LECTURE 2 TYPES OF TISSUES (HISTOLOGY) Histology Study of microscope anatomy of cells and tissues in animals and plants

Major Tissue Types Epithelial Tissues; Composed of tightly packed epithelial cells arranged to form continuous sheets Provide the inner or outer lining of many surfaces Form glands that secrete products such as sweat Combine with nervous tissues to form sensory organs A basement membrane separates the epithelial tissue from connective tissue No blood vessels High capacity for proliferation (cell division), cells die quickly and are damaged easily Normally supported by connective tissue

Cell Junctions at Epithelial Tissues 1. Tight junctions Tight, zipper-like attachments between cells Located near the apex (top) of cell Prevent corrosive/ toxic materials penetrating tissue 2. Desmosomes Circular adhesive patches Integrated with filaments of cytoskeleton 3. Gap junctions Ring-like clusters of trans-membrane proteins Allow water and some solutes to pass between cells Classification of Epithelial Tissues Normally classified as simple (one layer) or stratified (multi-layered) and by cell shape, such as squamous, cuboidal or columnar

Major Types of Lining Epithelium

Squamous; flat shaped cells o Major roles in diffusion, osmosis and filtration (e.g. lungs) Cuboidal; cube/ square shaped cells o Major roles in secretion and absorption (e.g. kidneys) Columnar; rectangular shaped cells o Major roles in secretion, absorption and propulsion of materials o Apical extensions include cilia and microvilli (e.g. small intestine, fallopian tubes, trachea) Stratified epithelia; tissues that contain at least 2 layers of cells o Major roles in secretion and protection (classification also based on the shape of cells in the upper (apical) layer o Stratified squamous epithelia (e.g. inside mouth) may be either keratinised (water resistant, e.g. skin) or non-keratinised Transitional epithelium ; specialised for of stratified epithelium of the urinary system o Base layers appear cuboidal or columnar o Superficial layers are dome or squamous shaped Pseudostratified Columnar; a simple columnar epithelium that appears multilayered o Nuclei appear at different heights o Found in both ciliated and non-ciliated forms (e.g. trachea and male reproductive ducts) o All cells are attached to the basement membrane

Epithelial Glands Exocrine; into ducts or onto surfaces Endocrine; into circulation (blood) Unicellular; 1 cell (e.g. Goblet cell) Multicellular; more than 1 cell (e.g. salivary glands)

Multicellular Exocrine Glands 2 basic units; 1. Secretory Portion 2. Duct Simple glands Compound gland Tubular Acinar Alveolar simple unbranched duct branched ducts gland forms simple tube (e.g. sweat glands) spherical secretory portion secretory portion forms hollow sphere (e.g. salivary glands)

Types of Multicellular Epithelial Glands

Examples of Multicellular Epithelial Glands: Sub-mandibular Salivary Glands A pair of tubuloacinar glands that contain a mixture of both serous and mucous cells that produce saliva for the mouth Serous cells (acinar) o Pyramidal in shape o Arranged into small clusters (acini), with cavities (lumens) in centre o Contain strongly staining granules o Secrete antibodies and enzymes Mucous cells (tubular) o Arranged into tubules o Secrete viscous fluid rich in glycoproteins o Stain poorly with H & E stain

Connective Tissue (CT) Most abundant in the body Functions include; o Support o Protection o Binding o Insulation o Storage o Transport o Immunity

General features; 1. Cells o o o

More sparsely distributed Blast immature form; manufacture matrix Cyte mature form; maintain matrix - Fibrocyte CT proper

- Chondrocyte cartilage - Osteocyte bone 2. Matrix; consists of fibres and ground substance which may be fluid, gel-like or firm (matrix is normally secreted by connective tissue cells o Ground substance (acts like glue) - Extracellular matrix material - Manufactured by CT cells - Binds cells and fibres - Provides medium for exchange - Matrix for cell movement - Proteoglycans - Adhesion Molecules o Fibres - Provide strength, elasticity and support - Collagen flexible, tensile strength - Reticular fine, collagen-like - Elastic stretch 3 Main Types of Connective Tissue 1. Fibrous Connective Tissues (connective tissue proper) e.g. tendons and ligaments 2. Supportive Connective Tissues e.g. bones and cartilage 3. Fluid Connective Tissues e.g. blood Fibrous Connective Tissue Often found in sheet like structures, with collagen being the main fibre type present Found in; superficial and deep fascia, tendons (link muscles to bone, more neatly arranged collagen fibres than ligaments) and ligaments (tough, inelastic but flexible strands that link many organs particularly bones together) Fibrocytes maintain fibrous connective tissue

Types of Fibrous Connective Tissue; 1. Dense Regular Contains tightly packed parallel bundles of collagen fibres Poorly vascularised High tensile strength Fibrocytes between fibres Located in; tendons and ligaments 2. Dense Irregular Collagen fibres in different orientations High tensile strength Resists stress from many directions Located in; dermis of skin, fibrous join capsules, heart valves

3. Adipose (fat) A specialised loose connective tissue for storing nutrients Neutral fat occupies most of cell volume Abundant ~18% body weight is fat Acts as energy store Provides insulation and shock absorption Supportive Connective Tissue Bone is a hard connective tissue that consists of cells and a mineralised matrix The strength and rigidity of the matrix allows bones of the skeleton to support other organs in the body

BONES Cells of bone tissue; Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast builds bone mature form that maintains bone breaks down bone

The Matrix of Bone Tissue; 1/3 of bone matrix is collagen and protein-carbohydrates complex which provides strength and a degree of flexibility. 2/3 is inorganic matter (85% calcium phosphate salt or hydroxyapatite and 10% calcium carbonate). Inorganic salts in bone tissue matrix allows bones to support weight without sagging

Types of Bone; 1. Cancellous or Spongy Bone - Consists of inter-connective plates of bone called trabeculae - Contains spaces filled with bone marrow - Porous lattice of bony struts called trabeculae oriented along lines of stress - Lacks true osteons - Strong but light-weight - Between the trabeculae are cavities which contain red bone marrow - Major component of short, flat and irregular bones

2. Compact Bone - Makes up the dense outer layer of bones - Main structural unit is the osteon - Appears solid - Structural elements include; i. Lamellae (hollow cylinders) surrounding a central (Haversian) canal which run parallel to the axis of long bones ii. Contain collagen fibres in criss-crossing arrangements iii. Blood vessels and nerves gain access from the Volkmanns canals and the Haversian canals

Bone Remodelling; Bone is a dynamic living tissue that is constantly broken down and reformed in response to physical and hormonal factors. This turnover allows the bone structure to meet changing physical stresses. Bone Resorption: Osteoclasts degrade organic matrix and solubilise mineral matrix Bone Deposition: Osteoblasts secrete organic matrix and mineralisation flows

CARTILAGE 3 Types of Cartilage; 1. Hyaline Cartilage o Most abundant type o Bluish-white ground substance o Located at the ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs and respiratory passages 2. Fibrocartilage o Strongest form o Collagen fibres clearly visible o Located at the knee menisci, intervertebral disks and the pubic symphysis 3. Elastic Cartilage Cartilage forms the basic template for the foetal skeleton before bone formation begins. It has the consistency of rubber and can bear weight while retaining greater flexibility than bone.

Cartilage contains cells called chondrocytes; Chondrocytes are located in spaces called lacunae Chondrocytes can also be found in the fibrous perichondrium which is at the edges of most cartilages (facilitates growth)

Cartilage is made up of; Ground substance composed mainly of proteoglycans which contribute to the flexible, resilient consistency of cartilage Many collagen fibres (for tensile strength)

Cartilage in Freely Moveable Joints; 1. Articular Cartilage o Hyaline cartilage lining many joint surfaces o Absorbs the compression/ prevents bone damage 2. Articular Discs (menisci) o Wedges of fibrocartilage in freely moveable joints o Improves the fit between irregular bone surfaces o Improves joint stability