipe Clearance 50 Under ID Cursor

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Figure 23 - Positioning Onto/Under another Item

constrained centreline

Bottom of Pipe Clearance 50 Infront ID Cursor

50

picked with cursor

/BEAM

50 Bottom of Pipe Clearance 50 Behind ID Cursor

Figure 24 -Positioning Infront/Behind another Item

Figure 25 - Position>Component>Clearance (Infront)

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Note: The form settings Clearance achieve the same result in this example.

50

Onto

ID Cursor

would

Figure 26 - Position>Component>Clearance (Behind) Note: The form settings Clearance result in this example.
5

Under

ID

would achieve the same

For nonorthogonal pipelines, the following options are applicable:

Clearance 50 Onto ID Cursor

constrained centreline

50

picked with cursor

/BEAM

50

Clearance 50 Under ID Cursor

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Figure 27 - Positioning with Clearance Onto/Under another Item

constrained centreline

Clearance 50 Infront ID Cursor 50

picked with cursor

/BEAM

50 Clearance 50 Behind ID Cursor

Figure 28 - Positioning with Clearance Infront / Behind another Item

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Copying Branches
If you have branches of a pipe that contain similar components you may copy a complete branch then move it into position. To create a copy, select the branch to be copied then choose Create > Copy > Offset This will display the Copy form we have seen earlier. Complete the form then select OK. You will need to reconnect the branch head and tail and also rename the new branch.

Exercise 2
Try building the pipe 150-A-57 in accordance with the drawings, with the exception of the two branches that meet at the tee. Make these sloping pipes. Try using the copy option.

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Session
Data Consistency Checker

This module shows you how to check the logical consistency of your design data, enabling you to find and correct the most common types of design error. You will normally carry out data consistency checks before you run the clash detection facilities. It is more convenient to do a data check on individual pipes than to do the whole Plant in one go. There may be too many errors to sort out at once.

Objectives
At the end of this module, you will able to:

Understand the difference between errors and warnings . Describe clearly some of the more common errors. Run a check to screen or file. Specify Parameters and Tolerances. Understand most of the diagnostic messages.

Must Know Points

The following points need to be understood by the trainees. The importance of correctly positioned and orientated piping components How components are connected and the significance of different connection types How tube is manipulated within a design sequence. How elements can reference each other

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Possible Types of Data Error

The data consistency checking utility, available within DESIGNs Piping and Structural applications, checks the following aspects of your design (piping examples shown): Angular Alignment Checks that components which are to be connected together are aligned in the same direction:
PA is W30N PL is E

Axial Alignment Checks that components which are to be connected together are aligned on a common axis:
offset axes

Consistent Bores Checks that components which are to be connected together have consistent bores:
Leave Bore 50 Arrive Bore 100

Connection Types Checks that components which are to be connected together have compatible connection types:
Flange connection Screwed connection

Minimum Tube Length Checks that no length of tube is less than a prescribed minimum (which may depend on its bore).
Component A Component B

Tube too short to allow for practical assembly

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Starting the Data Consistency Checks

To carry out data consistency checking from within the Piping application, select Utilities>Data Consistency. You will see the following form:

By using this form, you can generate a diagnostic report on the data consistency of any part of your design. You may list the report on your screen (in the area in the lower half of the form), or you may send it to a file from which you can print a hard copy version. Select Terminal or File and, in the latter case, specify the directory and filename. Choose the hierarchic level at which you want to check the design using the Check list near top left of the form. The default is the current element. Specifying Parameters and Tolerances The data checking utility allows a margin of acceptable error before it diagnoses that you may have a problem. These builtin tolerances have default values, but you may set your own values if you prefer. As an example, by default your report will warn you of all lengths of tube in your design which are shorter than 100mm. This allows you to decide whether each such length is adequate for welding procedures, bolt withdrawal, access, and so on. You can change the acceptable minimum length from 100mm, and may set different minima for up to ten different pipe bore ranges if you wish. For example: A minimum length of 150mm for bores between 25 and 50.

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A minimum length of 300mm for bores between 50 and 100. To change any of the consistency check tolerances, use the appropriate Parameters button on the form (Piping for our current examples). You will see a subsidiary form on which you can change any of the current tolerances before carrying out the data checks.

The Report Format

The report comprises a header, giving the date and time, followed by an itemised list of the elements being checked, together with numbered diagnostic messages describing any potential problems. For example: DATE 11 FEBRUARY 99 TIME 14.12 PIPE /PIPE2 BRAN /PIPE2/B1 B 10 TAIL REFERENCE NOT SET END If no problems are found, you will see the message: *** NO DATA INCONSISTENCIES ***

The Diagnostic Messages

You will find a full list of the data consistency diagnostic messages, each identified by a reference number, in the DESIGN Reference Manual. With experience, you will be able to identify which messages indicate errors which must be corrected, and which are merely warnings of potential problems. As an example, we will consider the design feature shown below, namely a Pipe to Pipe connection, and will look at some of the messages which might result.

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A230

GASK

HEAD

TAIL

FLAN

PArrive

FLOW

PLeave

GBD D430 (On GASK)

HCONN FBD B230

TCONN GBD

FBD

E730 (On FLAN) PIPE B

PIPE A

The connection as shown is a valid one. If any of the connection types were changed, you might see the following messages: A230 CONNECTION TYPE HCONN NOT SAME AS TERMINAL CONNECTION TYPE The connection types FBD-FBD in this example must be the same. B230 CONNECTION TYPE TCONN NOT SAME AS TERMINAL CONNECTION TYPE The connection types GBD-GBD in this example must be the same. D430 BAD ARRIVE CONNECTION TYPE The connection types GBD-FBD in this example must be listed as compatible in the COCO tables. E730 LEAVE CONNECTION TYPE (of the Flange) NOT COMPATIBLE WITH TCONN The connection types FBD-GBD in this example must be listed as compatible in the COCO tables.

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Some Examples of Diagnostic Messages

The following examples explain the significance of some of the messages you might see during this training course: BranchSpecific Diagnostics Branch Head Errors The following diagnostics apply only to the Head of a Branch: A 10 HEAD REFERENCE NOT SET The Head reference should only be unset (i.e. zero) if the Head Connection Type HCONN is set to OPEN, VENT, CLOS or DRAN. A 20 HEAD REFERENCE POINTS TO NONEXISTENT ELEMENT This error would result from the deletion of a component, such as a Nozzle, to which the Head of the Branch was originally connected. A 30 BAD HEAD RETURN REFERENCE The Head is connected to an element that does not refer back to the Branch. This can occur when the Head of a Branch is connected to another Branch, implying that a Tee should be placed somewhere along the second Branch. The error can also occur when two or more branches are inadvertently connected to the same terminal. A200 DIRECTION HDIR NOT SAME AS TERMINAL DIRECTION If the Head is connected to a terminal, such as a Nozzle or Tee, then the direction HDIR should always be identical to that of the appropriate ppoint of the terminal. A210 POSITION HPOS NOT SAME AS TERMINAL POSITION If the Head is connected to a terminal, such as a Nozzle or Tee, then the position HPOS should always be identical to that of the appropriate ppoint of the terminal. A230 CONNECTION TYPE HCONN NOT SAME AS TERMINAL CONNECTION TYPE If the Head is connected to a terminal, such as a Nozzle or Tee, then the connection type HCONN should always be identical to that of the appropriate ppoint of the terminal. A300 REFERENCE HSTUBE UNSET There is more than 1mm of tube between the Head and the parrive of the first Component (or the Tail), but HSTUBE is unset. A310 REFERENCE HSTUBE REFERS TO A NONEXISTENT SPCOM This may occur if part of the Specification has been deleted. A320 HSTUBE PROBLEM, CATREF IN SPCOM IS UNSET This indicates an error in the Specification.

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A330 HSTUBE PROBLEM, CATREF IN THE SPCOM REFERS TO NONEXISTENT Catalogue COMPONENT This may occur if part of the Catalogue has been deleted or if the CATREF is unset. A400 HBORE NOT SAME AS BORE OF HSTUBE The bore of any tube leading from the Head, determined from the Catalogue, should always be identical to HBORE. A410 HCON NOT COMPATIBLE WITH CONNECTION TYPE OF HSTUBE The connection type of any tube leading from the Head, determined from the Catalogue, should be compatible with HCONN. A420 ISPEC REFERENCE POINTS TO NONEXISTENT ELEMENT This error would occur if, for example, the Insulation Specification pointed to by ISPEC had been deleted. Branch Tail Errors The same type of errors may occur to the Tail of a Branch. The message numbers are the same as for the Head errors but are preceded by a B. For example: B 10 TAIL REFERENCE NOT SET The Tail reference should only be unset (i.e. zero) if the Tail connection type TCONN is set to OPEN, VENT, CLOS or DRAN. Plain Branch Errors The following diagnostics can occur only for Branches with no piping components: C500 TUBE TOO SHORT BETWEEN HEAD AND TAIL The distance between the Head position, HPOS, and the Tail position, TPOS, is greater than zero and less than the specified minimum tube length (default: 100mm). C510 BAD HEAD TO TAIL GEOMETRY Either the Head position, HPOS, does not lie at a positive distance along the line through TPOS in the direction TDIR or the Tail position, TPOS, does not lie at a positive distance along the line through HPOS in the direction HDIR. The following illustration shows some typical examples:

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C520 HBORE NOT SAME AS TBORE When there are no components on the branch, the Head bore, HBORE, should be identical to the Tail bore, TBORE. C530 HCONN IS NOT COMPATIBLE WITH TCONN This implies that the Head is connected directly to the Tail with no Tube or piping components in between; hence the Head connection type, HCONN, must be compatible with the Tail connection type, TCONN. C540 THIS BRANCH HAS NO COMPONENTS This does not necessarily indicate an error. It is output as a warning. ComponentSpecific Diagnostics The following errors apply to individual piping components and, in some cases, to their adjacent connections. Some of the errors also apply to Nozzles. AllComponent Diagnostics These are applicable to any component, regardless of its position in the network: D100 REFERENCE SPREF UNSET This probably means that you have forgotten to choose the piping component correctly. D300 CONN REFERENCE NOT SET Multiway Components may be left unconnected only if the connection type of the relevant ppoint is OPEN, CLOS, VENT, DRAN or NULL. D310 CONN REFERENCE POINTS TO NONEXISTENT BRANCH This may occur if the Branch which is pointed to by the CONN reference has been deleted.

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D320 BAD CONN RETURN REFERENCE This may occur if the Branch which is pointed to by the CONN reference has been reconnected to another terminal. D400 ARRIVE TUBE LESS THAN TUBE MINIMUM. ACTUAL TUBE LENGTH IS ... The distance between the arrive ppoint of this component and the leave ppoint of the previous component (or Head) is greater than zero and less than the specified minimum tube length (default: 100mm). D410 BAD ARRIVE GEOMETRY The position and direction of the arrive ppoint of this component are not correct with respect to the leave ppoint of the previous component (or Head). The error could be caused by incorrect positioning of this component, the previous component (or Head) or both. The following illustration shows some typical examples:

D420 BAD ARRIVE BORE The bore of the arrive ppoint of this component is not equal to the bore of the preceding tube or, if this component is not preceded by tube, to the bore of the leave ppoint of the previous component (or HBORE). D430 BAD ARRIVE CONNECTION TYPE The connection type of the arrive ppoint of this component is not compatible with the preceding tube or, if this component is not preceded by tube, to the connection type of the leave ppoint of the previous component (or HCONN). D500 REFERENCE LSTUBE UNSET You have probably forgotten to select the piping Component. D600 LEAVE BORE NOT SAME AS BORE OF LSTUBE

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The bore of the leave ppoint of this Component is not the same as the bore of the tube following the Component. D610 LEAVE CONNECTION TYPE NOT COMPATIBLE WITH CONNECTION TYPE OF LSTUBE The connection type of the leave ppoint of this Component is not compatible with the tube following the component. EndComponent Diagnostics These are applicable only to the last component in a Branch: E700 LEAVE TUBE LESS THAN TUBE MINIMUM. ACTUAL TUBE LENGTH IS ... The distance between the leave ppoint of the current component and the tail position, TPOS, is greater than zero and less than the specified minimum tube length (default: 100mm). E710 BAD LEAVE GEOMETRY The position and direction of the leave ppoint of this component are not correct with respect to the position, TPOS, and direction, TDIR, of the tail. The error could be caused by incorrect positioning of this component, the Tail, or both. E720 LEAVE BORE NOT SAME AS TBORE The bore of the leave ppoint of this component is not the same as the tail bore, TBORE. E730 LEAVE CONNECTION TYPE NOT COMPATIBLE WITH TCONN The connection type of the leave ppoint of this component is not compatible with the tail connection type TCONN.

Exercise 3
Data consistency check all the pipes you have created so far. Try to correct any inconsistencies. Continue building the rest of the pipework, checking each one as you build it.

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