NURTURE THE FUTURE

S.A.HAIDER ALI AMS COLL OF ENGG ECE DEPT(3RD YEAR) haider6030@gmail.com

K.A.FAHIM AHMED AMS COLL OF ENGG ECE DEPT(3RD YEAR) fahimahmed45@yahoo.com

V.I.MD JAMEEL AMS COLL OF ENGG ECE DEPT(3RD YEAR) jameelsid@facebook.com

F.MD ASBAR AMS COLL OF ENGG ECE DEPT(3RD YEAR) aspok25@gmail.com

K. MD NIZAM AMS COLL OF ENGG ECE DEPT(3RD YEAR) nizam.kolsawala@gmail.com

R.ABUTHAHIR AMS COLL OF ENGG ECE DEPT(3RD YEAR) abu.rifa007@gmail.com

M.MD AASIM AMS COLL OF ENGG ECE DEPT(3RD YEAR) Aasim619619@gmail.com

A.J.ABDUL MAJID TAHA AMS COLL OF ENGG ECE DEPT(3RD YEAR) ehtishaam.taha3@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
In this paper we would like to present the issues, we have collected from various books and internet sources regarding the climatic changes and how to control this disaster to safeguard our future generation. Our paper contains some existing as well as innovative ideas to reduce the threats imposed to the nature like ozone depletion and greenhouse effect. We are currently on a research to control the emission of CO2 and CFC, replacement of plastics. We have gone through some gadget contributions towards the conservation of ecosystem and the electronic projects that is awaiting. Our paper will also aim to review the causes for climatic changes, how to reduce global warming, steps to control emission of unwanted gases and strict policies for saving our planet and ecosystem. Based on the available facts and information, we have framed this, simple and effective to implement it in practical life. Our paper will focus on highlighting simple ignored facts to major threatening issues against nature- and provide framework for observation, implementation and war footing action.

1.CONTEXT OF THE STUDY

Greenhouse gas emission are the major threat to our world currently. If, the current stage is gonna continue then we have to go back to the stone age. Man invented everything for the sophistication of life, but he didnt realized his actually discomforting and destroying the world. After everything seems to go out of hand, now we all are trying to save our planet. In this paper, we have made some analysis of the environmental affecting factors around the world and also tried to highlight the steps to be followed to safeguard our future. This paper also deals with some of the possible steps and surveys to be followed, so, that we can reach our goals within a decade. The newly invented technologies are very much harmful to the environment like fridge, air conditioner, vehicles, cell phone towers, etc. Every time a new invention comes in then it defaultly start affecting the environment.

2.INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS

This information and analysis is made from internet sources and journals. Now the current issue is greenhouse gas effect. All major and developed countries are emitting more amount of greenhouse gases. This issue is being discussed all over the world. a) Greenhouse gas emission b) Waste generation

A) GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION

The major reason for greenhouse gas production is due to the emission of carbon-di-oxide. Some of the carbon-dioxide emitting countries information is given below. India's per capita carbon dioxide emissions were roughly 3,000 pounds (1,360 kilograms) in 2007, Chinas emission per year is 10,500 pounds(4,763 kg). USAs emission per year is 42,500 pounds (19,278 kilograms) European Union and Russia also have more emissions than India. india has been ranked as seventh most environmentally hazardous country in the world by a new ranking released recently. The study is based on evaluation of absolute environment impact of 179 countries, whose data was available and has been done by researchers in Harvard, Princeton, Adelaide University and University of Singapore 0n January 12, 2011. These greenhouse gases are emitted because of industries, human activities. The heat from the sun is absorbed by the lower atmosphere of the earth and maintains a temperature. The gases that helps in capturing the heat is the greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Fluorinated gases (HFCs, CFCs)

MEASURES TO CONTROL
By planting more trees, we can remove the CO2 emission. By collection and combustion of landfill gas we can remove methane emissions. By installing N2O control technologies in motor vehicle we can remove nitrous oxide emissions. Greenhouse gas emission are expected to rise.

B) WASTE GENERATION
E-WASTE
Electronic waste(E-WASTE) comprises of waste electronic goods which are not fit for their originally intended use. Air conditioner, cellular phone, personal stereos, computers. E-WASTE contains toxic substance and chemicals, which are likely to have adverse effect on environment and health, if not handled properly E-WASTE is hazardous only if it contains hazardous constituents.

TOXIC CONSTITUENTS

COMPONENTS
Printed circuit boards Cathode ray tubes (CRTs)

CONSTITUENTS
Lead and cadmium Lead oxide and Cd

Switches & flat screen monitors Computer batteries Capacitors and transformers Printed circuit boards, casings cable Cable insulation/coating

Mercury Cadmium PCB plastic Brominated flame retardant PVC

INITIATIVES TAKEN IN INDIA

Participation in BASEL Expert Group On HWM Need Assessment Study

 Indo German Collaboration Indo-Swiss Study / Workshop QUANTITY OF WASTE GENERATION Total quantity of solid waste generated in urban areas of the country 1.15 lakh tonne per day (tpd)

% OF TOTAL

GARBAGE
Waste generated in 6 mega cities Waste generated in metro cities (1 million plus towns) Waste generated in other class-i towns (0.1 million plus towns) 21,100 tpd 19,643 tpd 42,635.28 tpd 18.35% 17.08% 37.07%

____________ _________ 83,378.28 tpd 72.50% If waste produced in all class-i cities is tackled, percentage of waste scientifically managed would be 72.5% of total waste.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Compostable / Bio-degradable matter = 30% - 55% (can be converted into manure) Inert material = 40% - 45% (to go to landfill) Recyclable materials = 5% - 10% (Recycling) These percentages vary from city to city depending on food habits

PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENTs

Storage of waste at source is lacking Domestic waste thrown on streets Trade waste on roads/streets Construction debris left unattended Bio-medical waste disposed in municipal waste streams Industrial waste is disposed of in open areas Segregation of recyclable waste at source not done Primary collection of waste not done at place of generation

REASONS FOR IMPROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE

Lack of planning for waste management while planning townships Lack of proper institutional setup for waste management, planning and designing in urban local bodies. Lack of technical trained man power Lack of community involvement Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste management using modern techniques/ best practices Lack of awareness creation mechanism Lack of management information system Lack of funds with ULBs Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges and sustainability

RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE GENERATION

Waste minimization Material recycling Resource recovery Waste transformation Sanitary landfilling Long term sustainability Waste processing like composting, bio-methanation should be done through public-private partnerships / private sector Final disposal viz. sanitary landfilling to be done under public private partnerships / private sector Bio-medical waste to be managed by Central Bio-Medical Waste Management Facilities.

3. FUTURE DISASTERS
The major issue facing our world currently is ozone layer depletion and global warming. If , the current status continues then, the consequences is quite intangible to say.

A.EXTREME WHEATHER CONDITIONS

Global warming appears to affect significantly the weather patterns of our planet. The extent of this influence cannot be accurately determined. In recent decades, there has been an apparent increase in the intensity and frequency of hurricanes and storms and in the losses of life and property due to weather-related disasters. Other man-made or natural disasters have also taken a greater toll in recent years. However, it is not known with certainty if the higher losses can be attributed to a higher frequency of such disasters or simply to excessive development and increased population density along vulnerable coastal areas of our planet. Certainly, there have been major demographic shifts and greater concentration of populations in urban areas around the world. Mega cities have emerged along coastal areas, often without adequate planning or assessment of disaster risks. Also, better coverage of the impact of disasters by global media networks has resulted in increased awareness of disaster impacts. Nevertheless, it is worth reviewing the possible effects of climate change on the frequency and intensity of disasters, particularly those that are weather-related.The percentage of earthquakes causing 1,000 + fatalities has increased by 10% causing approximately 1.4 million deaths since 1910.

EXPECTED FUTURE CHANGES IN RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE OVER INDIA UNDER IPCC SRES A1B GHG SCENARIOS

EXPECTED FUTURE CHANGE IN MONSOON RAINFALL AND ANNUAL SURFACE TEMP FOR 2020S, 2050S AND 2080S

Changing of climatic conditions. Frequent acid rain Temperature will go beyond the normal conditions Warming up of earth

B.VANISHING FLORA AND FAUNA

Forest are the important aspect of the country and flora and fauna are the important factors for the forest. Because of modern trends and culture, the flora and fauna are largely affected. In india 47,000 species, 7000 plants are endemic. Nearly 62% of our endemic species are found available in Himalayas and western ghats. Also our country has 81,000 species in which majority is endemic, particularly the western ghats are rich in amphibians and reptiles.

ENDEMIC SPECIES OF ANIMALS GROUP

Land Freshwater Insect Amphibia Reptilia Aves Nannakua

NO. OF SPECIES
878 89 16214 110 214 69 38

The tiger is the apex predator of the Indian forests and the number of tigers in any forest is a good indicator of a well balanced and healthy ecosystem. In the late 60s the tiger population had dropped to an all time low. This is the reason why Project Tiger was started in 1973. Initially there were 9 parks under Project Tiger covering an area of 16,339 sq.km; Project Tiger now covers 27 Tiger Reserves and an area of 37,761 sq.km.

ENDEMIC SPECIES OF PLANTS GROUP

Pteridophyta Angiosperms

NO. OF SPECIES
200 4950

FACTORS AFFECTING ENDEMIC SPECIES

Habitat loss and fragmentation, because of the draining and filling of inland wetlands. Pollution also play an important role. Poaching of wild animals , over exploitation of natural resources , degradation of habitat. Climatic factors like global warming , ozone depletion and acid rain. Marine ecosystem are also disturbed due to oil spills and discharge of effluents.

STEPS FOR CONSERVATING FLORA AND FAUNA

In-situ conservation involves protection of flora & fauna within its natural habitat

IN-SITU CONSERVATION
Biosphere reserves National parks Wildlife sanctuaries Botanical gardens

NO. AVAILABLE
7 80 420 120

RESTRICTIONS No tourism and explosive activities are permitted in the biosphere reserves. Grazing of domestic animals inside the national park is prohibited. All private rights and forestry activities are prohibited within the national park Killing, hunting, shooting or capturing of wildlife is prohibited except under the control of higher
authority.

LIMITATION

A large surface area of the earth is required to preserve the biodiversity.

Maintenance of the habitats is not proper, due to the shortage of staff and pollution.

EX-SITU CONSERVATION
Excitu conservation involves protection of flora and fauna outside the natural habitat. National Bureau Of Plant Genetic Resources: It is located in New Delhi. Cyro preservation technique: it involves preservation of seeds, pollen of some important agricultural and horticultural crops by using liquid nitrogen at a temperature as low as 196C

LIMITATION
It is expensive method. The freedom of wildlife is lost. The animals cannot survive in natural environment It can be adopted only for few selected species

REFERENCE
. http://www.earth.org/travel-guide/India-Asia/flora-fauna http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CEEQFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment %2Finternational_issues%2Fpresentations%2Fsolid_waste_mgt_india.ppt&ei=iVaITrHlAcSJrAfA4JTwDA&usg=AFQjCNEi8U TnjZIKkMlq_t3G-6EfeUJs3A http://www.env.go.jp/recycle/3r/en/asia/02_03-4/11.pdf http://www.books.google.com/ http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ http://www.infoplease.com/ http://ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues/presentations/solid_waste_mgt_india.ppt https://mailattachment.googleusercontent.com/attachment?ui=2&ik=a50919004d&view=att&th=132c52073fdb62e0&attid=0.6&disp =safe&realattid=f_gtbk5b4m5&zw&saduie=AG9B_PZ_6ZBs7gqE4EcYSfU_UXA&sadet=1317573427837&sads=RUbvia0n9bt5K_qHkL3geBj4Pz8