kalkulusi 4 07.12.

2023

leqcia 5
4. wrfivi algebruli gantolebebi da veqtoruli algebra
4.1. veqtorebi, matricebi, determinantebi. pirveli da meore rigis kontaqtebi epidemiologiaSi.
racionTa matricebi

gansazRvra 4.1.1. n namdvili ricxvisgan Sedgenil simravles, romelic garkveuli rigiT Cawerilia
striqonSi an svetSi, Sesabamisad, ewodeba veqtor-striqoni an veqtor-sveti:

,  y1  .
x2    
x  x:   x1 , , x n  y  y:   
 
xi -s da yi -s ewodeba x da y veqtorebis yn  i-uri

 komponentebi.
x2
x  ( x1 , x 2 ) nulebisgan Semdgar veqtors nulovani veqtori ewodeba:
 0
 
(0, ,0) ,  .
 
 0
O x1 x1 
yoveli organzomilebiani (orkomponenta) x : x1 , x 2 
veqtori saakordinato sibrtyeze SeiZleba gamoisaxos
mogezuli monakveTiT (isriT) (ix. nax. 4.1.1), romlis
nax. 4.1.1
saTave emTxveva koordinatTa sistemis saTaves, xolo bolo
_  x1 , x 2  wertils.
 
gansazRvra 4.1.2. x   x1 , , x n  da y   y1 , , y n  veqtorebis jami ganisazRvreba Semdegi
tolobiT (ix. nax. 4.1.2):
  
z  x  y : x1  y1 , , x n  y n  .
x2 gansazRvra 4.1.3. c skalarisa da

x   x1 , , x n  veqtoris namravli ga-
   nisazRvreba Semdegi tolobiT
y  ( y1 , y 2 ) x  y  ( x1  y1 , x 2  y 2 ) 
cx:  cx1 , , cx n  .

gansazRvra 4.1.4. ori x   x1 , , x n  da
 
x  ( x1 , x 2 ) y   y1 , , y n  veqtoris skalaruli (Siga)
namravli ganimarteba Semdegi tolobiT:
x, y : x1 y1    x n y n   x k y k .
n
O y1 x1
x1 y1
k 1
piTagoras Teoremis Tanaxmad (ix. nax.

4.1.1) x veqtoris sigrZis kvadrati
nax. 4.1.2 2  
x  x 2  x 2  x, x ,
1 2  

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kalkulusi 4 leqcia 5

xolo sigrZe (SegveZlo pirdapir migveRo koordinatTa sistemis saTavesa da  x1 , x 2  wertils Soris
manZilis formulis gamoyenebiT)
  
x  x12  x 22 :   x , x  .

analogiuri formulaa samarTliani n-ganzomilebiani x   x1 , , x n  veqtorisTvis:
  
x  x12  x n2 :   x , x  .
gansazRvra 4.1.5. matrici ewodeba garkveuli rigiT dalagebul m  n raodenobis ricxvebisgan
Sedgenil marTkuTxa cxrils, romelic m striqonisa da n svetisgan Sedgeba:
 a11 a12  a1 j  a1n 
 
 a 21 a 22  a 2 j  a 2 n 
      
A:  .
 ai1 ai 2  aij  ain 
      
 
 a m1 a m2  a mj  a mn 
am ricxvebs matricis elementebi ewodeba. aij -Ti aRniSnulia i-uri striqonisa da j-uri svetis
gadakveTaze mdebare elementi.
moxerxebulobisTvis A matrici mokled ase Caiwereba
 
A  aij  aij .
cxadia, veqtor-striqoni (veqtor-sveti) da 1  n ( n  1) matrici erTmaneTs emTxveva.
gansazRvra 4.1.6. matrics, romelic miiReba mocemuli A matricis striqonebis SecvliT imave
nomris svetebiT an piriqiT, ewodeba transponirebuli da aRiniSneba A T -Ti:
 a11 a 21  ai1  a m1 
 
 a12 a 22  ai 2  a m2 
      
A T :  .
 a1 j a 2i  aij  a mj 
      
 
 a1n a 2 n  ain  a mn 
or erTnairi ganzomilebis A  aij da B  bij matrics toli ewodeba, Tu aij  bij .
n striqonisa da n svetisgan Semdgar kvadratul matrics n-uri rigis matrici ewodeba. mis aii ,
i  1,2, , n , elementebs diagonaluri elementebi ewodeba. Tu matricis diagonaluri elementebi 1-is,
xolo danarCeni elementebi 0-is tolia, maSin mas igivuri (erTeulovani) I matrici ewodeba.
gansazRvra 4.1.7. erTnairganzomilebiani ori marTkuTxa A  aij da B  bij matricis jami da
c skalarisa da A  aij matricis namravli ganisazRvreba
A  B : aij  bij da cA : caij
tolobebiT.
gansazRvra 4.1.8. m  n ganzomilebis A  aij matricisa da n  p ganzomilebis B  bij
matricis namravli ganisazRvreba
C  AB  cij

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kalkulusi 4 leqcia 5

tolobiT, sadac
n
cij :  aik bkj : ai1b1 j  ai 2 b2 j    ain bnj *).
k 1

sxva sityvebiT, cij warmoadgens A matricis i-uri striqonisa da B matricis j-uri svetis skalarul
namravls.
cxadia, . marTlac, Tu matricis zogad elements aRvniSnavT -Ti

, maSin gansazRvra 4.1.8-is Tanaxmad,

,

radgan .
advili dasamtkicebelia, rom .
cxadia, ori matricis gamravleba SeiZleba mxolod maSin, roca samravlis svetebisa da mamravlis
striqonebis raodenoba erTmaneTs emTxveva.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kvadratuli matricebisTvis samarTliania namravlis asociaciuroba
( AB )C  A( BC ) , magram komutaciuroba, sazogadod, irRveva AB  BA . marTlac, Tu

,
maSin
 1 2  1 1  3 3  1 1  1 2  2 3
AB       , BA      .
 1 1  1 1  2 2  1 1  1 1  2 3
magram
 3 3  2 3
   
 2 2  2 3
da, amdenad,
AB  BA .
gansazRvra 4.1.9.

matricis determinanti Semdegnairad aRiniSneba

da ewodeba
det A : a11 a 22  a 21 a12
ricxvs.
analogiurad, mesame rigis
a11 a12 a13
a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33
determinanti ewodeba
*)
am formulebs koSi-bines formulebi ewodeba.

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kalkulusi 4 leqcia 5

a11 a 22 a33  a 21a32 a13  a31a12 a 23  a31a 22 a13  a11 a32 a 23  a 21a12 a33
ricxvs, romelic gamoiTvleba samkuTxedis (ix. nax. 4.1.3) an sarusis (Sarrus) wesiT (ix. nax. 4.1.4).
nax. 4.1.3.
+
+
+
– + –
–
–
a11 a12 a13
a 21 a 22 a 23
a31 a32 a33
a11 a12 a13
a 21 a 22 a 23
nax. 4.1.4
gansazRvra 4.1.10. elementiani gadanacvlebebi ewodeba erTsa da imave elementisagan
Sedgenil dalagebul simravleebs, e.i. isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian mxolod elementTa
dalagebiT.
Teorema 4.1.11. elementian gadanacvlebaTa raodenoba *)-is tolia.
damtkiceba. Teoremas vamtkicebT maTematikuri induqciiT yvela ricxvisaTvis. roca
gveqneba Semdegi 2 gadanacvleba: 1, 2 da 2, 1. amdenad, radgan , Teorema damtkicebulia,
roca . davuSvaT, rom Teorema samarTliania nebismieri naturaluri ricxvisaTvis da am
daSvebis safuZvelze davamtkicoT Teorema -saTvis. amovweroT elementiani yvela
gadanacvleba, romlebSic pirveli elementia ricxvi 1. aseT gadanacvlebaTa raodenoba induqciis
daSvebis ZaliT iqneba , radganac adgils icvlian mxolod 2,3,..., , ricxvebi, romelTa
raodenoba -ia. axla amovweroT yvela elementiani gadanacvleba, romlebSiac pirveli elementia
ricxvi 2. aseT gadanacvlebaTa raodenoba kvlav iqneba , radganac adgils icvlian mxolod 1, 3, . . . ,
ricxvebi, maTi raodenoba ki -ia. ganvagrZoT es procesi. bolos, amovweroT yvela
elementiani gadanacvleba, romlebSic pirveli elementi aris ricxvi . aseT gadanacvlebaTa
raodenoba agreTve iqneba , radgan adgils icvlian mxolod 1, 2, . . . , ricxvebi. amrigad, sul
miviRebT gadanacvlebas.
■
gansazRvra 4.1.12. n-uri rigis A matricis n-uri rigis determinanti ewodeba n! wevris jams, sadac:
yoveli wevri A matricis n elementis namravlia, amasTan, matricis yoveli striqonidan da yoveli
svetidan determinantis wevrSi Tanamamravlad aRebulia erTi da mxolod erTi elementi; de-
terminantis wevri aiReba `+~ an `-~ niSniT imisda mixedviT, Tanamamravlebis svetebis
(striqonebis) nomrebisgan Sedgenili mimdevroba naturalur ricxvTa 1,2,  , n mimdevrobisgan
wevrTa luwi raodenobis ricxvjer gadasmiT (transpoziciiT, e.i. ori elementis adgilebis
urTierTSenacvlebiT) miiReba Tu kentiT, roca Tanamamravlebi dalagebulia striqonebis (svetebis)
nomrebis zrdis mixedviT 1-dan n-mde.

n! ( n faqtoriali) niSnavs 1-dan n -amde naturaluri ricxvebis namravls, e. i.

*)

n!: 1 2    n.
amasTan vTvliT, rom 0! 1.

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kalkulusi 4 leqcia 5

SemoviRoT levi-Civitas**)
i1 ...in i1 ...in
simboloebi. isini +1-is (Sesabamisad -1-is) tolia, Tu indeqsTa i1 ,  , in mimdevroba miiReba
naturalur ricxvTa 1,2,  , n mimdevrobis wevrTa luwi (Sesabamisad kenti) raodenobis transpoziciiT;
sxva SemTxvevaSi (e. i. roca indeqsebidan ori indeqsi maincaa erTmaneTis toli) isini nulis tolia.
advili misaxvedria, rom Tu es simboloebi nulisgan gansxvavebulia, maSin misi nebismieri ori
indeqsis gadasmisas isini niSans icvlian. magaliTad,
i1 ...il ...ik ...in   i1 ...ik ...il ...in (4.1.1)
i i
am tolobaSi gadasmulia k da l indeqsebi, xolo sxva indeqsebi Tavis adgilzea datovebuli.
determinantis zemoT moyvanili ganmartebidan gamomdinare, cxadia,
a11  a1n n n
      . (4.1.2)
i1 1 in 1
an1  ann
gansazRvra 4.1.13. A determinantis romelime elementis minori ewodeba determinants, romelic
miiReba im striqonisa da svetis amoSliT, romlebsac mocemuli elementi ekuTvnis.
A determinantis aik elementis minors aRniSnaven M ik simboloTi.
gansazRvra 4.1.14. A determinantis aik elementis algebruli damateba ewodeba mis minors,
gamravlebuls ( 1) i  k -ze. mas aRniSnaven Aik simboloTi, e. i.
Aik : (1) i  k M ik .
nebismieri rigis determinants gaaCnia Semdegi Tvisebebi:
determinanti:
1) ar Seicvleba, Tu mis striqonebs Sesabamisi svetebiT SevcvliT, e. i. transponirebuli determinantebi
tolia;
2) icvlis niSans, Tu adgils SevucvliT or striqons an or svets;
3) gamravldeba c-ze, Tu mis romelime striqonis (svetis) elementebs gavamravlebT c-ze, e. i.
romelime striqonis (svetis) elementebis saerTo mamravli SeiZleba gavitanoT determinantis niSnis
gareT;
4) nulis tolia, Tu romelime ori striqonis (svetis) Sesabamisi elementebi proporciulia, kerZod tolia;
5) Tu misi romelime striqoni (sveti) Sedgeba ori Sesakrebis jamisgan, ori determinantis jamis tolia,
romelTagan erT-erTSi jamis nacvlad pirveli Sesakrebia, xolo meoreSi _ meore;
6) ar Seicvleba, Tu romelime striqonis (svetis) elementebs mivumatebT sxva striqonis (svetis)
Sesabamis elementebs, gamravlebuls erTsa da imave ricxvze;
7) romelime striqonis (svetis) elementebis maT algebrul damatebebze namravlTa jamis tolia;
kerZod, nulis tolia, Tu romelime striqonis (svetis) yvela elementi nulia.
me-7 Tvisebas ewodeba determinantis daSla romelime striqonis (svetis) elementebis mixedviT.
es ukanaskneli me-3 rigis determinantisTvis striqonis mimarT ase Caiwereba
3
A :  aij Aij , i  1,2,3 ,
j 1

an gaSlili saxiT:

**)
levi-Civita tulio (1873 _ 1941) _ italieli maTematikosi da meqanikosi.

5
kalkulusi 4 leqcia 5

 A  a11 A11  a12 A12  a13 A13 ;


 A  a 21 A21  a 22 A22  a 23 A23 ;

 A  a 31 A31  a 32 A32  a 33 A33 .
determinantis daSla xelsayrelia im striqonis (svetis) elementebis mimarT, romelic met nuls
Seicavs.
SeniSvna 4.1.15. romelime striqonis (svetis) elementebis sxva striqonis (svetis) Sesabamisi
elementebis algebrul damatebebze namravlTa jami nulis tolia.
yvela es Tviseba mtkicdeba (4.1.2) formulis gamoyenebiT.
pirveli Tviseba uSualod gamomdinareobs (4.1.2)-dan.
meore Tvisebis damtkiceba. determinantSi ori striqonis (svetis) adgilebis Secvla (4.1.2) tolobaSi
levi-Civitas simboloebSi gamoiwvevs ori indeqsis Sesabamisad gadasmas, rac (4.1.1)-is Tanaxmad,
determinantis niSnis Secvlas niSnavs.
mesame Tvisebis damtkiceba. zogadobis SeuzRudavad SegviZlia vigulisxmoT, rom pirveli
striqonis (svetis) , elementebs vamravlebT -ze. maSin -is ( -is),
nacvlad pirvel striqonSi (svetSi) , elementebi gveqneba.
amitom, (4.1.2)-is ZaliT, miRebuli determinanti

radgan ajamvis indeqsebze ar aris damokidebuli. es Tviseba, analogiurad, damtkicdeba

svetis -ze gamravlebis SemTxvevaSic.
meoTxe Tvisebis damtkiceba. jer ganvixiloT romelime ori striqonis (svetis) Sesabamisi
elementebis tolobis SemTxveva. movaxdinoT am ori striqonis (svetis) transpozicia. maSin, erTi
mxriv, meore Tvisebis Tanaxmad, determinanti niSans Seicvlis, xolo meore mxriv, radgan
striqonebi (svetebi) erTi da igivea, maTi transpoziciiT determinanti ar Seicvleba. e.i.,

aqedan

da
.
saidanac proporciuli elementebis SemTxveva, cxadia, me-3 Tvisebidan gamomdinare.
mexuTe Tvisebis damtkiceba. cxadia,

6
kalkulusi 4 leqcia 5

analogiurad damtkicdeba svetis SemTxvevaSic.

meeqvse Tvisebis damtkiceba. me-5 da me-4 Tvisebidan gamomdinareobs me-6 Tviseba.
meSvide Tvisebis damtkiceba. (4.1.2)-dan gamomdinareobs, rom

(4.1.3)
riTac miviReT determinantis daSlis formula -uri striqonis elementebis mimarT.
analogiurad, miviRebT -uri svetis mimarT determinantis daSlis

formulas. aqedan, cxadia, rom

imaSi, rom elementis algebruli damatebaa advilad davrwmundebiT Semdegi msjelobiT.

vTqvaT, determinantis pirveli striqonis yvela elementi, garda -isa, nulis tolia. maSin (4.1.3)-
dan gveqneba

da, radganac elementis minori mis algebrul damatebas emTxveva, elementis algebruli
damatebaa. vTqvaT, axla -ur striqonSi mxolod elementi ar aris nulis toli:

Tu am determinantSi movaxdenT -uri da -1 striqonebis transpozicias, Semdeg miRebuli -1 da -2

striqonebis transpozicias da a.S. miRebuli meore da pirveli striqonebis transpozicias, maSin -uri
striqoni gadava pirvel striqonSi da meore Tvisebis ZaliT, gveqneba:

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kalkulusi 4 leqcia 5

-uri striqoni)

Tu axla -ur svets TandaTanobiTi gadaadgilebiT pirvel svetad movaTavsebT, kvlav meore Tvisebis
ZaliT miviRebT:

-uri striqoni)

e.i. miviReT wina SemTxvevaSi ganxiluli determinanti; amrigad,

.
■
4.1.15 SeniSvnis damtkiceba. vTqvaT, mocemulia

ganvixiloT agreTve damxmare

determinanti, romlis -uri da -uri striqonebi erTnairia, xolo danarCeni striqonebi, garda -urisa,
igivea rac -Si. me-4 Tvisebis ZaliT, . meore mxriv, me-7 Tvisebis Tanaxmad, Tu -s
davSaliT -uri striqonis elementebis mixedviT, miviRebT
(SevniSnoT, rom ),

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kalkulusi 4 leqcia 5

radganac determinantis -uri striqonis elementis algebruli damateba emTxveva

determinantis -uri striqonis elementis algebrul damatebas. analogiurad, gveqneba:

. ■

gansazRvra 4.1.16. kvadratul A matrics ewodeba gadagvarebuli, Tu misi A determinanti nulis

tolia, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi A matrics ewodeba aragadagvarebuli.
gansazRvra 4.1.17. aragadagvarebuli A matricis Sebrunebuli A 1 matrici ewodeba matrics,
romelic akmayofilebs
AA 1  A 1 A  I
tolobebs, sadac I erTeulovani matricia.
me-3 rigis determinantisaTvis, determinantebis me-7 Tvisebisa da SeniSvna 4.1.15-is
gamoyenebiT advilad davaskvniT, rom
 A11 A21 A31 
 
 A A A 
A A22 A32 
A 1   12 ,
 A A A 
 A13 A23 A33 
 A A 
 A
sadac Aik aris aik elementis algebruli damateba.
gansazRvra 4.1.18.

matrics matricis mikavSirebuli matrici ewodeba.

n-uri rigis matricis Sebrunebuli 
matricis warmodgena analogiuria.
 
Tu a : ( a1 , a 2 , a 3 ) da b : (b1 , b2 , b3 ) mocemuli veqtorebia, maSinñ a veqtoris veqtoruli

namravli b -ze gamoiTvleba
 
a  b : a 2 b3  b2 a3 ; a3 b1  b3 a1 ; a1b2  b1 a 2 
formuliT.
es formula me-2 rigis determinantebis meSveobiT Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
  a a3 a3 a1 a1 a2 
a  b :  2 ; ; .
 b2 b3 b3 b1 b1 b2 
ñ da veqtorebis, sadac , , Sesabamisad x1 , x 2 ,
x3 RerZebis mimarTulebis mqone erTeulovani veqtorebi _ ortebia, veqtoruli namravlis povna
moxerxebulia Semdegi

formulis gamoyenebiT, Tu “determinants” davSliT pirveli striqonis elementebis mimarT.

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kalkulusi 4 leqcia 5

gansazRvra 4.1.19. n-uri rigis aij matrics ewodeba simetriuli (antisimetriuli), Tu aij  a ji (
) j  1,2, , n .
matricebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT ganvixiloT epidemiologiaSi pirveli da meore rigis
kontaqtebis amocana. vTqvaT, 3 adamiani daavadda infeqciuri daavadebiT da mimdinareobs 6
adamianisgan Semdgari jgufis gamokiTxva avadmyofTa (pirvel) jgufTan kontaqtebis dadgenis
mizniT. garda amisa, xdeba 7 adamianisgan Semdgari mesame jgufis gamokiTxva maTi meore
jgufTan kontaqtebis TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, igulisxmeba, rom pirveli da mesame jgufSi Semaval
pirTa Sexvedra gamoricxulia. SemoviRoT 3  6 ganzomilebis A  aij matrici Semdegnairad: Tu
meore jgufis j-ur adamians hqonda kontaqti pirveli jgufis i-ur adamianTan, maSin CavTvaloT, rom
aij  1 , winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi (e. i. maT kontaqti ar hqoniaT) CavTvaloT, rom aij  0 .
analogiurad SemoviRoT 6  7 ganzomilebis B  bij matrici da CavTvaloT, rom bij  1 , Tu
mesame jgufis j-ur adamians hqonda kontaqti meore jgufis i-ur adamianTan, xolo winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi CavTvaloT, rom bij  0 . es ori matrici aRwers pirveli rigis kontaqtebs jgufebs Soris.
magaliTad, vTqvaT, A da B matricebs aqvT Semdegi saxe
 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
 
 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
 0 0 1 0 1 0  1 0 0 0 0 1 1
 
A   1 0 0 1 0 0 , B   .
   0 0 1 1 0 0 0
 0 0 1 1 0 1  0 1 0 1 0 0 0
 
 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi a24  1 niSnavs, rom meore jgufis meoTxe adamians hqonda kontaqti
pirveli jgufis meore avadmyofTan. b33  0 niSnavs, rom mesame jgufis mesame adamians ar hqonia
kontaqti meore jgufis mesame adamianTan.
Tu Cven gvainteresebs arapirdapiri kontaqtebi (e. w. meore rigis kontaqtebi), e. i. mesame jgufis
adamianebis kontaqtebi pirveli jgufis sam avadmyofTan, maSin pasuxs miviRebT A da B matricebis
gamravlebiT:
C  cij  AB .
elementi
6
cij   aik bkj
k 1
gvaZlevs mesame jgufis j-uri adamianis pirveli jgufis i-ur avadmyofTan arapirdapiri kontaqtebis
ricxvs. Cvens SemTxvevaSi
 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
 
C  AB   0 0 2 1 0 1 0 .
 
 2 0 1 1 0 2 1
c23 elementi gviCvenebs, rom mesame jgufis mesame adamians hqonda meore rigis 2 kontaqti
pirveli jgufis meore avadmyofTan. SevniSnoT, rom mesame jgufis meeqvse adamians pirveli jgufis
pirvel, meore da mesame avadmyofTan hqonda Sesabamisad 1, 1 da 2 meore rigis kontaqti, e. i.
pirveli jgufis avadmyofebTan, saerTo jamSi, hqonda 1  1  2  4 meore rigis kontaqti. mesame
jgufis mexuTe adamians ki meore rigis kontaqtebi avadmyofebTan saerTod ar hqonia.

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kalkulusi 4 leqcia 5

racionTa matricebi. vTqvaT, sakvebi Seicavs cxovelis sicocxlisTvis aucilebel nivTierebas,

magaliTad, A vitamins*) da  i -Ti aRvniSnavT am vitaminis raodenobas 1 kg i-ur sakvebSi
(i  1,2, , n) . maSin veqtor-striqoni

a :  1 ,  2 ,  ,  n 
iZleva vitaminis ganawilebas sakvebebis mixedviT. vTqvaT, cxoveli Wams pirveli sakvebis x1 kg-
s, me-2 sakvebis x 2 kg-s da a.S. n-uri sakvebis x n kg-s. rogor gamovTvaloT A vitaminis raodenoba,
romelsac cxoveli dReSi iRebs?

cxadia, amisTvis sakmarisia, a veqtori skalarulad gavamravloT x : x1 , x2 , , xn  veqtorze


.
skalaruli namravli SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc matricTa namravlis kerZo SemTxveva, rogorc
1 n ganzomilebiani a matricis gamravleba n  1 ganzomilebian

matricze. matricTa gamravlebis wesis gamoyenebiT gveqneba

.
marjvena nawilSi miviReT erTelementiani matrici, e.i., ricxvi. misi elementis sidide gviCvenebs
A vitaminis raodenobas, rasac cxoveli erT dReSi miiRebs.
axla ganvixiloT ufro rTuli SemTxveva. vTqvaT, gvainteresebs sami A, B, C vitaminis cxovelis
mier miRebis sakiTxi. vTqvaT, 3  n ganzomilebiani
 1  2   n 
 
M  1  2   n 
 
 1  2   n 
matrici gviCvenebs sakvebSi vitaminebis raodenobas. yoveli striqoni Seesabameba calkeul vitamins,
xolo yoveli sveti _ calkeul sakvebs. amrigad, pirveli sakvebis 1 kg Seicavs  1 raodenobis A vita-
mins,  1 raodenobis B vitamins,  1 raodenobis C vitamins da a. S. vTqvaT, matrici-sveti dRe-
RameSi sakvebis moxmarebis maCvenebelia. rom gavigoT cxovelis mier dRe-RameSi miRebuli
vitaminebis raodenoba, unda vipovoT M da X matricebis namravli.
x 
 1  2   n   1    1 x1   2 x 2  ...   n x n 
  x   
MX    1  2   n    2     1 x1   2 x 2  ...   n x n  .


 1 2   n      1 x1   2 x 2  ...   n x n 
 xn 
miviReT matrici-sveti, romlis I elementi aris A vitaminis, II elementi _ B vitaminis da III elementi
_ C vitaminis saerTo raodenoba, rasac cxoveli dRe-RameSi iRebs.
gansazRvra 4.1.20. amovarCioT -uri rigis determinantis striqoni da sveti, ;
ganvixiloT determinanti, romlis elementebic amorCeuli striqonebisa da svetebis gadakveTaze
mdgomi elementebia. miRebul determinants determinantis -uri rigis minori*) ewodeba. Tu

*)
vitaminebi aris sxvadasxva qimiuri bunebis organul naerTTa jgufi. vitaminebis erTeulia mg/kg (miligrami
kilogramSi).
*)
-uri, ( aRniSnavs minimalurs figurul frCxilebSi miTiTebul sidideebs
Soris), rigis minori analogiurad ganimarteba matricisaTvis da is ewodeba determinants, romelic
Sedgeba matricidan amorCeuli striqonisa da svetis gadakveTaze mdgomi elementebisagan.

11
kalkulusi 4 leqcia 5

amovSliT amorCeul striqons da svets, maSin darCenil rigis determinants -uri rigis
minoris damatebiTi minori ewodeba.
gansazRvra 4.1.21. minoris algebruli damateba ewodeba sidides, sadac aris
minorSi nawilobriv Semavali determinantis striqonebisa da svetebis nomrebis jami.
laplasis Teorema. Tu -uri rigis determinantSi amovarCevT striqons ( svets), maSin
amorCeul striqonSi ( svetSi) moTavsebuli yvela -uri rigis minoris saTanado algebrul
damatebebze namravlTa jami determinantis tolia.
radgan -sTvis laplasis Teorema samarTliania (ix. determinantebis me-7 Tviseba), nebismieri
-saTvis is SeiZleba damtkicdes maTematikuri induqciis meTodis gamoyenebiT.

12