Formulas Physics B Ch 11, 12, 22, 23, 24, 25 Waves: Mechanical waves, sound, electromagnetic waves Ch 11 Mechanical Waves

Physical Quantity Definition F restoring force produces SHM Hooks law Hookes lag k spring constant: fjderkonstant x displacement from the equilibrium Potential energy of a simple harmonic Potential energy oscillation. Elastic potential energy. (SHO) Potentiell energi i en for a stretched or compressed spring, where x is the displacement from the fjder equilibrium and k is the spring constant. Potentiell energi i en fjder The solution of the differential may Differential equation be expressed as: (SHO) x = A sin ( t + ) Maximum displacement Amplitude Amplitud Angular velocity vinkelhastighet Phase angle fasvinkel SHO: Simple Harmonic Oscillator Period SHM: Simple Harmonic Motion T : The period of vibration for a m : mass on the end of a spring of k : spring constant Tid fr en fullstndig svngning SHO: Simple Harmonic Oscillator Simple pendulum T : The period of vibration for a Plan pendel L : Length of the simple pendulum: Fr en plan pendel Pendelns lngd gller vid sm utslagsvinklar g : gravitational acceleration Conic pendulum Konisk pendel Period Svngningstid [s]
l : The length of the pendulum : The angle of the conic pendulum

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Formula F = k x

E PE =

1 k x2 2

d 2x m 2 = kx dt

k m

T = 2

m k

T = 2

l g

T = 2

l cos g

Frequency Frekvens [Hz] or [ s 1 ]

T : The time a wave takes to repeat 1 T= = itself. f : wavelength v : velocity of the propagation of the wave f : frequency Number of oscillations per second. 1 f = = T

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Formulas Physics B Ch 11, 12, 22, 23, 24, 25 Waves: Mechanical waves, sound, electromagnetic waves Velocity of propagation of the wave Velocity utbredningshastighet
[m/s] Wave length

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v=

= f

The distance between two similar events, for ex. The distance between two consecutive maximums.

Position coordinate Lgeskoordinat [m] Elongation elongation [m] Wave equation Vgekvationen [m] Water wave Vattenvgor Velocity of propogation [m/s] Elongation, avvikelse frn jmviktslget

2 2 y = A cos x t y = A cos( ( x t ))

Deep water (water depth is much larger than the wavelength): Djupvattenvgor (vattendjup >>
vglngden) utbreder sig med farten v =

g 2 v = gh v=

g 2 Shallow water (water depth is smaller than the wavelength): P grunt vatten, dr vattendjupet
r mindre n vglngden, utbreder

Wave on a string

sig vgorna med farten v = gh The velocity of a wave v on a stretched string of mass m and length L under which is under tension FT .

v=

FT m/ L

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Formulas Physics B Ch 11, 12, 22, 23, 24, 25 Waves: Mechanical waves, sound, electromagnetic waves Standing Wave: Resonance
Fundamental wavelength

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Both-end-closed string of length L .

Fundamental or first harmonic, f1 : L =

Both-end-closed string

1
2

L=

0
2

or L =

1
2

The lowest frequency is called fundamental frequency which corresponds to one antinode (or loop) First overtone or second harmonic

f 2 = 2 f1 n th overtone or n + 1 th harmonic f n+1 = (n + 1) f1

fn = v =

L = 2
L= n +1 1 2 f n = n f1

Nth frequency

Standing wave: Open end pipe Standing wave: Fundamental wavelength One-closed-end string

nv v = n = n f1 n 2 L 2L Open end pipe L . Standing wave

L= L=

0 0
4 2

One-closed-end string (or pipe) of length L . Both-end-closed string of length L . Standing wave Harmony m . One-closed-end string of length L . Standing wave

Standing Wave Harmony m .

Both-end-closed string Standing wave: Harmony m . One-closed-end string

L=m

0
2

L = (2m + 1)

0
4

Ch 12: Sound: Physical Quantity Level of sound Ljudniv

Definition The level of sound (in dB) Ljudintensitetsniv uttryck i decibel I : intensity of sound I 0 = 10 12 W / m 2 r ljudintensiteten vid hrbarhetsgrnsen fr frekvensen 1 kHz

Formula

= 10 log

I I0

Reference Intensity Sound velocity in gases

The intensity of the reference level

Ljudet hastighet I gaser T : Temperature T0 = 273 K

I 0 = 10 12 W / m 2 v = v0 T T0

v0 : hastigheten

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Formulas Physics B Ch 11, 12, 22, 23, 24, 25 Waves: Mechanical waves, sound, electromagnetic waves Ch 22, 23, 24, 25 Electromagnetic Waves (light): Ch 22 Electromagnetic Waves
Physical Quantity Speed of light Definition Speed of light in the vacuum is constant and is the upper limit of the speed any physical quantity may achieve. The wavelength and frequency f of EM waves (light) are related to their speed c

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Formula 1 c=

0 0

c= f

Ch 23 Light: Geometric Optics:

Physical Quantity
Index of refraction Index of refraction

Definition

Formula
n

Index of refraction Index of refraction Velocity of propagation of the wave in the medium Velocity of propagation of a wave (frequency f and wavelength ) in a medium of index of refraction n f : the distance of the focal point from the lens is r the focal length of the mirror and f = where r 2 is the radius of curvature of the mirror. d o : Object distance

n=

c v

Velocity Velocity

v n = f n

Focal length

f =

r 2

Mirror equation Magnification

d i : Image distance ho : Object height hi : Image height m : magnification

Law of refraction

1 1 1 + = do di f m= hi d = i ho do

Snells law lens equation

Magnification

d o : Object distance d i : Image distance ho : Object height hi : Image height m : magnification

Wavelength of the wave in a medium with index of refraction n Gratings constant (Gitters konstant) Grating formula. Constructive interference (Gitters formula)

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 1 1 1 + = do di f
m= hi d = i ho do

Wavelength

n =
d

n=

Gratings constant Gratings formula

d sin = m

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Formulas Physics B Ch 11, 12, 22, 23, 24, 25 Waves: Mechanical waves, sound, electromagnetic waves Ch 24 The wave nature of Light
Physical Quantity
Index of refraction Index of refraction

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Definition Index of refraction Index of refraction

Velocity

Wavelength Youngs double slit: Constructive interference Youngs double slit: Destructive interference

Velocity of propagation of a wave (frequency f and wavelength ) in a medium of index of refraction n Wavelength of the wave in a medium with index of refraction n

Formula n c n= v v n = f n

n =

n=

: wavelength of the wave (light) m : positive integer: 0, 1, 2, 3, d : The separation of slits. : wavelength of the wave (light) m : positive integer: 0, 1, 2, 3, d : The separation of slits. (spaltavstnd)
(Dubbelspalt Utslckning) : wavelength of the wave (light) m : positive integer: 0, 1, 2, 3,
d : The separation of slits. (spaltavstnd)

sin = m

1 sin = m + 2 d

Youngs double slit: Constructive interference

sin = m

(Dubbelspalt Frstrkning) Gratings formula : Grating formula. Constructive interference Constructive (Gitters formula, Frstrkning) interference d : Gratings constant (Gitters konstant) (Frstrkning) m : order of spectrum: (ordningstal) 0, 1, 2, 3, ... : The angle between the normal to the plane of the grating and the spectrum: (vinkel mot gitterplanets normal) Single slit First minimum sin = diffraction D (Enkelspalt) Frsta bjningsminimum: sin = D m : 1, 2, 3, minima D : width of the single slit Villkor fr frsta bjningsminimum Diffraktion i en cirkulr ppning Braggs law Braggs lag

d sin = m

D sin = m

D sin = 1.22 2d sin = m

Constructive interference: Villkor fr frstrkning d : avstnd mellan tv atomplan : infallsvinkel m = 1, 2, 3, ...

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Formulas Physics B Ch 11, 12, 22, 23, 24, 25 Waves: Mechanical waves, sound, electromagnetic waves
Wave length of Visible light:

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Infra red (IR) Ultra violet (UV)

= 400 = 460 = 525 = 575 = 650 = 750 > 750 < 400

nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm

violet blue green yellow orange red

Dopplers effect: source f : observerad frekvens f : Utsnd frekvens c : vgens utbredningshastighet vobs : observatrens hastighet

vsource : kllans hastighet

Physical Quantity Doppler effect Dopplereffekt Definition The wave source is at rest. Observers velocity vobs is taken positive if it approaches the source. Vgkllan i vila: Observatrens hastighet vobs rknas som positive d observatren nrmar sig Doppler effect Dopplereffekt vgkllan. The observer is at rest The velocity of the source vsource is taken positive if it approaches the source. Mottagaren i vila: Kllans hastighet vsource rknas som positive Doppler effect Dopplereffekt d vgkllan nrmar sig observatren If both the source and the observer are in motion, taking the sign of the velocities as those mentioned above: Om bde vgkllan och observatren r i rrelse gller med ovanstende teckenregler:
vobs 1 c f= f v source 1 c
f= f v source 1 c

Formula v f = f 1 + obs c

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