Notes - Cold War

Confrontation of the Superpowers (pages 849–851)

A. The division between Western Europe and Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe was the beginning
of the ___________ _______. The Soviet Union feared the capitalist West. The United States
feared ________________.
B. After World War II, the United States and Great Britain wanted the Eastern European nations
to determine their own ________________. Stalin feared that the Eastern European nations
would be anti-Soviet if they were allowed free elections.
C. In early 1947 President Harry S Truman issued the _______________ ______________,
which stated that the United States would give money to countries threatened by Communist
expansion. As stated by Dean Acheson, the U.S. secretary of state, the United States was
concerned that communism would spread throughout the free world if left unchecked.
D. In June 1947, the European Recovery Program, better known as the _________________
__________, began. This program was set up to rebuild war-torn Europe.
E. The Soviet Union and its economically and politically dependent Eastern European satellite
states _____________ to participate in the Marshall Plan.
F. In 1949, the Soviet Union set up the Council for Mutual Assistance (COMECON) as a response
to the Marshall Plan. COMECON was established to help the economies of Eastern European states.
G. In 1947, the United States adopted the policy of __________________ to keep communism
within its existing boundaries and prevent further Soviet aggressive moves.
H. By 1948, Great Britain, the United States, and France worked to unify the three western
sections of Germany and Berlin and create a West German government. The Soviets opposed the
creation of a West German state, so they tried to prevent it by setting up ________________ of
West Berlin. The United States and Great Britain set up the ____________ _____ ________ to
fly in supplies to West Berlin. The Soviets ended the blockade of West Berlin in May 1949.
I. The Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany, was formally created in September of
1949. A month later, the German Democratic Republic was set up by the ______________. Berlin
was divided into two parts.

The Spread of the Cold War (pages 851–853)

A. Chinese _______________ took control of the government of China in 1949. As a result of
the fall of China to communism and the Soviet Union’s explosion of its first atomic bomb in 1949,
the Soviet Union and the United States began an ________ race, in which both countries built up
their armies and weapons.
B. In April 1949, the __________ _______________ ________________
_____________________ (NATO) was formed. This ___________ alliance, which included
Great Britain, France, other Western European nations, and the United States and Canada, agreed
to provide mutual help if any one of them was _________________.
C. In 1955, the Soviet Union and Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland,
and Romania formed the military alliance called the _______________ ____________.
D. The Korean War began in 1950 when the Communist government of North Korea, allied with the
Soviet Union, tried to take over _______________ ____________. As a result, the United
States extended its military alliances around the world. By the mid-1950s, the United States was
in military alliances with ______ nations.

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E. The United States, Great Britain, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, and New
Zealand formed the __________________ ______________ _____________
___________________ (SEATO) to stop the Soviet expansion in the East. Turkey, Iraq, Iran,
Pakistan, Great Britain, and the United States formed the _________________
________________ ______________ (CENTO) to stop Soviet expansion to the south.
F. In 1957, the Soviets sent ________________ _, the first man-made space satellite, to orbit
the earth. Americans feared there was a missile gap between the Soviet Union and the United
States.
G. In August 1961, on the order of Soviet leader _______________ ___________________,
the East German government began to build a wall between West Berlin and East Berlin in order to
stop the flow of East Germans escaping into West Berlin.

The Cuban Missile Crisis (page 853)

A. In 1959, President __________________ approved a secret plan for Cuban exiles to invade
Cuba at the __________ ____ ___________ and revolt against the Soviet-supported Cuban
dictator, Fidel Castro. The invasion failed.
B. The Soviet Union sent arms and military advisers to Cuba. In 1962 Khrushchev began to place
____________ ____________ in Cuba to counteract U.S. nuclear weapons placed in Turkey,
close to the Soviet Union.
C. In October 1962, President Kennedy found out that Soviet ships carrying nuclear missiles were
headed to Cuba. So he ordered a blockade of Cuba to stop the ships from reaching Cuba.
D. Khrushchev agreed to send the ships back and remove nuclear missiles in Cuba if Kennedy
agreed not to invade Cuba. Kennedy agreed.
E. The _____________ missile crisis brought the world close to nuclear war.

Vietnam and the Domino Theory (pages 853–854)

A. The ____________________ _________ had an important impact on the Cold War. Its
purpose was to keep the Communist government of _________ _______________ from gaining
control of ____________ _________________.
B. U.S. policy makers applied the ____________ theory to the Vietnam War. According to this
theory, if South Vietnam fell to communism, then other countries in ______would fall like
dominoes to communism.
C. An antiwar movement escalated in the United States as a result of the growing number of
American troops sent to Vietnam and the mounting destruction of the war, which was brought into
American homes by television.
D. President ______________ decided not to run for reelection because of public opinion against
his handling of the war. Former Republican vice-president _________________ __
___________ won the election with the promise to end the war and reunite the American people.
In 1973, Nixon reached an agreement with North Vietnam allowing the United States to withdraw
its troops. Within two years, Vietnam was forcibly reunited by Communist armies from the North.

The Reign of Stalin (pages 855–856)

A. The economy of the Soviet Union was devastated by World War II. To create a new industrial
base, goods were produced almost exclusively for __________. The money from export goods was
used to buy machinery and Western technology.
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B. By 1950, the Soviet Union had built new power plants, canals, and giant factories.
____________ __________________, the manufacture of machines and equipment for
factories and mines, increased. The development of the ___________________ bomb in 1952
and the launch of the first space satellite, Sputnik I, in 1957 made the Soviet Union a world power.
C. In 1946, the Soviet government said that all literary and scientific work must conform to the
political needs of the state.
D. Stalin died in 1953.

The Khrushchev Era (pages 856–857)

A. After Stalin’s death, ____________ _____________________ became the chief policy
maker in the Soviet Union. Under his leadership, de-Stalinization, or the process of eliminating
some of Stalin’s ruthless policies, was put in place.
B. Khrushchev loosened government controls on __________________. For example, he allowed
the publication of a work by ______________________ ___________________ that depicted
life in a Siberian forced-labor camp. He tried to increase the production of consumer goods and
agricultural output.
C. Khrushchev’s attempts to increase agricultural output failed and the industrial growth rate also
declined. In 1964, he was forced into _________________.

Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain (pages 857–858)

A. After World War II, Soviet-controlled Communist governments took control of Eastern
European countries. However, in ________________, the Communist government grew
increasingly independent of the Soviet Union.
B. After World War II, _____________________, led by Josip Broz or ______, was an
independent Communist state until Tito’s death in 1980.
C. Between 1948 and 1953, Eastern European satellite states instituted Soviet-type five-year
plans with emphasis on heavy industry. They began to collectivize agriculture. They set up secret
police and military forces.
D. After Stalin’s death many Eastern European states tried to make reforms. The Soviet Union,
however, made it clear—especially in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia—that it would not allow
its Eastern European satellites to become __________________.
E. In 1956 revolts against communism erupted in ________________ and a series of reforms
were adopted. Fearful of a Soviet armed response, however, the Poles pledged to remain loyal to
the Warsaw Pact.
F. In 1956, after calls for revolt from Soviet control, _________________ leader Imre Nagy
declared Hungary a free nation. Three days later, _____________ troops attacked Budapest and
reestablished control of the country.
G. In January 1968, ____________________ _______________ was elected first secretary
of the Communist party in ______________________________. He introduced reforms to the
country, including freedom of speech and press. By August 1968 the Soviet Army invaded
Czechoslovakia and crushed the reform movement and reestablished _______________ control.

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 Western Europe: Recovery (pages 860–862)
A. The Marshall Plan helped the countries of Western Europe recover relatively rapidly from the
devastation of World War II. The 1950s and 1960s were periods of dramatic economic growth and
prosperity in Western Europe.
B. For almost 25 years after World War II, France was mostly led by _________________
____ _______________. He established the Fourth Republic, which featured a strong
parliament and a weak presidency. But the government was largely ineffective, and de Gaulle
withdrew from politics. He returned in 1958 and established the Fifth Republic, which featured a
strong presidency. De Gaulle became the first president of the Fifth Republic. France became a
major industrial producer and exporter. Government deficits and a rise in the cost of living led to
unrest. De Gaulle resigned from office in 1969.
C. From 1949 to 1963, ________________ ________________, leader of the Christian
Democratic Union, served as chancellor of West Germany. Under Adenauer’s leadership and that
of the minister of finance, ___________________ ______________, West Germany’s economy
was revived. The unemployment rate fell greatly. Erhard became chancellor from 1963 to 1969.
The ________________ _________________ ________________, led by Willy Brandt,
became West Germany’s leading political party in 1969.
D. At the end of World War II, Great Britain had large ____________ problems. The Labour
Party, which promised far-reaching reforms, defeated Churchill’s Conservative Party. Prime
Minister Clement Attlee and the Labour Party created a modern welfare state—a state in which
the government takes responsibility for providing citizens with services and a minimal standard of
living. The British welfare state became the norm for most European states after the war.
E. The cost of building a welfare state caused Great Britain to dismantle the British Empire. Many
British _______________ gained their independence.

Western Europe: The Move toward Unity (pages 862–863)

A. After World War II, many Europeans wanted European unity. _____________________,
however, was too strong for European nations to give up their sovereignty. Instead the countries
focused on economic unity.
B. In 1957, France, West Germany, the Benelux countries, and Italy created the
________________ _________________ __________________ (EEC), also known as the
Common Market. The six-member nations would impose no tariffs on each other’s goods.
C. By the 1960s, the EEC was an important trading bloc—a group of nations with a common
purpose.

The United States in the 1950s (pages 863–864)

A. Between 1945 and 1970, the ideals of Franklin Roosevelt’s ___________ __________
determined the patterns of American domestic politics.
B. Prosperity at home and Cold War struggles abroad characterized the 1950s in the United
States.
C. Between 1945 and 1973 real wages—the actual purchasing power of income—grew an average of
3 percent a year.
D. The Cold War led to widespread fear that Communists had infiltrated the United States.
Senator _________________ __ _____________________charged that hundreds of
communists were in high government positions. This created a massive “Red Scare.”

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 The United States in the 1960s (pages 864–865)
A. President John F. Kennedy, the youngest elected president of the United States, was
____________________ in 1963. Vice President Lyndon Johnson became president and was
elected in a landslide victory to another term in 1964.
B. President Johnson’s ____________ ______________ programs included health care for the
elderly, measures to fight poverty, and aid to education.
C. The U.S. _______________ ______________ movement began in 1954 with the Supreme
Court ruling that made racial segregation in public schools illegal.
D. In 1963 the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., a leader of the civil rights movement, led a
march on Washington, D.C., for equality. He advocated the use of passive disobedience in gaining
racial equality.
E. President Johnson worked for civil rights. In 1964 the Civil Rights Act helped end
___________________ and ____________________ in the workplace and in public places. The
Voting Rights Act of 1965 made it easier for African Americans to vote in southern states.
F. In 1965, race riots began in the ___________ district of Los Angeles. In 1968, after the
assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., race riots broke out in over a hundred cities in the United
States.
G. The race riots caused a “____________ ________________” and racial division in the U.S.
continued.
H. As the Vietnam War continued through the second half of the 1960s, antiwar protests
throughout the United States grew.
I. Republican Richard M. Nixon was elected president based on his ”law and order” campaign in
1968.

The Development of Canada (page 866)

A. After World War II, Canada increased its industrial development. Much of the Canadian growth
was financed by people from the United States, leading to U.S. ownership of many Canadian
businesses. Some Canadians feared American economic domination of Canada.
B. Canada was a founding member of the ________1945 and joined _________ in 1949.
C. The Liberal government of Canada created a welfare state by enacting a national social security
system and a national health insurance program.

The Emergence of a New Society (pages 866–868)

A. Postwar Western society had a changing social structure. Managers and technicians joined the
middle-class groups. The number of people in farming declined dramatically. The number of
industrial workers declined as white-collar workers increased. A __________________society
developed as the real wages increased.
B. Buying on credit became widespread in the 1950s. The ________________ was a sign of
consumerism.
C. Women in many Western countries had gained the right to vote after World War I. Women in
France and Italy gained voting rights in 1945.
D. Women who had worked during World War II returned to traditional roles.
E. Birthrates rose, creating a “___________ _____________” in the late 1940s and the 1950s.

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F. By the end of the 1950s, birthrates declined. Married women entered the workforce. Women
earned much less than men did for equal work. Many women worked and raised families at the same
time.
G. By the late 1960s, women renewed their interest in the women’s liberation movement. The
Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir influenced both the American and European women’s
movements.
H. Growing discontent in European and U.S. universities led students to revolt in the late 1960s. In
the 1970s and 1980s, student rebels became middle-class professionals.