Phonetics gathers raw material (allophones) and phonology cooks it (phonemes). Phonology studies the selection and organization of phonic substance into a given form or pattern (phonemes) The field of study provides us with the priorities of prununciation, the most important features which are meaningfully esential. + phoneme: is an abastract unit, the basic unit in the phonological system. The smallest meaningful phonological unit which can produce a change of meaning. Phonemic transcription: Records only the order in which segments occur. Consiste of a set of symbols and rules we must know in order to be able to give each symbol a correct value. Also broad transcription: /I, n/ When to use this? When studying the target language. +allophone: the actual realization of the same abstract unit. Variations of the sound. - There is no change in meaning. - Occurs under an assimilation process and It makes our En sound more natural. Allophonic transcription. Also narrow transcription. Records the actual realizacion of each phonemes. It consist of symbols and diacritics: details of articulation. When to use this? When comparing languages or accents. | { | PHONOLOGY - Supra-segmental phonology deals with the prosodical features * Prosodic features. Accentuation, Rythm, Intonation. * Phrase and the utterance with the processes of conected speech - Segmental * Phoneme: Vowel, consonant *Syllable: the combination of differents phonemes. * Word UBD HI ®tWe can divide the speech into segments. Representation of the phonemes. Affricates /te-4-/,/2\ -43/ ——® two segments - one phoneme When a phoneme is changed produces a minimal pairs: /pin/ /kin/ /bin/ - COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION. When an allophone cant be used in place of another. E.g.: An aspirated plosive will never occur in the place of an unaspirated one. When this occur we may be at the presence free variation. - FREE VARIATION happens when more than one phoneme can be produce in the same enviroment without a change in meaning, and without being considered incorrect by native speakers. 4Glotal stop [ wot D [ word *Flapt (CP 'mestm | Alveolar top Homorganics: Two or more sounds that have the same place of articulation. / m - p- b/ Breaking: feel /{vl/ — [f° 4 Leveling = Smoothing /) 0° | Consonant Syllabicity. ©» ©} The alveolar takes upon itself the charachteristics of the shwa. PROMINENCE: + Stress: the muscular effort you make when you produce a sound. Loudness. Volume. Loud or soft. + Quantity. Lenght: long vowels are has more prominence than short ones. + Pitch movement. + Quality.Roach. 8 Phonotactics. the study of posible phoneme combinations of a language. Minimum syllable. a single vowen in isolaton. (are, or, a) a peak of one phoneme. Obligatory element. (except in consonant syllabicity and the m when agreeing) ONSET. one or more consonants preceding the peak. up to 3. Pre- Initial Initial Post-lnitial Zero Onset. First syllable of the word begins with a vowel. CODA. Consonants after the peak. up to 4 Pre-final Final Post-final (1, 2, 3) Zero Coda. No final consonant. Cannot happend with short vowel. Any consonant may be a Cf except /h-w-j/ -Consonant Cluster. More than one consonant. -Maximal Onset principle states that where two syllables are to be devided, any C between them should be attached to the right-hand syllable. Shopkeeper / ise 1A ih Discmect /§ m Ke ek x ee raat Roach 10 * All accented syllable are prominence, but not all prominence are accented. * Syllables containig Shwa are always unaccented. [srba.b ]9e bob ben Gath, Two syllable words -/K,9' mem S / - us gerne point Three syllable words ‘ [sake 22m/ 90° [enta ‘tern /o-5 a Tad pole notobe Lokmoie come ive . kage ee fl 9 Vey HOD (beng efor typ) © prominttsConected speech is to link words together. Linking occur at the begining and ends of two consecutive words. - Linking /r/is to pronunce a word-final spelling /r/ when the next word begins with a vowel. Lateron /Lertar on/ = Intrusive /r/ happens as an analogy of the linking /r/ (words with final-spelling r are pronunced with a shwa sound). Law and order /le:e m ado It is not the case of words ending with /i/ Assimilation: the posses by which sounds are inflienced by neighbouring sounds and come to share some or all of their phonetic characteristics. Elision: Omiting wether a vowel or a consonant. Compressions: \\s \ Vowels to semi-vowels Diphthongs to monothongs Syllabic consonants lose their syllabicityELISION. Omiting wether a vowel or a consonant. WordllntétnaliElision of the weak /9- x v/ when preceded by /r-n-I/ Syllabic Consoner’ ai/n/certain /s 2 to/ bi/1Zlocal /lovk! / ©. /Cli/totally /Lovile/ d. Formation of afficates / tr- dr / secretary /t ng Gare) - I washed them (0: «»J¢ @) Word internal Loss of weak vowel after / p- t-k / Aspiration after plosive Potato / p* Lestau/ - Avoidance of complex consonant clusters: sixth’s Is: hoes] — iE Ls ke/ - Loss of final v in ‘of’ —») waste of many - Loss of the shwa in "of" Voiced context —» all of mine />:)y mar ! voiceless context —> Best of three / best | Ors:/‘ASSIMILATION, It's the result of an unconscious propensity towards ease of articulation and eonomy effort. - The sounds belonging to one word can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighbouring words ~A phoneme is realised diffently as a result of being near some phoneme belonging toneighbouring words. gel teem [aed Som elven fous 2 plore +s more = Regresive: Cf changes to become Ci Cf 4 Plows > Progressive: Ci changes to become Cf»! “*" on? pose Coalescence: a final /t- d / and an initial /j / to form /1.§ -43/ ‘Assimilation!of|PLACE: alveolar place Cf is followed by a non alveolar Ci. Maintaining the manner of articulation. Only regresive. Alveolar before bilabial - LABIALIZATION a-That person —» / sep poss] =? tebe b= a.a Good boy —> /vdta/ = dre a.a.aGreen paper —s /qcm verpa |» beh~ g=™ y lop) ten pi / Ca before dental —*/s/ DENTALIZATION © ~ ‘tvs > / b Getthose yet Sex/ => /t/—/t/ bb. Bad thing /t»2 S/d bre x= 4 bbb. Fine thought / {ay (ot qi VELARIZATION that case J sae Kors /o/t/ before /#/ al Fl » leas kwid Quite fo [Keo god [a1 btw Hel fe ey / Card game Jia.» qame|—> Jal befere Ide Iq! Incase hy bas] a bfee K = 8) ‘Assimilation of MANNER. Rapid an casual speech. It doesn’t change the place of articulation. COALESCENT. Two phonemes can fuse completly and as a result a new phone is produced. /d/ + /i/ /d3/ did you /didgu:/ /t/ + /j/ /t§/ don't you /dauntfu:/ - the articulation is slightly changed - Regressive: art. not changed a- Final plosive becomes fricative: that side /Sees satd/ b- Final plosive becomes nasal: good night /gun natt/ Progressive: art not changed. a- Word final // follows plosive or nasal in preceding word: in the /inne/ get them /gettam/ read these /rrddr:z/English has no dental or labio-dental plosive so we could not say that a phoneme is substituted by another but Cy causes a phoneme to be realized by a different allophone ‘ c- /d/ alveolar plosive ;~ has velar allophone [g] Iy09 42 V yrehanic » has bilabial allophone [b] / 40! vy/ d-/d/ alveolar plosive | __* becomes dental plosive Jqv4 Avy! 2 alleghonie "——* becomes labio-dental p /1.) {»/ ) Yw- Assimilation of VOICING. Only regresive. Cf lenis (voiced) and Ci fortis (voiceless) - lenis mecomes voicelesss a- | have to /ar haev tu:/ /ar heef tu/—s voiceless /f/ because of voiceless /t/ b- cheese /t[:z/ —-» /s/ in cheesecake /t{1:sketk/ because / k / Ass. Word Internal a. Nasal before plosive or fricative Bump /bamp/ - Tenth /ten6/ -Hunt /hant/ -Bank /baenk/ b- Plural “s”, 3rd person “s” and possessive "s” (progressive assimilation of voice) = Pronounced /s/ if preceding consonant is fortis (voiceless) = Pronounced /2/ if preceding consonant is lenis (voiced) Cats /keets/ dogs /dogz/ Jumps /dgamps/ runs /ranz/ Pat's /pzets/ Pam's /paemz/ NOTE: - All these cases of /n/ assimilation involve adjustments from one phoneme /n/ to another /m - n/ these are phonemic assimilation - but sometimes the resulting articulation is not identical to an existing phoneme these are allophonic assimilation (the adjustments do not coincide with other identifiable phoneme) denhese hey [of [a] 4 16/ infren€/ co Kvo fo aw, ye f Rony. everview:Epenthesis: the addition of a sound as another way of simplifying pronunciation a- Young /jan/_ > _ Youngster /jansta/ /janksta/ a 4 i \e +/n/ voiced ——-y, voicing a /s/ voiceless —— i =/n/ velar —__ place of articulation Chemie! en [nga 2 e /s/ alveolar rw le Wonclien , otters + /n/ nasal (complete eloeue penne of articulation Yu sou plow 4 pred intechers /s/ fricative (partial closure) = /n/ nasal sound /s/ oral sound Thus, the transition to /s/ from /n/ involves four changes: 1- At the vocal folds (voiceless/ voiced distinction) 2- The soft palate or velum (oral: raised, nasal: lowered) 3- Different degrees of closure (partial or total closure: manner of articulation) 4- Different parts of the tongue (blade or tip and blade /s/, back /n/ - The result is that an extra, transitional sound is produced. This transitional sound has: the voicelessness and orality of /s/ The tongue position of /n/ and is thus identical to the articulation of /k/ /n/ /k/ /s/ voiced voiceless the additional, transitional /k/ can be nasal ¢ —___ oral inserted in “youngster” /janksta/ closed , fricative velar, alveolar b- Hamster /haemsta/ /heempsta/ /m/ /p/ /s/ MiNeiiiccc dic cccccccaccs: voiceless the additional, transitional /p/ can be nasal. oral inserted in “hamster” /haempsta/ closed » fricative bilabial ees alveolar c Monster /monsta/ /montste/ inf Mt /s/ voiced «———— __ voiceless the additional, transitional /t/ can be nasal «——____ oral inserted in “monster” /montsta/ closed « fricative flat gooved Kltiet [aN Other sequences: nasal + /6/ length /len8/—» /lent@/ strength /stren8/——» /strent®/ assimilation of /n/ to /n/Juncture refers to the relationship between one sound and the sounds that immediately precede or follow it. - My turn /mat ta:n/ 8 /at/ longer 8 /t/ full aspirated - Might earn /matt a:n/ 8 /at/ shorter (closed by voiceless consonant) 8 /t/ unaspirated - Might rain /mart rein/ i /at/ shorter (closed by voiceless consonant) &i /t/ voiced when initial - My train /mai trein/ 8 /ar/ longer 8 Atr/ /1/ voiceless following /t/, /tr/ part of a voiceless affricate Note: To distinguish among similar sound chains and thus avoid misunderstandings, speakers often make a slight pause between adjacent sounds at word boundaries. This pause is referred to as open juncture COMPOUND WORDS is a /exica/ unit consisting of more that one base and functioning both grammatically and semanctically as a single word. teatime, tea-time, tea time. One primary stress. Roach. Complex words. a.Word (stem) + affixes (suffixes and/or preffixes) b. Compound words. Made of two words (or more) AFFIXES effects on Word Stress i) The affix receives the primary stress. ‘semicircle’ ii) The word is stressed as if the affix were not there. ‘pleasant’ ‘unpleasant’ iii) The stress remains on the stem, not the affix, but is shifted to a different syllable. ‘magnet’ -»‘magnetic’SUFFIXES + carrying primary stress + ‘ee’: ‘refugee’ - eer’: ‘mountaineer’ ‘launderette’, + ‘esque’: ‘picturesque’ . + that not affects stress placement -able’: ‘comfort’ ‘comfortable’ -ing’: ‘amaze’ ; ‘amazing’ like’: ‘bird’; ‘birdlike’' -less’: ‘power’; ‘powerless’ -wise’: ‘other’; ‘otherwise’ “ish in the case of adjectives does not affect stress placement: ‘devil’ ‘dev; devilish’; however, verbs with stems of more than one syllable always have the stress on the syllable immediately preceding ‘ish’ - for example, replenish’ , ‘demolish’ + that influence stress in the stem. “eous’: ‘advantage’ ad'va:ntid3 ‘advantageous’ ,aedvan'teid3as ‘graphy’: ‘photo’ 'fautau; ‘photography’ fa'tDgrafi ‘ial’: ‘proverb’ ‘prt>v3:b; ‘proverbial’ pra'vSibial ‘ie’: ‘climate’ ‘klaimat; ‘climatic’ klai'maetik ‘ion’: ‘perfect’ 'p3ifikt; ‘perfection’ pa'fekjn “ty! ‘tranquil’ ‘traegkwil; ‘tranquillity’ traerj'kwilati PREFIXES. stress in words with prefixes is governed by the same rules as those for polysyllabic words without prefixes. COMPOUND WORDS. Two (or more) words that can exist independently. *Two nouns: Typewriter, sunrise, suitcase, tea cup. (st, on the 1st noun) * Adjective + past participle: bad tempered, heavy handed. (final-stressed) * Number + noun: three wheeler, second hand. (final-stressed) * adverbs: downgrade, ill treat (final- stressed) > Stressed may vary position: - as a result of the stress on the neighbouring words - be not all speaker agree on the stress placemen. (cigarette) > Word- class pairs “abstract (A) abs ‘tract (V) “conduct (N) con‘duct (V) fecord(N,A) record (V)